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absolutebl · 2 years

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Why is Thailand obsessed with the husband- wife trope. Like its pretty annoying given that its a gay relationship and they make it seem like a het one. What are some bls (like bad buddy) where there is no implied 'husband-wife'

Husband Wife Language in Thai BL

It's heterosexual skew (the overlay of het relationship dynamics onto queer ones), so the narrative assumes that one party must "be the girl." This is pretty globally common.

Most of us who've been in a relationship that's not visually het have been asked, "So which one of you is the girl?" or "Which one of you is the boy?"

This is the narrative version of that.

It comes from an outsiders assumption about what it means to be gay and/or the fact that these narratives are not scripted (originally written) by those familiar with an actual queer existence (AKA the lack of a queer lens) as it is linguistically coded in the west.

It connects to patriarchal assumption that sex (as term and concept) must involve penetration. That "taking it" is somehow translated as a personality trait, and lots of other stuff. Thailand usually has pretty strong seme/uke dynamic and this trope is often ALSO het dysmorphic.

So the language being used is often translated as wife/husband.

HOWEVER, there are two words for wife in Thai, the one we hear in BL (sounds like mee-ha) and the official one you're taught ภรรยา or phryā. The one in BL seems to be a kind of slang that has a lot more nuance than just wife.

In Peru some of the quechua I encountered made a point of distinguishing between mi esposa, which had to do with the church, household, and social appearances, and mi mujer, which had to do with family, home, and affection. I think there’s something similarly distinct going on with the two words for wife in Thai.

All that said meeha is still feminizing. (Although it behoves me to point out there’s NOTHING innately wrong with the feminine, it’s just socially lowering, othering, and demeaning in patriarchal environments.) And may or may not be slang in the Thai gay community for catcher.

Partly I think captioners just don't know they can use the English word spouse under some circumstances, but also it's clear meeha is somewhat considered cute (by the narrative and the boys in the relationship).

Historically for BL, especially in Thailand, it has heritage. One of the first major BL’s first big moments of GAY GAY GAY was this:

Kong is is using phi for you and meeha for wife.

But that was 2016.

Under queer context and thinking of something like SCOY in 2022 I would have personally preferred they just go with top/bottom/verse language (at least in translation), but in Thai it doesn't seem like they are that blatant, or maybe even have the words for gay sex act roles - so meeha has kind of become a euphemism for bottom.

It's possible among some gay Thai men there is an actual adoption of meeha, much as "gurl!" and "beeatch" have been adopted amongst gay boys in the US. But that doesn't seem to be its application in BL. Use of ja, ha, and kha particles seems more common in this regard.

I'm not defending any of this, just trying to explain.

Repeat offenders include TharnType, SCOY, and ForthBeam in 2 Moons 2.

To answer your question:

Any BL that I file under “no sme/uke dynamic” will not use this trope or language: And yes, Pat & Pran are listed there. Also most of the non-school set Korean stuff, a lot of Taiwanese and quite a bit of Japanese stuff too.

(source)

#thai bl #asked and answered

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hd-learns-korean · 2 years

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Study Saturday's Week 3 - Musical Monday's Grammar Week 2 Part 2 - 지만

Hey all! I hope you're all doing great and that you had a fabulous week! I feel like it's been forever since I posted a grammar or vocab lesson!

I'm back today with another grammar post whoop whoop!

Today's lesson is taken from Musical Monday week 2 Sept. 2021 which featured the song 'Boat' By George. I will be posting the second half of the grammar that is featured in that post which is -지만.

As I am not 100% fluent in Korean there may be some mistakes. If you spot any please let me know so I can fix them, thank you!

Righty then, on with today's Study Post!

지만 – Even though/ but/ however

It can be used in 2 ways:

1.) To show a simple contrast between 2 clauses. I like pizza, but I don't like pasta. *it is important to remember the topic marking particles if you are talking about two different topics that are contrasting. E.g I like pizza, but my Mum does not. 저는 피자를 진짜 좋아하지만 우리 엄마는 진짜 좋아하지 않아요.

2.) It can be used to connect 2 clauses together. The second clause contradicts and shows the facts displayed in the first clause to be unimportant. E.G

Clause 1: He is smart.

Clause 2: But, he has no common sense.

Clause 1 gives the listener a fact 'he is smart' however in clause 2 the speaker shows the fact that 'he is smart' to be irrelevant as he has 'no common sense.' Even though he is smart, he has no common sense.

Listed below are some songs that I found that use the -지만 grammar structure:

OH MY GIRL – You’re Smiling As Pretty As A Doll (그대는 인형처럼 웃고 있지만)

그대는 항상 내 곁에 있지만

내겐 소용없어요

You’re always by my side but

It’s of no use to me

(Nuance: You’re always by my side, but it’s useless to me)

그대는 항상 내 맘에 있지만

그대 마음 아직 모르겠어요

I’ve always loved you

But I don’t know how you feel about me

그대는 인형같이 웃고 있지만

표정이 없어요

You’re smiling as pretty as a doll

But you’re actually expressionless

MAMAMOO (마마무) – Happier than Ever (분명 우린 그때 좋았었어)

지금 안녕이라고 말하지만

분명 우린 그때 좋았었어

I'm saying bye now, but we were definitely happy then.

우리 처음 만나 어색했지만

분명 우린 그때 너무 좋았었어

It was awkward when we met for the first time, but we were so happy.

아냐 지금 미울 수 있지만 그래 많이 눈물도 나지만

No, you might hate me right now, but yes. I cry a lot, too.

PURPLE KISS (퍼플키스) – So WhY

많은 걸 노력했지만 결국 너에게 뺏긴 난

I tried a lot, but in the end I lost it to you

매일 밤 고민했지만 이젠 너와의 하루로

I thought about it every night, but now it's my day with you // I worried about it every night, but now it's my day with you.

Thursday’s Child Has Far To Go By TXT (투모로우바이투게더)

온 길보다 험하겠지만 예측불허의 our life

Our life will be tougher than the road we came from, but our life is unpredictable

온 길보다 더 멀겠지만 멋진 날들이 기다려

I know it's farther than I've come, but I'm waiting for great days

Slam The Door By Ciipher

말을 건넸지만 여전히 널 보면 떨려

I talked to you, but I still tremble when I see you//I talked to you, but I still get nervous when I see you

There we go everyone! Study session complete! I hope I explained this grammar topic ok!

As always everyone,

Try to have a good day, please stay safe, and happy studying! X 💖

Gif not created by me. All credit should go to the original creator.

#studyblr #langblr #study notes #korean #korean vocab #korean vocabulary #koreablr #korean langblr #korean studyblr

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molsons112000 · 2 months

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So as you see nuclear tests leave long legacy of environmental scar.... North Korea has done numerous underground nuclear test and the nuclear waste leaches into the groundwater and that goes into the drinking water of North Korean and South Korean people and also into the ocean to pollute their fish and all aquatic life. And then you swim in those oceans contaminated with nuclear waste... So I don't think you want to swim in the water highly contaminated.... So this causes a problem for decimalization as well. Getting out the nuclear waste is a whole different thing. Those are atomic and sub atomic particles.

North Korea has conducted six underground nuclear tests since 2006 at Punggye-ri in the northeast of the country. Each test has produced a progressively higher magnitude blast and estimated yield. In 2018, North Korea announced that it would shut down the site after "verifying" its nuclear capabilities. In 2022, North Korea returned to major weapons tests with the debut of its Hwasong-17.

BBC

North Korea: What missiles does it have? - BBC

Six underground tests have previously been carried out at Punggye-ri. However, in 2018 North Korea said it would shut the site down, because it had "verified" its nuclear capabilities. Some of the tunnels into the site were subsequently blown up in the presence of foreign journalists.

en.wikipedia.org

List of nuclear weapons tests of North Korea - Wikipedia

Nuclear tests, Information, Period, Number of tests, Test type, , , 2006–2017, 6, underground,

sgp.fas.org

North Korea's Nuclear Weapons and Missile Programs

Dec 19, 2023 — North Korea has tested a nuclear explosive device six times since 2006. Each test produced underground blasts progressively higher in magnitude and estimated yield.

Nikkei Asia

A satellite view of North Korea's nuclear sites - Nikkei Asia

Between 2006 and 2017, a total of six underground nuclear tests were conducted at Punggye-ri in the northeast of the country. Pyongyang last year allowed foreign reporters to witness the destruction of a number of tunnels at the site, without permitting U.S. and South Korean experts to carry out detailed inspections.

wsj.com

Kim Jong Un's Most Powerful Weapon Is Ready if U.S. Makes a 'Wrong ...

Dec 19, 2023 — Pyongyang pivoted back to major weapons tests in March 2022, debuting its next-generation Hwasong-17. Since then, North Korea has prioritized developing ICBMs that could fly even farther and upgrading their rocket engines. The Hwasong-15 could travel an estimated 8,100 miles and reach the U.S. within a half-hour.

North Korea's nuclear program is centered around the Yongbyon nuclear reactor and reprocessing plant. North Korea's nuclear weapons have progressed beyond building simple fission weapons with estimated diameters of 50-60 centimeters and estimated explosive yields of less than 15 kilotons.

So before when you told the lie they literally cut out your tongue.....

"Proverbs 10:31 says, "The mouth of the righteous brings forth wisdom, but a perverse tongue will be cut out".

And those that attack me will be put to waste.....

Proverbs 12:18 In-Context - But a dishonest witness tells lies. 18 Thoughtless words cut like a sword. But the tongue of wise people brings healing.

Proverbs 12:18 - NIRV - Thoughtless words cut like a ...

Bible Study Tools

Proverbs 17:4 - A wicked doer gives heed to false lips, and a liar gives ear to a wayward tongue.

Jan 25, 2024

Words Matter: 39 Bible Verses about the Power of the Tongue

chadfisheronline.com

Psalm 34:12-13 – Whoever of you loves life and desires to see many good days, keep your tongue from evil and your lips from telling lies.

Jul 3, 2023

75 Top Bible Verses About Lying and Deceit - Christian Counseling

sunshynegray.com

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crowdkettle3 · 2 years

Text

Nice Words That Start With W To Describe Someone

Content

Adjectives And Adverbs In Indonesian

Dengan Fasih

Using Ordinary Words As Personal Pronouns

Kedai Cermin Tingkap Rumah Di Johor Bahru

This feature is also available for vocabulary words and sample sentences. I also follow up by sending a recording to my online language tutor for feedback. I did some research online about the issue and located almost all people go together with your blog. I will recommend you to check the article about Roblox player exe.

However, people do tend to get confused at times with the word order.

Adjectives And Adverbs In Indonesian

Prior to learning full Korean sentences, my online Korean language tutor assigned the “Hana Hana Hangul” pathway to me. It demonstrated the writing and pronunciation ofHangul, the Korean alphabet. Throughout this pathway, I submitted recordings of my Hangul character pronunciations to my language teacher for review. You’ll note that mb at the start of a word is a pretty unusual sound combination.

Suppose you have two adjectives you want to line up in a sentence? It’s imperative then to use the word dan, meaning “and,” to connect them. You’ll see at the end of the article what it means if we just say one adjective gaya pintu kaca geser after the other. Additionally, I often practice Korean and Japanese with music. I add the vocabulary to my SRS flashcards, locate the grammar in the Grammar Bank, and study the associated lessons online.

Dengan Fasih

Then, you can easily make people think you’re good at the language. Indonesian society is often based on knowing people and maintaining personal connections. The interesting paradox about this exam is that there are very few resources to study for it, and at the same time, a huge number of people to study with. Although it’s been around for a short time already, 2021 may be a great time to start out playing. First things first, players got to download Roblox player.exe and install the Roblox launcher. You can also go back to the complete list of adjectives starting with w.

Using Ordinary Words As Personal Pronouns

The root word harga means “price,” and the -nya makes it refer to a specific price. Namely, the price of the thing you’re pointing at in the restaurant or in the shop. To answer, we’ll use the word sudah again to note that it’s already been a certain amount of time, then simply add the relevant unit and amount of time. The word nama is a cognate of the English word “name,” but it actually comes from Sanskrit instead of a more modern European language as you might assume. My language teachers cater to my goals with personalized and achievable learning programs. The tangible support of my online language teachers makes it evident that we share common goals. You can create and study flashcard decks, whether it’s your Word Bank or a certain vocabulary list. SRS is a system designed for learning a new word and reviewing it in varying time intervals.

Word Order In Indonesian Questions

Indonesian uses a “locative particle,” di, instead of the typical set of prepositions we know from other languages. You can think of di as being similar to “at,” and then whatever word follows di can indicate the location more precisely. There are two very commonly used words in Indonesian for asking people to do things for you, and of course, several more words besides. Tolong has a general sense that you really need that thing done, while mohon is simply a polite request word. Let’s practice the necessary verbs again, this time by adding the question word apakah, or the question suffix -kah. Once you get a good stock of vocabulary, all you need to memorize is a handful of customizable Indonesian sentences.

Kaca Pintu Gudang Geser Cantik"/> You can make that curiosity work for your Indonesian skills, too! When you talk to people, they’ll be interested in who you are and what’s driven you to learn their language. After all, in a language without conjugation or declension, the word order is what ends up really carrying the meaning of each sentence. In Indonesian, you can often translate sentences word-for-word into English, which makes other, more variant sentence patterns more challenging to remember. You can’t make any mistakes in Indonesian relating to word genders or adjective endings.

Instead of an online keyboard, you could also choose to download a Google extension to your browser for a language input tool. The Google Input Tools extension allows users to use input tools in Chrome web pages, for example. This is the classic adverb format – you modify a verb to explain how you’re doing that verb. You can either use an Indonesian adverb, or the word dengan “with” with the modifying word. You can also get away with using the adjective as an adverb, chances are your Indonesian audience will understand you anyway.

#Kaca Pintu Gudang Geser #Desain Kaca Pintu Gudang Geser #Ide Kaca Pintu Gudang Geser #Gaya Kaca Pintu Gudang Geser #Kaca Pintu Gudang Geser Cantik

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mirai-studies-languages · 3 years

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How to self study a language without a textbook or course

Hi! I have a very short attention span, and I rarely find it in me to enjoy using only one resource to learn a language, so I often rely on immersion and actively using the language right from the beginning to learn languages. I’ve done this with pretty much all my languages, and it has worked out pretty well for me so far, especially with French! This is heavily inspired by this article on the medium, which changed my whole outlook on languages. I hope I can offer some helpful advice!

Starting off (A0 --> A2)

First of all, you’re going to have to set your goals in the language. What do you want to do in your target language? Do you want to be conversational or fully fluent? Do you want to focus on all the skills (reading, listening, writing, speaking), or only a couple? Which accent/dialect do you want to choose? Set your goals, and give yourself some habits to start sticking to.

In most cases, I would advice learning the alphabet and the pronunciation at first. For the alphabet, find a guide online and learn the stroke order. Keep on writing it over and over again. For languages like Mandarin Chinese or Japanese, where you have to memorise characters, try and memorise the most common characters. Also, find a pronunciation guide on YouTube or somewhere online, and immediately start working on it. Once you have a general idea of what the sounds are, start speaking and try to shadow natives (i.e. repeat what they say after them with the same intonation - you can do this with YouTube videos, or beginners exercises online). To practice both of these at the same time, you can try reading out loud, and maybe try dictating what you hear sometimes.

Start listening to the language a lot. Try and listen to YouTube videos and podcasts, and get used to the sound of the language. You might even want to watch a TV show or anime in your target language with English subtitles. I’d also recommend reading and listening at the same time, so if you have subtitles in your target language, then that could be great too. The more exposed you are to the natural use of your target language, the less unintelligible they will seem.

Memorise some basic vocabulary and phrases. There are loads of articles online that have basic vocabulary lists and phrases in different languages (there are even some on this website). Try memorising a few of them. In terms of what exactly you should learn vocab for, I would recommend learning vocab lists for these: numbers, subject pronouns, common greetings, the most common verbs (the first 100 should do) and their most common conjugations, days of the week, months, seasons, years, how to tell the time, how to talk about the weather, family, colours, house vocab, food, money and shopping phrases, common adjectives, common places, adverbs, parts of the body and medical vocabulary (I got all of this from this post). It’s a lot, but it will give you a strong foundation. You can then start learning vocabulary for your interests specifically. You can do this using multiple methods. First, you could use flashcards, like anki, memrise and Quizlet. You could also play around with apps like Duolingo or Lingodeer. Also, you could write them down, and keep testing yourself on them until you have them memorised (both target language to english, and english to target language). Make sure that you have audio, and that you know how the word/phrase sounds, and the pronunciation.

Start speaking with someone online. I recommend apps like Tandem and HiNative. Start trying to have conversations of basic topics straight away, and make sure you get corrections. Look up the words as you go.

Memorise a few basic grammar structures. This is especially important for languages like Korean or Japanese, which have extremely different grammar structures to English. Learn basic present, past and future tenses, along with basic articles and determiners, agreement, reflexive verbs, basic particles, negation and gender.

Immerse. I would recommend starting off with posts and videos that offer advice about things, since the language used in these tend to be simplistic, but topic specific. You can also use apps like LingQ. When practicing listening and reading, you can use the advice in these two posts (listening, reading). Don’t memorise every word you come across, and slowly try to ease yourself in.

Making the leap to the intermediate stage (A2 --> B1)

Vocabulary: I’ve already talked about methods of memorising vocabulary earlier, so I won’t talk about it again. As for what you should be memorising, I would suggest basing it on your interests and topical issues. When you immerse, and come across certain interesting words, then memorise them. You can also explore the tag for your target language on tumblr, and try and memorise some of the in depth vocabulary lists on here.

Grammar: I would suggest finding a specification, or list of grammar structures for the intermediate level, and learn all of them using articles and youtube videos. Then, try and use the rules regularly in your speaking and writing and receive corrections. Also, do practice questions.

Listening: I have gone in depth on how to practice listening in the post I mentioned earlier, so I won’t elaborate too much. Overall, I’d say that it is better to make sure that you are listening to the language a lot, and that what you are listening to is comprehensible input.

Reading: Find some learners exercises online, and keep doing them. You can also just generally try to read more, based on your interests. I would also suggest to apply the methods from the post I mentioned earlier.

Writing: Try and write a few sentences every now and then, and use your new grammar structures and vocabulary as much as possible. Make sure that you receive corrections. I have gone in depth on this subject in this post.

Speaking: Find a speaking buddy online, and try and organise meetings, where you just try and practice speaking. Look up words you don’t know, and be brave: most people are kind, and won’t mind if you make mistakes, so keep trying to move forward.

Going from intermediate to conversational (B1 --> B2)

Vocabulary: Focus on your interests, and areas that will be useful to you. Make sure that you actually use the words that you are memorising while writing and speaking.

Grammar: I think the same advice as the beginner to intermediate stage is applicable here.

Listening: Listen to both intermediate podcasts and YouTube videos in the target language (innovative languages, iyagi, dreaming spanish, a piece of french, InnerFrench etc.), and also to native material (youtube videos, films, TV shows, vines, tiktoks etc.) that you find interesting. Use transcripts or subtitles (in the target language) to memorise new vocabulary, and then keep repeating the audio until you understand everything.

Reading: Read whatever you can get your hands on, as long as it is reasonably simple enough. I would recommend kids books, and also translations of books that you have already read in your target language.

Writing: Try starting a journal in your target language, and also try writing letters/e-mails to people, and maybe write some essays on topical issues. Once again, make sure that you get corrections.

Speaking: Continue having conversations with people in your target language. Let yourself make mistakes and be corrected, because that is the only way to improve. For your accent and pronunciation, shadow native material (I use Easy Languages for this).

This is as far as I have gotten in terms of my self-study journey, so I’m afraid I won’t be able to offer much more advice. When I eventually reach an advanced C1 level in a language, then I’ll definitely make a post about that. Thank you for reading this post! I hope it was useful to you!

#studyblr #langblr #study tips #languages #language learning #study motivation #studyspo #study advice #spanish #french

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a-pop-of-korean · 2 years

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I know how to read and write korean and 받침 rules...

I don't know what is the next step of learning.. Could you tell me what should I do and list the names of korean grammer, which must be learnt first

I would recommend checking out my masterlist! It seems like you got most of the stuff under my section titled "Hangul lessons" down, so I would recommend going onto “The Basics” section. The goal of this section is to get you familiar with common phrases, basic syntax, numbers, and how the language works more generally. I’ll link all of my basics lessons here -- I hope they’re helpful! Thanks for the question and good luck! 화이팅!

Common Phrases

Numbers

Sino-Korean vs. Native Korean Numbers (Instagram Post)

Sentence Structure and Particles

Present-Tense Conjugations and Formal Language

Adjectives

Questions

Honorifics and Casual Language

#apok #apok q&a #korean #korean language #korean q&a #Korean langblr #한국어

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studykorean101 · 2 years

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(으)시 vs Deferential [Korean Honorifics]

anon asked: what’s the difference between 먹다 and 드시겠습니다. You say they both mean eat but i am confused? Help!

@femaletype asked: next do (으)시 vs -세요 vs -ㅂ/습니다 Bc honorific vs deferential is the bane of my existence

First, I will give a list of honorific verbs and nouns, then explain the honorific ending! It’s important to note an “elevation” of formality; who is being elevated! In this case, there are three types:

verbs that elevate* the subject

verbs that elevate the object

verbs that elevate the recipient of the action (usually used with the honorific particle 께)

*elevate = who are talking about in an honorific way?

높임말 동사; Honorific Verbs

(2) 만나다 / 보다; 뵙다 [to see, to meet]

(1) 먹다; 드시다 / 식사하다 / 잡수시다 [to eat]

(1) 마시다; 드시다 [to drink]

(3) 주다;드리다 [to give]

(1) 있다; 계시다 [to stay]

(1) 죽다; 들어가시다 [to die]

(1) 아프다; 편찮으시다 [to be hurt/in pain]

(1) 말하다; 말씁하시다 [to speak]

(1) 자다; 주무시다 [to sleep]

(3) 묻다; 여쭈다 [to ask]

(1) 배고프다; 시장하시다 [to be hungry]

(2) 데리다; 모시다 [to accompany]^

^ the plain form 데리다 is more commonly used as a compound verb with 오다 or 가다, but that can be it’s own separate post if people are interested.

높임말 명사; Honorific Nouns

이름; 성함 [name]

나이; 연세 [age]

집; 댁 [house]

생일; 생신 [birthday]

밥; 진지 / 식사 [food, meal]

병; 병환 [disease, illness]

술; 약주 [alcohol]

아이; 자제분 [child]

이; 치아 [tooth]

말; 말씀 [word]

It’s important to note, that outside of these specific verbs, you can realistically elevate any verb in Korean using (으)시.

-(으)시 vs. (스)ㅂ니다; Deferential Honorific

At this point, you should be familiar with plain style conjugation patterns (-어/아요). The deferential style is the infamous -(스)ㅂ니다 that gives the statements their formal ending. Of course, as we know, -(스)ㅂ니다 is more formal than -어/아요. If at any point, you are unsure as to which formality to use, always use the deferential style.

Honorifics can attach to both the deferential and polite styles, but are used in different contexts illustrated below:

[polite] 집에 가요 - I’m going home

[deferential] 집에 갑니다 - I go home

[polite + (으)시] 집에 가세요 - Go home, (hon. subject)

[deferential + (으)시] 집에 가십니다 - (hon. subject) goes home

Remember, you cannot, ever, at any point, ever, use (으)시 for yourself.

-(으)세요

When (으)시 is attached to the polite style conjugation, there are two usages; (1) to show respect, (2) to create an imperative.

The use of -(으)시 elevates the subject, object, or any recipient of the action who is older, in a higher position, or placed above you in respect. Of course, you will hear some Koreans complain about this politeness hierarchy, however, that is not an excuse to speak in an intimate way to a doctor, professor, or an elder--this is not about being close, this is about being respectful.

The biggest difference between the deferential -(스)ㅂ니다 and the honorific -(으)시 is that one acknowledges the elevation of the subject/object/recipient of action [-(으)시] while the other acknowledges the formality of the environment around them [-(스)ㅂ니다].

When talking to someone closer to your age (seemingly), you are able to use [polite + (으)시] to express politeness without being overtly formal. This is why, in restaurants, you will use phrases like:

순두부찌개 하나 좀* 주세요 - please give me tofu stew

물 좀 주세요 - please give me water

아아 한잔 좀 주세요 - please give me an iced americano

*좀 softens the request

Where the server will use an honorific term:

[드시다] 뭐 드시겠습니까? - what will you eat/drink?

[드리다] 영수증을 드릴까요? - do you want me to give you a receipt?

Note that the -까 creates an interrogative phrase.

All that said...

You can add (으)시 to any verb in order to create it’s honorific counterpart. This goes for literally any verb. If you are truly lost and cannot remember how to use the honorific form of 먹다 then you can use some form of 먹으시다. Examples:

[to answer/reply] 대답하다 + (으)시 = 대답하시다

[to sing] 노래부르다 + (으)시 = 노래부르시다

[to listen] 듣다 + (으)시 = 들으시다

Hope this helps! Honorifics are honestly difficult. So difficult, that even switching formality without honorifics is still considered rude (from intimate to plain to deferential). You’ll hear people say it’s okay to not use the proper formality because you’re a foreigner, but I think that’s a lazy solution to learning. If you want to learn properly, do it properly.

Example Sentences:

무슨 책을 읽으세요? - what book are you reading?

한국 분이세요? - are you Korean?

한국어를 가르칠 사람은 김 선생님이세요 - Mx. Kim will teach Korean

엄마가 전화하셨어요 - My mom called

부모님께서 은행에 가셨어요 - My parents went to the bank

That being said, it’s okay to mess up formalities so long as you catch the mistake and correct yourself. The listener (older Korean or friend) will greatly appreciate the self-assessment.

If there’s still some confusion, let me know!! Happy Learning :)

~ SK101

p.s. for more conjugations, you can go here!!

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meichenxi · 2 years

Audio

I present before the court this offering, allowing myself to be humbled shamed schooled humiliated brought down a peg etc etc in the hope that this time next year I can look back on it and create a really intensely very cool progress video...you also get to see what my constant internal monologue is like. it’s. it’s exhausting lmao.

This is my fifth day in Korea, and about the second week of me studying Korean with Lingodeer. I made some noise about starting Korean way earlier than that in February but basically never did, so let’s say this is...two weeks in?

Again, as we know, weeks don’t count. Days don’t count. It’s hours that do. Tragically however I have not followed by own advice and keep forgetting to use Polylogger to track the time spent - I doubt it’s more than 10 hours though since I’ve primarily been using the app.

Anyway. However long I’ve been learning, it’s early enough that it’s kind of shit and kind of embarrassing. But that’s one of the reasons I think that I’m posting it - I follow a few really big langblrs, and whenever they come into my orbit I sort of kneel down and weep bitterly in awe. But we’re all just nerds who like languages and occasionally post about it. I think it’s wonderful that people have been posting things more as beginners in a language, and I hope that we can do that for audio too!! Sure, it’s embarrassing! But that’s ok - we’ll get better! I hope that langblr can be a place to share the journey and encourage each other in things we are just starting out in too.

So posting this, here’s a little challenge to all the beloved langblrs on here: Have you just started a new language? Would you like to share some speaking as a starting point, maybe to come back to some time from now and see how far you’ve come? Tag me - I want to hear!!

---

In this snippet I say the five (5) sentences I can currently usefully say (’the dog has an apple’ does not count), as well as some live practice with Lingodeer.

I know grammar and vocabulary will improve - that’s a given. My reading is also quite slow even for words that are not new, and that will improve without question too. But I’m mainly curious to see how much my accent and intonation will improve with immersion over the course of a year. Listening back, I can hear what some differences are between my intonation / stress patterns and those of the Lingodeer man - I can hear some places already where I’m going wrong (the stress on issumnida and related words I feel needs to be either on the second syllable or more distributed - either way not so much on the first. And particles I have zero idea how to stress). Others will exist that I can’t hear at the moment. I hope that that conscious linguistic awareness will grow and improve, but I also hope it will eventually marry up with more subconscious intuition. To go from ‘Oh, my mouth should be doing this - let me just -’ *wrestles with mouth* to ‘Wait, my mouth is doing this? Oh. Cool’.

I hope this snippet also makes it clear that whenever I’m using something like Lingodeer, I may not be speaking usually, but it’s still fairly active study. I’m constantly going - ok, wait, how are these two sounds pronounced together? What’s the stress doing? Why do I sound wrong? Is this sound more palatalised/rounded/aspirated in this context? When are things voiced more or less? How are words pronounced differently in isolation when read in word lists and in the middle of a sentence? Language is an endless source of data and I plan to mine everything I can :)))))

Thank you guys for bearing with me, and I hope to reblog this with a much more interesting version in a year! Fighting~

- 梅晨曦

#korean #langblr #korean langblr #learn korean #studyblr #GOD I sound so posh #mumble mumble class identity is difficult mumble mumble #also to be clear: I'm not looking for corrections though you can if you want #I just want to post this as a Before thing. I know I'll get better in time #but yeah those of you who speak korean and are used to seeing me infodump about linguistics or chinese:#now is your time to laugh #hoho! heehee!#I'm joking I am actually not embarrassed at all lmao I've just started.#we don't?? expect brilliance?? the first day??#and I am VERY excited to leave quarantine and test my I DON'T SPEAK KOREAN on some hapless bystanders on the street #I had some thoughts on my personal blog about today so I'll cross-post them here #they're relevant to being a beginner in the language

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lesbianslovebts · 2 years

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hey ! how do you self study korean? ive been trying but i feel i don't absorb the information properly 😭

I went to my local Barnes & Noble and saw that they had college-level Korean textbooks there! I used "Elementary Korean" by Jaehoon Yeon and Ross King. There is also a separate workbook that goes with it. It's a pretty good textbook, and the audio CD's are helpful. My one criticism is that the way they teach verbs as partial stems instead of using the dictionary form is a little strange (i.e., instead of using 먹다 in the vocabulary list, they'll put 먹-, which isn't a word by itself). I recommend ordering the books right from the publisher, Tuttle.

The thing with self-studying languages is that you need to have a basic understanding of linguistics before beginning. For example, if you don't know the difference between transitive and intransitive verbs in your native language, you're not going to understand the difference between 쓰다 and 쓰이다, and you won't know where to stick the direct object particle 을/를. If you got all that stuff down, then I would dive right in! If not, I would recommend getting a book about grammar/linguistics in your native language first.

Now, some people find apps and technology helpful, but I don't they're as effective as pencil and paper. I make paper flashcards for all my vocabulary. So far, I have a bag of literally thousands of flashcards tied up in little bundles with rubber bands. And I do all my exercises in a cute BT21 notebook, writing out the hangeul by hand. Learning to type in Korean is important, too, but start with a pencil.

Above all, what makes self-study work for me is that I am autistic, linguistics is one of my special interests, I have a pattern-finding brain, and I view translation as a mathematical mapping between two sets. 😅

#language learning #korean #한국어 #linguistics #mathematics #autism #actually autistic #llbtsanswer #llbtspost

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neonmysticarpg · 3 years

Photo

Overview

Fox spirits are known throughout East Asian culture each with varying names. For example, in Chinese their name is Huli jing, Gumiho in Korean and Kitsune in Japanese. They are the same thing with the only difference being where the fox spirit originated. Given that the location is set in Japan, Kitsune will be considered the catch all East Asian Fox Spirit.

Each kitsune originally has a fox form, it is their natural state and the look varies from kitsune to kitsune. Some have unnatural white fur with red colorations while others have more natural colored fur. A commonality is their multiple tails, tails that grow as a kitsune ages. Each two hundred years they grow an extra tail and are nine-tailed at 1,600 years old at which point the kitsune often spends their time meditating to reach enlightenment.

Kitsune abilities include:

Human form: Some kitsunes are more gifted in creating their human form while others sometimes just copy the form of a human they saw. So sometimes related kitsunes look nothing alike.

Possession: The tell-tale sign of a kitsune possession are glowing yellow eyes. Some kitsune no longer practice possession while others do it in secret like any other crime.

Dream walking: Kitsunes are also able to enter someone’s mind when they are asleep and give them horrible nightmares or good ones depending on their intention. In this dream realm kitsunes have complete control over the world and can create horrifying dreamscapes.

Illusions: Kitsunes can create various illusions, the older they are however, the more “real” they can make their illusion. For example a nine-tailed kitsune can create wealth out of nothing and it becomes the real thing. Illusions can be broken through magical spells.

Inari foxes are ones who have pledged to be good for humanity, to protect living beings. These are the ones that people have built statues for to protect shrines and temples and homes. Most take their position seriously and hold great honor in it. Their possessions do not last as long as possessions done by a nogitsune. The most they can last is a few hours. After, they are either kicked out of the body or the human dies.

Nogitsune foxes are ones who have no interest in protecting humanity. They are trickster foxes who enjoy harming others and seeing them fail. They are unable to create an original human form so they often take the form of someone they’ve seen and kill them to take their life.

The elemental magic a kitsune can do depends on the fox but a list of elements they can manipulate are:

Wind - They are able to create winds, control their breathing as well as influence some weather patterns like tornados and snowstorms. Kitsunes with this ability also are able to move relatively fast as they move with the wind not against it.

Mountain - These focus on the ground itself, the dirt particles, the minerals. Anything solid and underground they can manipulate to some form. This element allows for the control of the mountains, and those that live in it. With this, kitsune can cause earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides.

Light - This elemental ability can go one of two ways, either through fire and allow the kitsune to manipulate and create fire or lightning, allowing the user to create shockwaves and manipulate electrical currents.

River - They can create water and manipulate its liquid form only. They can heal others with their element with older kitsune being able cause very strong storms, flooding, and tsunamis.

Forest - This focuses on plant-life, they are able to manipulate trees and flowers. Often able to cultivate magical plants and create concoctions of various effects with them.

Dark - Also called “void”, they are able to cloak themselves in darkness to hide in the shadows (which they teleport through) or drain life energy and cause illnesses.

Facts

Some people, particularly East Asian werebeasts still revere fox spirits to this day considering their kind to be as close to an animal god as they can have.

Kitsunes can be killed by cutting off all their tails. It is best to cut them off either all in one swipe or soon after the other because given enough time a kitsune can regenerate a tail that has been cut off. A one-tailed kitsune requires a severed tail and head.

Often those who have been possessed by kitsune or are wary against them choose to have dogs for protection as kitsunes prefer to not be anywhere near dogs.

To make a kitsune favorable to you, all you have to do is offer them some fried tofu. However, once you feed a kitsune they may feel bound to you in some way and won’t leave until you let them give you a favor.

art by yuumei

#species spotlight #yokai #kitsune

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koreanstudyjunkie · 1 year

Text

Which Is Harder Korean or Japanese?

My BACKGROUND:

I have been studying Korean for almost 6 years now and I recently started studying Japanese earlier this year - about 6 months ago. This post will just be me comparing the 2 languages and pointing out their similarities. The actual answer of which is harder or which is easier is for you to come up with and I also think it depends on your background - for example your native language or other languages you know well, which one you learn first, how much you have learned, etc. I know some people that have learned Japanese that find Korean hard and I know Korean learners who find Japanese hard or vice versa they find it easier.

Disclaimer: It's kind of difficult to add audio to all of this, so I'll leave a link to the Instagram post I made with all the audio.

SIMILARITY #1 - Sentence Structure

Japanese & Korean have the exact same sentence structure. Instead of me having to take time to learn it I was able to skip over that, because I'm already used to it in Korean.

The General Structure (which is sometimes more flexible than this) :

Example:

저는 오늘밤에 지수의 집에 영화를 보고 싶어요

私は今晩ジスの家に映画を見たいです。

I want to watch a movie at Jisoo’s house tonight.

저는 - 私は = I

오늘밤 - 今晩 = tonight

지수의 집에 - ジスの家に = at Jisoo's house

영화를 - 映画を = movie

보(다) - 見(る) = to watch

고 싶다 - たい = want to

(어)요 - です

SIMILARITY #2 - Numbers

You make numbers in Japanese the same way as in Korean. As long as you know the first 10 numbers, the rest become easy. Also some of the numbers even sound alike, making them easier to memorize. A major difference is that Korean has 2 number systems - one that’s Korean based and another that comes from Chinese. We’ll look at the Chinese one here - sino numbers.

(il) 일 - いち (ichi) = 1

(ee) 이 - に (ni) = 2

(sam) 삼 - さん (san) = 3

(sa) 사 - よん (yon) = 4

(o) 오 - ご (go) = 5

(yuk) 육 - ろく (roku) = 6

(chil) 칠 - なな / しち (nana/shichi) = 7

(pal) 팔 - はち (hachi) = 8

(gu) 구 - く / きゅう (ku/ kyuu) = 9

(ship) 십 - じゅう (jyuu) = 10

(shipil) 십일 - じゅういち (jyuuichi) = 11 (10 + 1)

(shipo)십오 - じゅうご (jyuugo) = 12

(eeship) 이십 - にじゅう (nijyuu) = 20 (2 x 10)

(samship) 삼십 - さんじゅう (sanjyuu) = 30

(gushipo) 구십오 - きゅうじゅうご (kyuujyuugo) = 95 (90 + 5)

(baek) 백 - ひゃく(hyaku) = 100

…and so on and so forth

This also goes for ages and telling the time. Both languages follow the same structure for this too.

AGE -

Basically just attaching (sal) 살 / さい (sai) = Age to the number

19 years old

(yeolahop sal) 19살 (Korean uses different number system here but it’s still 10 + 9)

(jūkyūsai) 19歳

TIME

Native Korean Number + O'clock/Hour + Sino Number + Minute

9:10 o'clock

아홉 + 시 + 십 + 분

く + 時 (じ) + じゅう + ぶん

SIMILARITY #3 - Particles

It seems like the same particles in Japanese are essentially the same as Korean. They have topic marker, object marker, time/location-marking particle, etc. There might be some unique ones for each language - like I said I’m a beginner in Japanese and probably haven’t come across it yet. Here's a decently sized list to of them that I noticed off the bat.

(eun/neun) 은/는 > は (wa) - topic marker

(ee/ga) 이/가 > が (ka) - subject marker

(eul/reul) 을/를 > を (wo) - object marker

(eh) 에 > に (ni) - time/location marking particle

(eseo) 에서 > で (de) - doing action at location

(ui) 의 > の (no) - possession particle (..'s)

(uro) (으)로 > で (de) - a means of doing something

(uro) (으)로 > へ (e) - to, towards

(buteo/kaji)에서/부터-까지 > から/まで (kara/made) - from/since-until

(mada) 마다 > まい (mai) - every, each

(to) 도 > も(mo) - also, too

(gwa/wa) 과/와/이랑/하고 (there are many ways to say and in Korean) > と (to) - and

(ina) (이)나 > や (ya) - and; or

(ji/jiyo/jyo) 지/지요 (죠) > ね (ne) - right?

(ege/hante) 에게 (한테) - に (ni) - to, from

(man) 만 > だけ (dake) - only

I noticed that most of the time these particles function the exact same, however there are some instances in which they cannot be used the same way in both languages. For example, sometimes は(topic particle) is used instead of が (subject particle) when in Korean you’d use 이/가 (subject particle) instead.

Example:

where is the bathroom?

화장실이 어디예요?

トイレはどこですか。

*if we followed my list above word for word and used the Japanese example and translated to Korean it would become: 화장실은 어디예요? which doesn’t sound as natural and may be seen as “wrong”. トイレがどこですか would probably have the same affect as the Korean sentence for reference.

Of course you must learn the rules in each language of when a certain particle must be used and not just look at this list and apply it to both languages as if it’s a “one size fits all” kind of thing.

SIMILARITY #4

I won’t go into much detail, because there are hundreds of words between these languages that are pronounced similarly or the same and share the same meanings. I made 2 other posts on it in the past.

EXAMPLES:

(gajoku) 가족 = 家族 - かぞ (kazoku) = family

(junbi) 준비 = 準備 - じゆんび (jun'bi) = prepare

(sajin) 사진 = 写真 - しゃしん (shashin) = picture

(dosogwan) 도서관 = 図書館 - としよがん (toshokan) = library

(byongwon) 병원 = 病院 - びょういん (byōin’) = hospital

WHICH IS HARDER / EASIER:

One thing I must say is that hard and easy are very subjective, and when I rank these they are on a comparative scale - for instance compared to Korean conjugating is hard in Japanese or compared to Japanese learning the Korean alphabet is very easy. But both of them have harder and easier parts in their own way, because learning languages is not a straight line to the finish.

My personal rankings from 1-10, feel free to rank them yourself in the comments

Korean (4) vs Japanese (6) - alphabet

Korean (3) vs Japanese (6) - conjugating verbs

Korean (8) vs Japanese (7) - grammar

Korean (5) vs Japanese (9) - reading

Korean (8) vs Japanese (6) - listening

Korean (7) vs Japanese (10) - vocabulary

Korean (2) vs Japanese (8) - writing

Korean (7) vs Japanese (6) - speaking

FAQ? :

💥Does knowing Korean make learning Japanese easier?

I'm not fluent in Korean or Japanese, but I am at a high enough level that I can give a bit of my experience on this topic. I've only been studying Japanese for about 6 months now. My answer is Yes and No. Yes, because certain concepts are easier to grasp and the many similarities. No, because it’s still an entirely different language with many other rules that differ from Korean.

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hanguk-berry · 4 years

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Hey I have a question about the use of 봐, -In BTS's Zero o' Clock there is a line: 어지러운 밤 문득 시곌 봐, which means "look at the spinning night", right? -In 20cm by TXT the line "발을 맞춰 자라났나 봐" means must have grown in sync. so here 봐 doesn't mean look. I'm a bit confused about the use of 봐 now...

Hello Anon :) first of all, thank you for asking. I'll try my best to explain! [Update May 12:... I kind of forgot this was in my drafts, so that's why I answering your question this late...I deeply apologise :( ]

Your first example was the lyrics from BTS' Zero o'clock.

"어지러운 밤 문득 시곌 봐."

Let's break this sentence down first:

어지럽다 = dizzy (of [complex] emotions)

-> something is not solved and makes you 'tired'

밤 = night

문득 = suddenly

-> happens impulsively; unexpectedly

시곌 = 시계 + ~(르)ㄹ [object marker] = the clock

-> It is very common in Korean to contract words with the particles. An easy example would be 나는 changing to 난.

봐 = 보다 + ~아/어/여 [present tense] = to look at (sth.)

The entire lyric translated would be something along the lines of:

"In the dizzy/spinning night I suddenly glanced at the clock."

As you can see, 봐 means 'to see/lok/...' in this case :)

Now on to the second lyric by TXT's song:

"발을 맞춰 자라났나 봐"

The whole lyrics during this part goes

"커진 키와 널 향한 맘 / 발을 맞춰 자라났나 봐"

I won't explain the first part since it wasn't part of your question and we want to focus on the meaning of 보다 in the second sentence. But I think it's important to mention it nonetheless, since there is no subject in the second sentence: "발을 맞춰 자라났나 봐"

blue = idiomatic expression

orange = predicate/verb

pink = grammar pattern/sentence ending

See? No subject to be found. But you can find it in the first part, which translates to:

"My height and my feelings towards you that have grown"

There's the subject(s) :)

Now, let's get to the breaking-down part:

발을 맞춰 = 발(을) 맞추다 = "the feet match"

-> This sounds silly, doesn't it? That's because it's an expression used to say 'to be in sync' or 'to be synchronized'

자라났~ = 자라나다 + ~ 았다 [past tense] = to grow (up)

~나 봐 = ~나 보다 = to assume sth./ '(it) seems to...'/'(I) think that...'

The whole sentence reads:

"They (my height and my feelings) must have grown in sync." / "It seems that they have grown in sync."

-> In this case 보다 is part of a grammar pattern which is quite frequently used in Korean to indicate the speakers assumption! So you were totally right: 보다 doesn't always mean "to see", but has several other meanings as well. 보다 almost acts like an auxiliary verb :)

This is the end of this blog >< I am so sorry that it turned out to be sooooo long, but I wanted to provide you a full explanation, a vocabulary list and some help with understanding sentence structure better 🥰🌱💌 I hope this was helpful!

Sources:

Question: Would you like me to potentially cover grammar patterns with 보다 in a collective, special post? (I don't really know how much there are, so I'll have to make some research, but if it's a few and ya'll want me to, I will definitely try to cover this topic on my blog in the future! 🥺

#korean language #korean #learning korean #studyblr #langblr #한국 #한국어 #korean grammar #study korean #study motivation #south korea #koreanstudyblr #kpop #한국어 문법 #문법

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hd-learns-korean · 3 years

Text

Musical Monday’s Season 2! Picasso 피카소 By Lee Jinhyuk Part 1

Musical Monday’s back baby! 🎉 Every month I will post a song that relates to a chosen theme.

This month’s theme is ART, so if you wanna listen to some more art related K-music feel free to check out the post I made called ‘Art themed K-music.’ Today’s song is also on that list.

Song: Picasso 피카소

Artist: Lee Jinhyuk 이진혁

Style: Kpop/ jazz/ upbeat/dance

My thoughts on the song: Oooh this is such a good song to start Musical Monday season 2 with! It’s so upbeat and very catchy! It does remind me slightly of dance remixed jazz. Such a good song! Also it’s a good way to learn art related Korean vocab.

Notes: I’m still a beginner at studying Korean, so my own example sentences may have a few mistakes in them, if you spot any or a better way to translate please feel free to lemme know!

Because I have made a LOT of notes about this song and found & created quite a few example sentences, this study post is going to be in 2 parts. I don’t want to create a post that is too long and difficult to study from. So next Monday I will post the concluding study material to this song!

Right let’s get this art party started and channel the vibes of Pablo Picasso!

VOCABULARY: 🎨

피카소 Picasso

그 그림이 피카소 진품인가요? Is the painting a genuine Picasso? (Naver)

같다 To be the same as/ to be identical to/ similar to

CONJUGATION:

Present tense: 같아, 같아요, 같습니다

Past tense: 같았어, 같았어요, 같았습니다

Future tense: 같을 거야, 같을 거예요, 같을 겁니다

예상치 Estimate/ ballpark figure

이 차의 예상치 가격은 5천만원 있습니다. The estimated price of this car is 50 million won.

예상 Expectation

내 예상이 맞았다 It’s what I had expected. (Naver)

내는 예상대로 시험 결과 진짜 좋다! 나는 너무 행복해! As I expected, the test results are really good! I’m so happy!

흐르다 To flow/ to run by/ pass by/ elapse

CONJUGATION:

Present tense: 흘러, 흘러요, 흐릅니다

Past tense: 흘렀어, 흘렀어요, 흘렀습니다

Future tense: 흐를 거야, 흐를 거예요, 흐를 겁니다

흘러가다 To flow/ to run into

CONJUGATION:

Present Tense: 흘러가, 흘러가요, 흘러갑니다

Past tense: 흘러갔어, 흘러갔어요, 흘러갔습니다

Future tense: 흘러갈 거야, 흘러갈 거예요, 흘러갈 겁니다

의식 One’s sense/ One’s consciousness

미나 씨는 너무 아프니까 의식을 잃었어요. Mina was so sick that she lost consciousness.

미나 씨는 너무 지루해니까 의식을 잃었어요. Mina was so bored that she lost consciousness.

사장님은 너무 경쟁의식이 강해요! The boss is too competitive!

시기 Time/ opportunity/ chance

역사에서 2020 년 어려운 시기입니다. 2020 is a difficult time in history. (My version)

2020년은 역사적으로 어렵고 무서운 시기다. 2020 is a historically difficult and frightening time. (Papago assisted version)

질투 Jealousy/ envy

질투하는 거야? Are you jealous?

장기 A speciality/ someone’s forte/ something one is very good at

그의 장기는 무엇이냐? What is his speciality? (Naver)

천재적 talented

천재적인 Talented person

와! 미나 씨 진짜 천재적인 사람이에요! Wow! Mina is a real genius!

천재 A genius/ prodigy

위기 Crisis/ emergency situation

미나 언니는 완전 위기에서 침착했어요! 언니는 정말 멋졌어! Mina was totally calm in the crisis! She was so cool!

속 The inside/ the interior

미나의 할머니는 미나 생일 선물으로 돈 많이 봉투 속 놓았어요.Mina's grandmother put a lot of money in the envelope for Mina's birthday present.

발휘하다 To demonstrate/ exhibit/ show

CONJUGATION:

Present tense: 발휘해, 발휘해요, 발휘합니다

Past tense: 발휘했어, 발휘했어요, 발휘했습니다

Future tense: 발휘할 거야, 발휘할 거예요, 발휘할 겁니다

나의 My/ My own

전혀 Completely/ absolutely/ totally

나는 치킨을 어떻게 요리하는지 전혀 모르겠어! I have no idea how to cook chicken!

다르다 To be Different/ Unlike

생각이 다르다 to have a different way of thinking (Naver)

크기가 다르다 be different in size/ vary in sizes (Naver)

색 Colour

이 그림은 많이 다른 색을 페인트 있어요. This painting has a lot of different colors.

조합 Combination/ mix/ Union/ association

섞이다 To be mixed/ to be blended

CONJUGATION:

Present tense: 섞여, 섞여요, 섞입니다

Past tense: 섞였어, 섞였어요, 섞였습니다

Future tense: 섞일 거야, 섞일 거예요, 섞일 겁니다

훑다 To look over/ to skim over/ to strip off/ to remove

CONJUGATION:

Present tense: 훑어, 훑어요, 훑습니다

Past tense: 훑었어, 훑었어요, 훑었습니다

Future tense: 훑을 거야, 훑을 거예요, 훑을 겁니다

외치다 To shout

CONJUGATION:

Present tense: 외쳐, 외쳐요, 외칩니다

Past tense: 외쳤어,외쳤어요, 외쳤습니다

Future tense: 외칠 거야, 외칠 거예요, 외칠 겁니다

강렬하다 To be strong/ to be intense

CONJUGATION:

Present tense: 강렬해, 강렬해요, 강렬합니다

Past tense: 강렬했어, 강렬했어요, 강렬했습니다

Future tense: 강렬할 거야, 강렬할 거예요, 강렬할 겁니다

붓 Paint brush

붓을 들다 To start writing (Lit to ‘take up a brush’)

비슷비슷하다 to be about the same/ to be pretty much the same

두 후보은 비슷비슷해요. The two candidates are similar.

저는 그 식물들이 키가 비슷비슷한 생각했습니다. I thought the plants were similar in height.

개성 Individuality/ personality

미나 씨는 개성이 좋아요. Mina has a good personality!

남자의 옷 고르는 모습은 독특하고 재밌는 개성을 발휘했어요. The man's choice of clothes was unique and interesting.

따라 Particle used to indicate “Different from the usual for no particular reason”

이상하게 오늘따라 전화가 많이 오네.Strangely, I'm getting a lot of calls today. (Naver)

헛수고 Vain attempt/ work in vain

공연한 헛수고하지 마라 Don’t look for a needle in a haystack/ don’t water a stake. (Naver)

누가 Who

누가는 케이크를 먹었어요? Who ate the cake?

악필 bad handwriting/ illegible handwriting

저는 한국어 악필있어요. I have bad Korean handwriting.

놀리다 To tease/ to provoke/ pull someone’s leg

CONJUGATION:

Present tense: 놀려, 놀려요, 놀립니다

Past tense: 놀렸어, 놀렸어요, 놀렸습니다

Future tense: 놀릴 거야, 놀릴 거예요, 놀릴 겁니다

기분 Feelings

오늘 저는 기분이 좋아요! I feel good today!

오늘은 선생님이 진짜 기분이 나빠! Today the teacher is really in a bad mood!

솔직하다 To be honest/ straight forward

지금 now/ just now

뭐 지금 일이에요? What is happening now? What’s going on?

지금은 진짜 화나요! I'm so angry right now!

느낌 feeling/ sensation

그녀가 거짓말을 하고 있다는 느낌이 든다. I have a feeling that she is lying.

어떤 what/ which/ how

어떤 이탈리안 음식을 좋아요? What kind of Italian food do you like?

어떤 영화를 좋아요? What kind of movies do you like?

말하다 To say/ to tell/ to speak

CONJUGATION:

Present tense: 말해, 말해요, 말합니다

Past tense: 말했어, 말했어요, 말했습니다

Future tense: 말할 거야, 말할 거예요, 말할 겁니다

맘에 In One’s heart

맘에 들어 I really like it.

분위기가 맘에 들어요. I like the atmosphere here. / It’s a cool place. (Naver)

네 스타일 맘에 들어! I like your style

고르다 To choose/ to select

CONJUGATION:

Present tense: 골라, 골라요, 고릅니다

Past tense: 골랐어, 골랐어요, 골랐습니다

Future tense: 고를 거야, 고를 거예요, 고를 겁니다

캔버스 Canvas

어제 아침에 큰 캔버스 세 게 샀어요. 미나 언니를 생일 선물한테 그림을 그리고 싶어요. I bought three big canvases yesterday morning. I want to draw a picture for Mina's birthday present.

위에 Above/ over

요리 책은 위에 책상있어요. The cookbook is on the desk.

칠해 Apply paint/ paint (Verb)

벽에는 밝은 색상을 칠할 거예요. I'll paint the walls in bright colours.

아무 Anyone/ anybody

이 라면은 준비하기 쉬워서 아무나 만들 수 있다. This ramen is easy to prepare, so anyone can make it. / 이 라면은 준비하기 쉬워서 아무나 요리할 수 있다. This ramen is easy to prepare, so anyone can cook it.

생각 Thought/ thinking/ mind

생각 좋아요! That’s a good idea!

좋은생각이네요. That sounds like a good idea (Naver)

갑자기 아무 생각이 안 난다. I’ve suddenly gone blank. (Naver)

무슨 생각해요? What are you thinking?

크다 Big/ large

CONJUGATION:

Present tense: 커, 커요, 큽니다

Past tense: 컸어, 컸어요, 컸습니다

Future tense: 클 거야, 클 거예요, 클 겁니다

그림 Picture/ drawing

모네의 그림 A Monet painting.

그 그림 진짜 아름다워요! That painting is so beautiful!

그리다 to draw/ to describe/ to depict

CONJUGATION:

Present tense: 그려, 그려요, 그립니다

Past tense: 그렸어, 그렸어요, 그렸습니다

Future tense: 그릴 거야, 그릴 거예요, 그릴 겁니다

There we go everyone! Hahaha Well done if you made it this far... I’m sorry this post is a long one!🤣 I hope you found this post useful and also lemme know if you’ve heard this song before. If so what did you think of it?

Keep tuned for the second half of this song’s study post which I will post next Monday.

Until then everyone stay safe and happy studying! x

Notes: Gifs not created by me, all credit should go to the original creator. I am not taking any credit for the song/ lyrics all credit should go to the original artist. I just created a study post from the lyrics.

Sources: Verbix.com / Naver dictionary/ papago dictionary & translation tool.

#langblr #studyblr #kpop #koreablr #studywithkpop #kpop lyrics

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godestof3worlds · 3 years

Text

On the 1st Day of Christmas my true love gave to me - A Partridge in a Pear Tree

A lot of things can happen in a span of a second, tick since we’re in space. In a second you can feel immense joy for opening a Christmas present to only receive a book of from your father. In a second you could feel a bond with a sentimental lion. In a second you can be completing a mission, then all of a sudden you see fire engulf one of your companions. In a second you could be about to ram your ship into a shield only for there to be no need to complete the course.

That is what happened to me only half an hour ago, half a varga since we’re still in space. I'm just there in the room with the paladins of Voltron and rebels while trying to calm myself from the adrenaline rush. I don’t think nobody knows what almost happened except for maybe Matt, who keeps looking at me. I try to pay attention to Kolivan , I really do try, but my mind is running at a mile per minute about how I almost died.

I shouldn’t be feeling like this. I mean I have almost died several times, and it’s not me being dramatic. I'm in a war, I put my life on the line so others don’t have to. This one though, this one was like facing death head on whereas the other times I didn’t care how close to death I really was. I would have gone through with the act, would have rammed my ship into the shield to save the coalition.

The mission before the individual.

That’s the Blades’ way.

Thank goodness Lotor was there, but even then, that act alone leads me to wanting answers for my millions of questions I have for the prince. Why help us? Why go against your own empire? Why now decide to join the fight? What did he do to want to switch side from being the enemy, to being the ally? What will he gain?

So many confusing questions that I can feel them behind my eyelids. I shake out of my thoughts in time to see Shiro and Kolivan nod before everybody starts to exit the room.

I quickly get out of my seat and leave the room, but not before I hear Kolivan call out, “We’ll be leaving in a varga,”

I nod my head, knowing he probably won’t see it, but it’s still the action of doing it. I don’t really know what to do. Everybody is busy, I don’t think I could really go to my old room, and I doubt I can go to the training deck. Kolivan has already warned me beforehand that if he catches me on the training deck here, he will make me do drills for five vargas straight. I may have great stamina, but Kolivan’s drill is a nightmare.

I just start to walk over to the kitchen to grab a water, my throat dry, before I see a shadow start to follow me, then a hand lands on my shoulder and before I can process whoever it is, my instincts take over. I grab the hand and twist it before I turn around, about to kick the offender’s leg out of them-

“Woah there Keith. It’s me. It's your second unofficially adopted older brother,” Matt quickly shouts with wide eyes.

I let go of his hand as I take a step back, “Sorry,” I apologized. I try to get away because I know why Matt is here and not with his sister, and I don’t want to talk about it but-

“Ah Kogane, I should know better than to startle a Samurai ninja like that after an almost death experience,” He says.

“First, I'm not a ninja samurai -”

“ Yes you are-”

“Samurai are nobles that decided to be warriors in ancient Japanese, whereas ninjas are just normal people in Japan who are spies, and assassins, and last I checked, I'm not a noble,” I blurt out.

“Well sorry that I don’t keep useless information on these types of things,” I just shrug as I start to walk away.

“Bye Matt,” I wave and I start to speed walk away.

“Nope, no you don’t. You don’t get to walk off like that after you did a kamikaze move like that.” he grabs my shoulder to turn me around so I could face him, “I thought the Japanese did that in World War ||, and you are Korean, it’s not like it’s in your blood or anything,”

“I didn’t go through with it, Lotor shot down the shield in time, so I'm fine,”

“You almost died and you are going to just walk off like that,” we start walking to an unknown destination.

“We almost die all the time-”

“But nobody goes running head first into a forcefield, you’re lucky Lotor was there,” and I sigh because he’s right about both statement he made. I was lucky, very lucky.

“I know Matt, but if one life needs to be sacrificed for tens ��of millions of people, then I will do it again,” we turn a corner, and it feels like I'm leading, but I'm still a little to shaken up to really care.

“But that’s just it Keith, you think nobody will miss you if you exploded into little Keith bits?” we round another corner, and we are before the door that leads to the lions, specifically the Black Lion.

“Matt, what are we doing here?” I ask as I cross my arms in front of my chest.

“You think I brought you here? Nope, you did, I let you lead, you’re the one who started to walk around, not me,” and at this I tilt my head in thought before I walk in.

“Okay, I'm really glad you walked over here because we need to talk, let’s go near the nice kitties' leg so the barrier can come down and we can talk about you sacrificing without saying goodbye and how you think you are nothing,” I just nod because nothing much I can actually do.

So, we walk behind the lion’s leg and the particle barrier come up, surprising me with how it actually listened to me.

“So, first of all, you DON’T go SACRIFICING yourself!” he shouts at me, startling me, “I know the whole Blades motto is ‘the mission before the individual’ and all that,” he quoted the motto with his fingers, “But if you would not have been so stupidly hotheaded, we could have made another plan,”

“But there wasn’t time to make any other PLAN!” I shouted back before I took a deep breath, “Matt, tens of thousands of lives were at stake, I couldn’t let my measly life be the reason why families died, and if Lotor wasn’t there, and I didn’t ram my shop, I would have died either way,” I tried to reason.

“ You stupid idiotic imbecile!” he shouted, “You are Keith quiznacking Kogane! You are not some type of worthless person who will not be missed if you died.”

“Matt-”

“No, you are not listening!” he stopped for a second before he took a deep breath, “I will now list your accomplishment in no particular order,” he calmy said

“M-”

“And if you interrupt, I will hit you so hard with my staff that you wish you kamikazed; you understand?”

I nod as I cross my arms.

“You, Keith Akira Kogane, have accomplished a lot of things even with the universe going against you. You have beaten Shiro’s record back at Garrison. It wasn’t just one, not two, not even five, but all of them before the age of eighteen,” he pauses for effect, “rescued Shiro from the Garrison, found carvings to find the blue lion, became the red lion’s pilot, a paladin of Voltron, fought Zarkon head on and survived, survived the trials of Marmora that Shiro has said looked hard, awakened your blade, became the black lion’s paladin, led Voltron, then turned into a space ninja,” Matt quickly took a huge gulp of air.

I just raised my eyebrow, waiting for him to tell me he was done.

“Now then Kogane, I know you like being Mr. Macho and everything, but it’s okay to not be okay,” he says.

“I am okay,” I insist.

“No, you are not Keith, I saw you during the meeting. You were bouncing your leg, a nervous tick you subconsciously do, and glaring at the table as if it ate Shiro or something. You are not okay,” Matt takes a big breath, “Keith, you are like a younger brother I never have, sure I have Ka-Pidge, but she’ll always be my sister, I can’t lose you to this war. I already lost dad, and I know he’s still alive, but I can’t actually lose you and there is no way to get you back,” Matt says seriously.

I don’t know what to say. It's war. That's life. Many people need to make sacrifices because it can be the cause for millions of people.

“What do you want me to say? It’s war, I can’t guarantee that I'll survive,” I whisper.

Matt holds onto my shoulder before he pulls me into a hug.

“Just try to stay alive, that’ll be enough,” I nod my head, “besides, who’s going keep giving Shiro white hair, or keep scaring me to death, huh?” we both laugh until we pull apart.

I quickly wipe the few tears that were staining my cheeks .

“Thanks Matt,” I whispered.

“Anytime,” he had tear tracks too, but didn’t make any move.

“I should go make sure I'm not late,” I start to walk away when Matt calls out.

“Keith, you are my little brother, just like Pidge is my little sister, we’re family,” and I nod my head.

But as I walked away, I knew that I would make many more sacrifices to protect my family. As many as it takes...

#The meaning of this lyric was that Christ represented as a mother patridge who was the only bird to die for her young.#day 1 complete #Voltron legendary defender #voltron #vld #Keith Kogane #Matt Holt #Big Brother Matt #don't judge #keith needs a hug

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chanoyu-to-wa · 3 years

Text

Nampō Roku, Book 6 (11.2, part 3): the Details of the Go-daisu-sho [御臺子所] in Ashikaga Yoshimasa's Shoin.

11.2 continued) [The arrangement of the room] was just as [illustrated] previously¹.

As for further details related to this sketch that was in [Ri]kyū's possession², here will be [added certain] comments that relate [specifically] to the go-daisu-sho³:

◦ On occasions when the daisu will be displayed, [the members of the court] will descend onto the mats that were spread out in rows on the lower level, as shown [in the sketch], and there partake of the tea.

◦ Speaking of the mo-biki [no] ōdo, one panel of this door is opened, and the tea utensils are carried [to a place] just outside of [this door], where two yoryūdo [寄人] are stationed⁵ for the duration [of the service] -- to receive and take charge of the tea utensils.

◦ At this time, the official who will be in charge of [preparing and serving]⁷ the tea should lower the ties that bind [the legs of] his hakama [from above the calves to a point just above his ankles]⁸; and, if an enclosure is provided at the edge of the veranda for ablutions, he should wash his hands⁹. After doing so, he receives the utensils [from the yoryūdo] and carries them to the daisu.

◦ On the other hand, if, on this occasion, the arrangement requires nothing to be carried, then, after lowering the kuguri, and washing his hands, [he] approaches the daisu just as he is¹⁰.

◦ Also, if the place for washing the hands can be seen from the lord’s seat, [the person who will prepare the tea] should be careful to behave appropriately¹¹. And all the more so when serving [the tea], [one] must know what is appropriate¹².

◦ From the [mo-biki] ō-do to the daisu is [a distance of] more than 3-ken¹³. The way that one carries ones mo [裳], ones footing, the foot with which one steps through the ō-do, an understanding of what is auspicious and inauspicious, and so on: the way to do all of these things is very strictly defined¹⁴.

_________________________

◎ This final section deals with certain rules of deportment that it is essential for the person who will be serving tea in this setting to adhere. While I have divided the list into individual points (for the sake of clarity), in the original this passage is written as a single unit, with minimal punctuation.

Rather than being points extracted from an otherwise unknown document in Rikyū’s possession, this material seems to be excerpted from the rules for the service of the shōgun, that were issued by the Tokugawa bakufu (the language is as of a code of rules, rather than a narrative that would accompany an illustration). For the reader’s convenience, a simplified sketch of the shoin has been added, below.

The nobleman would be seated on the o-age-datami [御上疊], a raised platform on which two tatami mats were placed. Other guests (or, more likely, the nobleman’s attendants) would presumably be seated on the mats of the veranda room in which the daisu had been set up.

Two yoryūdo [寄人] (assistants) would be stationed outside of the mo-biki no ō-do [裳引ノ大戸], to assist the person who would be serving tea -- by handing him utensils that had to be carried out into the room, or to receive from him things like the koboshi, so they could be taken out to the mizuya.

After preparing himself, the cha-sahai [茶差配] (the person charged with performing the temae) would enter through the mo-biki no ō-do and walk the length of the veranda room*, to take his seat in front of the daisu. ___________ *The veranda was covered with 12 tatami mats, arranged in four rows of three. According to other period texts, this person would walk across the lower three rows of mats, and then sit down on the far end of the daisu-tatami. He would advance toward the daisu on his knees.

¹Ō-yō migi no gotoshi [大ヤ��右ノゴトシ].

Literally, “[it is] wholly as on the right.”

The original was written from right to left, as usual, and the drawing was positioned between the two blocks of text. The remarks translated in this post are found to the left of the sketch.

²Kyū shoji no sō-zu ha nao kuwashi [休所持ノ惣圖ハ猶委].

Kyū [休] is the usual abbreviation of the name that Rikyū was using during the last five years or so of his life. It is unclear when this particular incident was supposed to have occurred (though “Rikyū” was, of course, the name best known to the chajin of the Edo period).

Nao kuwashi [猶委し]: nao [猶] means still, more, further, additional; kuwashi [委し = 詳し] seems to mean details, particulars*. In other words, additional details (on how tea was served in this room) will be presented in the passage that follows†.

The author appears to be intent of solidifying the connection between Rikyū and this sketch, and the various details that will follow. __________ *The word is usually used in the adjectival form kuwashii [詳しい, 詳しい] today, which means detailed. The noun form, “details,” is kuwashii-koto [詳しいこと] -- in the modern language.

†The implication is that Rikyū was in possession of a secret document (something along the lines of the O-kazari ki [御飾記]); though, for that reason, he is being careful only to share carefully selected passages with Nambō Sōkei, only those that will throw some light onto the way in which this kind of room was used.

In fact, this seems to narrate details of the way that tea was served at the Tokugawa court (which is exactly the point -- to make it seem that the Tokugawa system was a direct extension of the earlier bakufu, of which the best documented, in cultural terms, was the court of Ashikaga Yoshimasa).

³Kore ha go-daisu-sho made no kaki-nuki nari [コレハ御臺子所マデノ書拔ナリ].

Kaki-nuki [書拔] means an excerpt, extract, or selected remarks. The implication seems to be that the document purportedly owned by Rikyū contained additional details that will not be quoted -- the author's intention being to limit these remarks very specifically to the particulars related to the go-daisu-sho.

⁴Go-daisu kazareruru toki ha, zu no gotoku ge-dan no kasane-tatami ni ide tamahite o-cha mesareshi to nari [御臺子カザラルヽ時ハ、圖ノ如ク下段ノカサネ畳ニ出玉ヒテ御茶メサレシト也].

Kasane-tatami [重疊] means tatami mats spread out row after row (as was illustrated in footnote 14 of the previous post).

⁵Yoryūdo futari koko ni arite [寄人二人コヽニ在テ].

A yoryūdo [寄人] is a sort of assistant, a low-level functionary who can be asked to perform various menial tasks. Persons of this sort were employed at the Imperial court, as well as in the shōgun's offices and residences.

In this case, their job would be to keep watch over the utensils that were deposited on the outside of the mo-biki ōdo, as well as assist the person who was performing the temae -- doing things such as taking the koboshi to the mizuya, to be emptied, and then returning it to the host so that he could restore it on the daisu at the end of the temae.

⁶Shibaraku o-chagu wo uketorite motsu [シバラク御茶具ヲ受取テモツ].

Shibaraku [暫く] means for the time being, for the duration. In other words, while tea is being served.

Ukitorite motsu [受取て持つ]: uketoru [受け取る] means “to receive (the tea utensils);” and motsu [持つ], “to hold” -- in this case, having the nuance of taking charge of (the utensils).

The two yoryūdo receive the utensils (from the person conveying them from the mizuya; and, later, from the host, when he brings things back from the daisu).

⁷Cha-sahai no hito [茶差配ノ人].

This is the title* of the person whose job is to perform the temae at the daisu.

This designation (which probably referred to one of the dōbō-shū [同朋衆] at Yoshimasa's court) would not be used of Yoshimasa were preparing the tea with his own hands. __________ *If the person performing the temae was, indeed, one of the dōbō, then the title would presumably be temporary -- indicating the person who had been ordered to prepare the tea.

⁸Hakama no kuguri wo oroshi [袴ノクヲヲロシ].

A kuguri-bakama [括り袴]* is a kind of split-legged hakama that has a drawstring inserted into a hem that runs around the lower edge of each leg. The ends of the drawstring protrude through a pair of holes located on the inner side of the legs, as shown below.

Depending on the activity in which the wearer would be involved, the hakama could either be tied “high” (just below the knees, above the calves), or “low” (at the narrow point of the lower leg, just above the ankles).

Since the cha-sahai will be performing the temae seated in seiza, the tie is lowered to the ankle, so it will not restrict the flow of blood to the lower legs (as it might when tied just below the knees).

In all but the Enkaku-ji version of the text, the first wo [ヲ] (which functions as the particle that indicates the direct object) is missing. __________ *Or kuguri-o no hakama [括り緒の袴].

Korean traditional trousers are also tied to the legs in this way -- though, at least in the present day, this is done using ribands that are not attached to the garment.

⁹Sono en ni aru o-chōzu-gamae ni te chōzu wo shite [其緣ニアル御手水ガマへニテ手水ヲシテ].

O-chōzu-gamae [御手水構] refers to the installation of a chōzu-bachi [手水鉢] at the edge of the veranda. Sometimes the user must descend down an incline to make use of the basin, and sometimes the person may sit or squat down on the veranda, allowing the wash water to spill down between the front edge of the basin and the edge of the veranda. There is no actual indication of what form the o-chōzu-gamae took at Yoshimasa’s shoin, though possibly the latter might be implied.

A wall or other sort of screen* was sometimes erected around the chōzu-bachi in order to hide the ablutions from the sight of other people in the area (since part of the process consisted of rinsing out the mouth), though this screen is not always present. __________ *Kamae [構] usually means a structure or construction that encloses something. Though it can also be used to mean “arrangement” -- the way something is arranged (in other words, in this case, whether the chōzu-bachi adjoins the veranda, or is separated far enough that the person who wishes to make use of it is required to descend to ground level).

¹⁰Mata hakobi-mono naki kazari no toki ha, kuguri wo oroshi, chōzu-shite sono-mama daisu [h]e kakaru nari [又運ビ物ナキカサリノ時ハ、クヽリヲヲロシ、手水シテ其マヽ臺子ヘカヽルナリ].

Hakobi-mono naki kazari [運び物なき飾] means an arrangement that requires nothing to be carried out from the preparation area. For example, an arrangement where the chakin, chasen, and chashaku have been arranged in the dai-temmoku, which is displayed on the ten-ita together with the chaire.

Kuguri wo oroshi [括りを下ろし]: kuguri [括り] refers to the cords that tie the lower ends of the legs of the hakama to the wearer’s legs; oroshi [下ろし] means to lower -- see footnote 8.

Chōzu suru [手水する] means to wash ones hands; perform ones ablutions.

Sono-mama daisu [h]e kakaru [其の儘臺子へ掛かる]: sono-mama [��の儘] means as [he] is, the way [he] is, without change -- that is, without picking up or doing anything else (after washing the hands); daisu [h]e kakaru [臺子へ掛かる] means “[he] sets out for” (or, perhaps, “arrives at”) “the daisu.”

¹¹Chōzu no tokoro mo gozen yori miyuru yue, sono kokoro-e aru-beshi [手水ノ所モ御前ヨリ見ユルユヘ、其心得アルベシ].

Gozen [御前] more literally means "the presence."

Sono kokoro-e aru-beshi [其の心得あるべし] actually means “(you) should be aware of that.”

¹²Sara-sara to tsukau kokoro-e shikaru-beki to nari [サラ〰トツカフ心得可然トナリ].

Sara-sara [更々] means more and more, all the more.

Tsukau [使う] means to handle, manage, perform (the temae). Hence, “serving [the tea].”

Kokoro-e shikaru-beki to [心得然るべきと] means “to know what is appropriate.”

Both Shibayama Fugen and Tanaka Senshō give this sentence as sara-sara to tsukau kokoro-e shikaru-beki-koto nari [サラ〰トツカフ心得可然事ナリ], which means “all the more, when handling the utensils], it is a matter of knowing what is appropriate” (rather than “...[one] must know what is appropriate,” as in the Enkaku-ji manuscript). Ultimately, the meaning is very similar.

¹³Daisu made ō-do yori san-ken yo [臺子マデ大戸ヨリ三間余].

San-ken yo [三間余]: san-ken [三間] is equivalent to 18-shaku; yo [余] means “more than,” “over.”

As mentioned above, the mats in the room were arranged in four rows of three, and the cha-sahai (the person who would perform the temae) would walk across the lower three rows of mats, and sit down on the far end of the daisu-tatami. He would then advance toward the daisu on his knees. This means that he would walk a distance of 3-ken after he stepped across the threshold of the mo-biki ō-do.

The word yo [余] could be taken to suggest that the intended meaning is that the cha-sahai walks onto the daisu-tatami, and lowers himself directly into the seat he will occupy during the temae. If this is the preferred interpretation of the significance of yo, then this statement is further evidence that these passages were written around the middle of the first century of the Edo period -- when the way one entered the room and approached the daisu was based on Sōtan’s way of doing things.

¹⁴Mo no hiki-yō, ashi no hakobi, ō-do [h]e iri-toki no ashi, kikkyō no kokoroe nado, mina sahō genjū nari [裳ノ引ヤウ、足ノハコビ、大戸ヘ入時ノ足、吉凶ノ心得等、ミナ作法嚴重也].

Mo no hiki-yō [裳の引様] means “the way that the mo is carried” -- that is, it is at this point, just before entering the room, that the mo* is carefully tied on to the waist, so that it will flair outward and extend backwards in a straight line.

Ashi no hakobi [足の運び] refers to the correct way to walk across the length of each mat (so that one always crosses onto the next mat with the same foot)†.

Ō-do [h]e iri-toki no ashi [大戸ヘ入時の足] means the foot with which one crosses the threshold when entering through the ō-do‡.

Kikkyō no kokoroe [吉凶の心得など]: kikkyō [吉凶] means “good fortune and bad fortune;” kokoro-e [心得] means to understand, to know. Doing certain things will be appropriate to a given occasion, while doing them in the opposite way would be inauspicious. Thus is it not just a matter of knowing which is which, but of understanding which is most appropriate on the present occasion.

Mina sahō genjū nari [皆作法嚴重なり]: mina [皆] means “everything,” “all of these (things),” “in every situation;” sahō [作法] refers to manners, the correct way to do something; genjū [嚴重] means things like stringent, rigorous, hard-and-fast, strict -- here referring to the rules of correct deportment. Especially when performing before a nobleman, one must be especially careful to perform each and every action correctly. In this setting, there is no room for mistakes or missteps. __________ *The mo is a formal train (of white gauze) which indicates that the wearer is of lower rank than the people being attended. The meaning of the phrase is that one must be careful (from this point onward) that the mo extends backwards in a straight line, and not be wrinkled or off-center.

No mention is made (and, in fact, it is very unlikely) that women ever served tea to Yoshimasa. The conventions, however, had changed drastically by the Edo period.

†This is something that beginners also study during their wari-geiko phase of training for chanoyu -- and something to which everyone must always pay attention.

‡In chanoyu, for example, one of the major schools states that a person should cross the threshold of the sadō-guchi with the left foot; another school teaches that this should be done with the right foot.

Rikyū, on the other hand, taught that one should cross with the foot on the side closest to the wall that adjoins the sadō-guchi.

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