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gwennpetrichor · 6 months

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#Writever Novembre 2023

1. Malédiction.

Trois siècles après l'abattement de la malédiction sur notre famille, la pratique de retirer le sang et les vicères des corps des défunts était totalement passée dans les moeurs. Et plus personne ne demandait pourquoi clouer le couvercle des cercueils.

2. Âmes

Combien d'âmes pour racheter une vie ?

Un million.

Alors vous comettez un million de meurtres pour chaque rituel ?

Quels meurtres ? Il n'est pas nécessaire de les tuer auparavant

Ho… ho oui cela explique beaucoup de choses.

3. Guerrier

Profession ?

Soldat !

Les limbes.

Mais je me battais pour ma patrie !

Vraiment ? Vous n'étiez pas contreint et forcé ? Par l'économie, un contrat, une dette ?

Bien sûr que non, je ne faisais que mon devoir !

Dans ce cas, en bas !

4. Justice

(suite)

Il n'y a donc aucune justice dans l'au delà ?

Bien sûr que si, vos victimes n'étaient pas toujours des anges, beaucoup attendent dans les limbes. Et on s'y ennuie mortellement… Donc nous les chargeons d'inventer vos supplices.

5. Napoléon

Napoléon Bonaparte, tueur en série…

Ahem

Hm?

On dit Empereur.

Du pareil au même.

Tout de même… le prestige !

En matière de prestige, on a inventé un supplice juste pour vous ! Un diablotin vous suivra partout en criant "l'intendance suivra". Et bien entendu, vous aurez soif, froid et faim tout le long.

6. Androgyne

Genre ?

Agenre

Je ne peux pas entrer ça…

Mon corps est à 75% robotiquement augmenté, mon métier est psychologue pour IA de l'industrie spatiale, et vous me prenez la tête pour les cases M et F ?

C'est que… c'est l'informatique…

7. Incurable

La polio… le SIDA…

La dyphtérie… la petite vérole… les brûlures au 3ième degré…

Les nuées de sauterelle, les maladies de rats, les chiens enragés…

Tout. On a presque tout guéri, éradiqué, soigné, contré. TOUT.

PUTAIN DE MOUSTIQUE !

#writever #writever novembre 2023 #writever FR #écriture #auteurs de tumblr #écrire #court #format court

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nightcolorz · 6 months

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i can't watch the new OFMD episode yet erm spoilers ? I am just looking through the tag and shaking like a wet dog. Hrm. Immzy hrawnds. Kills myself in front of the ofmd writers to change the trajectory of their lives (/J A BILLON TIMES I LOVE THE OFMD WRITERS SM) anyways this weather wvee been havinf amni writev whyvis itb so hot in octover

#Once I watch the episode it's over for u all Ill destroy Tumblr with my correct opinions #our flag means death #Ofmd #Our flag means death spoilers #Ofmd spoilers

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jwirecs · 1 year

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hiya! i have been binging all your recs after finding your blog a few days ago and love all you them! do you have any favs of shy!JK or shy!Haechan 🙈

helloo!! this is so so so so late..but

hmm, i dont have a specific tag for shy!jk or shy!haechan but i will see what i can put together! (im ngl, most of these dont have "shy!haechan" or "shy!jjk" in their descriptions, but they give off the feel/vibe of it you know)

*this took a while to put together because i was re-reading majority of the favs that i thought had that shy!member aspect, its literally not a lot but i did my best*

if anyone would love to recommend their fav shy!jjk or shy!haechan. please do let us know!

but, let's get started

[08:37] || @daegall

[13:10] || @hyucks-archive

A Kiss On The Cheek || @cinnajun

Boyfriend!Haechan || @writev

The Music Store || @tinted-skies

Anon Req || @delugguk

Jeon Jeongguk Hates Parties || @joheunsaram

#nct scenarios #nct 127 scenarios #nct dream scenarios #nct: asks #nct 127: asks #nct dream: asks #lhc: asks #anon #replies #bts scenarios #bts: asks #jjk: asks

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yangx2isawhore · 1 year

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recs & mastelists

tags (luv-beam)

masterlist (cloudykyu)

cuts (laviesm)

——— nct ———

nct fic recs (pesiko)

fic recs (misfit-nvrfitin)[yangyang]

fic recs (karatrecs)[yangyang]

-au recs (king-jeno-lee)[heachan]

-au recs (king-jeno-lee)[mark]

masterlist (ppangjae) [jaehyun]

masterlist (angelicmark)[dream]

masterlist (rrxjun)[dream]

differences masterlist (jenoncity)

masterlist (dropsofletters)

library (boba-at-323)

masterlist (writev)

-masterlist (jenonct)

-long fics/series (jenonct)

masterlist (lebrookestotre)

masterlist (sehunniepotwrites)

masterlist (nsheetee)

-masterlist (wincore)

-series masterlist (wincore)

masterlist (sungbeam)

mastelist (lucaswithnoshirt)

masterlist (yutaholic)

masterlist (starlightkun)

——— tbz ———

masterlist (sungbeam)

masterlist (staynoonaz9290)

masterlist (cappanusu)

masterlist (bawdyboyz)

masterlist (flowerboykun)

masterlist (ppumeonae-bigvibe)

fic recs (ethereal-engene)

masterlist (hvae)

masterlist (sankyeom)

masterlist (dulceamar)

masterlist (yourjaylaks)

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premieressays247 · 1 year

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✅ Discussion post

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veworsat · 2 years

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Linux serial terminal program

Linux serial terminal program serial#

Linux serial terminal program driver#

Linux serial terminal program full#

Linux serial terminal program code#

Linux serial terminal program serial#

This plethora of parameters and the resulting different interface configuration is what make serial programming in Unix and Linux challenging. The Unix and Linux serial interface have more than 60 parameters due to the different hardware supported by the interface. If your system includes programs like ModemManager then you should set this attribute. If you wish ensure exclusive access to the serial device then use ioctl to set TIOCEXCL. It contains a minimum of the following fields: This structure is central to both the configuration of a serial device and querying its setup. This configuration is done by using the struct termios data structure, defined in the termios.h header. It is also possible to enable or disable the processing of the special characters on an individual basis. Therefore, when setting up the communication parameters, the device should also be configured for raw/non-canonical mode by setting/clearing the corresponding termios flags. For serial communication it is often advisable to use non-canonical, (raw or cbreak mode under BSD) to ensure that transmitted data is not interpreted by the terminal driver.

Linux serial terminal program full#

The full list for a particular Unix flavor can be found in the corresponding termios man page. The special characters processed in the corresponding modes are control characters, such as end-of-line or backspace. Unless set otherwise, canonical (or cooked mode under BSD) is the default. Input is not assembled into lines but some special characters are processed. Input is not assembled into lines and special characters are not processed. Input is assembled into lines and special characters are processed. On BSD-like systems, there are three modes:

Linux serial terminal program driver#

In this mode, no special processing is done, and the terminal driver returns individual characters. The terminal driver returns data line-by-line. This is most useful when dealing with real terminals, or devices that provide line-by-line communication. The termios I/O API supports two different modes: doesn't old termio do this too? if yes, move paragraphs up to the general section about serial and terminal I/O in Unix). Some additional functions and declarations can also be found in the, , and header files.

Linux serial terminal program code#

So code for serial or terminal I/O will usually start with The necessary declarations and constants for termios can be found in the header file. Close device with the standard Unix system call close(2) when done.Īn important part when starting a program for serial I/I is to decide on the I/O technique to deploy.The serial I/O needs to work well with other kinds of I/O performed by the application, like networking, and must not waste CPU cycles. The selection of the I/O technique is an important part of the application's design. Multiple I/O techniques, like blocking, non-blocking, asynchronous I/O ( select(2) or poll(2), or signal-driven I/O ( SIGIO signal)) are also possible. Related system calls like readv(2) and writev(2) can be used, too. Use standard Unix system calls read(2) and write(2) for reading from, and writing to the serial interface.Configure communication parameters and other interface properties (line discipline, etc.) with the help of specific termios functions and data structures.Open serial device with standard Unix system call open(2).The anatomy of a program performing serial I/O with the help of termios is as follows: Termios is the newer (now already a few decades old) Unix API for terminal I/O.

#Linux serial terminal program

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myprogrammingsolver · 2 years

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CS Assignment #6 Option A (Choose Option A or Option B) Solution

Objectives: Designing, implementing, and calling low-level I/O procedures Implementing and using a macro Problem Definition: Implement and test your own ReadVal and WriteVal procedures for unsigned integers. Implement macros getString and displayString. The macros may use Irvine’s ReadString to get input from the user, and WriteString to display output. o getString should display a prompt,…

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programmingsolver · 2 years

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CS Programming Assignment #6 Option A (Choose Option A or Option B) Solution

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codehunter · 2 years

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Bad Django / uwsgi performance

I am running a django app with nginx & uwsgi. Here's how i run uwsgi:

sudo uwsgi -b 25000 --chdir=/www/python/apps/pyapp --module=wsgi:application --env DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE=settings --socket=/tmp/pyapp.socket --cheaper=8 --processes=16 --harakiri=10 --max-requests=5000 --vacuum --master --pidfile=/tmp/pyapp-master.pid --uid=220 --gid=499

& nginx configurations:

server { listen 80; server_name test.com root /www/python/apps/pyapp/; access_log /var/log/nginx/test.com.access.log; error_log /var/log/nginx/test.com.error.log; # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/howto/static-files/#serving-static-files-in-production location /static/ { alias /www/python/apps/pyapp/static/; expires 30d; } location /media/ { alias /www/python/apps/pyapp/media/; expires 30d; } location / { uwsgi_pass unix:///tmp/pyapp.socket; include uwsgi_params; proxy_read_timeout 120; } # what to serve if upstream is not available or crashes #error_page 500 502 503 504 /media/50x.html;}

Here comes the problem. When doing "ab" (ApacheBenchmark) on the server i get the following results:

nginx version: nginx version: nginx/1.2.6

uwsgi version:1.4.5

Server Software: nginx/1.0.15Server Hostname: pycms.comServer Port: 80Document Path: /api/nodes/mostviewed/8/?format=jsonDocument Length: 8696 bytesConcurrency Level: 100Time taken for tests: 41.232 secondsComplete requests: 1000Failed requests: 0Write errors: 0Total transferred: 8866000 bytesHTML transferred: 8696000 bytesRequests per second: 24.25 [#/sec] (mean)Time per request: 4123.216 [ms] (mean)Time per request: 41.232 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests)Transfer rate: 209.99 [Kbytes/sec] received

While running on 500 concurrency level

oncurrency Level: 500Time taken for tests: 2.175 secondsComplete requests: 1000Failed requests: 50 (Connect: 0, Receive: 0, Length: 50, Exceptions: 0)Write errors: 0Non-2xx responses: 950Total transferred: 629200 bytesHTML transferred: 476300 bytesRequests per second: 459.81 [#/sec] (mean)Time per request: 1087.416 [ms] (mean)Time per request: 2.175 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests)Transfer rate: 282.53 [Kbytes/sec] received

As you can see... all requests on the server fail with either timeout errors or "Client prematurely disconnected" or:

writev(): Broken pipe [proto/uwsgi.c line 124] during GET /api/nodes/mostviewed/9/?format=json

Here's a little bit more about my application:Basically, it's a collection of models that reflect MySQL tables which contain all the content. At the frontend, i have django-rest-framework which serves json content to the clients.

I've installed django-profiling & django debug toolbar to see whats going on. On django-profiling here's what i get when running a single request:

Instance wide RAM usagePartition of a set of 147315 objects. Total size = 20779408 bytes. Index Count % Size % Cumulative % Kind (class / dict of class) 0 63960 43 5726288 28 5726288 28 str 1 36887 25 3131112 15 8857400 43 tuple 2 2495 2 1500392 7 10357792 50 dict (no owner) 3 615 0 1397160 7 11754952 57 dict of module 4 1371 1 1236432 6 12991384 63 type 5 9974 7 1196880 6 14188264 68 function 6 8974 6 1076880 5 15265144 73 types.CodeType 7 1371 1 1014408 5 16279552 78 dict of type 8 2684 2 340640 2 16620192 80 list 9 382 0 328912 2 16949104 82 dict of class<607 more rows. Type e.g. '_.more' to view.>CPU Time for this request 11068 function calls (10158 primitive calls) in 0.064 CPU seconds Ordered by: cumulative time ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function) 1 0.000 0.000 0.064 0.064 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/views/generic/base.py:44(view) 1 0.000 0.000 0.064 0.064 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/views/decorators/csrf.py:76(wrapped_view) 1 0.000 0.000 0.064 0.064 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/rest_framework/views.py:359(dispatch) 1 0.000 0.000 0.064 0.064 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/rest_framework/generics.py:144(get) 1 0.000 0.000 0.064 0.064 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/rest_framework/mixins.py:46(list) 1 0.000 0.000 0.038 0.038 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/rest_framework/serializers.py:348(data) 21/1 0.000 0.000 0.038 0.038 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/rest_framework/serializers.py:273(to_native) 21/1 0.000 0.000 0.038 0.038 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/rest_framework/serializers.py:190(convert_object) 11/1 0.000 0.000 0.036 0.036 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/rest_framework/serializers.py:303(field_to_native) 13/11 0.000 0.000 0.033 0.003 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/db/models/query.py:92(__iter__) 3/1 0.000 0.000 0.033 0.033 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/db/models/query.py:77(__len__) 4 0.000 0.000 0.030 0.008 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/db/models/sql/compiler.py:794(execute_sql) 1 0.000 0.000 0.021 0.021 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/views/generic/list.py:33(paginate_queryset) 1 0.000 0.000 0.021 0.021 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/core/paginator.py:35(page) 1 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.020 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/core/paginator.py:20(validate_number) 3 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.007 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/core/paginator.py:57(_get_num_pages) 4 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.005 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/core/paginator.py:44(_get_count) 1 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.020 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/db/models/query.py:340(count) 1 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.020 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/db/models/sql/query.py:394(get_count) 1 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.020 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/db/models/query.py:568(_prefetch_related_objects) 1 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.020 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/db/models/query.py:1596(prefetch_related_objects) 4 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.005 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/db/backends/util.py:36(execute) 1 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.020 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/db/models/sql/query.py:340(get_aggregation) 5 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.004 /usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/MySQLdb/cursors.py:136(execute) 2 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.010 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/db/models/query.py:1748(prefetch_one_level) 4 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.005 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/db/backends/mysql/base.py:112(execute) 5 0.000 0.000 0.019 0.004 /usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/MySQLdb/cursors.py:316(_query) 60 0.000 0.000 0.018 0.000 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/db/models/query.py:231(iterator) 5 0.012 0.002 0.015 0.003 /usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/MySQLdb/cursors.py:278(_do_query) 60 0.000 0.000 0.013 0.000 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/db/models/sql/compiler.py:751(results_iter) 30 0.000 0.000 0.010 0.000 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/db/models/manager.py:115(all) 50 0.000 0.000 0.009 0.000 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/db/models/query.py:870(_clone) 51 0.001 0.000 0.009 0.000 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/db/models/sql/query.py:235(clone) 4 0.000 0.000 0.009 0.002 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/db/backends/__init__.py:302(cursor) 4 0.000 0.000 0.008 0.002 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/db/backends/mysql/base.py:361(_cursor) 1 0.000 0.000 0.008 0.008 /usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/MySQLdb/__init__.py:78(Connect) 910/208 0.003 0.000 0.008 0.000 /usr/lib64/python2.6/copy.py:144(deepcopy) 22 0.000 0.000 0.007 0.000 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/db/models/query.py:619(filter) 22 0.000 0.000 0.007 0.000 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/db/models/query.py:633(_filter_or_exclude) 20 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.000 /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/django/db/models/fields/related.py:560(get_query_set) 1 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.005 /usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/MySQLdb/connections.py:8()

..etc

However, django-debug-toolbar shows the following:

Resource UsageResource ValueUser CPU time 149.977 msecSystem CPU time 119.982 msecTotal CPU time 269.959 msecElapsed time 326.291 msecContext switches 11 voluntary, 40 involuntaryand 5 queries in 27.1 ms

The problem is that "top" shows the load average rising quickly and apache benchmark which i ran both on the local server and from a remote machine within the network shows that i am not serving many requests / second. What is the problem? this is as far as i could reach when profiling the code so it would be appreciated if someone can point of what i am doing here.

Edit (23/02/2013): Adding more details based on Andrew Alcock's answer:The points that require my attention / answer are (3)(3) I've executed "show global variables" on MySQL and found out that MySQL configurations had 151 for max_connections setting which is more than enough to serve the workers i am starting for uwsgi.

(3)(4)(2) The single request i am profiling is the heaviest one. It executes 4 queries according to django-debug-toolbar. What happens is that all queries run in:3.71, 2.83, 0.88, 4.84 ms respectively.

(4) Here you're referring to memory paging? if so, how could i tell?

(5) On 16 workers, 100 concurrency rate, 1000 requests the load average goes up to ~ 12I ran the tests on different number of workers (concurrency level is 100):

1 worker, load average ~ 1.85, 19 reqs / second, Time per request: 5229.520, 0 non-2xx

2 worker, load average ~ 1.5, 19 reqs / second, Time per request: 516.520, 0 non-2xx

4 worker, load average ~ 3, 16 reqs / second, Time per request: 5929.921, 0 non-2xx

8 worker, load average ~ 5, 18 reqs / second, Time per request: 5301.458, 0 non-2xx

16 worker, load average ~ 19, 15 reqs / second, Time per request: 6384.720, 0 non-2xx

AS you can see, the more workers we have, the more load we have on the system. I can see in uwsgi's daemon log that the response time in milliseconds increases when i increase the number of workers.

On 16 workers, running 500 concurrency level requests uwsgi starts loggin the errors:

writev(): Broken pipe [proto/uwsgi.c line 124]

Load goes up to ~ 10 as well. and the tests don't take much time because non-2xx responses are 923 out of 1000 which is why the response here is quite fast as it's almost empty. Which is also a reply to your point #4 in the summary.

Assuming that what i am facing here is an OS latency based on I/O and networking, what is the recommended action to scale this up? new hardware? bigger server?

Thanks

https://codehunter.cc/a/django/bad-django-uwsgi-performance

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edulissy · 2 years

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Assignment #6 Option A (Choose Option A or Option B) Solution

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gwennpetrichor · 4 months

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Writever Janvier 2024 : médias !

01 – Sortie

4h avant la sortie du nouveau numéro de l'Aventurier Moderne, notre éclaireur ne donne pas de nouvelles. 3h, il y aurait une ouverture par la porte de livraison, 2h, nous sommes dedans, 1 heure... Encore 4000 exemplaire à détruire pour préserver notre secret.

02 – Magazine

- Mais qui achète encore des magazines en 2065 ? Je ne savais même pas que ça existait encore !

- L'industrie s'est tournée vers le blanchiment d'argent, c'est pour ça qu'ils coûtent plus cher que les livres... et puis j'adore ces mots croisés.

03 – Micro

Avec le nouvel ePhone, en partenariat avec TokTok, vos enregistrements seront censurés en direct par IA, vous permettant de gagner un précieux temps en post prod !

Finit la corvée de vérification des nouveaux mots censurés par TokTok !

04 – Tournoi

-Après le séminaire se tiendra un tournoi télévisé sur 4 mois. Un poste garanti au premier classé, possibles ouvertures de périodes d'essais chez nos partenaires pour le top10.

-On parle bien du poste d'agent d'entretien des tubes de machine à milk-shake ?

5. Papier

Sous un climat aussi humide, le papier se conserve mal, et les essences de bois locales ne sont pas adaptées à sa fabrication. Les veines d'argile en revanche sont nombreuses, c'est pour cela que dans leur langue "cuire" et "archiver" sont un seul et même mot.

#writeverjanvier2024 #writever #writever2024 #writers on tumblr #écrire #écriture #writing prompts #auteurs de tumblr #court #format court #writever fr #writeblr #writing #writerscommunity #SFFF #science fiction #fantasy #fantastique #imaginaire

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writev · 4 years

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writev masterlist

imagines:

taeil

christmas with your fiancé

johnny

hurt/comfort

taeyong

barista!taeyong

yuta

long-distance

visiting chicago together

kun

soft husband hrs

wedding planning

doyoung

bookshop au

ten

witch!ten

jaehyun

rose gardener

basketball in the park

winwin

cinnamon tea

jungwoo

cottagecore with jungwoo

hendery

mark

moving in together

midnight fluff

xiaojun

patching him up in the nurse’s office

comforting phone call

renjun

summer romance with artist!renjun

jeno

sleepover

soft morning

haechan

summer boy

boyfriend!haechan

jaemin

prince!jaemin

yangyang

meeting in the rain

pet shop employee!yangyang

making up after a fight

shotaro

sungchan

chenle

falling for your childhood friend

jisung

relaxing with jisung

bullet-point scenarios:

nct dream as office interns

#masterlist #nct imagines

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pfenniged · 5 years

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My Disability Law / Human Rights Law LLM Dissertation Possibilities:

So, I’m considering doing a part time LLM while I complete my articling requirements to become a fully fledged lawyer, so I can also open up the possibilities of a Ph.D/ J.S.D down the road, or even teaching right off the bat after I finish my requirements/ pay off student loans for my B.A/J.D. If you have any opinions on any of these, or any of them stick out to you as a particularly viable topic for me to explore, I have to write a thesis proposal, so if there’s any suggestions/ particular one you lean towards, your comments would be greatly appreciated. <3

1. Analyse and critically assess the claim that Human Rights require a universal set of moral foundations.

Any claim to human rights has the potential to justify almost any act on the assumption that it enhances and protects a specific right or set of rights. But exactly wherein are these rights grounded, and how can they make a claim to justify the actions involved in detaining suspected terrorists, for example? Can human rights be based upon universal moral principles, and if so, can this prevent abuses of such rights? This study will seek to argue that while rooting human rights within universal moral principles should seek to strengthen the duties created by them, a real account of universal moral foundations is not possible to achieve on any practical basis. In order to accomplish true universality, a level of simplicity or generality is required which is unable to withstand the application of the rights it upholds on any specific or practical level.

Suggested Reading Dworkin, R 1989. ‘Rights as Trumps’ in J Waldron (ed), Theories of Rights, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Finnis, J 1980. Natural Law and Natural Rights, New York: Oxford University Press. Gewirth, A 1989. ‘Are There Any Absolute Rights?’ in J Waldron (ed), Theories of Rights, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

2. Rather than an aberration of civilisation, Bauman argues that modernity provided the necessary conditions for the Holocaust, including the necessary distancing from preternatural morality. It is commonly stated without question that the occurrence of the Holocaust under the Third Reich was a peculiarity, or at least a unexplained departure from civilisation. Yet closer examination and dissection of the elements of the Holocaust and how it was executed uncovers an entirely different result. Bauman indeed claims that the Holocaust was not only a normal social event, but similarly that without modernity and all that it embodies, the Holocaust could not have advanced as far as it did. This study will analyse the occurrences of the Holocaust beyond preconceptions concerning it being a product of extreme discrimination and hatred. The study will conduct an analysis based upon modernity as contained in the conglomerated elements of industrialisation, bureaucracy and rationality; all of which were notably present during the Holocaust. A critical assessment of Bauman’s theory of modernity will be undertaken, concluding in general support of his claim that the Holocaust was the embodiment of modernity.

Suggested Reading Bauman, Z 1989. Modernity and the Holocaust, Polity Press, Cambridge. Garland, D 2001. The Culture of Control, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hilberg, R 2003. The Destruction of the European Jews: Volume 3, 3rd edn, New Haven: Yale University Press. Matravers, M 2005. Managing Modernity: Politics and the Culture of Control, Oxon: Routledge.

3. Is it ever justifiable to sacrifice individual rights for collective security? Theories focusing upon the importance of individual and collective rights have often sought to justify the prevalence of one over the other. In view of modern-day state infringements of individual rights, the issue has become increasingly heated. This is particularly the case in the context of threats to individual privacy and freedom in response to terrorism. State infringements of individual rights all too easily quote the prevailing importance of collective security which apparently functions to justify coercion. The quest to ensure the security and safety of the collective has become committed to the assumption that individual rights can not only justifiably, but also necessarily be infringed or sacrificed. This study will explore existing theories in relation to the difficult conflict between individual and collective rights, touching upon theories such as the social contract and utilitarianism. These theories, by being applied to contemporary issues such as recent terrorist attacks, will test the assumption that collective security is more important than individual rights. Yet, it will be concluded that there must be stringent limits on the extent to which the latter can be infringed in the quest for the former, lest individual rights become so fragile that collective security is rendered a distant historical fallacy.

Suggested Reading Dworkin, R 1989. ‘Rights as Trumps’ in J Waldron (ed), Theories of Rights, New York: Oxford University Press. Hobbes, T 1969. The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic, Oxon: Routledge. Mill, JS 1859. ‘On Liberty’ in J Gray & JS Mill (eds), On Liberty and Other Essays, New York: Oxford University Press. Rawls, J 1993. Political Liberalism, New York: Columbia Press. Riddall, JG 2005. Jurisprudence, 2nd edn, London: Butterworths.

4. The Question of ‘Humanitarian’ Intervention:

https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmdfence/writev/intervention/int10.htm

https://www.crf-usa.org/war-in-iraq/military-intervention.html

https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1449&context=ilj

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_intervention

#personal #llm suggestions #research suggestions #help?#lawyer life #professor life #future reference

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captainsafia · 6 years

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Reveling in redirects: exploring Unix input/output redirection

One of my favorite Linux features is redirection. Redirection gives you the ability to send the output of one command directly to another. For example, here's how I would copy the contents of a file into my computer's clipboard using a pipe redirection.

$ cat file.txt | pbcopy

I can also use redirection to add some text to a file.

$ echo "New stuff." > file.txt

All of this got me curious about something: how does redirection work? I have a partial answer to this question from my university coursework on computer science. It relates to the way that Unix executes a process. In this case, two system calls will be used: fork and exec.

fork is a command that copies all the details of the currently running process. A process is an entity that represents a program that is currently running. In Linux, the details of a process are stored in task_struct You can read through the definition of the task_struct in this file in the Linux code base. When a process is forked, a copy of the task_struct associated with that process is made. If you read through the struct definition, you'll notice it stores things like the state of the process or the pidof the process.

exec is a command that overwrites the attributes of the currently running process with the details associated with a program (like the ls or cat programs). Generally what happens is that the fork system call is made a new copy of the currently running process is made. This copy is now the new currently running process. Then the exec call is made, and a new program is loaded into that process.

The fact that the act of creating a new process and starting to execute a program are distinct steps allow us to do some interesting things in between the fork and exec steps. For example, implementing a redirect from an echo command to a file as seen in the example above would look like.

Open the file file.txt with a file descriptor of 1.

Fork the currently running process.

Execute the command echo "New stuff.

They key here is the fact that we opened the file file.txt with a file descriptor set to 1. File descriptors are an abstract way of representing how any input/output resource (like a file) should be accessed. Generally, all process have access to three file descriptors numbered 0, 1, and 2. These numbers seem arbitrary (and that's kinda because they are). A better way to refer to them is through the constants that they are assigned to which are STDIN_FILENO, STDOUT_FILENO, and STDERR_FILENO, respectively.

So in essence, in the steps above, we are mapping over the file descriptor associated with standard out to a file (instead of output on the console). When we fork the process, this file descriptor mapping is copied over as well and used when we execute the echo command.

OK. So now that I've explained all that, I want to try to actually see it in action. To do this, I hopped on over to the good ol' dtruss tool and tried to figure out what a stack trace of the command echo "New text." > file.txt might be able to tell me about this.

Sidebar: Since I was trying to find the stack trace for a command that included redirection, I couldn't just run dtruss <command here>as usual. Instead, I ended up connecting dtruss to a bash session and looking through the stack trace associated with the commands executed in that session. Below, I've extracted the system calls that I think are associated with redirection.

29949/0x6d9b91: fork() = 0 0 29949/0x6d9b91: thread_selfid(0x0, 0x0, 0x0) = 7183249 0 29949/0x6d9b91: issetugid(0x0, 0x0, 0x0) = 0 0 29949/0x6d9b91: csrctl(0x0, 0x7FFEE483CF7C, 0x4) = -1 Err#1 29949/0x6d9b91: csops(0x0, 0x0, 0x7FFEE483D890) = 0 0 29949/0x6d9b91: shared_region_check_np(0x7FFEE483CDD8, 0x0, 0x0) = 0 0 29949/0x6d9b91: stat64("/private/var/db/dyld/dyld_shared_cache_x86_64h\0", 0x7FFEE483CD20, 0x0) = 0 0 29949/0x6d9b91: csrctl(0x0, 0x7FFEE483CADC, 0x4) = -1 Err#1 29949/0x6d9b91: getpid(0x0, 0x0, 0x0) = 29949 0 29949/0x6d9b91: proc_info(0x2, 0x74FD, 0x16) = 1272 0 29949/0x6d9b91: ioctl(0x3, 0x80086804, 0x7FFEE483CE50) = 0 0 29949/0x6d9b91: close(0x3) = 0 0 29949/0x6d9b91: access("/AppleInternal/XBS/.isChrooted\0", 0x0, 0x0) = -1 Err#2 29949/0x6d9b91: thread_selfid(0x0, 0x0, 0x0) = 7183249 0 29949/0x6d9b91: bsdthread_register(0x7FFF56790BEC, 0x7FFF56790BDC, 0x2000) = 1073742047 0 29949/0x6d9b91: issetugid(0x0, 0x0, 0x0) = 0 0 29949/0x6d9b91: mprotect(0x10B3CB000, 0x1000, 0x0) = 0 0 29949/0x6d9b91: mprotect(0x10B3D0000, 0x1000, 0x0) = 0 0 29949/0x6d9b91: mprotect(0x10B3D1000, 0x1000, 0x0) = 0 0 29949/0x6d9b91: mprotect(0x10B3D6000, 0x1000, 0x0) = 0 0 29949/0x6d9b91: mprotect(0x10B3C9000, 0x88, 0x1) = 0 0 29949/0x6d9b91: mprotect(0x10B3D7000, 0x1000, 0x1) = 0 0 29949/0x6d9b91: mprotect(0x10B3C9000, 0x88, 0x3) = 0 0 29949/0x6d9b91: mprotect(0x10B3C9000, 0x88, 0x1) = 0 0 29949/0x6d9b91: getpid(0x0, 0x0, 0x0) = 29949 0 29949/0x6d9b91: stat64("/AppleInternal/XBS/.isChrooted\0", 0x7FFEE483C528, 0x0) = -1 Err#2 29949/0x6d9b91: stat64("/AppleInternal\0", 0x7FFEE483C5C0, 0x0) = -1 Err#2 29949/0x6d9b91: csops(0x74FD, 0x7, 0x7FFEE483C060) = 0 0 dtrace: error on enabled probe ID 2190 (ID 557: syscall::sysctl:return): invalid kernel access in action #11 at DIF offset 28 29949/0x6d9b91: csops(0x74FD, 0x7, 0x7FFEE483B950) = 0 0 29949/0x6d9b91: writev(0x1, 0x7FE5BE601210, 0x2) = 13 0

So the first system call made is the fork system call that I discussed earlier. Based on my knowledge, the next few system calls after it should be associated with mapping the standard output file descriptor to the file.txt file. I tried to pick out the system calls that might be associated with this and isolated the following.

29949/0x6d9b91: ioctl(0x3, 0x80086804, 0x7FFEE483CE50) = 0 0 29949/0x6d9b91: close(0x3) = 0 0

ioctlas discussed in previous blog posts is the system call associated with managing interactions it I/O resources like files. The first parameter passed to this function is the associated file descriptor. In this case, it is 0x3. I figure that this is the call associated with opening the file.txt file because the first 0-2 file descriptors are used by the operating system as mentioned above.

The other significant function call is all the way at the bottom.

29949/0x6d9b91: writev(0x1, 0x7FE5BE601210, 0x2) = 13 0

I've never encountered this writev system call before, so I decided to research it further. When I read the documentation, the most approachable definition I found for the system call was as follows.

The writev() system call works just like write(2) except that multiple buffers are written out.

This is my hunch, but I'm perplexed by the fact that the file descriptors don't match up. If we open the file at file descriptor 0x3 and write to file descriptor 0x1 then where is the actual redirection happening? I wondered if the request code passed to the ioctl did something to connect the two file descriptor. Or maybe there was some code that took care of executing the redirection that wouldn't show up in the system call?

In any case, this blog post is getting a little long, and my commute to work is almost over (I write these blog posts on the trip to work), so I'll have to continue this particular investigation in another blog post.

See you then! And hopefully, I'll have more clarity on this whole affair at that point.

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bellarosepope · 7 years

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5 Things to do Daily to Market Your Book Before it’s Even Finished

If you want to be successful, you need to market your book before it’s even completed. Here are a few simple things you can do daily to get the word out.

I’ll be honest. I had no idea how much you really need to market your book – before it’s even done! I was actually very naïve about the entire writing to publishing process before I decided I wanted to be an author. But the second I made that decision, I was all over the Internet doing research – another thing all aspiring authors should do before their book is completed.

I Googled the shit out of the different avenues of publishing and once I decided self-publishing was definitely for me, I narrowed my searches. And guess what?

I was basically clueless about how much work I’d really need to do.

Obviously, this didn’t deter me. It was just an eye opener. I learned that becoming an author isn’t just about the writing. It’s a business. And all businesses need great marketing in order to succeed.

Why you need to market your book before you’re done writing it.

I think it’s actually less about marketing your book as you’re writing it and more about marketing yourself as a writer in general. There are a lot of people out there who don’t see the point in spending their time marketing their writing.

Those people usually didn’t do their research about the publishing and selling process of being an author and they also probably won’t find much success when their book is released.

Don’t be that person.

You need to market your book as you’re writing it and even during the different stages. Why? Because who the hell is going to buy your book if nobody knows it exists? You need a fan base. You need to build interest and get your name out there.

Without doing this, there won’t be anyone to buy the book you worked so hard to write. You’ll have to rely solely on someone randomly happening across it online and with millions of books out there, those odds aren’t very good.

But how do you market your book when it’s not even done yet?

It seems nearly impossible but I promise it’s not. There’s tons of helpful advice on how to market your book while you’re still in the stages of writing it.

But before we jump right into those details, let’s talk about what you need to do right away when you know you want to be an author. These are a few things I did within the first month or so of deciding I wanted to be an author:

Make social profiles – I’m talking about all the social profiles: Twitter, Instagram, Tumblr, Facebook, Pinterest, and any other ones you can think of. Try to make them all the same name, too. For example, on every single form of social media, my username is BellaRosePope. This is the name I’m going to be published as and, luckily, it was actually available on all platforms. If the name you’re going to use for publication isn’t available by itself, you can try adding things like “YourNameAuthor” or “BooksByYourName.” Any way of keeping it simple and memorable is best.

Make an author website – Yes, you do need a professional author website with a domain name that matches your social handles (preferably). Again, I was lucky that BellaRosePope.com was available to begin with. If you can’t afford to purchase a domain and hosting, you can get free hosting through different website platforms, but it will have the website after your name. For example, if I didn’t buy this domain, my website would read BellaRosePope.wordpress.com. This looks much less professional.

5 things you can do daily to market your book – before it’s done

There really isn’t an all-around checklist you should be following daily. However, I found these methods extremely helpful for me personally and they’re things I do every day or at least once or twice a week to grow my platform and establish myself as a writer.

1. Document your writing process

You can do this on your social platforms or by blogging or even both. I personally do both. When I have something extensive to share or I feel as though I have some tips that have helped me a lot personally, I’ll blog about it and post it on my website (like what you see right now) so I can help others, too.

You can even just post little updates on your social profiles. I find Twitter to be the best place to write short updates about how far I’ve written or if I passed a specific goal I had set. Tumblr is also a great place to post updates, as well.

Here are a few things you can talk about if you’re not sure what to share about your writing process:

New goals you make for that week

Anytime you surpass said goal

When you have a great new idea and want to share how awesome you are (I do this a lot :p )

Updates on edits

Issues you’re having in specific parts

Excerpts of chapters

Questions when you’re having trouble

Songs that inspired specific scenes

Pictures that are reminiscent of your book

2. Get social on Twitter

Twitter is actually a huge hangout for writers in the community. There are tons of them out there just looking for other writers to mingle with. Liking, replying, retweeting, and even messaging different writers can help expand your social network and you may even find new friends or possible critique partners.

But why should you connect with other writers when you want to market your book to readers?

Because writers are readers. I don’t think I’ve ever met or heard of an author who never read or didn’t like to read. Perhaps they’re out there, but the very large majority of other writers love to read.

Not only could they potentially buy your book when it’s published, they may also offer you advice for your writing journey since they’re writers, too.

In order to find other writers on Twitter, just search and use the following hashtags:

#amwriting / #amediting

#writer / #writers

#fantastywriter (that’s for me, you should use #yourgenrewriter)

#writingtips

#author / #aspiringauthor

#writerprobs / #writerproblems

#storyteller

Really, you can use any hashtag that gets the message across that you’re a writer. You can also pick up on hashtag use as you connect with more writers in the community.

3. Follow others in the writing community

Every single day I get on Twitter, Instagram, and Tumblr and I go through the same hashtags listed above and I find writers I think I would get along with. I stalk their profiles and websites and get to know a little bit about them. Then I’ll comment on a few of their things and just connect with them. This is a great way of building your platform base and gaining a following.

4. Join writing events online

A lot of people host daily events for writers, especially on Twitter. These aren’t huge things. More often than not, they’re usually just another writer who posts a theme for the day and you share a piece of your writing based on that and use the appropriate hashtag.

A few that come to mind right away from Twitter are:

#SlapDashSat hosted by @SlapDashSat

#Thurds hosted by @iamfunkhauser

#FriDare hosted by @Micascotti

#SciFiFri hosted by @SciFiPrompt

You can also find free writing events on Twitter by following @writevent. A number of authors also hold writer chats on different days of the week via their Twitters.

Here on Tumblr, there are TONS of “writer tags” you can participate in if you’re tagged. You can even make up your own and tag other writers. Here’s an example of one I invented (that people really hated – in a good way lol). This allows people to market themselves as a writer while also expanding your reach.

5. Share details about your writing

Do this all over the place. Talk about your book. Talk about the world you created. You can even talk about how you got started writing in the first place. So long as everyone within earshot (screenshot?) knows you’re a writer by what you share, it’ll work.

An author who does a great job of this and building hype for her book in general is Jenna Moreci. She hosts an event here on her Tumblr @jennamoreci every Tuesday called TSCTuesday where she answers your questions about her upcoming book, The Savior’s Champion, and people get PUMPED.

In general, you just need to get the word out that you’re writing a book and will publish it someday. You’ll have more success as an author if people know and remember you.

The most important part of being an author – aside from actually writing the book – is knowing how your market your book. You need people to know who you are and that you have a book in the works. It will build interest and excitement, which will lead to more sales when you finally get published!