A 14th century manuscript of Herodotus’ Histories, probably made in the Byzantine city of Mystras
Herodotus (MS Nn.2.34)
This fourteenth-century manuscript is entirely dedicated to the Histories of Herodotus, considered the founding work of history in Western literature. The manuscript is acephalous due to the loss of two quires, and bears the divisions into nine books, conventionally named after the nine Muses. It was borrowed by Richard Porson (1759-1808), who numbered the books and chapters in the upper margin of recto folios or in the text (cf. Cambridge University Archives, Grace Book Lambda, p. 413).
The manuscript has been cited as K since the Gaisford edition (1824), and previously as Askewianus, because it was part of Anthony Askew's collection.
According to Rosén (Teubner edition, 1987), Nn.2.34 is closely related to Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Laur. Plut. 70.3 (siglum A in Herodotus' editions).
Dr Matteo Di Franco
Information about this document
Physical Location: Cambridge University Library
Classmark: MS Nn.2.34
Alternative Identifier(s): Diktyon 12237
Subject(s): Herodotus
Origin Place: Mystras
Date of Creation: late 14th century
Language(s): Greek
Former Owner(s): Askew, Anthony, 1722-1774
Associated Name(s): Richard Porson (1759-1808)
Extent: Codex iii + 212 + i Leaf height: 290 mm, width: 215 mm.
Collation:Quires 1-268 ff. 2r-209v
Material: Western paper, folded in quarto. Watermarks: Circles ( Watermark height: 110 mm, width: 43 mm. ) in the middle of the folio comparable to Briquet, 3205; Bell with cross ( Watermark height: 60 mm, width: 20 mm. ) in the middle of the folio comparable to Briquet, 4007; Star ( Watermark height: 45 mm, width: 45 mm. ) in the middle of the folio comparable to Briquet, 6013; Cutlass ( Watermark height: 92 mm, width: 45 mm. ) in the middle of the folio comparable to Briquet, 5150; Horseshoe ( Watermark height: 40 mm, width: 34 mm. ) in the middle of the folio comparable to Mošin-Tralijc, 3804. The majority of those examples are dated between 1320 and 1385.
Format: Codex
Condition: The folios are yellowed by time and stained. Water stains from ff. 162-192. Mould deposits visible on the right endleaves. Fading of the ink where there is water damage.
Binding:
Script:
Foliation:
Layout: ff. 1r-129v: A single column of 29-33 lines. Written space Written height: 225 mm, width: 158 mm. ff. 130r-210v: A single column of 32-41 lines. Written space Written height: 235 mm, width: 155 mm.
Decoration: Headpieces incorporate the rubrics at the beginning of each book: f. 27v, f. 62r, f. 90v, f. 121r, f. 138r, f. 153vf. 179r, f. 195v.
Thick red-ink major initials at the beginning of each book.
Additions:
Provenance:
Origin: The watermark of the paper used indicates that the manuscript was produced in the late 14th century, a dating consistent with the style of scripts. If the identification with Tzyncadyles is correct, perhaps the manuscript was copied in Mystras, where the scribe was active.
Acquisition: After Askew's death, the manuscripts were sold by G. Leigh and J. Sotheby in the auction of his library in 1785. Nn.2.34 was lot 576, and was bought by Richard Farmer for Cambridge University Library. The University of Cambridge general bookplate (engraved by William Jackson in 1706-1707) was added on the pastedown of left cover.
Funding: The Polonsky Foundation
Data Source(s): Description (2019) draws on A catalogue of the Manuscripts preserved in the Library of the University of Cambridge, vol. 4 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1861), p. 467-468.
Author(s) of the Record: Matteo Di Franco
Bibliography:Hemmerdinger, Bertrand, Les manuscrits d'Hérodote et la critique verbale, Pubblicazioni dell'Istituto di filologia classica e medievale dell'Università di Genova 72 (Genova: Istituto di filologia classica e medievale, 1981).Reeve, M.D., "Review of Les manuscrits d'Hérodote et la critique verbale by B. Hemmerdinger", Phoenix 39 3 287-289 (1985).McKitterick, David, Cambridge University Library: a history, 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986) 2: The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.Easterling, Patricia E., "From Britain to Byzantium: the study of Greek manuscripts", in Robin Cormack and Elizabeth Jeffreys (eds), Through the looking glass: Byzantium through British eyes. Papers from the twenty-ninth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, London, March 1995, Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies publications 7 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000) 107-120.Naiditch, P.G., The library of Richard Porson (Philadelphia: Xlibris, 2011).
The beginning of the manuscript is wanting; apparently the first two quires are gone: only one folio (f. 1r-v) remains from quire β. The manuscript now consists of one folio (f. 1r-1v), 26 quaternions (ff. 2r-209v) and one folio (f. 210r-210v); ff. 211r-212v are later endleaf. A small stub is preserved between f. 210v and 211r.
Early quire signatures in brown ink, in Greek numerals, on the first folio of each quire, recto. Some have been lost to cropping. They survive on the lower margin right of quire 1 (γʹ f. 2r), quires 3-6 (εʹ-η' ff. 18r, 26r, 34r, 42r), quires 13-14 (ιεʹ-ιϛ' ff. 98r, 106r), quires 17 (ιθʹ f. 130r), and on the upper margin right on quires 18-25 (κ'-κζ' ff. 138r, 146r, 154r, 162r, 170r, 178r, 186r, 194r).
Modern quire signatures in Greek numerals, in pencil, which reproduce and complete the previous series, have been added almost systematically to the first folio of each quire, recto, lower margin right.
Binding with pale brown full leather covering over couched-laminate boards. The spine is cracked, corresponding to the opening at f. 130.
There is decorative tooling on boards and spine; traces of decorative tooling are present on the board edge. Head band is fully detached. Bookblock edges are marbled.
Marbled paper endleaves. The left made flyleaf has come away.
The title (Herodotus MS.) is tooled in gold on the spine.
Binding height: 305 mm, width: 239 mm, depth: 19 mm.
Hand A: ff. 1r-129v
A mixed minuscule script, vertical or slightly slanted to the right, in brown ink, with modest variation in letter size.
Syllabic abbreviations and superscript word endings usually appear only at the end of lines and rarely elsewhere (e.g. common abbreviation of μεν). Breathings are curved and not joined to accents; mute iota is absent. Accents are often joined to alpha, upsilon and omega.
Alpha is drawn in two shapes: a rounded one and another one with a long oblique stroke; beta displays in bilobate shape; delta is triangular, with a small eyelet closed. Pi has a elongated horizontal stroke, and so also tau and theta, especially if at the beginning of the line. The modern nu, small gamma, eta, kappa, lambda and sigma telikon are presents.
The epsilon-rho ligature appears in a distinctive form in which the upper part forms a closed loop. Tau-rho ligature is overlapping
Punctuation used includes the middle and upper point, lower comma and full stop.
Tails are rarely flourished into the lower margins, e.g. f. 127r.
An identification with Manuel Tzycandyles (RGK I 255) has been proposed (see Hemmerdinger 1981).
Hand B: ff. 130r-210v.
Hand B displays a mixed minuscule close the model of Hand A, but slanting slightly to the right, with denser text. There is an evident moderate variation in letter size. Syllabic abbreviations and superscript word endings are not limiteted to the end of lines.
Breathings are curved, circumflex accent is normaly not link to vowels. Mute iota is absent.
Tails are rarely flourished into the lower margins.
[i-iii] + 1-212 + [iv]. Modern foliation in pencil in Arabic numerals in the top right-hand corner, recto.
Note by Richard Porson on f. [ii] verso: "Vide editionem Herodoti a Gronovio editam Lugduni Batavorum apud Samuelem Luchtmans anno MMCCXVI: Pag. 32. l. 13 μάχη σφέων ἦν ἀφ' ἵππων κ.τ.λ.". with reference to the 1715 edition by Jacobus Gronovius.
Porson also marked the number of the books and chapters in the upper margin of rectos in Greek numerals, referring to the last chapter of the folio: e.g. f. 6r α, ρε = Lib. I chap. 105. Chapters numbers are occasionally in the text in Arabic numerals.
The manuscript belonged to Anthony Askew (b. 1722, d. 1774), physician and book collector.
Section shown in images 9 to 428
Title: The Histories
Author(s): Herodotus
Note(s): Beginning imperfectly at I 79, 3; TLG 0016.002
Excerpts:Incipit: f. 1r μάχη σφεων ἦν ἀφ’ ἵππων. δούρατά τε ἐφόρεον μεγάλα καὶ αὐτοὶ ἦσαν ἱππεύεσθαι ἀγαθοίExplicit: f. 210v ἄρχειν τε εἵλοντο λυπρὴν οἰκέοντες μᾶλλον, ἢ πεδιάδα σπείροντες ἄλλοισι δουλεύεινFinal Rubric: f. 210v Ἡροδότου ἱστοριῶν θ
Section shown in images 9 to 60
Title: Historiae Liber I
Excerpts:Final Rubric: f. 26v Ἡροδότου α'
Source: https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-NN-00002-00034/9 with pictures of each page of the volume.
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