#irregular verbs could also do with work

[hello-vampire-kitty]

Servamp Chapter 124 Translation "Salute"

READ ONLINE HERE

Translation notes. Please read them because there were some lines that I had trouble with and explanation is required. First off, as you have seen, I even translated the texts on the color spread that were written in romaji and the first one about Touma (01 memo), omg, like I had trouble with that one, mainly the last line, which I hope I got right. Next we have the sentence from the first page.

In Japanese, one of the verbs that was used 満ちる works with both of the nouns "moon" and "time", but the verb wouldn't translate the same in English. 月が満ちる This means "the moon waxes", 月が満ちた means "the moon is full". The verb means to fill; to become full (of); to be filled (with); to brim (with) so it would translate awkwardly to say "the time is full". Saying 時が満ちた means "the time has come". So you see, I couldn't translate the verb the same way for the two nouns, hence my adaptation, making two sentences.

Alright, the following two pages, especially the second one requires explanation regarding what Miyako says.

As you can see, in the last panel, there were two readings. In Japanese, Miyako says:

死に際 (こっち) は専門家 (アタシ) じゃなきゃ無理ね。 死に際 (こっち) (intended readings in the parenthesis) The kanji reading says "verge of death/deathbed/one's last moments" and the furigana reads "here", however it can also mean when you refer to a person, depending on distance, so it's like saying "this one here (who is near me). Then we have 専門家 (アタシ), the kanji reads specialist/expert and the furigana reads "I/me". Regarding Miyako's healing power, I have trouble understanding how it works. Miyako's line was tricky and the only clue that somewhat helped was something that Nicco says.

Miyako's last line was the most troublesome ;; So, as you can see, there is emphasis on the word 「死なない」 (to not die) which is followed by the quotation particle って thus I thought that regarding the power, it can heal a person as long as they tell themselves "I will not die." I mentioned how one of Nicco's line was a clue as to how I understood it that way, so let's take a look at the line.

Notice how in Nicco's first line he says 死なないと思ったら. (When I thought that I'm not going to die"). That's what made me theorize about Miyako's healing power. If Nicco told to himself that he wasn't going to die, then he would be saved. I hope I managed to explain well enough ;;

Regarding this page, I left Misono's line (マイ...?) untranslated because what he says was an English word and it wouldn't make sense thus, I left it out, I didn't wanna invent something. So, the line outside of Shuuhei's speech bubble says "I do not have my own car". He uses a wasei-eigo term (Japanese word constructed of elements from foreign languages, most commonly from English) which in this case is マイカー a transliteration of "my car". Thus, you can see how it wouldn't have made sense to have Misono quote him to say "My car...?" in English. In Japanese it works because Misono might have not heard the term before. Okay, there were some vague lines here and it's possible that a term might appear later on.

In Mikuni's 3rd sppech bubble, the furigana reading of the word 問題 meaning "problem" reads イレギュラー which means "irregular"." It's possible that this term could be used again. If the kanji reading is "problem", maybe that's what an "irregular" is considered. Personally, it sounds like Mikuni might have been referring to Iori in this case. I mentioned about how some lines here are vague and in the same line, I don't know what Mikuni could be referring to by saying そこ (there). In his 4th speech bubble he says その件 which means "that matter; affair; case". I can't say what he's referring to... I hope these notes helped to understand some of the lines!

#servamp #chapter 124 #my translation

[spanishskulduggery]

Heyo 🍓:

Do infinitives after "deber" always assume the past particle form of the verb? Debe destruirse= should be destroyed? Debe cumplirse= should be fulfilled? What's the pattern here?

So that's the infinitive form, not the past participle

[infinitives end in -ar, -er, -ir, and sometimes show up with the direct/indirect or reflexive pronouns... like destruirlo "destroy it", destruirla "destroy it" feminine, and destruirse "destroy oneself / be destroyed"]

A past participle's ending is frequently -ado, or -ido, though there are some irregular past participles here and there

But yes, deber + infinitive since deber is considered a "modal", also called an auxiliary or helping verb... which just means that it often shows up with an infinitive following it

Others include poder and querer which are probably the most common

Like many helping verbs, they could exist by themselves, but if there's another part of it with a verb, it often shows up in the infinitive form

Debo destruirlo. = I should/must destroy it. Debo destruirla. = I should/must destroy it. Se debe destruir. / Debe destruirse. = It should be destroyed.

If you were doing a participle it would be debe ser destruido "it should be destroyed", but that ser is still infinitive

It's possible to see a mix of the above like - debo haberlo sabido "I should have known (it)", made up of debo "I should", haber "have" + lo "it", sabido "known" which is the past participle of saber

An irregular one might look like debo haberlo escrito "I should have written it", or debo haberlo visto "I should have seen it"

deber works like most modal verbs:

debo hablar = I should speak

puedo hablar = I can speak

necesito hablar = I need to speak

espero hablar = I hope to speak

quiero hablar = I want to speak

And other modal expressions like voy a hablar "I am going to speak" or tengo que hablar "I have to speak"

Many of these verbs have a "modal function" and a separate function... like querer can be "to want (something)", or "to want to (do something)" as a modal... and it can also just be "to love"

-

You can see deber conjugated by itself, often it means "to owe" like te debo una "I owe you one"... or it means "should/ought to" without a separate verb in the infinitve

No funciona como debería (hacerlo). = It doesn't work like it should (do).

*Note: debería is conditional tense, it's like "ought to"... for past tense like "oh I didn't do what I was supposed to", you often see debía in imperfect tense; the next verb in infinitive isn't always required if it's obvious

And when deber is "to owe" you don't need another verb at all

#asks #Spanish #language #learning spanish #langblr #verbos #la gramatica #spanish grammar

[code-es]

Codeblr tag game - realization

@a-fox-studies thank you for tagging me in this!!

At what point in your life did you decide that the world of computers was the one for you?

Heh this is a long one... So read if u want to know some code-es lore :p

But tldr: My dad was a software/computer engineer and his dedication and working spirit is my biggest inspiration, but programming was never a passion of mine - languages were my big thing. This was until I took a programming course and realized that programming is just like learning languages, but with rules that actually apply.

I want to tag: @xiacodes @web-dev-with-bea @compooter-blob @alica-tech @lazar-codes @zoeythebee @cloudycodes @04kid

Programming was always around me when i was younger. My father was a software systems engineer, so when i was a kid i would see him work on matrix looking code, and sometimes he'd even let me press buttons!

But i wasn't really interested in learning anything about computers... I was instead interested in art and especially languages, which was my biggest interest and passion. Then my dad passed away, and following that I'd get more and more interested in programming during my teens, partly to honor him and my family, because on my dad's side almost everyone's a software engineer. I also had an email friend I met on omegle when i was 14-15, and he was 30 something, which... now that i think of it, it was probably pretty a little weird that he wanted to be my friend... but anyways, he was a software engineer and explained what coding/programming was and following that I made my first webpage using only HTML and CSS, in my notepad hahaha!!

But... I didn't do much after that, until I was in my second last year of high school. I signed up to take a programming course for my next and final year. I've always been curious, and wanted all the knowledge I could get, so when a programming course was offered I had to take it! But it was just another small drop in my big lake of interests.

I don't think I realized that computers and programming was what I wanted to do until I visited my family in Mexico 2 years ago, weeks before starting that programming course. For some reason I always saw programming and computers as something out of my reach - i couldn't possibly learn this. However, to prove me wrong, my cousin, who studied software development at the time, showed me his projects, and what he was doing. And, I realized that omg - I could also be doing this? It's within reach!

And then I started learning python in school and I was kind of discouraged, it was so difficult! Most people had previous experience, and seeing what they could already do I felt overwhelmed, thinking I should also be doing that. But I kept coming back to the thought that this is just like learning a language: if I just expose myself to more and more content it will start making sense, and sooner or later I'll be able to form my own sentences and the computer will listen to me.

I've always loved the logic of languages, how the syntax is built, and how verbs are conjugated in accordance to gender, numerus and time in different languages. But... there are always exepctions and irregularities you just have to learn. However, programming is all logic, everything has an explanation, even the seemingly inexplicable concepts. There is always a solution, and my creativity is the limit, and that is what keeps me going.

And then! I was looking at university educations to apply for, when on a whim I found out about my current school, checked what courses they offer and saw something about frontend development. I read the description, and realized that oh my god - this is my type of programming! I get to do design and art AND code? And since studying here, I have realized that, yeah, this is exactly my field, and I love computers and I just want to learn more and more and more, always, and there are so many rabbit holes to fall into within programming.

During my time in school, I would envision myself working with something static in the future; like just going to uni, learning a job, and then doing it. Then, I remember being on studyblr, and seeing the quote "now is the only time in your life when your full time job is to learn" and I took it to heart, and that is what kept me motivated - I thought, what a privilege to just learn for a living. And that is exactly what working with software will be (:

My biggest weakness is finishing writing shit lol, my feedback in on essays was always: ok great, but dont have 3 different points where we think its gonna end but we're met with yet another finishing paragraph. So I'll just end it quickly here, thank you for reading!

#programming #studyinspo #studyblr #studying #tag game #codeblr #coding #programmer #girl coder #python #css #html #long post #code-es #academia #computer science #compsci #computers

[antlerx-art]

GOOD OMENS 2 EPISODE 5 REACTION - CONTAINS SPOILERS‼️

predicting the wait and see in this one

“can i watch” hehe crowley just wants to be with aziraphale

HE MENTIONED DOCTOR WHO and “the doctor” is right behind him ahhhh british people youre so british

lol the demons just went from 10000 to 70

AZIRAPHALE STOP GIVING BOOKS AWAY

oh i love how he’s not assuming the spouse’s gender

eric you’re about to die i’m afraid

crackling at aziraphale being so stubborn about knowing french 💀

NO WAYY crowley asking the same questions as the fandom about aziraphale’s french he’s so us this season

NINA ASSUMING THEYRE TOGETHER YES YES FINALLY

“he’s not my bit on the side he’s far too pure of heart to be anybody’s bit on the side” CROWLEY YOURE. STOP. IM FINE IM FINE THIS IS FINE (this is, in fact, not fine)

uhhh crowley what are you trying to do with that rose and that wineeeee hmmm

“smitten 🥰” aziraphale please teach me irregular verbs with that smile

yes i also had this theory of gabriel faking the amnesia but that’s not likely

“you’re being silly😊”

protective crowley MORE PROTECTIVE CROWLEY YES GIVE IT TO MEEEE

WHAT ARE YOU DOING WHY ARE YOU REVEALING THE TRICK IN S1

oh shit i’ve been dreaming about this moment “when you told my only friend to shut his stupid mouth and die” YES YES YESNYES CROWLEY SAY IT TELL HIM LETS GOOOOOOOOOO he took off his glasses shit shit shit

naur gabe is sad

“jimmy boyeeh”

JUMP OUT OF WHAT

he’s gonna stop him right

yep

RIGHTTTT THE MATCHBOX I FORGOT

HAND ON THE BACKKKKK

THIS MUSICCC so romantic i can’t wait to see the dance AND CROWLEY IS LOOKING AT HIM THROUGH THE WINDOW

mrs sandwich !! did she just change clothes

ohh what a pity Lindsay is your former partner🙄

so i wasnt hallucinating they actually change clothes as they get into the shop

gabriel’s fancy suit HELP

NOOOO MAGGIE YOURE IN TROUBLE

yes crowley put those demons in their place SHOUT AT THEM

ITS ABOUT TO HAPPEN THEYRE ABOUT TO DANCE

aziraphale also made a miracle to make everyone speak like they’re in the 19th century?

MAGGIE AND NINA MOMENTTTT it’s the scene ITS THE SCENE FROM PRIDE AND PREJUDICE

okay now give me aziracrow dancing

crowley stop worrying and think about the ball challenge

AZIRAPHALE PLEASE GRAB HIS ARM AND MAKE CROWLEY DANCE WITH YOU thanks bye

ohhh andrew o’neil is mutt’s (?) spouse that’s why azi used they/them before I LOVE THIS CHARACTERRR I LOVE THIS SHOW

WHY DOES JIM HAVE TO BE SO FUNNYYY

OH

MY

GOD

“well perhaps you could tell me while we dance” IM GOING TO DISCORPORATE

OH SHITTTTTT

HE DID IT HE GRABBED HIS HAND THEYRE ACTUALLY GOING TO DANCE

hi shax can you please come back later this is too important

I CAN SEE THEM IN THE BACKGROUND

“i don’t mind hard work” MAGGIEE you’re so sweet

THEYRE DOING IT THEYRE DANCING AZIRACROW DANCING THIS IS REAL THIS IS HAPPENING IN FRONT OF ME IT’S REAL REALITY IM SEEING WITH MY EYEBALLS IVE ALMOST FALLEN OFF MY CHAIR

THEIR HANDS ARE TOUCHING AHHHH I DONT KNOW HOW TO EXPRESS COHERENT THOUGHTS

I MADE A FANART OF THIS WITH THESE EXACT COLOURS OHHH I HAVE TO PAUSE FOR A MOMENT

shax interrupted the ball HOW DARE YOU????

surrender the angle 📐

no stop don’t harm humans

GABE WHAT ARE YOU DOING!

THE FLUFFY COAT WHY SO DRAMATIC 💀💀

NOOOOOO THEY CANT RECOGNIZE HIM

YESS CROWLEY HAS STUDIED LAW!

i cant believe he’s democratically telling them that they can’t attack

OH I SHOULD HAVE REALIZED HE JUST MADE IT UP LOL

“happy anniversary love” AWH

“you’re a good lad” / “not actually, either” GENDERFLUID CROWLEY MY BELOVED

“why don’t you stand up for yourself? make your own plans” / “i am, but rescuing me makes HIM SO HAPPY” SHUT UPPPPPP AZIRAPHALE I KNOW WHAT YOU ARE I KNOW YOU LIKE BEING RESCUED SHUT UP this show is so not real it can’t be

HELLO AGAIN MURIEL! police officer moment

“ARREST ME”? GIRL WHAT

THIS DIALOGUE IS SO CUTE I LOVE ALL THIS CROWLEY CONTENT

angel crowley on his waaaaay

FINISHED EP 5 OOHHHHH WHAT A ROLLER COASTER I CANT BELIEVE I ONLY HAVE ONE EPISODE LEFT THIS CANT BE ALMOST OVERRRR

(I had to rewrite some of this since tumblr decided not to save my post, but i could remember the best bits of the deleted part so it is authentic)

#good omens #gos2 spoilers #gos2 #good omens season two #good omens season 2 #gos2spoilers #good omens 2 spoilers #good omens season two spoilers #gos2 reaction #good omens season 2 spoilers #spoilers

[languagefeatures]

Basics of Hupa Verb Structure

(Sources listed at the bottom)

Hupa is the sort of language where the sentence “He picked it back up” can be expressed in one verb. So using that as our example word, let me show you the basic way that verbs work in Hupa, and to a greater or lesser extent, Athabascan languages in general.

The root of a Hupa verb is always a single syllable and always comes after a series of obligatory prefixes. You can think of the verb root as being roughly equivalent to the actual verb in an English sentence. The roots of many of the most common verbs conjugate for tense by changing the vowel and the final consonant, much like English irregular verbs (think “see/saw”, “break/broke”, et cetera), although many do not have tense specific forms (like “put/put”).

Immediately before the root comes a prefix which Athabascan language specialists call the classifier prefix. This prefix is only a single consonant, and it tells you whether the verb is intransitive or transitive, and whether it is active or passive. Or at least, that is how it generally works; not all verbs fall into the class you would expect based on its activeness/passiveness and transitivity. The closest equivalent in English is that “he picked it back up” would take a Class 2 (active transitive) prefix /ɬ/ and “it was picked up” would take a Class 4 (passive transitive) prefix /l/. The root and the classifier prefix together form the stem.

Like the word “pick” in the English verb “pick up”, the root of a lot of verbs is not truly complete without an adverbial element (“up”) which completes the meaning. The stem and the adverbial element together is called the “base” of the verb. So in our English analogy, “pick” is the root, and “pick up” is the base. These adverbial elements tend to provide details about the direction of motion (such as “up”), position (“in”) or the manner effect on the object (Hupa has adverbial elements meaning “to pieces”), or the destination of some motion (one element means “into water”, another means “into the mouth”). Hupa verb roots tend to be quite vague in meaning when in comes to these qualities; a root that means “handle a round object” could appear in bases meaning “pick up”, “put down,” or “carry.” These adverbial elements are the first prefixes which appear on a Hupa verb when they are present; all other prefixes come between them and the stem.

The equivalent of “back”, implying that the motion is a return to a previous state, comes right after the first adverbial element.

Since the subject of the sentence “He picked it back up” is in third person, the subject is marked right after the two kinds of adverbial elements. There is no “he/she” distinction for the third person subject, although there is one prefix which can only be applied to human beings, and one which can be applied to humans and other things. The direct object prefix immediately follows this prefix.

In perfective tenses, the perfective prefixes (described in more detail here) come after the pronominal prefixes. They add a sense of beginning, ending, or progress to a perfective verb. Since picking something up begins a state of holding something, it is probably appropriate here. Immediately after these prefixes come the subject prefixes for the first or second person, when applicable. immediately after those comes the stem of the verb.

Thus, if English were an Athabascan language, you would put “He picked it back up” as “UP-BACK-HE-IT-[perfective]-[active transitive]-PICKED”. However, if I wanted to say “I picked it back up,” I would say “UP-BACK-IT-[perfective]-I-[active transitive]-PICKED.”

This is a simplified illustration of how it generally works. There are irregularities and wrinkles all over this system, and features that I did not mention. Verbs in other Athabascan languages, like Navajo, function in a similar way, although Navajo verbs often also incorporate indirect objects, adpositional objects, and other tense/aspect prefixes as well.

Often, researchers will treat an Athabascan verb as one with a series of “slots”, in other words, places relative to other prefixes where a prefix can go. Like this:

This is a useful way to visualize it, but it obscures the fact that often, the elements of a verb don’t really behave like a simple string of morphemes. Don’t be fooled. This is a natural language after all, not Ithkuil.

Sources:

Hupa Grammar – Victor Karl Golla, 1960

Hupa - Entry in the Handbook of American Indian Languages, Pliny Earle Goddard; 1911

#linguistics

[scribbling-stardust]

Happy (slightly late) STS! Some questions for you:

Which story have you done the most worldbuilding for? Why that story?

I'm curious about conlang progress again. But also, what inspired you to start your conlang?

Happy (belated) STS! Thank you for the questions <3

I only really have one story so definitely that one for obvious reasons. I've spent a lot of time mostly on worldbuilding for it while I was putting off writing the actual story so I have quite a lot now but I always feel like I need more.

So since I'm working on my first conlang the process is a bit wishy washy but it's firstly picking out the sounds and syllable structure then romanising the sounds so I can actually type them! Then I start on the basic grammar (bleh) like word order and any specific features I want to have and I make up a few basic words.

I'm currently finishing up with how the tenses work (which has been the worst part) and after that I need to come up with verbs and their conjugations etc. But I do want to do the thing when you make a proto-language and evolve another language from that as apparently it make the conlang more naturalistic. So I'm going to have an older system(s) of verb conjugation to help make irregular verbs and I'm also going to apply sound changes to the language as well (theoretically because it's a lot of work and I'm already pretty bogged down with trying to understand grammar). When I've sored all that out I can work on expanding the dictionary.

But yeah I don't think I've picked the most convenient method and I'm finding it pretty difficult but hopefully it'll be easier next time when I have more experience!

As to what inspired me to make a conlang, I don't know if it was just one thing but mostly I wanted the world to feel as complete as possible and I find languages interesting so I though it'd be something fun to do. Also I can't deny the Tolkien influence. I didn't even know someone could make up a new language until I saw it in lotr but I didn't decide to actually do it until much later.

#ask #thesoftestofpetals #conlang #worldbuilding #tu worldbuilding

[gwendolynlerman]

18/100 days of productivity

I think that my exam went pretty well, except for a few answers in the listening part that I randomly guessed 😅 I’m also proud of myself for asking whether I could leave after having finished doing the exam in Mandarin and being understood by the examiner, a native Chinese speaker who spoke no Spanish and only some English.

Before going to the exam, I did another mock test and got 90%, which was better than the one I did yesterday. Yesterday, I did it in the afternoon after work, so I was tired and probably not at my best. We’ll see how well I did on the real thing in a month.

Regarding Russian, I was very productive today, because I managed to complete Day Three of the Mini Speaking Challenge and do some exercises related to verbs of motion and the present tense, where I didn’t do so well. I seriously need to review irregular verb conjugations 😶

#langblr #mandarin #russian

[stuff-lost-in-time]

some of my verbs are moody

This is one of those subjects that I am unsure of how to introduce. I am covering parts of language that I know little about, other than that English can do it, and up till now, hruˀovaPō could not.

The essential change I am making is that some verbs can append to the end of other verbs and change their meaning in various ways. I have also standardized the infinitive form of verbs. The main goal was to give myself ways to express that something will happen, ought to happen, is continuously happening, a hypothetical, etc.

I may have gone overboard.

Rulesː

When a verb is going to be used as the main verb of the sentence it loses its stress. tuBō -> tuBo.

The amending verb in a sentence counts as the main verb in the sentence, and therefore it is the verb that loses it's stress. tuBō + guBē: tuBōguBe.

The base verb that is being amended remains in its original state (its infinitive state) and is not amended with a noun case. (see above)

Some verbs that are frequently appended to other verbs are likely to lose their derivational prefixes, as an added bit of irregularity that has the benefit of making some sentences shorter too. poGī -> Gi.

Key

boJū - home

boDū - fruit

tuBō - to eat

duGɪɪ - to run

lle - past tense marker

First let's look at some examples of sentences where there are no moody verbs.

ˀepoLlēka duGɪ. boDūti ˀetuBo - I run. I eat a fruit.

ˀepoLlēka lle duGɪ. boDūti lle ˀetuBo - I ran. I ate a fruit.

Let's introduce our first moody verb. It happens to be the first verb I ever made up for the language, because it turns out its pretty nice to be able to say what something is.

Gi- (do continuously / being)

ˀepoLlēka duGɪɪGi. boDūti ˀetuBōGi - I am running. I am eating a fruit.

ˀepoLlēka lle duGɪɪGi. lle boDūti etuBōGi - I was running. I was eating a fruit.

duJe - resolve / will

ˀepoLlēka duGɪɪduJe. boDūti ˀetuBōduJe - I resolve to run. I resolve to eat a fruit.

noBi- must / fated

ˀepoLlēka duGɪɪnoBi. boDūti ˀetuBōnoBi. - I will run. I will eat a fruit.

ˀepoLlēka lle duGɪɪnoBi. boDūti lle etuBōnoBi. -I had to run. I had to eat a fruit.

Xi - need

ˀepoLlēka duGɪɪXi. boDūti etuBōXi. - I need to run. I need to eat a fruit.

La - pray that / ought

ˀepoLlēka duGɪɪLa. boDūti ˀetuBōLa. - I ought to run. Pray that I eat an apple.

guBe - want / desire

ˀepoLlēka duGɪɪguBe. boDūti ˀetuBōguBe. - I want to run. I desire to eat an apple.

duBɪ - imagine / suppose

ˀopoLlēka duGɪɪduBɪ. ˀopoLlēka boDūti ˀotuBōduBɪ. - I suppose I run. I imagine that I eat an apple.

Su - doubt

ˀepoLlēka duGɪɪSu. boDūti ˀetuBōSu. - I doubt I will run. I doubt I will eat an apple.

Hä - (while moving)

ˀepoLlēka boDūti tuBōHä. - I ate an apple on the move.

tuKu - (in a passionate way)

ˀepoLlēka boDūti lle tuBōtuKu. - I really ate the apple, if you know what I mean.

Mo - (-ish)

ˀepoLlēka duGɪɪMo. boDūti ˀetuBōMo. - I sorta ran. I ate the apple-ish.

guXa - (incidentally)

ˀepoLlēka lle duGɪɪguXa. boDūti ˀetuBōguXa. - I happened to run. I accidentally ate the apple. 

tuDa- (with enjoyment)

ˀepoLlēka duGɪɪXi. boDūti lle ˀetuBōXi. - I run with enjoyment. I enjoyed eating the apple.

duVa - impell

ˀepoLlēka ˀopoLlētiti duGɪɪLaduVa. ˀopoLlētiti boDūkeke lle ˀetuBōduVa. -I make them run. ( or I run them.)  I made them eat the apples. 

tuBu - prepare

ˀetuBōtuBu. - I prepare to eat.

Cho - avoid

lle ˀetuBōCho. - I avoided eating.

Ne - know to

I know to eat.

Vi - learn

I learn to run.

duTɪ - begin

I began to eat the apple. 

This isn't all possible examples of verbs that can be used this way, but its more than enough to get the idea across. Every stem theoretically also includes a few possible derivations that would be good possibilities to work in this way as well, although going crazy with this style may come across as archaic because it's a very A language way to do things.

xoBi - in the role of a parent

ˀetuDāxoBi - I loved in the role of a parent. - expresses parental love

hrɪJu - (while going in the direction of home)

ˀepoLlēka duGɪɪhrɪJu. boDūti lle ˀetuBōhrɪJu. -I run towards home. I ate the apple on the way home.

#conlang #hruˀovapō #first conlang problems #moods #verbs #modal verbs

[cpw-nyc]

25 Words That Are Their Own Opposites Stumble into the looking-glass world of contronyms.

Mental Floss Judith Herman

Here’s an ambiguous sentence for you: “Because of the agency’s oversight, the corporation’s behavior was sanctioned.” Does that mean, "Because the agency oversaw the company’s behavior, they imposed a penalty for some transgression," or does it mean, "Because the agency was inattentive, they overlooked the misbehavior and gave it their approval by default"? We’ve stumbled into the looking-glass world of contronyms—words that are their own antonyms.

1. Sanction (via French, from Latin sanctio(n-), from sancire ‘ratify,’) can mean "give official permission or approval for (an action)" or conversely, "impose a penalty on."

2. Oversight is the noun form of two verbs with contrary meanings, “oversee” and “overlook.” Oversee, from Old English ofersēon ("look at from above") means "supervise" (medieval Latin for the same thing: super-, "over" plus videre, "to see.") Overlook usually means the opposite: "to fail to see or observe; to pass over without noticing; to disregard, ignore."

3. Left can mean either remaining or departed. If the gentlemen have withdrawn to the drawing room for after-dinner cigars, who’s left? (The gentlemen have left and the ladies are left.)

4. Dust, along with the next two words, is a noun turned into a verb meaning either to add or to remove the thing in question. Only the context will tell you which it is. When you dust are you applying dust or removing it? It depends whether you’re dusting the crops or the furniture.

5. Seed can also go either way. If you seed the lawn you add seeds, but if you seed a tomato you remove them.

6. Stone is another verb to use with caution. You can stone some peaches, but please don’t stone your neighbor (even if he says he likes to get stoned).

7. Trim as a verb predates the noun, but it can also mean either adding or taking away. Arising from an Old English word meaning "to make firm or strong; to settle, arrange," trim came to mean "to prepare, make ready." Depending on who or what was being readied, it could mean either of two contradictory things: "to decorate something with ribbons, laces, or the like to give it a finished appearance" or "to cut off the outgrowths or irregularities of." And the context doesn’t always make it clear. If you’re trimming the tree are you using tinsel or a chain saw?

8. Cleave can be cleaved into two homographs, words with different origins that end up spelled the same. Cleave, meaning "to cling to or adhere," comes from an Old English word that took the forms cleofian, clifian, or clīfan. Cleave, with the contrary meaning "to split or sever (something)"—as you might do with a cleaver—comes from a different Old English word, clēofan. The past participle has taken various forms: cloven, which survives in the phrase “cloven hoof,” “cleft,” as in a “cleft palate” or “cleaved.”

9. Resign works as a contronym in writing. This time we have homographs, but not homophones. Resign, meaning "to quit," is spelled the same as resign, meaning "to sign up again," but it’s pronounced differently.

10. Fast can mean "moving rapidly," as in running fast, or "fixed, unmoving," as in holding fast. If colors are fast they will not run. The meaning "firm, steadfast" came first; the adverb took on the sense "strongly, vigorously," which evolved into "quickly," a meaning that spread to the adjective.

11. Off means "deactivated," as in to turn off, but also "activated," as in the alarm went off.

12. Weather can mean "to withstand or come safely through" (as in the company weathered the recession) or it can mean "to be worn away" (the rock was weathered).

13. Screen can mean to show (a movie) or to hide (an unsightly view).

14. Help means "assist," unless you can’t help doing something, when it means "prevent."

15. Clip can mean "to bind together" or "to separate." You clip sheets of paper to together or separate part of a page by clipping something out. Clip is a pair of homographs, words with different origins spelled the same. Old English clyppan, which means "to clasp with the arms, embrace, hug," led to our current meaning, "to hold together with a clasp." The other clip, "to cut or snip (a part) away," is from Old Norse klippa, which may come from the sound of a shears.

16. Continue usually means to persist in doing something, but as a legal term it means stop a proceeding temporarily.

17. Fight with can be interpreted three ways. “He fought with his mother-in-law” could mean "They argued," "They served together in the war," or "He used the old battle-ax as a weapon." (Thanks to linguistics professor Robert Hertz for this idea.)

18. Flog, meaning "to punish by caning or whipping," shows up in school slang of the 17th century, but now it can have the contrary meaning, "to promote persistently," as in “flogging a new book.” Perhaps that meaning arose from the sense "to urge (a horse, etc.) forward by whipping," which grew out of the earliest meaning.

19. Go means "to proceed," but also "give out or fail," i.e., “This car could really go until it started to go.”

20. Hold up can mean "to support" or "to hinder": “What a friend! When I’m struggling to get on my feet, he’s always there to hold me up.”

21. Out can mean "visible" or "invisible." For example, “It’s a good thing the full moon was out when the lights went out.”

22. Out of means "outside" or "inside": “I hardly get out of the house because I work out of my home.”

23. B**ch can derisively refer to a woman who is considered overly aggressive or domineering, or it can refer to someone passive or submissive.

24. Peer is a person of equal status (as in a jury of one’s peers), but some peers are more equal than others, like the members of the peerage, the British or Irish nobility.

25. Toss out could be either "to suggest" or "to discard": “I decided to toss out the idea.”

The contronym (also spelled “contranym”) goes by many names, including auto-antonym, antagonym, enantiodrome, self-antonym, antilogy and Janus word (from the Roman god of beginnings and endings, often depicted with two faces looking in opposite directions). Can’t get enough of them? The folks at Daily Writing Tips have rounded up even more.

= https://getpocket.com/explore/item/25-words-that-are-their-own-opposites?utm_source=pocket-newtab

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[spanishskulduggery]

Can you explain when to use imperfect vs preterite vs perfect past tense? I struggle knowing when to use which.

So this is going to be just a quick overview of preterite and imperfect, and I'll include more links now for more in depth things that you can look at because I talk about them very often

Preterite tag

Imperfect tag

The Perfect Tenses w/ haber

-

In many cases preterite and imperfect are both valid choices, depending on what you're trying to express: leí "I read" vs. leía "I was reading / I used to read" as an example

Preterite in Spanish is also known as "simple past"; it's used for things that have definitely happened. By "definitely" I mean there's often a time phrase associated with it that says "this happened at this time"

It typically is action or something that did specifically happen, so it can read as very clinical and matter of fact

...

Imperfect on the other hand has more uses. The linguistic term "imperfect" means "not yet completed"

Imperfect is often used with narration and description, describing the weather, the time, personalities

But the big thing that I find helpful is that in general the imperfect tense seems to be narration, while the preterite seems to be an interruption or action.

Whether you choose preterite or imperfect in some cases is more about how much description you're giving, as imperfect gives you a scenario, while preterite shows an action taking place in that scenario.

Dormía y entonces sonó el teléfono. = I was sleeping and then the phone rang. Dormía mientras sonaba el teléfono. = I was sleeping while the phone was ringing. [implying "I" didn't wake up] Dormí y sonó el teléfono. = I slept, and the phone rang. [two preterites imply a list of actions, like recalling a memory

The other very important function of imperfect tense is that it can mean "used to"; this can be done with or without the verb soler "to be in the habit of"

*Quick note on soler; it can't exist in preterite, it's usually in present tense suele ir a la playa "he/she normally goes to the beach" or imperfect solía ir a la playa "he/she would go to the beach". Because the imperfect tense can mean multiple things depending on context, soler adds a special bit of emphasis on "used to" to clear up any confusion:

Iba a la playa. = I was going to the beach. [imperfect continuous/progessive] Iba a la playa. = I used to go the beach. [imperfect, marking habitual] Solía ir a la playa. = I used to go to the beach. [habitual; soler being a clear marker of habitual]

Another common one is vivir. You could say vivía en la ciudad to mean "I lived in the city" OR "I used to live in the city", but if you wanted to be very clear - solía vivir en la ciudad "I used to live in the city"

Additional Notes:

You can only tell time in the past with imperfect - era la una, eran las dos, eran las tres etc

You can do the passive voice with preterite + past participle, and it only works with preterite here

-

The perfect tenses are a bit of a special case. I never know quite how to classify them because they can be in pretty much any tense, and they exist in indicative and subjunctive

Essentially though, "perfect" means "thoroughly done"; the same linguistic root as "imperfect" being "not yet completed"

Perfect tenses use a conjugation of haber + a past participle, and some past participles are irregular... as an example hacer "to done" turns into hecho "done"

Past participles are useful to know because they're also frequently the adjectival forms of verbs... like haber roto "to have broken", but then as an adjective roto/a is "broken"

Perfect puts things a little into the past, but it still has an effect on the present. So it is technically like a past tense, but it can be used alongside other tenses when things still have an impact

English has this same function - it's the difference between "did" and "have done"

Note: Many people use present perfect in place of preterite [simple past]. I wouldn't recommend it if you're just starting out because you shouldn't use it as a crutch, and preterite has many irregular forms you do need to know for later on

¿La viste? = Did you see her/it? ¿La has visto? = Have you seen her/it?

In that example, pretty much nothing has changed. If you use the preterite you typically would expect an answer in preterite, describing the past, la vi ayer "I saw her/it yesterday" or no la vi "I didn't see it/her" for example

If you get asked "have you seen her?" you're asking about something that still has an impact on the present... no la he visto aún "I haven't seen her yet" for example has an implication that you might see her later. Or la he visto "I have seen her" kind of invites a follow-up question; it's almost as if you know someone is going to ask you where you saw her or when, or where she is now

~

Next we have pluperfect [el pluscuamperfecto] which is an imperfect conjugation of haber + past participle

"Pluperfect" or "pluscuamperfect" is more or less "past-er than past", or "more than past"

It's talking about something that happened further in the past but still has an impact on the present situation. You see this a lot with recounting memories so it comes up a lot in first-person stories, diaries, memories, witness statements etc.

No la había visto. = I hadn't seen her. La había visto antes. = I had seen her before. Nunca habíamos viajado en avión. = We had never flown (before). [lit. "we had never traveled by plane"] Se habían hecho ricos. = They'd gotten rich. / They'd become rich. Se habían hecho ricas. = They [f] had gotten rich. / They [f] had become rich.

But if you compare present perfect and pluperfect you really see the "more past than past"

No se conocen. = They don't know each other. [present] No se conocían. = They didn't know each other. [imperfect] No se conocieron. = They didn't meet each other. [preterite] No se conocerán. = They shall not know each other. / They will not meet each other. [future] No se conocerían. = They wouldn't know/meet each other. [conditional] No se han conocido. = They haven't met each other. [present perfect] No se habían conocido. = They hadn't met each other. [pluperfect] No se habrán conocido. = They won't have met each other. [future perfect] No se habrían conocido. = They wouldn't have met each other. [conditional]

*Note: no se habrán conocido is not a super common expression but it is grammatically possible... you're more likely to see that used passively like "they shall not be known" or "you would never have known" as in "they would not have been discovered"... but that's neither here nor there

And like I said, perfect can exist in subjunctive so:

Es curioso que no se hayan conocido antes. = It's strange that they haven't met before. Es curioso que no se hubieran conocido antes. = It's strange that they haven't met before. Era curioso que no se hubieran conocido antes. = It was strange that they hadn't met before. [which sounds more narrative]

#learning spanish #learn spanish #spanish #language #langblr #languages #la gramatica #asks #preterito #imperfecto #haber #the eternal struggle

[eduminatti]

Top 5 Sites To Improve Your English

Information is power, and learning the English language increases your ability to grow personally and professionally.As per research conducted by schools in Bangalore ,in today's world, most commerce is in English; 

American culture permeates much of the world through television programs and films, social media websites like Facebook and Twitter, and blogs written by people all over the globe.

Free English courses are a dime a dozen these days. Most of them are "teaser" courses — they give you the basics, but there's much more to learn if you keep going. This article will look at the best free English courses for intermediate students or above.

Students may not realise how beneficial learning English can be.

 Learning English is more than just knowing how to speak but how to read and write well as well. Many consider it the international language of business and other fields. See the following tips if you're interested in finding a good site that teaches English for free!

Importance of learning English

In this digital era, English is an essential language in the world. If you want to get a good job and be successful in your life, you need to learn English.

English is the primary language of communication all over the world. It's the language of business and science, literature and law.

English gives you access to new opportunities and helps you connect with people worldwide.Another survey done by schools in Mumbai  you can learn anything from anywhere if you know English well. You can do your job better if you speak fluent English.

If you want to travel abroad, learning English is necessary. The former is because many countries use this language as their official language or at least one. 

Therefore, if you want to get around in any country that uses English as its official or unofficial language, then you need to learn how to speak it fluently so that people can communicate with each other easily without having any problems whatsoever.

 English is the most widely used language in the world. It is spoken not only by people who live in English-speaking countries but also by those who do not. 

That makes it an essential skill, regardless of where you live.

English is essential for global communication and business success. It is also critical to make international friends and understand cultures different from yours. In addition, learning English can open many doors for your career or education. 

For example, if you want to work remotely or study abroad, knowing English will make it much easier for you to communicate with people from other countries and cultures!

Reliable Sites that Teach English

The following is a list of the best sites that teach fluent English-

Globe Speaker

The approach of Globe Speaker is its most vital point. This twice-awarded programme, which linguists, dialectologists, and teachers created, actually aids your English study. One can use Numerous mini-games in their original and ground-breaking approach, which you progress through step by step. 

You can learn ten new words per step in addition to previously taught terms generated randomly in the games. Accurate statistics will highlight your strengths and areas that need improvement. By doing so, you can advance at your speed and maximise your learning.

ISpeakSpokeSpoken

This website attempts to make learning English enjoyable for you. 

Your skill level is irrelevant; you could be a total beginner or already have a solid foundation. 

There are various categories to choose from, so you can research what you need, which is one of the beautiful aspects. A section on recommendations, efficient learning techniques, and even information on irregular verbs!

BBC Learning English

The BBC is one of the first to come to mind when considering English language learning. 

You are correct if you believe that their website, BBC Learning English, is an excellent place to start because it is a reputable institution with a long history of teaching English. 

The website provides various educational resources for students at every level. We appreciate their excellent resources for advanced students because, while a billion websites teach the fundamentals, finding good advanced content may be challenging.

Writing Forward

Not everyone has the means to enrol in pricey language courses to increase their knowledge. You can therefore take advantage of the "Writing Forward" opportunity offered to you online.

This site helps you by offering exciting entries on grammar, creative writing, and other topics. Thus, visit its "Grammar Tips" section if you seek advice on grammar rules.

However, there are other components of the writing process that you may study, from ideation through publication. To view the additional features, you must visit the website.

GlobalExam

If you wish to learn English, you should keep GlobalExam in mind. To determine the optimum level for you, you first need to examine your level. 

The next step is to develop your abilities through engaging and productive courses and exercises. 

You can pass certificates once you are ready. To aid you in your career, GlobalExam offers various Business English forms. With the aid of GlobalExam, you may feel confident, believe what you're learning, and even enjoy learning a new language like English.

Conclusion

It is effortless to learn a new language. You must plan to be consistent in your study and keep an open mind.

Learning a language is like doing anything else – if you are motivated and focused, the skills will come quickly. It is normal to have some trouble at the beginning, but after a few weeks, it will become fun! The teachers on these sites are amicable and helpful. They also offer assistance outside of class time.

There are numerous reasons to learn English, whether for personal or professional growth. Whether it's for school, travel, or self-improvement, the odds are high that having a deeper understanding of the English language will improve your life somehow. 

If you want to start learning English, check out the resources above. There are a lot of great sites out there, and they can help you jumpstart your efforts to understand this excellent language!

#education #study #student #school #parents

[globalteachonline]

What you'll learn Use full, grammatically correct sentencesRead and write simple textsApply the rules of the language to make an infinite number of utterancesTalk about yourself, other people, animals, things and whateverPronounce and spell French words correctlyAsk questions and answer them both positively and negativelyGive orders and commands, ask someone to do something for youCountDescribe people and thingsModify your language by means of adverbs and other linguistic meansUse the correct conjugation patternsMuch moreShow moreShow lessDive deep into the realms of the French language. Master all the ins and outs of French grammar and you’ll feel much more comfortable about the language. In this course we’ll explore all the main areas of French grammar, pronunciation and spelling. Discover How Fantastic the French Language Is and How Marvelous It Is To Use It Correctly. Pronunciation and Spelling Conjugation Patterns of Regular, Slightly Irregular and Irregular Verbs Number and Gender of Nouns and Adjectives Indicative and Imperative Mood Articles Personal Pronouns Prepositions Word Order in Declarative and Interrogative Sentences Cardinal Numbers Direct and Indirect Objects Impersonal Verb Forms: Infinitives, Participles Reflexive Verbs Possessives ... and much more Become a Highly Skilled User of French – It’s All Well Within Your Reach. French is definitely one of the most popular languages in the world. There’s a whole bunch of benefits to knowing French. Let me just mention a few. In our global society you can make use of it in business, becoming a more valuable worker, in private life, on vacation, chatting online, reading literature and press or watching satellite TV. In some parts of the world French is either the main language spoken or one of the main ones. And I could go on and on like that... This is an intensive course, which means it covers the basics from level zero (absolute beginner) and then you wander across all the lectures and learn quite a lot of stuff. The explanations are concise and clear. You should have no difficulty following and understanding them. A lot of stuff and a lot of practice. Contents and Overview This course is pretty comprehensive. It contains all the basic areas of French grammar. Starting off with French spelling and pronunciation, touching upon all the main grammatical categories in the first sections and then going into much more detail in the following sections. The language I use is simple and should be easily understood by absolute beginners. This course is divided into 10 sections, each of them covering a broad topic subdivided into lectures. The pace is up to you, you can go through the easier parts faster and then take more time to study the more sophisticated ones. To help you memorize and practice all the new stuff, there are loads of exercises. Most lectures are accompanied by additional resources. These are downloadable files with exercises. After you finish each section, there’s a quiz for you that covers the material discussed in that section. Who this course is for:This course is best suited for students who want to learn French in a systematic way, diving into its grammar and being eager to understand how the language works, how all the inflections, articles, tenses, moods etc. should be used cor-rectly.This is a beginner course but is also suitable for students who already have some knowledge of French but would like to refresh it in an ordered and systematic way.This course is NOT suitable for students who only want to learn some everyday vocabulary or expressions like how to order food in a restaurant, book a ticket or something like that but don’t care about grammar.

[myqueeryear]

Everybody Else is Perfect by Gabrielle Korn

I found myself thinking of this book as a sandwich – two bland parts holding an incredible center. After reading the introduction I nearly decided to put it down, since I personally see fashion (press included) as one of world's most infamously brutal and misogynistic industries, and reading about someone who entered into it and found it misogynistic and brutal seemed like a "dog bites man" article. But I didn't want to wuss out on my first book of the year, plus I was curious. Nylon has no cultural pull for me so "editor in chief of Nylon" wasn't a draw it itself, but even I have noticed that over the last ~10 years the scope of who gets to be fashionable in the mainstream press has expanded tremendously, and I was curious to hear from someone who was part of making that happen.

This is more a personal essay collection than a memoir, and like all personal essay collections some are stronger than others. One that I derisively thought of as the sexual harassment/Obama to Trump transition/blue jeans chapter particularly devolved into platitudes and didn’t really tie everything together by the end. And I wasn’t able to put my skepticism about the fashion and beauty industry aside enough to stop wondering if she was sometimes using irregular verbs – I use my women’s studies and activist background to bring important representation to the fashion industry, you co-opt feminist and social justice rhetoric for clout.

I really enjoy anything set in a hyperspecific subculture with lots of detail, so I did actually like the fashion industry sections of the book – if anything, I would have liked more stories about what exactly she was doing all day. There's a publishing industry story in here as well, although it gets dialed down partway through. Still, having worked in periodicals at various times in my life I enjoyed hearing what it was like on the other end of the production chain. Korn frequently refers to what I presume are well-known figures obliquely, and a reader who's more in tune with the fashion industry than I am would probably have a lot of fun spotting the designers/bloggers/media people she's talking about. But my lack of knowledge also meant I held a seed of skepticism for many of her claims about the effect Nylon had on the industry, since I was very aware that if she was overstating her claims I would have no way of knowing. I also got tired of her stopping to make a disclaimer that of course, she is a white, thin, conventionally attractive woman — by the middle of the book, the reader knows that*. In general this book has a problem with repetition, something that can happen when an author is used to writing short, individual pieces (like personal essays, or online magazine articles) but should have been tightened up during editing.

But I do love to hear people’s stories, and fortunately Korn is strongest and most interesting in the middle chapters when she tells hers. Her experiences with being a lesbian in fashion, a world that is famously (straight) female and gay (male) were fascinating – the way that she could at various times be tokenized, fetishized, dismissed, and othered. Another interesting thing, from a queer perspective, was that she was in a legally-committed relationship (domestic partnership) during most of her 20s and ended up being single and dating when she was older, which is both a reversal of the expected script and a relatively new type of queer experience. And the heart of the book were the chapters where she talked about her experience with disordered eating. Pushing for body positivity and expanded beauty standards while ruthlessly punishing her own body for its perceived imperfections. Being convinced that she was only desirable with a low weight and hard body – while not being attracted to that body type in other women. And finally trying to get in recovery while working in an industry where everybody is controlling and judging their food intake and weight – while wrapping it in the language of empowerment and self-love. These were extremely rich – sharply observed, self-reflective, and not only helped me understand her experience with ED but also changed the way I think about it.

Verdict: Borrow it.

*I would also add that she is rather affluent, although this is mentioned leas frequently.

[tyrannuspitch]

feasgar math, an-diugh tha mi a' dol a bhruidhinn sa ghàidhlig a-rithist oir... tha e a' còrdach rium ¯\_(ツ)_/¯ chan eil mòran a ràdh agam, ach, you know, cleachd i no caill i etc! (no... "cleachd i no cha bhì i agad gu bràth", ma tha thu ag ràdh sin riumsa). tha mi an dòchas gu bheil mi ag ionnsachadh, co-dhiù?

#grammar still entirely guesswork and vibes #i just toss a coin every time i arrive at smthn that could be a verbal noun or an infinitive idek close enough #irregular verbs could also do with work #trying to use more gaelic filler words and fewer english but also i know actual gaelic speakers use a lot of english fillers so hmmm #dictionary SAYS you can just use tha fhios agad exactly the same as you know #but idk if it's a forceful 'she's right you know' kind of 'you know' or a casual 'yknow?' #i need to listen out for that

[mirai-studies-languages]

How to stay motivated when learning a foreign language

Language learning is hard. It takes hours and hours of work to start seeing results, and even then, they are minimal. It is a largely thankless, strenuous, but also rewarding process. It’s a long road, and it takes more than mere force of will to get through it: you have to love it. When you feel like you’ll scream if you have to review irregular verbs one more time, it’ll be that love that gets you through it. I’m going to provide some advice for motivating yourself to learn a language.

Take a break and relax! Sometimes, you are just done with your target language, and even the mere sight of your notebook makes you want to throw up. Perhaps this is a sign that it is time to take a break. Have a shower, go on Netflix and watch a show, read fluffy fanfiction! Just wind down, and spend a week or two away from your target language. Then, get back to it feeling refreshed and rejuvenated.

Cultivate discipline, not just motivation. This is a bit of a dubious one, because it is important to maintain boundaries, and not push yourself to your limits. But sometimes, if you want to make progress in something, then you have to keep at it even when it is tough. Try setting goals for yourself, or giving yourself specific habits to do. You don’t have to do loads, maybe even just 5 minutes on Duolingo. But do something, at the very least. 

Clean up your study space and reorganise! Maybe it’s your environment that isn’t doing it for you, so it could be therapeutic to clean up. You could also organise your notes or online drives.

Reevaluate your methods! Maybe your current way of doing things isn’t particularly enjoyable and you need to revamp your study methods. Try and make it fun (though accept the fact that there are some boring parts that will always be necessary), and perhaps focus more on integrating your target language into your daily life.

Look for new music in your target language! This is fun, and it also teaches you some things about popular music artists in your target language. If you’re a fangirl/boy/person like me, then you might find a new artist to stan!

Watch a TV show or film in your target language! Netflix is good for this, along with Viki (for east asian languages) and LingoPie (for european languages). You can definitely use subtitles if you want to. 

Read a translation of your favourite childhood book in your target language! I read a translation of Harry Potter in French and it was sublime. You’ll already know the story, and it will also allow you to engage with your favourite childhood books from a new cultural and linguistic angle!

Write social media posts in your target language! Tumblr, Twitter, Facebook: wherever you want, just stay safe! Maybe you’ll even make some friends!

Make friends, and speak! HiLokal is great for this.

I hope you found this useful! Thanks for reading this post!

#studyblr #langblr #study motivation #study tips #studyspo #languages #language learning #study advice #advice

[j-rock101]

文法：〜させる（使役形・Causative Tense）

The causative tense mainly describes two types of situations:

1) When someone makes someone else do something. This can be through instructions (like from a parent to child, or teacher to student), persuasion, or even force.

母は私にケーキを食べさせました。 My mother made me eat cake (even though I didn’t want to).

2) When someone lets someone else do something, either by giving them permission or by remaining hands-off and not interfering.

母は私にケーキを食べさせました。 My mother let me eat cake (for my birthday! Isn’t she the world’s best mom?).

For the most part you have to rely on context or common sense to help you distinguish between the two.

寝させろよ!!! LET ME SLEEP!!!

(『月刊少女野崎くん』 Girl’s Monthly Nozaki-kun, vol. 4 by Izumi Tsubaki)

You can think of the sentence form as a stereotypical child/parent relationship, where the "parent" allows or makes the "child" do certain actions. Of course both could be omitted from the sentence, but even so it’s best to keep this structure in mind:

"Parent" は・が　"Child" に・を　(Causative verb) "Parent" makes/lets "Child" do ~

The "Child" most commonly takes に, but it may take を instead if 1) the child unconsciously or unwillingly performs the action; 2) the child is actually a thing with no will of its own; or 3) if you are using another に particle somewhere in the sentence. Similarly if the verb is transitive and を is being used for another object, you should use に. (*)

- よし　やってみよう - よつばがやる！よつばにやらせて！ - All right, let's give it a try. - Yotsuba will try! Let Yotsuba try!

(『よつばと！』 Yotsuba&!, vol. 8?? by Azuma Kiyohoko)

Causative Tense Conjugation (Standard)

る verbs: Replace the る with させる

食べる　→　食べさせる

う verbs: Replace the -u sound with -aせる

買う　→　買わせる　　読む　→　読ませる 行く　→　行かせる　　急ぐ　→　急がせる 立つ　→　立たせる　　死ぬ　→　死なせる 帰る　→　帰らせる　　遊ぶ　→　遊ばせる 話す　→　話させる

Irregular verbs:

する　→　させる 来る　→　こさせる

Once in the causative tense, these verbs all conjugate as regular る verbs.

Slang Variations

There are several variations on the standard conjugation patterns.

1) Shortened Conjugation

る verbs: Replace the る with さす

食べる　→　食べさす

う verbs: Replace the -u sound with -aす

買う　→　買わす 読む　→　読ます　…

Irregular verbs:

する　→　さす 来る　→　こさす

This form is much rarer than the original form, and may be seen in dialects like Kansai-ben. It is slang, but there are some words that have made it into standard Japanese: 泳がす (to make ~ swim), 沸かす (to boil ~), and 寝かす (to put ~ to sleep). (*)

2) さ入れ言葉

Unlike shortened conjugation, this conjugation is actually nonstandard and would be marked incorrect. But much like ら抜き is growing more common with potential verbs, many young people especially may incorrectly* add an extra さ into their conjugation of う verbs like so:

買う　→　買わさせる 読む　→　読まさせる

While it may not be in your best interest as a language learner to use さ入れ言葉, you may hear or see it used so it’s best to be aware of its existence. (*)

(*according to textbooks, but language is a constantly evolving creature so who are we to judge!)

Causative て ＋ Give/Receive Verbs

Combining the Causative tense in the て form with give/receive verbs is one easy clue that the causative is being used with the meaning of “Let” rather than “Make.” The speaker's role in the sentence is usually set as either the subject or the receiver by the very nature of give/receive verbs, so you’re not going to find too many counterexamples. (*) Here’s a breakdown of some combinations:

・　Causer が（私 - Doer に）〜させてくれる 　　（⇑Honorific: 〜させてくださる） You are being allowed to do something, and this carries the sense that you’re grateful. A negative question would be used to ask permission. 　　　　〜させてくれない？ 　　　　〜させてくれませんか？(Can’t I ...?) 　　　　〜させてください。(Please let me …)

・（私 - Causer が）Doer に 〜させてあげる 　　（⇓Casual: 〜させてやる） You allow someone to do something. やる makes the expression rougher, and is used mostly by men. 　　　　〜させてあげようか？(Just this once, I'll let you ...) 　　　　〜ないと...させてあげないよ 　　　　(If you don't ~, I won't let you ...)

・（私 - Doer が）Causer に 〜させてもらう 　　（⇑Honorific: 〜させていただく） Very similar to させてくれる, and describes an action you are allowed to do. However, note that the particles will be reversed since it is changed to “receiving!” It can also be used to ask for permission. 　　　　〜させてもらえない？(May I …?) 　　　　〜させていただけませんか？(May I …?) 　　　　〜させていただきます。(Allow me to…) 　　　　〜させていただいてありがとうございました。 　　　　　(Thank you for allowing me to … )

- それいぬ!? - なでさせてもらうか？ - …いい - That's a DOG?! - Shall we ask to pet it? - ...No, that's ok.

(『よつばと！』 Yotsuba&!, vol. 14 by Azuma Kiyohoko)

善逸さんは今日から訓練参加ですので　ご���明させていただきますね（キリッ） Because Zenitsu is joining our training starting today, allow me to explain. (Resolute)

(『鬼滅の刃』 Demon Slayer vol. 6 by Gotoge Koyoharu)

Because of the particle switch, させてもらう・いただく actually translates more naturally into the passive tense in English, since the focus of the sentence has been reversed to focus on the one who is being made to do something. While we can get around that dissonance by translating it as a request like "Please allow me to...", sometimes it can't really be helped. In the following example, in Nozaki's conversation with his new editor, the editor explains that he's already familiar with his work, so requesting permission would be unnatural--he's already read it. While Nozaki, who is wary of a new editor and startled by the news hasn't explicitly granted him that permission, the editor uses the causative voice with 頂く to emphasize his gratefulness:

- 夢野さんの「恋しよっ♡」読ませて頂いてます 鈴木くんは読者さんに人気ありますね（正統派ヒーローで） -（ドキッ）なっ - Mr. Yumeno, I was given the opportunity to read your manga, Let's Fall in Love ♡. Suzuki certainly is popular among readers (As a standard hero) - (Ba-bump) Wha--

(『月刊少女野崎くん』 Girl’s Monthly Nozaki-kun, vol. 4 by Izumi Tsubaki)

Causative ＋　てしまう

While allowing and forcing are the two main uses of the causative form, there is one other usage: the responsibility usage, often indicated by its combination with the てしまう (to regretfully allow something to happen) grammar. This version expresses the guilt of the subject (who is usually the speaker, but not always) in not being able to stop a sequence of events from happening.(*) They let this happen, and it's all their fault.

おれが気づかなかったせいで59人も死なせてしまった I let so many people die--fifty-nine people--all because I didn't notice.

(『不滅のあなたへ』 To Your Eternity, vol. 11, by Oima Yoshitoki)

J-Rock Examples:

完成させないでもっと良くして Without finishing it, make it better ［宇多田ヒカル - 光］

このままじゃ終わらせないの I won’t let it end like this! ［DOLL$BOXX – Take My Chance］

散った願いも／いつの日にか花を咲かせるだろう Even scattered wishes / will probably make the flowers bloom someday. ［スキマスイッチ - 桜夜風］

アスファルトから出た芽が僕に知らせた。恋をしていた The plants sprouting from the asphalt told me [made me aware] so. I was in love.  ［HY - モノクロ］

震えるほどに　心躍らせたいの　始めようよ [I] Want to make my heart pound so I shake　Let’s begin ［Perfume - Spring of Life］

あなたを夢中にさせて I’ll put you in a trance ［exist†trace - GINGER］

一人にさせない  Don’t leave me alone (Lit: Do not make me into one person.) ［宇多田ヒカル - Prisoner of Love］

言葉なんか忘れさせて Make me forget those words

目を閉じたまま踊らせて Make me dance with my eyes still closed

［宇多田ヒカル - 忘却 featuring KOHH］

言葉にできない想いを／今宵は歌にして聴かせたい Tonight, I want to let you hear the song / Made of the thoughts I can’t put into words (Careful with this one–since there is no が・に to indicate whether the speaker or listener is allowed to hear, pay attention to the たい which clarifies it’s the speaker’s desire to permit. “I want you to let me” would be させてほしい or させて＋くれたい・もらいたい, etc.) ［宇多田ヒカル - 荒野の狼］

いつでも皆を笑わせる Always making everyone laugh ［水曜日のカンパネラ - 一休さん］

舞い上がる　愛を踊らせて It lets love dance　Soaring high ［X JAPAN - ENDLESS RAIN］

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