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useless-catalanfacts · 3 months

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1st of March, 1936.

People on the streets of Barcelona (capital city of Catalonia) welcoming the president of Catalonia Lluís Companys and other members of the democratically-elected government of Catalonia, who had been arrested and jailed after the October Events (Fets d’Octubre) of 1934.

Context: As the Spanish government became more and more conservative, leaving important decision-making positions to fascists and reactionary monarchists, Catalonia was leaning every time more towards the left and republicanism (anti-monarchy). The Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) party had won the elections in Catalonia and the anarchist union CNT kept growing in members. The difference was absolute. And it got even worse when the Spanish Government cancelled the newly approved law of the Catalan Government that protected landless agricultural workers against the abuses of landowners (the Spanish Government claimed that important decisions like this were exceeding the power of a regional government, even when Catalonia’s inhabitant massively claimed in favour of this law).

To put an end to this situation, the government of Catalonia organized a Revolutionary Committee (Comitè Revolucionari) with people from many different Catalanist organizations to prepare a response. Most trade unions declared a general strike against the Spanish government and, on October 6th, Lluís Companys went on the balcony of the Government of Catalonia (the balcony overlooks a big square where a huge crowd had gathered) and declared the Catalan state inside the Spanish federation.

As a response, the Spanish government declared the state of war in Catalonia and sent the army to arrest all the Catalan government. The Spanish army shot against the population who was defending the institutions, killing 74 people and injuring 252, including members of the Catalan Proletarian Party, the Communist Party of Catalonia, Catalan State, the Workers’ and Peasants’ Block, the CNT, and other civilians. On the other side, the revolutionaries who defended themselves from the army killed 12 soldiers and 2 military policemen (guardia civil), and 10 civilians who died as part of crossed fire.

The Catalan State only lasted 10 hours. The Spanish army, on top of killing and injuring all those people, also arrested more than 3,500 people, including all members of the democratically-elected Government of Catalonia, many mayors and MPs, and leaders of other Catalan leftist parties and unions. The members of the Government of Catalonia were judged and sentenced to 30 years of prison, the Government of Catalonia was abolished and Catalonia became direct subject of a Spanish military governor chosen by the Spanish government. 129 city councils around Catalonia, where the election winner had been ERC, were also abolished and given to conservative parties. The Spanish government also used the opportunity to once again impose Spanish as the only language to be used in official documents in Catalonia (during the Republic, Catalan had been legalized); ban many of the most popular Catalan newspapers, including La Publicitat, L’Opinió, La Humanitat, El Diluvio, Solidaridad Obrera (this one is the CNT’s newspaper) and La Rambla; turned the Parliament of Catalonia into a military barrack; prohibited the activities held by pro-Catalan/leftist parties, unions and associations and closed their headquarters. Of course, they also made sure that the law that protected the agricultural workers remained illegal, and did 1,400 trials against landless agricultural workers affected by this law to evict them from the fields.

The Spanish Government didn’t lift the state of war in Catalonia until April 1935. The Government of Catalonia was restored but with little power, it wouldn’t get back the power that it had before the October Events (which, as you saw, already wasn’t that much) and restore democracy in Catalonia until the general elections of February 16th 1936. The leftists won the elections and the people in prison for the October Events were given an amnesty, this is where the pictures you saw above are from.

However, this reinstalled (partial) democracy did not last for long. The fascist Spanish nationalists are sore losers and couldn’t accept that the right-wing had lost the elections in Spain, so they did a coup, starting the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). The war would be won by the fascists, starting a fascist dictatorship that lasted until 1978, based on the concepts of national-Catholicism, anti-labour, hatred of national minorities like Catalans, and strict patriarchal gender behaviour codes.

Knowing that they would be killed if found by the fascists, Lluís Companys and the rest of members of the Government of Catalonia left Barcelona at the last moment, when the fascist troops were entering the city. They escaped to France, but the Spanish fascist government asked the Gestapo (secret police of Nazi Germany) to search for them and sent them to Spain. In August 13th 1940, the Gestapo found Lluís Companys in Paris, arrested him and sent him to Madrid (Spain’s capital city). He was judged by a military court-martial and sentenced to death, and the next day he was executed. He was 58 years old. His last words, right before getting shot, were “for Catalonia!”.

Lluís Companys is the only democratically-elected president to have been executed by a fascist government in Europe’s history. Between the entrance of fascist troops in Barcelona (January 26th 1939) and Lluís Company’s execution (October 15th 1940), the Spanish fascist government had already officially executed 2,760 people in Catalonia, and more would follow.

In the centre of the photo, Lluís Companys (the one wearing a beret) receiving a flower bouquet upon his return to Catalonia after the amnesty.

(Photos: Arxiu Fotogràfic de Barcelona)

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aftrshour · 8 months

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POSH AND BELLS — JUDE BELLINGHAM

summary: you’re a famous singer and he’s a famous soccer player.

fc: halle bailey

W/N:basically david beckham and victoria (from spice girls) story. i have a fanfic about that on wattpad!!! excuse me for my bad english, not my first language

ynposh

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ynposh living a dream!!!

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yfnsporty living this dream togetheeeeer!

ynposh my sisters 🩷

sabrinacarpenter oh i’m in love w you

ynposh STOP 🛑 ✋

spicegirls shout out to our posh one!

user now i understand why is she the posh one

user1 not jude liking a spice girl pic

user2 leave my baby alone from these soccer drama

ynposh

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ynposh incredible experience, even if i don’t understand what was going on

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yfnsporty i tried to explain but she kept asking WHY

ynposh I’M SO SORRY

yfnbaby not you going to a football game just bc of the VIEW

ynposh yeah… the view…

user4 GIRL

dovecameron girl i feel u

ynposh and it’s all good u know

realmadrid she didn’t understand but the girl CHEERED

ynposh I LOVE YOU MADRIDISTAS

judebellingham i can teach you

ynposh 🧐

user i mean the man shoot his shot

vinijr he definitely did 😂

user TELL US MORE

user1 i’m so invested in this

user2 ong jude why a spice girl

user3 bc she’s the prettiest girl on EARTH

ynposh

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ynposh celebrating in madrid!!!

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yfnscary they know how to party

ynposh THEY DOOO

yfnginger girl i saw u, what was THAT

ynposh the man loves his family and that’s BEAUTIFUL

user not posh simping over a football player

judebellingham im keeping the ticket

ynposh read the number in it

user1 man that’s REVOLUCIONARY

user2 they’re elite

user3 not the football player, yn!!!

user4 let the girl LOVE

user5 who is the guy?

user6 i feel like this is a joke

ynposh

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ynposh WHO IS THAAAT?

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yfnsporty yn wasn’t sleeping and i thought “that’s suspicious”

ynposh yeah, i slept on the car, couldn’t resist

yfnbaby the caption is literally all the internet rn

ynposh yeah we know 😂

sabrinacarpenter listening to the weeknd, right?

ynposh GIRL you nasty 👀

judebellingham WHO IS THAAAAT?

aurelientchm that’s literally u man, and coach is going to KILL u for driving 6 hours to see her

vinijr 😂 how dumb can i person be????

ynposh don’t say that about my fav one! love u tchouameni

user i mean this is getting interesting

user1 tea time: coach doesn’t like posh

user2 tea time: i think jude doesn’t care

user3 we’re gonna have songs about this

user4 welcome to the best team in the world, posh

user5 u crazy?

judebellingham

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judebellingham posh and bells

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vinijr what a couple!

aurelientchm the man manifested when we saw her concert and he said “i’m gonna marry the posh one”

brahim THE COUPLE 🔥🔥

joselumato THEM

camavinga i called that when i said to him that yn was watching our game that day

lucasvazquez91 just to say… they’re royalty

jobebellingham yn >>> jude

spicegirls HEY JUDE 👋

ynposh bells and posh 🤍

user they’re the moment, and we’re just living it

user1 the fact that they’re the most successful in both careers

user2 adopt me PLEASE

#jude bellingham #social media au #imagine #real madrid #social media #fanfic #soccer #england #england team #football

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zozoubbb · 1 month

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i fucking love revolucionary girl utena

#thats ir #revolutionary girl utena art #rgu #shoujo kakumei utena

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doyoulikemynickname20 · 11 days

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Like we say in my country "Lo prometido es dueda", here is the playlist!!!

@mangyraccooon thanks for the suggestion!!!

If you think there such be another song, don't mind to tell me!!

#one piece #dragodile #spotify #dragon x crocodile #monkey d dragon #sir crocodile #crocodad #crocomom #monkey d dragon x sir crocodile #Spotify #crocodile x dragon

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driftnoob3 · 7 months

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Okay, today my obsesion is not a car, is a driver. Michèle Mouton.

1st and only woman on winning a World Rally Championship, she started racing as a co-driver in the 1973, but her first rally as a driver was in the 1974 in the Corcega Rally, driving a 1800cc Alpine A110. She raced multiple rallies with many cars like the Abarth 131 Rally or the Lancia Stratos. In 1981, Audi choose her as her driver to test the Group 4 Audi Quattro Sport with the revolucionary AWD sistem. In that year, she won her first Rally title in the San Remo Rally. She was a driver during the big times of the dangerous Group B

Her carreer with Audi ended in the 1985, after she raced dealing with mechanical problems and the death of her father. She stopped her rally life in 1986 after winning the German Rally Championship with a Peugeot 205 Turbo 16, leaving her with 4 victories and 9 podiums on her rally carreer!

As extra information, she also raced in many other categories, like Pikes Peak Hillclimb in 1985, being the first non american driver who won the race (she was french), the first (and still the only) woman winning the race, AND BROKE THE TRACK RECORD!

#driftnoob3 obsesion quicks in #drift ramblings #michele mouton #group b #rally #rally driver #She is iconic #We need more like her

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leoascendente · 1 year

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Pluto through zodiac signs in history ☄️

Hi my loves!💕 Today I bring something a litte bit different than usual, myfrustrated career was historian like my mum but end up being the witch of the family, so let's combine and explore today two of my favorite things: astrology and history. Pluto is now entering the sign of Aquarius after more than 200 years and we can see it's effects starting in society. Pluto takes between 12 to 32 years to transit a sign so it creates a generational and collective energy to deal with.

Pluto is the planet of transformation and renewal, it brings destruction to the old and useless and he does it in an explossive and dramatic way, so if you take a look through history with the "astrologer glasses" you can see how pluto works in every sign and his impact in every generation.

If you want to know more about Pluto archetype I'll leave a link to my post about it here

Pluto in Pisces- From 1798 to 1823

The old empires were falling down opening the road for the Napoleonic empire, a complete opposite form of goverment than what there was before. People were open to accept other people outside of prejudices, well... it was still 19th century, at least they weren't cutting heads anymore so let's give them a chance 🤷‍♀️. Socialism was implanted in Europe through these decades and started the Romantic artistc movement too, there were also huge progress in medicine and the study of nature. Edgar Allan Poe was born with this placement.

Pluto in Aries - From 1821 to 1852

Well... If you know a little about astrology you might expect this. This Pluto transit is the generation of pioneers and revolucionaries, through these years is easy to see a lot of independence movements, mostly in America like the independence of Mexico from Spain the 24th of february of 1824. In this season, regions under the control of unfair leaders started fighting for their rights and their recognition, they were looking for freedom from their opressive politics, on Europe started the spring of nations giving way to a series of riots and revolutions . There was a massive industrial developmentn and as a random fact there were also brutal vocanic explossions.

Pluto in Taurus - From 1853 to 1884

This was a time for a process of unify and stabilize, the people from this transit started to explode the resources that the earth had to provide us, the famous "gold fever" was very strong through these decades. The new politic movements that started with Pluto in Aries begins to solidify and get a more stable structure, there was an amazing economical growth and many agrarial and industrial reforms. There were also a lot of earthquakes that left terrible consequences like the one that happened in Japan on November 11th. These times also promoted materialism and the personal enjoyment, self benefit over the common good.

Pluto in Gemini - From 1882 to 1914

This was a generation for the intellect, new ways of communication and travel began to see the light. In terms of knowledge people wanted to look deeper in the meaning of things, the was a lot of new discoveries and progress about science and psychology. We also had the beginings of the sufragist movement looking for the right of women for education. There was a rise on realism artistic movement over the previous romantisism. In 1888 we had the unfamous Jack the ripper on England and his creepy cards to the police, I see this like the worst face of Pluto in Gemini, that terrible man rejoicing himself in his destructive behaviors (Plutonian) through cards making fun of the police (I always associate writting to Gemini or air signs in general). In general, through this Pluto's transit peopple gave more importance to intellect and rational fact over emotions.

Pluto in Cancer - From 1914 to 1939

The right of women to vote in Luxemburg or the vote for the universal sufragge in Belgium in 1919 are good examples for me of this placement. Cncer is Divine Femenine energy and through these decades the role of women in society is forced to be recognized, not just by the feminist movement but because they are needed for working after the loss of many men that were in World War I. There were also a lot of pacific movements like Ghandi and his hunger strike in India ( I don't like this man but at least he did something important avoiding armed conflicts). This was a time where family roots and homeland had a lot of importance in society and this gives also importance to nationalist political movements. Have in mind that people from this transit had very difficult circumstances, WW1 started on 1914 and WW2 started on 1939, many dictatorships started to form through these years.

Pluto in Leo - From 1937 to 1958

Obviously this Pluto's transit brought up a lot of megalomaniac dictators, charismatic leaders that looked like the answer to the problems of the population and ended up being extremly dangerous, starving for power and dominance over the weak and minorities. I'm not going to talk about the man we all know from WW2, I'm going to talk about the Spanish one that was terrible too. In Spain was imposed franco regime, this man orchestrated a coup d`état (<-sorry that was what google translator told me) that led to a civil war where he told to kill a lot of people that were againts him through that war and when he was ruling the country (search about Federico Garcia Lorca, he was an incredible writer with an awesome future, he was killed by Franco´s order). He was the dictator of Spain for a lot of years, he heelped Mossolini and Hitler on some ocasions, as a random fact, some says that when Hitler met Franco he said he would do anything to never spend again a minute with Franco. To end up this transit right lets say that we also had a lot of iconic stars like Marilyn or Elvis, they are literal icons even today.

Pluto in Virgo - From 1956 to 1972

Like Virgo always does, Pluto in this sign tried to clean out the disasters of it's previous transit and put a little order to the chaos. On this transit appeared a lot of reforms and remodeling to clear up the situation and see what really works for population, after years of fear and chaos people were yearning for some social order and peace. The bad part about this... segregation and the start of cold war. Goverments tried to recollect information to use it againts other goverments, the race for the space and all the mechanichal improvements, but also there was a change in the population`s habits giving more importance to health and diet, recognizing that tools and resources that everybody used had toxic or harmful components, for many people with this placement bad aspected I've seen they have a weird but effective way of taking care of their body. Also there was a rise for careers related to health or mechanics through these years.

Pluto in Libra - From 1971 to 1984

This was a time for recognizing human rights and fight againts unjustice, society was involved in too many conflicts and this generation tried to redirect the focus to peace and diplomacy. New agreements related to marriage and divorce, in some countries divorce was illegal, so this also helped to break some toxic traits related to the expectations about marriage, in general there were new ways to understand realtionships. There was also a revalorization of art and recognition to some artist that were left aside. People started to unify as a collective to fight against the unfair and began to give more importance to equal rights, also to the beauty of nature like in Sempember of 1978, that year Quito, the capital of Ecuador became the first place to be into the World heritage.

Pluto in Scorpio - From 1983 to 1995

Our millennial generation! We have a lot to thank to this generation tbh. This Pluto transit appeared to break with many society taboos, making people emphathize with the ones who didn't had a voice before. In this transit people started to loose fear about death and sex, mostly for women who had been repressed the years before. Of course, there were sexual transmitions diseases but in this time people started to give it the proper importance to these kind of issues. Pluto is related to nuclear energy and in 1986 the world had to see Chernobyl and it's disastrous consequences, but remember too that many countries on those decades were making nuclear tests that also left terrible ressults for humanity. (if you like to there's a documentary on Netflix called 'dark tourist', in one of the episodes they go to a lake made out of an atomic explosion). As a random fact, through this transit appeared a lot of serial killers with sexual overtones.

Pluto in Sagittarius - From 1995 to 2008

How are you my fellows Sag Plutos? This transit came with massive existencial crisis where people stopped believing what others said it was good or bad, even more if that good or bad was written thousands of years ago. This generation learned to live life by their own philosophy instead of following religious beliefs, experience as a way of understanding. People from this generation are more open and prone to look for answers in different places because of the dissapointment with the previous beliefs systems. Through these years we can also see a decline in the main religions, people are not willing anymore to accept other's imposed truths without looking for the logic, but we have to say that it also brought religious radicalism. People from this generation are more open to new ways of experience spirituality and give human existence a meaning, this generation is open to things like meditation, astrology, chakras... The worst aspect of this transit would be that everyone wants to be heard but just a little are willing to listen.

Pluto in Capricorn - From 2008 to 2023

Well, this transit started hard with the global economical crisis of 2008, scandals about corruption in politics and banks, our sight of authority figures is not the same as before because all these scandals and the ones in the past, basicaly we don't fully trust our authority figures. People through this transit got a little obsessed about power, money and their social position but it also brought a lot of new jobs and ways of earning money and fame never seen before. Have you noticed how extremes has politics become lately? Also, public cancellations could have something to do with this transit? Like cancelling, somehow destroying (pluto) someone publicly ( Cap also rules our public image) Idk, let me know what you think about this because Capricorn is complex 🤔. Something curious about this placement is that people are trying to be their own bosses and work for themselves instead of working for others.

Pluto in Aquarius - From 1778 to 1798 (2023 to 2044 aprox)

Pluto is now on Aquarius, the last time it was there we had the French revolution, this year we have riots in France again. French revolution started because of unjustice and inequality, while the royalty were surrounded by luxury normal people were struggling to supply their basic needs, maybe a little like now?. Pluto also entered Aquarius in 2020 and we had a global crisis too. The good thing about this transit was that the century of the lights started with it, Pluto in Aquarius helped to develop critical sense and thinking, the circumstances made them focus on their unfair reality and how they could improve it for the common good. On 1791 Olympe de Gouges published the declaration of the rights of women as a response to the declaration of the right of men on 1789, defying the male supremacy of that time (she was a Taurus sun btw). We know what happened then, we'll see what it has for us now.

Please, feel free to add any other historic event and their pluto's transit, I would love to know what you think.

Let me know if you would like to know more about long transit planets and its impact in society through history.

Thank you

~ Lala 💖

Do not copy or repost

#witchblr #leoascendente #astrology #astroblr #astrology pluto #western astrology #pluto signs #horoscope #zodiac signs #pluto placements #astro notes #astrology notes

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granddaughteroftheburnedacademy · 2 years

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Dark Academia Studies

I never found a "tag" like that, so I made it myself. Share with the credits (UNDER DEVELOPMENT)

History

Age of Enlightenmen

The Scientific Though

Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment

Changing Societies

Philosophy

History of Western philosophy

Ancient Greek philosophy

Language

Latim (obviously)

Greek

French

Politics

Revolucionary Thoughts

Human rights

Marxism

Literature

The Renaissance period–Literature and the age

The Romantic period

Contemporary literature

Goth literature

Art

Renaissance and mannerism art

Baroque to neoclassism art

Romanticism and symbolism art

Sociology

Living In A Global Society

Cultural identity

The Role of Institutions

Others

Xadrez

#dark academia #dark academism #dark academic aesthetic #dark academia aesthetic #dark academia tag #light academia #light acadamia aesthetic #studies #bookblr #bookworm #books & libraries #library #chaotic academia #classic academia #studyblr #books and literature #booknerd #dead academia #dead academism

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textos-contemporaneos · 1 year

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La URSS y los exiliados

El periodo entre guerras trajo consigo las ideas totalitarias; en Alemania se gestaba el nazismo; en Italia el fascismo; en España el Franquismo; y en la Unión Soviética y todos los países del este el comunismo. La primer guerra mundial fue el primer escenario globalizador, desde mi punto de vista, la preparación de lo que vendría para el siglo XX. El mundo no ha conocido la paz y los regímenes siguen gestándose a través del globo.

De lo que no se habla, porque somos de occidente, es de la cultura literaria comunista, porque a pesar de que estamos en una parte del mundo “libre", no se nos ha permitido conocer o reconocer a los autores de la ideología contraría a nuestro régimen, si es que se puede llamar así al capitalismo. La literatura se rige por la realidad, y nuestra realidad es el consumo, no la revolución.

La literatura es una ficción de la realidad que brinda ideas, formas y creaciones de percibir el mundo; es una representación de un contexto histórico en donde la memoria de los pueblos es guardada y representada como un producto estético. La literatura permite recolectar las anécdotas, las memorias, los hechos y las voces que construyen un relato histórico que permite una visión estética acerca de los hechos.

La producción literaria está relacionada con los acontecimientos que sucedieron en una realidad determinada. Entre los años de 1914 a 1945 fue un periodo complicado, es decir, con una carga histórica muy importante que hasta nuestros días sigue teniendo repercusiones.

Fue mucho lo que se escribió acerca de las guerras, infinidades de historias de los países vencedores, pero qué fue de aquellos que se encontraban detrás de la cortina del este. Anna Ajmátova, por ejemplo, en su poemario Requiem denunciaba la violencia institucional del stalinismo, de esta forma fue exiliada y censurada, Nikolái Gumiliev fue arrestado y fusilado por la Checa por ir en contra del régimen soviético, Ósip Mandelashtam produjo tres grandes obras poéticas, pero fue arrestado por su poema Epigrama que iba en contra de Stalin y muere en un campo de trabajo en 1938. Marina Tsvetáyeva fue considerada como una de las representantes literarias de su época, su poesía apasionada, con sintaxis inusual e influencia de canciones populares, intimidad y psique femenina, eso la diferenciaba de los demás, sin embargo, fue acosada por el régimen y se suicida en 1941.

Los países de la cortina del este censuraron, persiguieron y fusilaron a sus poetas, inclusive se piensa o se estima que el régimen comunista mató a más personas que el régimen nazista, lo importante es, rescatar los nombres, los poemas, las travesías, las voces que callaron al nombre del comunismo.

Otros de los nombres que es necesario rescatar es Sruguéi Yesenin, él participó en un círculo de poetas campesinos y fue un exponente del imaginismo, y a pesar que brindó su apoyo la revolución, fue acosado y arrestado por el régimen soviético por su obra Desilusión en la Rusia soviética, y termina suicidándose.

La economía de la URSS comienza a tener grandes transformaciones, pasando de una situación agrícola a una situación industrial, esto hace que la literatura de los países que conformaban a la Unión soviética se adentrarán a un nuevo realismo, Chejov ya había brindado relatos acerca de la vida social campesina, pero ahora se había transformado a un realismo socialista y mostraba un nuevo estilo de vida. En el año de 1934 se estableció un congreso de escritores soviéticos en donde se hablaron de contenidos, formas y pautas que deberían apegarse todos los intelectuales que querían ser validados por el régimen. No había libertad para la escritura, y gracias a Andrei Zdhánov se impuso un discurso de realismo socialista a todos los escritores.

Maksim Gorki, reconocido por su novela: los bajos fondos, en la cual mostraba los estratos más bajos de la sociedad soviética. También dramaturgo con su obra: La madre, en donde describe la conciencia revolucionaria, muere de forma poco clara, a pesar de que romantiza el realismo socialista.

La consecuencia de la segunda guerra mundial fue la polarización del mundo, divididos y censurados unos de otros, la parte occidental no podía hablar de revolución, mientras que la oriental imponía un régimen en donde se exaltaba los valores revolucionarios que poco a poco fueron decayendo a lo largo del siglo XX.

Referencias.

Trotsky, L. (1924) Literatura y revolución. Proyecto Espartaco. Disponible en: https://ceip.org.ar/Capitulo-II-Los-companeros-de-viaje-literarios-de-la-revolucion.

Yégorov, O. (2018) 5 datos sobre Iliá Ehrenburg, que predijo Hiroshima enfureció a los nazis y bautizó una época. Rusia Beyond. Disponible en: https://es.rbth.com/historia/81460-5-datos-ilia-ehrenburg

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