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#Philosophy of doubt

omegaphilosophia · 2 months

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Aspects of the Philosophy of Doubt

The philosophy of doubt explores the concept of uncertainty and skepticism regarding knowledge, beliefs, and truth claims. It questions the reliability of human cognition and the certainty of our understanding of the world. Doubt can be seen as both a philosophical problem and a methodological approach, influencing epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and other areas of philosophy.

Some key aspects of the philosophy of doubt include:

Epistemic skepticism: This is the view that knowledge claims are inherently uncertain or even impossible to justify. Epistemic skeptics raise doubts about the reliability of our senses, reasoning, and cognitive faculties to accurately perceive and understand reality.

Methodological doubt: This is a systematic approach to inquiry that involves questioning assumptions, beliefs, and conclusions in order to arrive at more reliable knowledge. Methodological doubt is often associated with the scientific method and critical thinking.

Cartesian skepticism: Named after the philosopher René Descartes, Cartesian skepticism is a form of radical doubt that seeks to doubt everything that can be doubted in order to find indubitable truths. Descartes famously expressed skepticism about the reliability of the senses and the possibility of being deceived by an evil demon.

Existential doubt: This form of doubt concerns questions about the meaning, purpose, and significance of human existence. Existential doubt often arises in response to existential crises or profound experiences that challenge conventional beliefs and values.

Moral skepticism: Moral skepticism is the view that there are no objective moral truths or that moral knowledge is inherently uncertain. Moral skeptics may doubt the existence of moral facts or argue that moral judgments are ultimately subjective or culturally relative.

Overall, the philosophy of doubt encourages critical reflection, open-mindedness, and intellectual humility in the pursuit of truth and understanding. It reminds us to question our assumptions, challenge our beliefs, and remain open to new possibilities, even in the face of uncertainty.

#philosophy #epistemology #knowledge #learning #chatgpt #education #metaphysics #psychology #Philosophy of doubt #Epistemic skepticism #Methodological doubt #Cartesian skepticism #Existential doubt #Moral skepticism #Skeptical inquiry #Critical thinking #Uncertainty #Intellectual humility

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philosophybits · 2 months

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All wishes, all aspirations, all hopes, all fears, all doubts, all determinations grow stronger and stronger precisely in proportion as they get themselves expressed in words, forms, colours, and action.

Frederick Douglass, "Lecture on Pictures (1861)"

#philosophy #quotes #Frederick Douglass #Lecture on Pictures #desires #hope #fear #doubt #expression #language #images #actions

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theoptia · 1 year

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Susan Sontag, from As Consciousness is Harnessed to Flesh: Journals and Notebooks, 1964-1980; February 17th, 1970

Text ID: I feel once again, and I rejoice, that I’m not busy dying—I’m still busy being born.

#susan sontag #as consciousness is harnessed to flesh: journals and notebooks 1964-1980 #as consciousness is harnessed to flesh #quote #diary #journal #french literature #lit #miscellanea #i’ve been reading a lot of philosophy lately (esp. hegel)#which i doubt will garner much interest so—#still clearing these folders before posting new material.

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quackinquack · 1 year

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this whole 'war' is actually so funny bc in terms of the ccs themselves, it is fully one-sided. like the dream team's various jokes, dream saying he felt q didn't deserve the award over foolish. throughout it all, q has not once even mentioned them. the closest thing you could call a response was him retweeting his own tweet telling his fans not to bother with people who discredit his work and that he's confident in it.

like he's actually doing crazy well post-quarantine, whereas everyone else's viewerships dropped considerably. like it's just genuinely so funny to see dream and his stans be so jealous and mad that they pick a fight that they aren't gonna win or even get a reaction out of.

#like i truly doubt q is ever gonna talk about the drama with them #at most he'll tell his fans not to stress themselves out bc that's the sort of philosophy he's got with being a cc #like as funny as the timing with the videos are it's not like he planned to release that vid after dream #like quackity already had announced this announcement was coming #q goes to therapy and it shows #i think the dteams viewership stats is getting to them #and i think the qsmp effectively (accidentally or not?) cut them out of the hispanic side of twitch

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taylortruther · 8 days

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do you know how to ball or do you know Aristotle then

i once owned a parakeet named aristotle so i'm an aristotle girlie personally... i literally knew her

#aristotle's mate was called descartes because i was an insufferable college kid #(btw i doubt this NEEDS to be said but i am also just... familiar with philosophy afjkld)

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witchspeka · 1 year

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The Kageyamas start having movie nights as a bonding activity except Mob keeps wanting to watch action and cheesy romance movies and it kills Ritsu who only watches character study dramas and pretentious abstract bs

But then Mob calls Teru over to watch stuff with them and is joyous to find he also enjoys B movies and mindless fun so Ritsu has to sulk in the corner of the couch because he only understands the entertainment of needless violence when he's the one performing it

BUT he gets to pick a movie eventually and puts on some obscure film that's older than all of their ages combined and Mob falls asleep 15 mins in but Teru is like, really into it

They watch all of it in utter silence before spending the next few hours discussing themes and theories and interpretations and they disagree a good chunk of the time and argue about it in the most passive aggressive faux polite way possible but love every second of it that's Enrichment for them (Mob is still sleeping)

So movie nights turn into fights over which Kageyama gets to watch movies with Teru that day which isn't good for bonding with each other but it surely is for bonding with Teru

#additionally they add Shou into the mix who also absolutely adores dumb b movies so he can have some bonding time with mob too #theyre laughing their ass off watching bad cgi while riteru are reinventing philosophy in the background overanalysing bs #mp100 #mob psycho 100 #cine te a intrebat #kageyama ritsu #shigeo kageyama #hanazawa teruki #besides mob all of them dislike romance tho i feel #mob is SUCH a hopeless romantic hes the type to kick his feet and giggle while texting his crush (leveling cities is the Shigeo equivalent #of that thats how he expresses himself okay)#but shou doesnt like romance cause i do believe parents play a big role into how u view relationships and his are Like That #same logic for teru his are inexistent and his only romantic experience is dating girls cause he likes the attention but i heavily doubt he #was ever invested fr #i feel like both him and ritsu view dating/romance as smth vapid/shallow because theyre Popular Kids and it all feels meaningless #mob makes it his life mission to find a romance movie that WILL make them appreciate the genre first he has to convince them to actually #sit down and watch one #ok enough mob posting see u

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kurakurakura99 · 8 months

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I think its a little disappointing that you can't put decals on your weapons in ACVI...I know it would be hard to see in most places but theres no reason I shouldn't be able to stencil "FUCK YOURSELF" in cursive on the side of my pilebunker, you know?

#I follow the guilty gear design philosophy of just putting random words everywhere #I was doubtful at first but writing “FORGIVENESS” on my gun arm fucks severely honestly #Armored core 6

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blueheartbooks · 21 days

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The Brothers Karamazov: A Masterpiece of Moral Inquiry and Psychological Depth

Fyodor Dostoevsky's "The Brothers Karamazov" stands as one of the most profound and influential works in the canon of world literature. Published in 1880, this epic novel delves into the complexities of human nature, morality, faith, and existential angst, weaving together a rich tapestry of philosophical inquiry and psychological insight.

At the heart of "The Brothers Karamazov" are the three titular brothers: Dmitri, Ivan, and Alyosha, each representing different facets of the human psyche and grappling with their own existential dilemmas. Dmitri, the passionate and impulsive eldest brother, struggles with his desires and impulses, torn between his love for two women and his sense of honor. Ivan, the intellectual and skeptical middle brother, grapples with the problem of evil and the existence of God in a world filled with suffering. Alyosha, the youngest and most devout brother, seeks spiritual redemption and strives to embody the teachings of his mentor, the elder Zosima.

Through the interconnected stories of the Karamazov family and the residents of their provincial Russian town, Dostoevsky explores a wide range of philosophical and ethical questions, from the nature of morality and free will to the existence of God and the meaning of life. Drawing on his own experiences of poverty, suffering, and spiritual crisis, Dostoevsky imbues his characters with a depth and authenticity that resonate with readers on a profound emotional and intellectual level.

One of the most compelling aspects of "The Brothers Karamazov" is Dostoevsky's exploration of the human condition and the existential struggles that define the human experience. Through the trials and tribulations of the Karamazov brothers, Dostoevsky grapples with the fundamental questions of human existence: What is the nature of good and evil? Is there a higher purpose or meaning to life? How do we reconcile the existence of suffering and injustice with our belief in a just and compassionate God?

Moreover, "The Brothers Karamazov" is celebrated for its richly drawn characters, vividly depicted landscapes, and masterful storytelling. Dostoevsky's prose is by turns lyrical, philosophical, and profoundly moving, capturing the complexities of human emotion and the inner struggles of his characters with a rare depth and insight. From the dark and brooding Dmitri to the idealistic and compassionate Alyosha, each character is rendered with such psychological nuance and complexity that they feel like living, breathing individuals, grappling with their own hopes, fears, and desires.

In conclusion, "The Brothers Karamazov" by Fyodor Dostoevsky is a towering achievement of world literature that continues to captivate readers with its profound insights, moral complexity, and psychological depth. Through its exploration of timeless themes and universal truths, "The Brothers Karamazov" speaks to the enduring mysteries of the human condition and the eternal quest for meaning, redemption, and spiritual fulfillment. With its richly drawn characters, intricate plot, and philosophical depth, "The Brothers Karamazov" remains a timeless masterpiece that rewards readers with new insights and revelations with each reading.

Fyodor Dostoevsky's "The Brothers Karamazov" is available in Amazon in paperback 24.99$ and hardcover 30.99$ editions.

Number of pages: 515

Language: English

Rating: 9/10

Link of the book!

Review By: King's Cat

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philosophybits · 4 months

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Is there any knowledge in the world which is so certain that no reasonable man could doubt it?

Bertrand Russell, The Problems of Philosophy

#philosophy #quotes #Bertrand Russell #The Problems of Philosophy #knowledge #certainty #doubt #uncertainty #skepticism

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blueheartbookclub · 21 days

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The Brothers Karamazov: A Masterpiece of Moral Inquiry and Psychological Depth

Fyodor Dostoevsky's "The Brothers Karamazov" is available in Amazon in paperback 24.99$ and hardcover 30.99$ editions.

Number of pages: 515

Language: English

Rating: 9/10

Link of the book!

Review By: King's Cat

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kaizenin21stcentury · 2 months

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One day, Earth smiled at Sky

Sky poured love onto earth

Earth received with smile

Sky shone brighter onto earth

Earth was laden with warmth

One day, Earth felt a growth

Sky drew closer in curiosity?

Earth brimmed crimson to it

Sky puzzled, marbled colours

Earth delighted in art unveiled

Next day, Sprout came to be

Sky knew nothing of its nature

Earth knew nothing of its face

Both knew nothing of future,

Knew nothing but to cherish it

Next day, Sprout beckoned both

If I fail to grow, am I wrong?

If I grew crooked, am I wrong?

If I am not useful, am I wrong?

Great ones, I need thy answers

Everyday, I am thy Sky

I know not about thy future

I know only to exist with thee

Present or not, precious is all

Of thy being here till end

Everyday, I am thy Earth

Burden not with yourself

For it is mine, for all of time

I have made space for all

To carry weak and strong alike

All day, Sprout reflected on

Now I know, worry are naught

O! Great Sky! Prithee radiate

O! Great Earth! Prithee shoulder

Life full of my Will, will be present.

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likealittleheartbeat · 2 years

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Social justice, shipping, and ideology: when fandom becomes a crusade, things get ugly

by Aja Romano for Vox

“Shipping is as old as fandom itself. But traditionally, fans never expected their particular pairing to "become canon" — that is, to officially happen on a show or in a storyline. In modern fandoms, however, fans of movies and TV shows often root for their ships to become canon the way sports fans root for their teams. If the football fans’ goal is to see their team win the Super Bowl, the shipper’s goal is to see their ship "win" by entering the narrative as an official storyline.

These shippers collectively form group narratives about their favorite ship. More and more, these group narratives are evolving into unshakable belief systems that usually take one of three increasingly common forms:

1) The belief that the ship in question is unquestionably going to become canon

Historically in fandom, liking a ship meant just that: You liked a ship. Anything more than that would get you a lot of side-eyeing. In the Harry Potter fandom, the advent of Ron and Hermione becoming a couple in the sixth book led to a very famous (and still ongoing) meltdown among Harry/Hermione shippers.

At the time — fandom in 2005 — their unwavering faith that Harry/Hermione would eventually become canon was widely seen by fandom at large as extreme, because shipping was typically viewed as something that existed outside of canon and generally had no particular relationship to the course of canon at all.

Today, expecting your ship to become canon is more or less the norm. But there are lots of complications with this line of thinking. Even if a ship does become canon, it might not become canon in a way that fans like — Buffy/Spike, anyone? And of course it might not be guaranteed to remain canon. Breakups happen, actors leave shows, and, as The 100 fans were brutally reminded earlier this spring, characters die.

Serial narratives are fueled by drama, and they often create that drama by shaking up character relationships. Happily ever after is a rarity for couples in fictional stories, at least while they’re still in process. But fans pushing for their ships to become canon are typically looking ahead to what they call "endgame" — they believe that when all is said and done, after all the drama, their ship will, essentially, be the one that comes out victorious. Generally, they consider any alternative to be unpardonable.

Clinging to this kind of all-or-nothing view of a character pairing is, in general, a recipe for massive disappointment.

2) The belief that the ship should become canon because it involves an underrepresented identity

Fans of ships involving queer characters, characters of color, disabled characters, and other drastically underserved identities often lobby creators to acknowledge and embrace the validity of their ships. They frequently cite the sad but widely observed fact that characters who fall within these underserved identities rarely get to have meaningful canonical relationships written about them.

The problem with explicitly linking shipping to this kind of political platforming and social justice activism is that these arguments are often self-serving — that is, they’re more about having a specific ship become canon than about achieving social progress.

#GiveCaptainAmericaABoyfriend is a recent fandom trend directed at Marvel creators, but even though many Avengers fans have used it to advocate for general queer representation in the Marvel universe, the vast majority have used it to advocate for a specific ship — Stucky, or Steve/Bucky: Captain America shipped with his lifelong best friend.

Conflating ships that involve underrepresented identities with the desire for inclusion gets especially dicey when it leads fans to prioritize support for their ship over other intersectional concerns. For example, in Teen Wolf fandom, fans of the "Sterek" ship (Derek/Stiles) have frequently accused the show of "queerbaiting," or exploiting their specific queer male pairing without any intention of following through on it — even though the show’s creator, Jeff Davis, is a gay man who has already inserted several queer relationships in the show’s storylines, and even though Sterek, as it currently exists within canon, is a physically abusive relationship.

The prioritization of a ship at the expense of other intersectionality concerns is also present on The 100, which earlier this year featured a queer canonical relationship between main character Clarke and the warrior queen Lexa, a.k.a. Clexa. Clexa fans have been so focused on advocating for Clexa — even after the ship effectively ended with Lexa’s untimely death — that they’ve come under fire for ignoring the many elements of the show that some fans feel are racist and problematic.

In these and many similar cases, one might wonder if a given show’s overall progressiveness matters less to ideologically driven shippers than the ship itself.

3) The belief that the ship is already canon but the creators are unable or unwilling to confirm or admit it

This belief argues that the people in charge of the narrative are deliberately concealing the "truth" about a relationship. Because it involves an official cover-up, this particular ideological thread is particularly well-suited to ships involving real people (real person fiction, or RPF) and ships involving fictional queer characters. It almost always escalates into outright fandom conspiracies, especially if the ship involves a (perceived) real-life relationship between two same-sex celebrities.

Perhaps the most notable example of this kind of deep fandom conspiracy is the great Larry Stylinson conspiracy in the One Direction fandom, followed by TLJC in the Sherlock fandom and swaths of conspiratorial RPF shippers in numerous other fandoms, from Supernatural to Twilight to The X-Files.

The obvious problem here is that, like all good conspiracy theories, those built on the insistence that a pairing is real but secret are designed to explain away every contradictory bit of "evidence" that a pairing isn’t real. And like all conspiracies, this level of shipping can lead to hardcore, alienating belief systems.

Ships often involve a combination of these three basic branches of belief. For instance, Harry Potter’s Harry/Hermione shippers believed their ship represented a philosophical approach to love and Harry Potter as a whole. And Sherlock’s Johnlock conspiracists consistently point to the progressive nature of their ship as a reason for its inevitability. As one fan put it, "What a minority of LGBTQIA viewers label as ‘queer baiting’ is but a tool that serves the slow narrative of how Sherlock Holmes and John Watson finally end up in a relationship."

Of course, combining these three ideological strains serves to make the overall shipper ideology that much stronger — and that makes interactions within and between different ideologies that much more fraught.

When shipping is treated as an ideology, it creates deep tensions between fans and creators

These days, because so many fans treat shipping as a serious matter of urgency, they tend to approach the fan-creator divide feeling utterly justified in their belief that a ship will be or should be canon. Yet creators and writers generally have no idea what kind of belief system has amassed around a ship until members of that ship approach them to try to discuss it.

When a single fan or a group of fans tweet at creators asking whether a ship will become canon, creators generally aren’t aware of the tremendous amount of background attached to said ship — the thought, speculation, love, emotional investment, and collective justification that has gone into a fandom’s perception of a pairing.

Creators and other cast and crew members who interact with fans tend to get asked basic questions like, "Will this ship be endgame?" But most can't answer, and often don't even know, because of the many factors involved in producing a storyline.

In other words, the creators are seeing only the tip of the iceberg that is a fandom's investment in a ship, and fans are seeing only the tip of the iceberg that is the behind-the-scenes production of the canonical storyline.

Add in the fact that both fans and creators usually believe they can see the whole iceberg, and the result is inherent miscommunication. Fans might come away feeling like creators are being evasive or brushing off their need to have their ship to be canon; creators might come away feeling like fans are placing too much emphasis on a single aspect of the plot at the expense of everything else they’re trying to do within a storyline.

This disconnect can lead to feelings of resentment on both sides. It can also lead to creators accusing fans of wanting to control their narratives.

The rise in ideological fan beliefs is less about control and more about equal partnerships

The modern state of fandom involves an uneasy imbalance between fans and creators. The two groups both encourage each other creatively but lack a mutual partnership and mutual understanding of how fans’ collective creation might contribute to a storyline.

Though it would have been taboo in the past, fans who engage with creators in 2016 tend to assume they’re on equal footing with those creators, thanks to their role as active consumers of the narrative: Here is what we want your TV show to do for us, the paying customers who watch it.

But creators tend to engage with fans via a top-down approach. They are still viewing themselves as the powers that be, the ones in control, even if the fans aren’t. This is how we wind up with the kind of supreme disconnect between fans and writers like the one that has existed between Supernatural and its fan base for most of the show's interminable run on air: A substantial number of the show’s fans are collaboratively creating a vision of a completely different show than the one being produced in the writers’ room.

It's possible that shipping as ideology has arisen in part because of these imbalanced power dynamics with creators. After all, if you’re worried the creators won't listen to you, or won’t consider what you have to say as equivalent to their own opinion, what better way to justify what you have to say than to package it not as once-shameful fan desire, but as ideology?

It’s easy to stand back from fandom and point to shipping behavior as a hallmark of fan entitlement. But it would be far more accurate to say that shipper ideology is ultimately about fans trying to find a way to gain equity with creators, to work with them in a tacit collaboration.

There’s no easy answer to this dilemma, but awareness is a start

For creators who are winging their interactions with fans, knowing when a ship has become a collective fandom ideology, and why, might help give you a bit of autonomy from your fandom. At the very least, it might help you remain neutral in your presentation of various ships and plot points and avoid unexpected pitfalls.

Meanwhile, for fans feeling fatigue over an embattled struggle to make a ship canon, and the crushing disappointment of setbacks or failure, it might help to remember that ships don’t have to be canon in order to be transformative and meaningful on both a personal and cultural level. Look at Star Trek’s Kirk/Spock: that ship never became canon, but it remains one of the most compelling ships ever created, and within canon it gave us one of pop culture’s most enduring symbols of love — their hands touching through the glass.

Henry Jenkins famously said that queer fanfiction "is what happens when you take away the glass." And, sure, it’s increasingly possible that savvy creators might go ahead and take away the glass for us. But that doesn’t negate the power of fans being able to do it on their own, without anyone’s help.

Shipping is exciting, fun, and often a progressive and empowering experience. And if a ship ultimately becomes canon, so much the better. But when shipping becomes an ideology, tantamount to a religion, it makes a story’s creators pretty much tantamount to gods. In essence, even though that level of shipping may grow out of a wish to maintain parity with creators, it’s ultimately de-empowering to fans, making them dependent on creators for validation.

But fans are validated through their love for the source material; they’ve never needed more than that. Turning that source material into a game to be won only turns all involved players into winners and losers.”

#long post #fandom problems #i've been having a lot of feelings the past month or so about shipping and modern tastes #ever since the release of heartstopper #which i found to be a horrendous and gimmicky netflix rainbow flag cash grab #with stilted performances and absolutely zero nuance #and everyone's obsession with it has had me feeling so lonely #alongside a real alienation from tv and movie critics positive reviews for these basic-ass gay films and shows #there's a certain strain of fandom that obsesses over ships and the reproduction of familiar tropes without any subversion #and they don't seem to have any interest in anything beyond that #except maybe a weak pop feminist take #which is fine i guess #and that strain did free me to focus on my emotional experiences to stories that opened the whole world up to me #but i also need and relish the motifs and themes and craft and philosophies that go into a work #i love to start to understand my emotional reaction and where it came from #and experience feelings from stories beyond *squeeeeee*#and there's so little of that work in fandom #It makes me want to go into academia but i honestly doubt it would be any better and I really don't want to write papers professionally lol

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