wait i think actually madeline miller's circe is the heir to margaret atwood's penelopiad, unintentionally, in the way it thematizes the impossibility of real solidarity among women.
bc it's such a major part of the penelopiad how penelope creates what she thinks is a real community, a sort of family, with these young women in her household only be to reminded and continue to reinforce that they are slaves over whom she (among others) holds the power of life and death. and penelope ultimately does not or cannot hold a lasting grudge against odysseus on their behalf. she aligns herself, or circumstances force her to align herself, with odysseus instead of with other women whose positions are even more dangerous than hers. the world they live in does not allow solidarity between women across lines of class and enslavement, and penelope is also complicit in maintaining that world and her place in it.
and then the thing i found so frustrating about circe was that at every turn miller forecloses the possibility of real connections between women-- but the thing in this world that prevents that is just, like, jealousy over men. and totally needlessly. the other nymphs are prettier. glaucus loves scylla and not circe. her mom never liked her. hermes doesn't really think she's hot. athena is a rival for odysseus' attention. and the book doesn't do anything with this, it's not due to structural power imbalances or a society built on enslavement or even how patriarchy pits women against each other (circe lives alone on an island outside of society that could be another writer's lesbian separatist utopia!), it's just that circe doesn't like other women and they don't like her. end of story.
much as i don't love what atwood does with helen, it does make sense in the context of the penelopiad! thematically and in terms of characterization. atwood's penelope has internalized this idea of what it means to be a good woman and, willingly or not, she's staked everything on being seen by men as a good woman. it makes sense that she's desperately trying to pull herself up or even just cling to what little she has by dragging other women down. she does to helen what she ultimately does to the maids. she's with and for odysseus, always, not helen, and not the maids. that's the kind of world she lives in, and while she likes to think that she's resisting it with a sort of radical female community, in the end she is its agent. even if she feels bad about it. she's here to tell a story about odysseus, not about the girls he killed.
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This chapter hits harder when I realized what the assault attempt of the brides to Jonathan meant if we take his expressed love, safety, and comfort for the feminine.
Jonathan has been expressing how the mere idea of being in a room in which a lady was writing letters gives him a sense of calm. He looks up to the fictional heroines of his novels to give him strenght, and ideas in order to survive Dracula's façade. Jonathan comforts himself in the memory of Mina, and his love for her. He even goes out of his way to disobey the Count, and sleep in the unlocked room, why?
Because Jonathan feels safe in the ladies' chamber. He has the themes of a gothic heroine, so Jonathan is comforted when he is sure that he is surrounded by the soft, and protective femininity, instead of being within the grasp of Dracula's aggresive masculinity.
"I determined not to return to-night to the gloom-haunted rooms, but to sleep here, where, of old, ladies had sat and sung and lived sweet lives whilst their gentle breasts were sad for their menfolk away in the midst of remorseless wars."
"I want to get away from the Count, and this ladies' room is unlocked. It's old yet beautiful because women have lived and loved here. So, if I stay here, hidden, with the memories, and ghosts of these ladies as company I feel safe, and away from that man."
And then, the brides appear in front of him. Jonathan recalls the incident on his journal with fear, and rage, yet there is a point of his writing prose in which he stops his fear, and instead feels... Sad.
The brides appear, and the first thing that Jonathan calls them is ladies. The strong adjectives that he used with Dracula are gone to give room to a softer tone to describe their appearances. How Jonathan admits that he felt attracted to them, with shame since he feels he is betraying Mina. The way Jonathan immediately starts to use words like "repulsive" and "animal" when he realizes that the brides are going to do what Dracula has been implying for a long time.
How Jonathan passed out of horror when he realized that the brides were going to kill a child.
The femininity that Jonathan loved, and felt comfort in is now tainted by the monsterhood of the brides. He realized that not all women are going to be soft, and give protection to the unprotected, how these vampire ladies would have killed him if not for the Count arriving. If Jonathan can't go to the brides, and their femininity for safety, then the Count and his masculinity is the only thing that is keeping him safe.
"As I look round this room, although it has been to me so full of fear, it is now a sort of sanctuary, for nothing can be more dreadful than those awful women, who were—who are—waiting to suck my blood."
Jonathan is now alone, without anything to comfort him, and the Count has him exactly where he wanted him to be.
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How dare feminists center women’s struggles and define male oppression from the root lol. Feminists too smol brained to understand dialectical materialism. Feminism is a device of division that should be stopped. Feminism is . . . uh . . . racist. Feminists don’t understand women’s liberation or class struggle. Even the Marxist feminists are just uh . . . revisionists because Marx and Engels were already pure and perfect feminists with pure and perfect analysis
Women whining about their oppression is dividing the proletariat. Women don’t deserve their own political party that centers them lmao? There’s uh, working class struggles we all have to fix first! Then women will be free! If we were all just commies and marxists and people just understood that capitalism and imperialism (male-created) were abolished, men would be nicer and normal to women and women’s issues would evaporate! Because that’s worked so well before! Obvi!
feminists women are so stupid and don’t understand anything
feminism has done nothing for actual people men
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