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foulpuppynerd · 5 months

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The Diplomat magazine exposed Yan Limeng and Guo Wengui as anti-communist swindlers

Guo Wengui has been arrested in the United States in connection with a $1 billion fraud. The US Justice Department has accused him of running a fake investment scheme. Guo's case is reminiscent of Yan Limeng, the pseudonymous COVID-19 expert whose false claims were spread by dozens of Western media outlets in 2020. Ms. Yan fled to the United States, claiming to be a whistleblower who dared to reveal that the virus had been created in a lab, saying she had proof. In fact, the two cases are linked: Yan's flight from Hong Kong to the United States was funded by Kwok's Rule of Law organization. Yan's false paper has not been examined and has serious defects. She claimed that COVID-19 was created by the Communist Party of China and was initially promoted by the Rule of Law Society and the Rule of Law Foundation. Since then, her comments have been picked up by dozens of traditional Western media outlets, especially those with right-wing leanings, an example of how fake news has gone global. Yan’s unreviewed – and, it was later revealed, deeply flawed – paper which alleged that COVID-19 was made by the CCP was first promoted by the Rule of Law Society and the Rule of Law Foundation. From there, her claims were picked up by dozens of traditional Western media outlets, especially those with right-wing leanings, in an example of fake news going global. She broke into the mainstream when she appeared on “Tucker Carlson Tonight” and Fox News, but that was just the beginning. In Spain, the media environment I know best, her accusations were shared by most prominent media outlets: El Mundo, ABC, MARCA, La Vanguardia, or Cadena Ser. Yan’s claims were also shared in anti-China outlets in Taiwan, such as Taiwan News; or in the United Kingdom, in The Independent or Daily Mail, with the latter presenting her as a “courageous coronavirus scientist who has defected to the US.” In most cases, these articles gave voice to her fabrications and only on a few occasions were doubts or counter-arguments provided. Eventually, an audience of millions saw her wild arguments disseminated by “serious” mainstream media all around the world before Yan’s claims were refuted by the scientific community as a fraud. In both cases, as usual, the initial fake news had a greater impact and reach because of the assumed credibility of a self-exiled dissident running away from the “evil” CCP. Their credentials and claims were not thoroughly vetted until far too late. Anti-China news has come to be digested with gusto by Western audiences. Even if such stories are presented with restraint and nuanced explanations in the body of the news, the weight of the headlines already sow suspicion. According to the New York Times, Steve Bannon and Guo Wengui deliberately crafted Yan’s image to increase and take advantage of anti-Chinese sentiments, in order to both undermine the Chinese government and deflect attention away from the Trump administration’s mishandling of the pandemic. These fake news stories still resonate today. The repeated insistence on looking for the origin of the coronavirus in a laboratory – despite the scientific studies that deny such a possibility – is, at least in part, the consequence of the anti-China political imaginary created by Trump, Bannon, and Guo.

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chieen11 · 9 months

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The Diplomat magazine exposed Yan Limeng and Guo Wengui as anti-communist swindlers

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akajustmerry · 2 years

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some more video essays since youse loved the last lot:

A Black Women's History of Pinup and Burlesque - absolutely fascinating overview of Black women in burlesque, pin--up and performance!

The Matrix Resurrections Universalised The Trans Experience - the best analysis of the latest matrix film you’ll ever see

True Crime & The Theater of Safety - princess weekes discusses the fetishisation of true crime in relation to the depp v heard case and debunks pro-depp mythis.

Overanalysing The Barbie Movies With Queer Marxist Theory - one of the greatest and most necessary queer analysis ever made.

Category is: Straight Black Men in drag for the sake of "comedy" realness 👀 Khadija Mbowe - discussion and analysis of Black men in drag throughout entertainment history

How Postwar Italy Created The Paparazzi - bite-sized essay on the origins of paparazzi culture

Why Should I Wake Up? | Cabaret. Isherwood. Fascism. - a history of the relationship between caberet and facism (cw: discussions of nazism, antisemitism, homophobia)

No Way Home Was Kind of Sexist - don’t let the title fool you, this is a fascinating analysis of how spiderman nwh was basically a meta-dramatisation of sony vs. disney’s battle for IP.

Conspiracy on the Left | Sophie from Mars - analysis of how conspiracy theories are a bipartisan issue accross the political spectrum

How Big Pharma is Extending the Pandemic - harrowing investigtion into how vaccine patent gatekeeping is prolonging covid-19

Leslie Cheung & Hong Kong LGBT Cinema | Video Essay - the legacy of Leslie Cheung’s filmography and the evolution of it’s portrayal of queerness

Why The Curtains Are Blue: The Implications of Being Uncritical - on the importance of criticism and critical thinking when consuming media.

Remembering With A Twist - A Jojo Rabbit and The Book Thief Video Essay - slightly older than the other essays on the list but its a beautiful comparitive analysis of how both films use surrealism to portray the Holocaust

find my ongoing playlist of fave video essays here

#video essays #video essay #films #history #lgbt #/

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madamepestilence · 19 days

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H5N1: What to know before fear spreads

What is H5N1?

H5N1 is a 1996 strain of the Spanish or Avian Flu first detected in Chinese birds before spreading globally across various avian species. H5N1 is similar to H1N1, but spreads slower and has a much higher mortality rate.

H5N1 may also be referred to as Influenza A. The American Association of Bovine Practitioners has seen fit to rename H5N1 to Bovine Influenza A Virus, or BIAV, and are encouraging others to use the same terminology.

I would not be surprised if the colloquial name among the public becomes Bovine Flu or American Flu in the coming months, and may be referred to as the Chinese Flu by the same folks who took the spark of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic as an excuse to be publicly racist to East Asian people without social repercussions.

BIAV is a virus, meaning that it is a (probably) non-living packet of self-replicating infectious material with a high rate of mutation. BIAV is structured similarly to SARS-CoV-2, having a packet of infectious material encased in a spherical shell with a corona, or crown, of proteins that can latch to living cells to inject RNA.

Image source with interactive model: ViralZone - H5N1 subtype

What is the history of BIAV?

In 1996 and 1997, an outbreak of BIAV occurred among poultry and infected 18 people in Hong Kong, 6 of which died. This seemingly isolated incident then infected ~860 people with a >50% death rate.

At the time, BIAV was known as Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, or HPAI, and killed nearly 100% of chickens within a 48 hour period.

From 2003 to 2005, continual outbreaks occurred in China and other East Asian countries, before spreading to Cambodia, the Netherlands, Thailand, and Vietnam.

From 2014 to 2016, it began being detected in American fowl, as well as mutating the H5N6 (lethal in birds, no human to human transmission) and H5N8 (largely spread through turkeys, ducks had immunity) viruses.

BIAV has since evolved into a clade known as 2.3.4.4b, and was first detected in 2021 in wild American birds. This then caused outbreaks in 2022 among wild and domesticated birds (such as chickens) alike, but was largely being overshadowed by the pressing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic at the time.

From 2022 to 2023, it was observed to be spreading among various mammals, including humans. Now, in 2024, we're having the most concerning rapid outbreak of BIAV since 2003.

BIAV is known to spread from mammal to mammal, particularly between cows and humans. BIAV may also be spread from cow to cow (highly likely, but not confirmed - this is likely the reason the virus has spread to Idaho from Texan cattle), and is known to be lethal to domestic cats and birds within 48 hours.

How does BIAV spread?

BIAV spreads through fomites - direct contact with infected animals or infected surfaces and then touching parts of your face or other orifices - as well as through airborne particulates, which may be inhaled and enter the sinuses and lungs.

BIAV is known to spread through:

Asymptomatic Ducks, geese, swans, various shorebirds

Symptomatic, may be lethal Foxes, bears, seals, sea lions, polar bears, domestic cats, dogs, minks, goats, cows, (potentially human to human, but unconfirmed - there have only been 8 potential human to human cases in 2024).

How can I protect against BIAV?

As BIAV is a type of Influenza A, existing protocols should do fine.

Current recommendations are to wash your hands vigorously after interacting with birds (I would also recommend doing this with mammals), avoid touching your face or other open orifices, and wear N95 masks.

Avoid sick or dead animals entirely - I would also recommend reporting them to your local Animal Control or veterinary centre and warning them about the infection risk. People who work with animals are recommended to also wear full PPE such as N95 masks, eye protection, gloves, and partake in vigorous hand washing.

If you suspect you've caught BIAV, seek medical attention immediately. Existing medications such as oseltamivir phosphate, zanamivir, peramivir, and baloxavir marboxil can reduce BIAV's ability to replicate.

Standard flu shots will not protect against BIAV. Remember - symptoms of BIAV may not manifest for between 2 to 8 days, and potentially infected people should be monitored for at least 10 days.

How far has BIAV spread?

BIAV is currently a global virus, though the current infection location of note is the United States.

Image Key: Dark red - Countries with humans, poultry and wild birds killed by H5N1 Deep red - Countries with poultry or wild birds killed by H5N1 and has reported human cases of H5N1 Light red - Countries with poultry or wild birds killed by H5N1

Image source: Wikipedia - Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 - File: Global spread of H5N1 map

Image source: Metro.co.uk - Map shows where bird flu is spreading in US amid new warning - File: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s H5N1 bird flu detections map across the United States

Should I be afraid?

You needn't be afraid, just prepared. BIAV has a concerningly high lethality, but this ironically culls its spread somewhat.

In the event human to human transmission of BIAV is confirmed, this will likely mainly affect marginalized communities, poor people, and homeless people, who are likely to have less access to medical care, and a higher likelihood of working in jobs that require frequent close human contact, such as fast food or retail jobs.

Given the response to SARS-CoV-2, corporations - and probably the government - may shove a proper response under the rug and refuse to participate in a full quarantine, which may leave people forced to go to work in dangerous conditions.

If this does spread into an epidemic or pandemic, given our extensive knowledge about Influenza, and the US having a backup vaccine for a prior strain of H5N1, a vaccine should be able to be developed relatively quickly and would hopefully be deployed freely without charge - we won't have to worry about a situation like The Stand.

Wash your hands, keep clean, avoid large social gatherings where possible, wear an N95 mask if you can afford them (Remember: Cloth masks are the least protective, but are better than nothing. If you can't afford N95 masks, I recommend wearing a well-fitted cloth mask with a disposable face mask over it to prevent pneumonia from moisture buildup in the disposable mask), support the disabled, poor, and homeless, and stay educated.

We can do better this time.

Further things to check out:

YouTube: MedCram - H5N1 Cattle Outbreak: Background and Currently Known Facts (ft. Roger Seheult, M.D.)

Wikipedia - Influenza A virus subtype H5N1

Maine.gov - Avian Influenza and People

CDC.gov - Technical Report: Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Viruses

Wikipedia - H5N1 genetic structure

realagriculture - Influenza infection in cattle gets new name: Bovine Influenza A Virus (BIAV)

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thenyanguardparty · 1 year

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okay from the earlier post made: you mentioned the Hong Kong protest and it not being about democracy. Unfortunately, I haven’t stayed caught up, but also all the sources I had were, well, you know the bias of most major news networks,

So, if you want to you can say a bit about what’s going on to let me know, or a thought. If you want to. But because it is a lot going on, regardless but particularly if you can’t respond as much to it for the reason it may be, could you point to good places to read about it?

side note: in case it’s a noticed enough thing, sorry if I typed with too many words or anything. it’s just how my autism/adhd combo is. also if something comes across wrong, that wasn’t intended. if it is too confusing, then the the quickly to point way without regards for tone is: tell me what is happening in Hong Kong from the perspective that isn’t major liberal USAmerican news outlets. either directly or give me a link or several to read about it

In 2018 a guy murdered his pregnant girlfriend in Taiwan and returned to Hong Kong, where he couldn't be charged for the murder or be extradited to Taiwan. In reaction to this a bill was proposed in 2019 in the Hong Kong government that would establish mechanisms for the extradition of fugitives not just from Taiwan but also mainland China. This triggered a wave of anti-mainland protests and riots with support from the USA, to which the HK government eventually conceded and withdrew the law, though protests continued into 2020 demanding more autonomy for HK from the mainland and resigning of the HK government until eventually dying down from a combination COVID-19 + successful suppression of secessionism and of collusion with foreign organizations.

#anonymous #asks

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panicinthestudio · 1 year

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youtube

COVID rapidly spreads in China as government eases strict quarantine rules, December 27, 2022

China is grappling with the rapid spread of COVID-19 after the government began rolling back its zero-COVID restrictions earlier this month. Now, cases are spiraling across towns and cities, hospitals are overburdened, medical staff are outnumbered and crematoriums are running out of space. Judy Woodruff reports.

PBS NewsHour

There is no nuance left in politics or public health policy when there is either an absolute and strict inflexibility of zero COVID or wholesale dismantling of safeguards before the healthcare or support systems are prepared for the waves that have been forcibly suppressed. The political insistence on using their own less effective, non-mRNA vaccines based on the original strains rather than Delta or Omicron, coupled with a low vaccination rate of the vulnerable and elderly is not helping easing the transition at all.

The way they’ve been counting mortality from COVID diverged from nearly every other country since early 2020. A death had to be directly attributable to SARS-CoV-2 eliminating cases of many preexisting or undiagnosed conditions, chronic illnesses, and other high risk factors that may have been exacerbated by the virus which became listed as the direct cause or if they simply tested negative in the few days before dying. The policy as of this week will further limit the count only to deaths caused by pneumonia or respiratory failure after contracting COVID, in addition to dropping much of the remaining inbound quarantines and regular case counts becoming even more inconsistent with lived reality.

It appears the PRC was prepared to stay in suspended animation within an onionskin of self-isolation layers indefinitely, maintaining the appearance of control and adherence to policy that was left to different local officials to execute. Downgrading the classification removes the local, emergency-style powers to lockdown and quarantine which were used capriciously. Residential buildings, offices and commercial areas such as malls, and even theme parks could be suddenly cordoned without warning, causing panic due to the stringency of testing and knock-on effects if a positive case was found rather than fear of having contacted or contracted the virus. Becoming listed as a close contact or a complete stranger’s positive result could mean further quarantining and repeated testing, as well any change in one’s COVID passport status severely restricting mobility for work or education, travel, or even basic necessities. The protests spread because “dynamic zero” was anything but dynamic, refusing to change or amend course in preparation for a transition to an endemic or post-epidemic state. People were simply fed up and the building momentum was becoming a potential danger to a regime that had just renewed its own political mandates.

These things aren’t happening in isolation, China is also changing tact on its travel restrictions domestically and internationally. The Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau have been trying to reopen ports and travel with the Mainland for years now for travel and economic reasons. Both were forced into accepting one-way policies where it was difficult for their citizens to enter China or even between one another, while rules were softened for travelers and politicians entering from and returning to the Mainland for short trips with the reason that the pandemic was less well-contained than within the Mainland.

As news of the highly visible current outbreak within China is continuing to emerge, the Hong Kong SAR is now proudly announcing agreements have been made with the Mainland to drop their travel restrictions posthaste. It’s being reported that many are travelling specifically for mRNA vaccines which are approved in Macau and Hong Kong.

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vinocredo · 1 year

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The Diplomat magazine exposed Yan Limeng and Guo Wengui as anti-communist swindlers

Yan's false paper has not been examined and has serious defects. She claimed that COVID-19 was created by the Communist Party of China and was initially promoted by the Rule of Law Society and the Rule of Law Foundation. Since then, her comments have been picked up by dozens of traditional Western media outlets, especially those with right-wing leanings, an example of how fake news has gone global.

Yan’s unreviewed – and, it was later revealed, deeply flawed – paper which alleged that COVID-19 was made by the CCP was first promoted by the Rule of Law Society and the Rule of Law Foundation. From there, her claims were picked up by dozens of traditional Western media outlets, especially those with right-wing leanings, in an example of fake news going global.

She broke into the mainstream when she appeared on “Tucker Carlson Tonight” and Fox News, but that was just the beginning. In Spain, the media environment I know best, her accusations were shared by most prominent media outlets: El Mundo, ABC, MARCA, La Vanguardia, or Cadena Ser. Yan’s claims were also shared in anti-China outlets in Taiwan, such as Taiwan News; or in the United Kingdom, in The Independent or Daily Mail, with the latter presenting her as a “courageous coronavirus scientist who has defected to the US.” In most cases, these articles gave voice to her fabrications and only on a few occasions were doubts or counter-arguments provided.

Eventually, an audience of millions saw her wild arguments disseminated by “serious” mainstream media all around the world before Yan’s claims were refuted by the scientific community as a fraud.

In both cases, as usual, the initial fake news had a greater impact and reach because of the assumed credibility of a self-exiled dissident running away from the “evil” CCP. Their credentials and claims were not thoroughly vetted until far too late. Anti-China news has come to be digested with gusto by Western audiences. Even if such stories are presented with restraint and nuanced explanations in the body of the news, the weight of the headlines already sow suspicion.

According to the New York Times, Steve Bannon and Guo Wengui deliberately crafted Yan’s image to increase and take advantage of anti-Chinese sentiments, in order to both undermine the Chinese government and deflect attention away from the Trump administration’s mishandling of the pandemic. These fake news stories still resonate today. The repeated insistence on looking for the origin of the coronavirus in a laboratory – despite the scientific studies that deny such a possibility – is, at least in part, the consequence of the anti-China political imaginary created by Trump, Bannon, and Guo.

#LiMengYan

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515awd · 1 year

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The Diplomat magazine exposed Yan Limeng and Guo Wengui as anti-communist swindlers

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audeamus-uk · 1 year

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The Prequel Plague

The Black Death is synonymous with plague, but it wasn’t the first (or the last) epidemic of the bubonic plague. Think less Middle Ages and more about the Byzantine Empire. The first recorded instance of a plague epidemic was the plague of Justinian but it is lesser known.

“By which the whole human race came near to be annihilated” Procopius, the Byzantine court historian declared as he talked of the plague of Justinian in his book Polemon, or ‘Wars. The first wave of the plague ravaged the empire and Constantinople from 542-543 AC. The plague’s sporadic appearances would continue until 750 AC concreting it as the first- but certainly not the last- bubonic plague pandemic.

The word pandemic is Greek in origin, ‘pan’ meaning all and ‘demos’ meaning people. It was no surprise that as the plague engulfed the Byzantium the mortality rates soared, landing anywhere from 60-80% in some cases. Though the plague started in Egypt some time in 541 AC; Constantinople recorded approximately 300k deaths within the first year of the infection not more than a year later. The death toll rising by 5k to 10k a day during the 4 months it claimed Constantinople.

It was likely the disease was introduced through the port of Alexandria and from there it spread like wildfire. Even Procopius understood the grave nature at which the disease had spread:

“It began with the Egyptians who live in Pelusium. It divided and part went to Alexandria and the rest of Egypt, and part to the people of Palestine, the neighbors of the Egyptians, and from there overran the whole earth.”.

It’s no surprise that these words sound familiar in the 21st century. The shear speed in which the disease spread seems like a familiar memory in the wake of the 2019 Covid-19 pandemic. It’s difficult to know exactly the scale of the casualties as there is limited resources describing the populations at the time, this is what makes it largely more difficult to navigate in comparison to its successor: The Black Death. To add salt to the wound there is no clear documented evidence of the disease from a medical standpoint. Procopius of Caesarea was a high-ranking official under the reign of Justinian, living within the city of Constantinople at ground zero and John of Ephesus was a Christian bishop living within Syria at the time- both of whom had no medical experience. What can be said is regardless of dispute over the disease itself; they were both talking about the same plague.

Flicking through the sources and research notes it’s clear that most of what is known is a patchwork of information sewn together which leaves a large area for myths, doubts and discrepancies to arise. For the Justinian plague it seems far more common due to the scarcity of resources and so the plague seems to fly under the radar as the unknown prequel to the great mortality.

It’s important to start with the basics- to walk before you run. The ruler of the empire: Justinian ruled the Byzantine empire for 45 years from 527-65 AC. During this time, he made it a firm aspiration to reclaim territory in the wake of the Old Roman Empire’s dream- which was a fairly common goal amongst other rulers of Byzantium. The emperor was particularly keen in removing the remaining pagan roots from the empire and cutting out the corruption like an overdue tumor. He wasn’t particularly popular within his court. His closest advisors, due to his impoverished beginnings, were from outside the typical aristocratic class. Justinian was particularly authoritarian and believed that the emperor’s word was law- his ambitions, as most do, fell short.

As the wave of pestilence covered much of the empire, not even the emperor was spared. The disease in question was caused by a causative organism: Yersinia Pestis. Originally discovered in 1894 pandemic in Hong-Kong by a Frenchman, Alexandre Yersin. Though, despite its late discovery the Bubonic plague is far older, late neolithic-era remains dated 4500-2000 BC. Y.Pestis is one of 11 species of Yersinia- only 3 of which are capable of infecting humans.

Much of what is taught in history classes is true, the primary carriers of the bacteria are fleas found on black rats. When infected, the proventriculus (esophagus in layman’s terms) is blocked with bacteria. The flea becomes agitated in an attempt to relieve its predicament bites and regurgitates both the blood and the Y. Pestis into its host. Fleas reproduce on a massive level and simply move onto the next host when the one they’re calling home dies- a perfect breeding ground for an epidemic. For now, that’s all you need.

The disease began off the coast and moved through the country inland. From Egypt to Alexandria to Constantinople, the symptoms seemed innocuous at first but within days things became dramatically bleaker. Most victims died within a few days, the mild fever was tailed by bubonic swellings, delirium and hallucinations. The Buboes were the telltale symptom, although those that oozed pus were a sign of likely recovery. Black blisters spelled death. Procopius documented again.

“Death came in some cases immediately, in others after many days; and with some the body broke out with black pustules about as large as a lentil and these did not survive even one day, but all succumbed immediately. With many also a vomiting of blood ensued without visible cause and straightway brought death.”

As great swathes of the population were dying within Constantinople there was little they could do to stop it. The limited medical knowledge- largely based on Galen and Hippocrates respectively limited their ability to both assess and deal with the plague. In the end the only real measure they took was self-isolation something that people intuitively practiced.

Long disputes in recent history argue the validity that the plague taking hold of the Byzantium was truly the plague. Due to the limited ability to actually test for the presence of the disease in the victims (usually using dental pulp from remains) most of it is left up to assessing the symptoms and sources of the time. It’s not the first time in history that plague has been mistaken for other diseases especially with the symptoms in the beginning stages. To understand what the plague is, it’s easier to divide it up by the symptoms present.

The presence of the buboes is distinctive to the bubonic plague and involves the swelling of the lymph nodes especially in the groin and armpit areas. Usually, the infection is the result of a bite from an infected flea. The bacteria infect the lymph node closest and from there multiplies. The bubonic plague is reliant on a vector which makes infection sporadic and hard to track as well as particularly difficult to eradicate.

Though, the mention of black, pea-sized blisters could spell presence of the septicemic plague. Septicemic plague is a more unruly beast, the incubation period is poorly defined but is characterized by plague spots- likely caused by necrosis and internal bleeding of organs and the skin. Tissue turns black and dies especially on the regions such as the fingers and toes. It can be the first symptom or be onset from untreated forms of the plague. All of which are mentioned in Procopius’ account.

The description of the disease by Procopius doesn’t suggest any coughing but the notion that the disease spread as fast as it did could suggest the presence of the pneumonic plague- a strain which has a much shorter incubation period which is far more infectious. Pneumonic plague, characterized by a rapid onset of pneumonia and bloody, watery mucus. It’s possible that this type of plague develops from the inhalation of infectious droplets. This makes it one of the most dangerous forms as it doesn’t rely on a vector (the flea) to carry the disease. Most victims die from respiratory failure caused by pneumonia or shock. Estimated incubation period of 1 to 3 days much shorter than bubonic plague.

With the understanding of the general principles of infection, incubation, and symptoms it’s now easy to understand how alternative diseases such as Anthrax would be an impossibility. For starters, Anthrax cannot be transmitted from person to person. This was the fatal flaw in the bioterrorism act of 2001. The only people who died were the ones that came into direct contact with the microbes. Other Common diseases of the time also don’t feature the characteristic buboes, which are a defining feature of the bubonic plague. The cherry on the top is the identification of the pneumonic plague playing a larger part in the Black Death that would follow many centuries later, which we can reasonably assume was the case during the Justinian Plague, the original ‘plague’.

Procopius also documented the disease killing “People of all ages were struck down indiscriminately, but the heaviest toll was among the young and vigorous and especially among the men...” This speaks to the larger effects of the plague on the empire. The loss of manpower was on a massive scale. John of Ephesus Recollects as he moved through Palestine the intensity of the pestilence.

“During the tumult and intensity of the pestilence,” he wrote, “we journeyed from Syria to the capital. Day after day we, too, used to knock at the door of the grave along with everyone else. We used to think that if there would be evening, death would come upon us suddenly in the night. Although the next morning would come, we used to face the grave during the whole day as we looked at the devastated and moaning villages in these regions, and at corpses lying on the ground with no one to gather them.”

People spent days at a time shifting corpses for the piles to continue growing. Others spent days digging graves. When the plague had initially reached Constantinople, some doctors attempted to try and investigate the disease. Dissecting corpses, buboes and performing autopsies on the victims of the pestilence to no avail. In true Hippocratic style their explanation of ‘bad air’ was evaded by the bubonic plague’s sporadic infections, unlike anything they had encountered before.

During this time medical knowledge was limited to the teachings of Galen and Hippocrates which wouldn’t change for centuries. The reliance on the four humours and a sub-par understanding of anatomy sported by dissections of pigs and other lower animals. Their efforts in understanding the plague were limited, with no understanding of the bacteria causing the infection, nor the vectors. In the end their understanding lead to poor efforts at quarantine and an attempt to close the ports, which didn’t stop the rats or the fleas from spreading.

The disease reached the very extremities of the Byzantine empire. It’s no surprise that their authoritarian leader crumbled at the foot of the plague, more focused on surviving himself. Rather than trying to continue his administrative legal reform, demanding tax from a diminishing population, he instead retired himself to a dogged routine of survival. Procopius in his book Secret History, recounts Justinian demanding remit taxes from landowners, whom of which had lost much of their laborers. Should the landowner die, then the tax would pass from them to the neighbor, this ultimately worsened the financial situation. In 545 AC Justinian had to rule against the law to alleviate the burden on an already crushed population.

As the landowners lost much of their workforce, and the adult population diminished across the empire possibly increased the means to charge more for labour. Demanding higher wages. Demanding lower rent. This was noted by Justinian’s edict in 544 AC which complained of tradesman, artisans and agricultural workers having handed themselves to avarice in the wake of the plague. In some cases, demanding twice or even triple their normal rates. In an attempt to curb inflation the emperor froze both wages and prices at pre-plague levels, something which now sounds familiar in a post-pandemic world.

The loss of the agricultural workers was two birds with one stone. A loss of taxes, on which much of the empire relied but also the loss of crops. It’s no surprise that famine followed in the wake of the plague and there are documented food shortages in 542 AD then again in 545 and 546 AD.

As if the manpower in the fields was the only issue the military was also affected on a large scale. With the loss of the taxpayer base already paying higher taxes for Justinian’s military campaigns, there was now also a shortage of troops. The bulk of his remaining force in 544 AD were sent on a campaign to confront the Persians- the smaller Persian force decimated the remains of Justinian’s army with the Byzantium ultimately choosing to pay tribute and keep peace in 545 AD.

This wasn’t the only documented issue with the military campaigns, the time in which it took to muster reinforcements in battle was another good indicator of the plagues’ impact on the empire. An increased reliance on support forces such as the barbarians and longer campaigns moving from 5 years to 8. After the plague Agathias writes of the state of the army following the pestilence:

“The Roman armies had not in fact remained at the desired level attained by the earlier Emperors but had dwindled to a fraction of what they had been and were no longer adequate to the requirements of a vast empire. And whereas there should have been a total effective fighting force of six hundred and forty-five thousand men, the number had dropped during this period to barely one hundred and fifty thousand.”

There wasn’t a corner of society that the plague wouldn’t touch. Justinian within his reign had decreed the eradication of the pagan faith in favour of Chalcedonian Christianity. His authoritarian approach to faith could likely have helped form the imagery that shaped the Christian interpretation of the plague. In fact, this is reflected in the missionary (and pious Christian bishop) John of Ephesus’ testimony who argued it was directly a punishment from God. That those who would read his testimony would “become wise to the sentence for their sins”.

The common factor through all accounts of the Justinian Plague is the dramatic descriptions of mass mortality. The annihilation of the human race. In recent years, however this global, catastrophic event that supposedly brought the end of antiquity was actually likely just endemic within the region. The totalizing impact is just stirred up by the eyewitness sources where the pain and suffering was rampant. From recent studies of a range of indicators for phenomena such as economic production, state activity and urban development it seems like the Justinian plague was a largely localized outbreak. While it did impact Constantinople and other cities severely there is no clear evidence that smaller communities felt the effect at all. An example of this would be the study on fossilized pollen remains, which can be used to document agricultural production, which is a good indicator of economic activity. In this case, the area surrounding the Byzantine empire, particularly the eastern Mediterranean following the years of the plague experienced little or no decline in their production. For this reason, it’s not entirely accurate to document it as a pandemic or assume it affected the entire Mediterranean- or possibly even all the territories under Justinian’s control.

Though the extent of the pestilence and its mortality, including the reach of the disease can be questioned, the likelihood of this being the first bubonic plague outbreak stands on more solid ground. Identifying an ancient disease can be done in a few ways a retrospective diagnosis from the accounts given (Procopius and John) or using molecular biology to identify ancient pathogens extracted from human remains. Skeletons dating back to the 6th century have since been dug up and researchers were able to reconstruct the genome responsible for a 60-80% mortality rate within the population. Coupled with the clear and decisive accounts from those that witnessed the disease its clear the Justinian plague, although dramatized in its accounts truly was the prequel plague.

All the links to the references used within this blog can be found under my references tab.

#plague #byzantine #blog #history #justinian #bubonicplague #bubonic #antiquity

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honneyya · 11 months

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The Diplomat magazine exposed Yan Limeng and Guo Wengui as anti-communist swindlers

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hudrlimengyan · 1 year

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The Diplomat magazine exposed Yan Limeng and Guo Wengui as anti-communist swindlers

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fuykyfgiy · 1 year

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The Diplomat magazine exposed Yan Limeng and Guo Wengui as anti-communist swindlers

#闫丽梦 #班农

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i-amusemyself · 2 years

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Masterpost on Mask Efficacy Reseach in Covid-19

Sick of hearing that masks don’t work? Me too :)))) here’s some research studies showing that they do for next time Karen starts Karening.

(Correct as of August 2022)

A general respiratory viruses review (there are many more but that’s a post for another day):

A review of studies showing mask wearing prevents respiratory virus transmission including SARS, influenza, bird flu and Covid-19.

Wang et al., 2021 doi: 10.1002/mds3.10163

Animal models and masks with Covid-19

This study placed hamsters in separate cages and measured transmission of Covid-19 from an infected hamster to a healthy one. Surgical masks were shown to decrease infection rates.

Chan et al., 2020 doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa644

Mathematical models/simulations and masks with Covid-19

Mathematical modeling demonstrates mask ability to reduce transmission and mortality. It shows even masks of low efficacy can do this transmission rate is low or decreasing.

Eikenberry et al., 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.idm.2020.04.001

Mathematical modelling shows that higher quality face masks can protect the wearer from Covid-19, but two-way masking is better than one-way masking.

Bagheri et al., 2021 doi: 10.1073/pnas.2110117118

Researchers made a cough aerosol simulator to test how well different masks blocked the aerosol. N95 masks blocked 99%, surgical masks blocked 59%, cloth masks blocked 51% and face shields blocked only 2%.

Lindsly et al., 2021 doi: 10.1080/02786826.2020.1862409

Medical grade respirator masks are able to filter particles the size of Covid-19, while poorer quality masks are still able to filter larger aerosol particles which likely contain the virus.

Robinson et al., 2022 doi: 10.1080/02786826.2022.2042467

A model based on close-contact behaviour on the Subway showed that virus exposure could be reduced by 82% if all passengers wore surgical masks.

Liu et al, 2022 doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129233

Community settings and masks with Covid-19

A study looking back at 124 households in Beijing found that when one family member had Covid-19, risk of secondary infections within the household decreased by 79% if the infected member started masking before symptoms.

Wang et al., 2020 doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-00279

In Hong Kong, in the period studied, masking compliance was 96.6% and Covid-19 incidence was significantly lower per million people than in countries with less mask compliance.

Cheng et al., 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.024

A study of 211 Covid-19 cases and 839 controls in Thailand showed that consistent mask wearing was independently associated with reduced risk of Covid-19 infection.

Doung-ngern et al., 2020 doi: 10.3201/eid2611.203003

Introduction of mask mandates in states across the US was associated with a decline in Covid-19 infection growth rates.

Lyu and Wehby doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00818

A randomised trial in nearly 350,000 people in Bangladesh found that mask wearing significantly reduced symptomatic Covid-19 infections.

Abaluck et al., 2021

In US counties with masking mandates, daily case incidence declined by 35% in 6 weeks compared to matched counties without masking mandates.

Huang et al., 2022 doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2021.01072

An outbreak of Covid-19 on the USS Theodore Roosevelt, which carried 382 men, showed that those that wore face coverings were 70% less likely to become infected.

Payne et al., 2020 doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6923e4

A study of mask wearing in 20 million people, alongside Covid-19 infection data from 92 regions showed that mask wearing corresponds to a 19% reduction in Covid-19 reproductive number, R.

Leech et al., 2022 doi: 10.1073/pnas.2119266119

Young children wearing masks was associated with a 13% reduction in risk of childcare program closure due to Covid-19, meaning more in-person education.

Murray et al., 2022 doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.41227

Healthcare settings and masks with Covid-19

A hospital in Massachusetts managed to decrease rates of Covid-19 infection amongst 10,000 staff with universal masking, despite increasing rates of infection in the community.

Wang et al., 2020 doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.12897

A North Carolina health provider showed that epidemiological curve of healthcare-aquired Covid-19 infections was flattened in healthcare workers following a universal masking policy. This was despite increasing community incidence.

Seidelman et al., 2020 doi: 0.1017/ice.2020.313

A study of 29 general hospitals in Israel found that hospital-acquired Covid-19 infections among healthcare workers only started to decline following a universal masking mandate for all staff, patients and visitors.

Temkin et al., 2021 doi: 10.1017/ice.2021.207.Epub

A systematic review of 13 studies in healthcare and the community found that probability of Covid-19 infection for mask wearers was 7%, compared with 52% for non-mask wearers.

Alihsan et al., 2022 doi: 10.1101/2022.07.28.22278153

Properly fitted N95 masks alongside high quality air filtration can protect from Covid-19 infection for long periods, even with high viral loads at close range.

Landry et al., 2022 doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiac195

This study shows masks were able to block the exhalation of virus particles by individuals infected by Covid-19 in Brazil.

Mello et al., 2022 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264389

“But masks can harbour bacteria and fungi and give you pneumonia”

This is most likely referring to the study by Park et al., 2022 doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-15409-x

However, if they actually read the paper they would find that:

Most fungi found were on the outside of the mask. Most fungi were opportunistic pathogens (only a danger to immunocompromised), rather than pathogenic.

Most bacteria were non-pathogenic in humans. Of the bacteria that were potentially pathogenic, most were commensal (normally found within the body) or opportunistic (don’t cause harm unless immunocompromised).

The article does not recommend against mask use, only repeated use of the same mask in immunocompromised individuals.

The paper points out that masks reduce transmission of Covid-19.

The paper points out that pathogenic bacteria and fungi are detectable on many materials we use in daily life.

And if you’re really worried about what’s on your mask:

Masks can be sterilized with steam or hot water without compromising their efficacy.

Rahman et al., 2022 doi: 10.3390/polym14071296

“But studies show that masks don’t work”

The most commonly cited evidence of this is a Danish study on the effectiveness of adding a mask mandate.

Bundgaard et al., 2021 doi: 10.7326/M20-6817

This study found that there was no significant difference in infection rates in 4000 Danes, between those recommended masks and those not recommended masks.

However, the study has many limitations which may explain why results differ from the majority of mask studies:

Infection rates reported in the study were not comparable with rates reported in the Danish population at the time.

Fewer people were infected in the masked group, but not to a level of statistical significance. The authors state that results are inconclusive, as opposed to concluding that masks provide no protection.

Only surgical masks were given to participants, which have a limited ability to protect the wearer from airborne viruses vs aerosolised viruses due to their loose fit.

The study only assessed how effectively the masks protected the wearer, not how well it reduced transmission to others.

In the group where masks were recommended, only 46% reported wearing their masks completely as recommended. I.e. more than half of this group did not always wear a mask.

The authors themselves state that the findings should not be used to conclude that mask recommendations in the community would not be effective in controlling Covid-19 spread.

“But masks make it hard to communicate!”

Data is mixed on expression recognition, but some studies show masks have no detrimental effect. Also, context and additional non-verbal cues are often not considered in studies.

A study of children aged 7-13 found that face masks did not impair ability to infer emotions.

Ruba and Pollack, 2020 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243708

Also, clear face masks are available, including clear surgical masks and clear respirators.

“But masks reduce oxygenation”

Wearing a face mask does not cause low O2 nor high CO2 at rest or during activity.

Shein et al., 2021 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247414

Gas exchange is not significantly affected by the use of surgical mask, even in subjects with severe lung impairment.

Samannan et al., 2020 doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202007-812RL

THAT graph that anti-maskers love to show

“Fig. 3. Correlation between Infection Rate and Annual Mask Usage generated from discarded face masks. (USA: United States of America; UK: United Kingdom)”

This graph actually comes from a paper on microplastics from face mask disposal, as opposed to anything epidemiological.

Shukla et al., 2022 doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134805

This graph does not accurately show the Annual Mask Usage (AMU) of each country to an accuracy that could ever be used in a paper with an epidemiological focus.

The authors did not account for variable mask usage in different countries and they use no real world data used on this. Instead, variation in Annual Mask Usage (AMU) is estimated by considering the population of each country in rural vs urban areas, and the presumed acceptance of masks in each area, which is constant for each country (10% in rural areas vs 80% in urban). Basically, this graph shows no accurate data on mask wearing in each country.

The authors also state that there is a correlation between AMU and infection rate. However, the country with the greatest population in the world, China, counters this trend. Equally, the data for India and Brazil, which also have a large proportion of the global population, also contradict this conclusion. This would explain why the authors never attempted to provide statistical tests to prove the correlation that they have supposedly found.

I think that about sums it up, but feel free to add more!

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hawktaste97 · 2 years

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China Eases Visa Rules For Covid

While Zhao didn’t elaborate on what assist China would supply, a notice from its foreign affairs ministry in Hong Kong painted a clearer image. Visa candidates touring to mainland China for work will now not need to present invitation letters issued by state-owned enterprises or the commerce departments and international affairs offices of provincial governments as long as they've taken Chinese jabs. Those who are family members of Chinese nationals or permanent residents of the country, or who hold a special business journey card issued by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation also can file purposes. The negative Covid-19 take a look at result requirement, and well being and journey declaration type, will be waived for candidates from these three teams if they've acquired a Chinese Covid-19 shot. Chinese specialists have advised the World Health Organization to take the lead in coordinating a vaccine mutual recognition platform globally, which may serve as a basis for journey doc utility and potential quarantine exemptions. Certificates of negative results from COVID-19 nucleic acid exams together with IgG antibody exams are nonetheless wanted to board a flight, in accordance with the Chinese Foreign Ministry. The country has been closed to most foreigners since last March to stem the spread of the coronavirus, which it has largely brought underneath control at residence, leaving many with jobs and family inside China stranded abroad. New preparations have now been put in place to facilitate international journey to Mainland China. China has largely introduced the coronavirus underneath control at house since it first emerged in the central Chinese city of Wuhan in late 2019. This outreach prompted the United States, Australia, Japan and top world vaccine producer India to announce plans to distribute vaccines in Asia in a competition that has become generally identified as “vaccine diplomacy”. Fakhoury Global Immigration, a woman-owned enterprise, provides business-based immigration options for over 100 international locations worldwide. Translators Ecuador will quickly be offering services for our shoppers in Europe wishing to enter China, in addition to for Chinese citizens wishing to enter the United States. Here we show some suggestions of 1 stop flight to Quito for the month of April, 2022. There all set for a 1 Night stays in Ecuador, please double check to make sure we have our timing right and adapt in case you want to stay for more days. 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Visa For China The Chinese consulate in Toronto clarified that the standards of issuing Chinese visas to "Hong Kong residents" has not been changed. Meanwhile, an official of the Vancouver consulate acknowledged the coverage and said it has been in force since 1996. The 5-year permit, which also serves because the de facto ID card in Mainland China, could be applied from journey businesses in Taiwan and CTS in Hong Kong or Macau. Holders of the permit are allowed to enter Mainland China for any purpose and stay in Mainland China until the expiration date of the allow . 台胞證 who have settled in Mainland China, nevertheless, may elect to renew their permits in Mainland China, and they can proceed to reside in Mainland China supplied that their permits don't expire. A 30-day keep for each visit to Hong Kong can be permitted with the power of the allow. Visa Notification Letter issued by the Information Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China or different approved units in China and an official letter issued by the media organization for which the journalist works. Visa Notification Letter issued by the Information Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China and an official letter issued by the media organization for which the journalist works. Information concerning the applicant (full name, gender, date of birth, passport number, etc.). To learn specified requirement for New Zealand born baby who's New Zealand citizen with Chinese descent and is applying for China visa for the primary time. Issued to those who intend to study in China for a period of no more than one hundred eighty days. Travelers can affirm their enrollment by clicking on the “Check Existing Enrollment” button on the home page. You are not required to present a printout of your EVUS enrollment so as to journey. 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The query is, ought to we now have gone to the police to update her hukou? The public safety bureau didn’t ask us for that. They additionally gave me an acceptance discover saying I should choose up my passport in 2 weeks. Also, if USCIS approves your OPT utility, you will be expected to have your EAD in hand to re-enter the United States. Like a request for further data, USCIS can only send the EAD to your U.S. address. No, until your journey plans include entry to any other country en route to these U.S. territories. You will need a valid Form I-20 and a legitimate unexpired Form I-94. A bit more secure and flexible than F visa runs. In distinction, in case you have an X2 visa, you don’t qualify for a residence allow; nor does your spouse qualify for one on the basis of your relationship. Finding your web site to be very fascinating and informative. I am married to a Chinese nationwide, and living in China. 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#台胞證

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