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The Kingdom of Kongo and Palo Mayombe: Reflections on an African-American Religion

Abstract

Historical scholarship on Afro-Cuban religions has long recognized that one of its salient characteristics is the union of African (Yoruba) gods with Catholic Saints. But in so doing, it has usually considered the Cuban Catholic church as the source of the saints and the syncretism to be the result of the worshippers hiding worship of the gods behind the saints. This article argues that the source of the saints was more likely to be from Catholics from the Kingdom of Kongo which had been Catholic for 300 years and had made its own form of Christianity in the interim.

Acknowledgements

Research funding for this project was supplied by Boston University Faculty Research Fund and the Hutchins Center of Harvard University. Earlier versions were presented at the Hutchins Center, and the keynote address at ‘Kongo Across the Waters’ in Gainesville, FL. Thanks to Linda Heywood, Matthew Childs, Manuel Barcia, Jane Landers, Carmen Barcia, Jorge Felipe Gonzalez, Thiago Sapede, Marial Iglesias Utset, Aisha Fisher, Dell Hamilton, Grete Viddal and Kyrah Daniels for readings, comments, questions and source material.

[1] Robert Farris Thompson, Flash of the Spirit: African and Afro-American Art and Philosophy (New York: Random House, 1983), pp. 17–8; see also Face of the Gods: Art and Altars of Africa and African America (New York: Prestel, 1993). For Cuba in particular, see David H. Brown, Santería Enthroned: Art, Ritual and Innovation in an Afro-Cuban Religion (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2003), p. 34 (with ample references to earlier visions).

[2] Georges Balandier, Daily Life in the Kingdom of the Kongo (New York: Allen and Unwin, 1968 [French Version, Paris, 1965]) and James Sweet, Recreating Africa: Culture, Kinship and Religion in the African-Portuguese World, 1441–1770 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003).

[3] Ann Hilton, The Kingdom of Kongo (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), for the role of the Capuchins in discovering problems with Kongo's Christianity. John Thornton, ‘The Kingdom of Kongo and the Counter-Reformation’, Social Sciences and Missions 26 (2013): 40–58 contextualizes their role and their problems with Kongo's Christianity.

[4] Adrian Hastings, The Church in Africa, 1450–1950 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994); this position is often implicit in the many histories written by clerical historians such as Jean Cuvelier, Louis Jadin, François Bontinck, Teobaldo Filesi, Carlo Toso and Graziano Saccardo, whose work has presented modern editions of the classical work of the Capuchin missionaries, commentaries and at times regional histories, such as Saccardo, Congo e Angola con la storia del missionari Capuccini, Vol. 3 (Venice: Curia Provinciale dei Cappuccini, 1982–1983). For both a position of dependence on missionaries and a recognition of local education, Louis Jadin, ‘Les survivances chrétiennes au Congo au XIXe siècle’, Études d'histoire africaine 1 (1970): 137–85.

[5] It is not mentioned at all in his seminal work, Thompson, Flash of the Spirit in the nearly 100-page section dealing with Kongo and its influence in Vodou, nor in Face of the Gods.

[6] Erwan Dianteill, ‘Kongo à Cuba: Transformations d'une religion africaine', Archives de Sciences Sociales de Religion 117 (2002): 59–80.

[7] Todd Ochoa, Society of the Dead: Quita Manaquita and Palo Praise in Cuba (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010), pp. 8–10. Wyatt MacGaffey's work, especially Religion and Society in Central Africa: The BaKongo of Lower Zaire (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1986) is a favorite.

[8] Thiago Sapede, Muana Congo, Muana Nzambi a Mpungu: Poder e Catolicismo no reino do Congo pós-restauração (1769–1795) (São Paulo: Alameda, 2014) is the first book length study of Christianity in the later period of Kongo's history.

[9] John Thornton, ‘Afro-Christian Syncretism in the Kingdom of Kongo', Journal of African History 54 (2013): 53–77.

[10] Thornton, ‘Afro-Christian Syncretism'.

[11] Sapede, Muana Congo, pp. 248–57.

[12] Thornton, ‘Afro-Christian Syncretism', for the details of the struggle, but a perspective that sees the Capuchin mission as central to Kongo Christianity, see Saccardo, Congo e Angola.

[13] John Thornton, The Kongolese Saint Anthony: D Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).

[14] Rafael Castello de Vide, ‘Viagem ao Congo’, Academia das Cienças de Lisboa, MS Vermelho 396, pp. 32–4, 183–5 (transcription by Arlindo Carreira, 2007 at http://www.arlindo-correia.com/161007.html) which marks the pagination of the original MS.

[15] Castello de Vide, ‘Viagem ao Congo', pp. 110–4.

[16] Raimondo da Dicomano, ‘Informazione' (1798), pp. 1–2. The text exists in both the Italian original and a Portuguese translation made at the same time. For an edition of both, see the transcription of Arlindo Carreira, 2010 (http://www.arlindo-correia.com/121208.html).

[17] ‘Il Stato in cui si trova il Regno di Congo', September 22, 1820, in Teobaldo Filesi, ‘L'epilogo della ‘Missio Antiqua’ dei cappuccini nel regno de Congo (1800–1835)’, Euntes Docete 23 (1970), pp. 433–4.

[18] Among the first was Domingos Pereira da Silva Sardinha in 1854, who, according to King Henrique II of Kongo, had performed his duties of administering the sacraments with ‘all the necessary prudence', Henrique II to Vicar General of Angola, December 14, 1855, Boletim Oficial de Angola, 540 (1856).

[19] Biblioteca d'Ajuda, Lisbon, Códice 54/XIII/32 n° 9, Francisco de Salles Gusmão to the King, October 27, 1856.

[20] Castello de Vide, ‘Viagem ao Congo’, pp. 110–4.

[21] da Dicomano, ‘Informazione', pp. 1–7 (of manuscript).

[22] Castello de Vide, ‘Viagem', pp. 39, 69, 276.

[23] Castello de Vide, ‘Viagen', p. 217 (thanks to Thiago Sapede for this reference).

[24] Castello de Vide, ‘Viagem’, pp. 32–4, 1835.

[25] For a thorough study of these religious artefacts and their meaning, see Cécile Fromont, The Art of Conversion: Christian Visual Culture in the Kingdom of Kongo (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014).

[26] Castello de Vide, ‘Viagem', p. 78.

[27] APF Congo 5, fols. 298–298v (Rosario dal Parco) ‘Informazione 1760' A French translation is found in Louis Jadin, ‘Aperçu de la situation du Congo, et rite d’élection des rois en 1775, d'après le P. Cherubino da Savona, missionaire de 1759 à 1774', Bulletin de l'Institut Historique Belge de Rome 35 (1963): 347–419 (marking foliation of original MS).

[28] Castello de Vide, ‘Viagem', pp. 180–4.

[29] Castello de Vide, ‘Viagem', p. 53.

[30] Castello de Vide, ‘Viagem', pp. 63–4; see also 87 for another noble as Captain of Church; 136 crowds at Mapinda.

[31] da Dicomano, ‘Informazione', pp. 1–7.

[32] Castello de Vide, ‘Viagem', p. 196.

[33] Bernard Clist et alia, ‘The Elusive Archeology of Kongo Urbanism, the Case of Kindoki, Mbanza Nsundi (Lower Congo, DRC)’, African Archaeological Review 32 (2014) 369–412 and Charlotte Verhaeghe, ‘Funeraire rituelen en het Kongo Konigrijk: De betekenis van de schelp- en glaskralen en de begraafplaats van Kindoki, Mbanza Nsundi, Neder-Kongo' (MA thesis, University of Ghent, 2014), pp. 44–50.

[34] ‘Il Stato in cui si trova il Regno di Congo', September 22, 1820, in Filesi, ‘Epilogo’, pp. 433–4.

[35] ‘O Congo em 1845: Roteiro da viagem ao Reino de Congo por Major A. J. Castro … ’, Boletim de Sociedade de Geographia de Lisboa II series, 2 (1880), pp. 53–67. The orthographic irregularity reflects the actual pronunciation of these terms in the São Salvador region (the Sansala dialect).

[36] Alfredo de Sarmento, Os sertões d'Africa (Apontamentos do viagem) (Lisbon: Artur da Silva, 1880), p. 49 and Adolf Bastian, Ein Besuch in San Salvador: Der Hauptstadt des Königreichs Congo (Bremen: Heinrich Strack, 1859), pp. 61–2.

[37] Castello de Vide, ‘Viagem', pp. 102–3 and da Firenze, ‘Relazione', pp. 420–1.

[38] Castello de Vide, ‘Viagem', p. 137.

[39] Castello de Vide, ‘Viagem', pp. 180–4.

[40] da Dicomano, ‘Informazione', pp. 1–7.

[41] Castello de Vide, ‘Viagem', pp. 32–4; da Dicomano, ‘Informazione', pp. 1–7; Zanobio Maria da Firenze, ‘Relazione della Stato in cui si trovassi autalmente il Regno di Congo … 1814’, July 10, 1816, in Filesi, ‘Epilogo’, pp. 420–1.

[42] Archivio ‘De Propaganda Fide' (Rome) Acta 1758, ff 213–9, no. 16, Relazione di Rosario dal Parco, July 31, 1758. These large numbers were not simply priests catching up on people who had not been baptized for a long time, as personnel staffing and statistics are found from 1752 onward; but the priests did not cover the whole country every year, so many priests would baptize babies all under age two or three.

[43] Castello de Vide, ‘Viagem', pp. 63–4; see also 87 for another noble as Captain of Church; 136 crowds at Mapinda.

[44] da Dicomano, ‘Informazione', pp. 1–7.

[45] da Firenze, ‘Relazione', pp. 420–1.

[46] ‘Il Stato in cui si trova il Regno di Congo', September 22, 1820, in Filesi, ‘Epilogo’, pp. 433–4.

[47] Francisco das Necessidades, Report, March 15, 1845, in Arquivo do Archibispado de Angola, Correspondência de Congo, 1845–1892, cited in François Bontinck, ‘Notes complimentaire sur Dom Nicolau Agua Rosada e Sardonia’, African Historical Studies 2 (1969): 105, n. 6. Unfortunately, no researchers have been allowed to work in this section of the archive for many years and so the actual text is not available.

[48] Report of November 13, 1856 in António Brásio, ‘Monumenta Missionalia Africana’, Portugal em Africa 50 (1952), pp. 114–7.

[49] Biblioteca d'Ajuda, Lisbon 54/XIII/32 n° 9, Francisco de Salles Gusmão to the King, de Outubro de 27, 1856.

[50] Da Cruz, entry of October 8 and 25 on the problems of baptizing people.

[51] da Dicomano, ‘Informazione', is the first to describe this process; for more detail see Bastian, Besuch.

[52] David Eltis, An Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade.

[53] For a recent discussion of names and nomenclature, see Jésus Guanche, Africanía y etnicidad en Cuba (los componentes étnicos africanos y sus múltiples demoninaciones (Havana: Editoria de Ciencias Sociales, 2008). As we shall see, a number of other subdivisions also derived from the kingdom like the Musolongos, Batas and others.

[54] John Thornton, Africa and Africans in the Formation of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), for Cuba in particular, Matt Childs, ‘Recreating African Identities in Cuba', in The Black Urban Atlantic in the Era of the Slave Trade, eds. Jorge Cañizares-Esquerra, Matt Childs, and James Sidbury (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013), pp. 85–100.

[55] Robert Jameson, Letters from Havana in the Year 1820 … (London: John Miller, 1821), pp. 20–2 (from letter II).

[56] Fernando Ortiz, Hampa Afro-Cubana. Los Negros Brujos (Havana: Liberia de F. Fé, 1906), pp. 81–5; and further developed in ‘Los Cabildos Afrocubanos', in Ensayos Etnograficos, eds. Miguel Barnet and Angel Fernández (Havana: Editoriales Sociales, 1984 [originally published 1921]), pp. 12–34; for a more recent statement based on more research, Matt Childs, The 1812 Aponte Rebellion and the Struggle Against Atlantic Slavery (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), pp. 209–45 and María del Carmen Barcia Zequeira, Andrés Rodríguez Reyes, and Milagros Niebla Delgado, Del cabildo de “nación” a la casa de santo (Havana: Fundación Fernando Ortiz, 2012).

[57] For example, the now famous community of Pindar del Rio, see Natalia Bolívar Arostegui, Ta Makuende Yaya y las Reglas de Palo Monte: Mayombe, brillumba, kimbisa, shamalongo (Havana: Ediciones UNION, 1998).

[58] Childs, Aponte Rebellion, pp. 209–12; Jane Landers, ‘Catholic Conspirators: Religious Rebels in Nineteenth Century Cuba', Slavery and Abolition 36 (2015): 495–520.

[59] Brown, Santería Enthroned, pp. 62–112; María del Carmen Barcia, Los ilustres apellidos: Negros en la Habana colonial (Havana: Oficina del Historiador de la Ciudad, 2008), pp. 45–151; Barcia, Rodríguez Reyes, and Niebla Delgado, Del Cabildo which carefully demolishes the earlier theses of Fernando Ortiz and others that the cabildos grew out of the brotherhoods.

[60] This group must have split or been replaced by another, for a property dispute in the Congos Loangos relates to their foundation in 1776, Archivo Nacional de Cuba (ANC) Escribanía Valerio-Ramirez (VR) legajo 698, no. 10.205.

[61] Barcia, Iustres Apellidos, pp. 45–151.

[62] Barcia, Ilustres Apellidos.

[63] del Carmen Barcia Zequeira, Rodríguez Reyes, and Niebla Delgado, Del cabildo, pp. 12–9.

[64] Fernando Ortiz, ‘Los Cabildos Afrocubanos', in Ensayos Etnograficos, eds. Miguel Barnet and Angel Fernández (Havana: Ediciones Ciencas Sociales, 1984 [originally published 1921]), p. 13, citing documents in El Curioso Americano, 1899, p. 73.

[65] Proclama que en un cabildo de negros congos de la ciudad de La Habana, prononció por su Presidente Rey Siliman Mofundi Siliman … (Havana: np, 1808); for the claim of superiority, drawn from an ambiguous statement that he was ‘more black that you others’, see Brown, Santería Enthroned, pp. 25–7 and 311, footnotes 4 and 6. For political context, see Ada Ferrer, Freedom's Mirror: Cuba and Haiti in the Age of Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), pp. 247–9.

[66] Fredrika Bremer, Hemmen i den Nya Världen, 2nd ed., Vol. 3 (Stockholm: Tidens forläg, 1854), p. 142 (English translation as The Homes of the New World: Impressions of America, Vol. 2 (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1853), p. 322) Her host's name is given in the original and obscured in the translation as ‘C—'.

[67] Bremer, Hemmen, Vol. 3, pp. 146–8 (Homes Vol. 2, pp. 325–8).

[68] Henri Dumont, Antropologia y patologia comparadas de los Negros escalvos, 1876, trans. Israel Castellanos (Havana: Molina, 1922), p. 38.

[69] Bremer, Hemmen, Vol. 3, pp. 172–4 (Homes Vol. 2, pp. 348–9).

[70] Bremer, Hemmen, Vol. 3, p. 213 (Homes Vol. 2, p. 383).

[71] Esteban Pichardo, Diccionario provincial de voces Cubanas (Matanzas: Imprenta de la Real Marina, 1836), p. 72. Musundi may refer to Kongo's northern province of Nsundi, though the match is not exact since the nasal ‘n' is not incorporated into it, musundi might also mean ‘excellent', as the Virgin Mary was called ‘Musundi Madia' in the Kongo catechism meaning exactly this.

[72] It is possible that Bremer attended the dance of another Cabildo of Congos Reales, who were in the process of declaring their insolvency in 1851, ANC Escrabanía Joaquin Trujillo (JT) leg 84, no. 12, 1851; for a 1867 dispute, see the property case involving them in ANC VR leg. 393, no. 5875; other mentions of cabildos of this name including the group from 1865–1871 in Carmen Barcia, Ilustres apellidos, p. 408. For the 1880s mentions, see Archivio Historico de la Provincia de Matanzas (henceforward AHPM), Religiones Africanas, leg 1, no. 30, July 7, 1882; no. 65, January 9, 1898 and no. 31, July 31, 1886.

[73] Fondo Fernando Ortiz, Institute de Linguistica y Literatura, Havana, 5.

[74] ANC Escibanía d'Daumas (ED) leg 917, no. 6. (foliation uncertain, very deteriorated document).

[75] António de Oliveira de Cadornega, História das guerras angolanas (1680–81 ), eds. Matias de Delgado and da Cunha, Vol. 3 (Lisbon: Agência Geral do Ultramar, 1940–1942, reprinted 1972), p. 3, 193. In July 2011, I drove through all three dialect zones, confirmed some of the differences by hearing them spoken and by speaking with people about these differences. My thanks to Father Gabriele Bortolami, OFMCap for driving, interacting with people, impromptu language updates and occasional lessons in the etiquette of dialect use in northern Angola.

[76] Cherubino da Savona, ‘Breve ragguaglio del Congo … ’, fols. 41v–44v, published with original foliation marked in Carlo Toso, ed., ‘Relazioni inedite di P. Cherubino Cassinis da Savona sul ‘Regno del Congo e sue Missioni’, L'Italia Francescana 45 (1974): 135–214. The foliation of the original is also marked in the French translation, found in Jadin, ‘Aperçu de la situation au Congo … '

[77] ANC ED, leg 494, no. 1, fols 96–97. This text was included in papers dealing with another dispute in 1827–1828 and in 1832–1836.

[78] ANC ED, leg 548, no. 11, fol. 9–9v; José Pacheco, January 21, 1806; ANC ED, leg. 660, no. 8, fols. 1–4; Pedro José Santa Cruz (a request for its own capataz) 1806; for the later dispute ANC ED leg 494, no. 1.

[79] ANC ED, leg 660, no. 8, fol. 4.

[80] ANC JT, leg. 84, no. 13 passim, 1851.

[81] AHPM, Religiones Africanas, leg 1, no. 30, July 7, 1882.

[82] AHPM, Religiones Africanas, leg 1, no. 65, January 9, 1898.

[83] AHPM, Religiones Africanas, leg 1, no. 31, July 31, 1886.

[84] Brown, Santería Enthroned, pp. 55–61 and Barcia Zequeira, Rodríguez Reyes, and Delgado, Cabildo de nación.

[85] Childs, Aponte Rebellion, p. 112 and ‘Identity', p. 91.

[86] Consider the temporal range of inquisition cases cited in Tania Chappi, Demonios en La Habana: Episodios de la Inquisición en Cuba (Havana: Oficinia del Hisoriador de la Ciudad, 2001). For an example of the sort of persecution the Inquisition could do, and the sort of information that can be obtained from their records, see James Sweet's study of slave religious life in Brazil, Recreating Africa.

[87] Jameson, Letters, pp. 20–2.

[88] See the transcript of his interview published in Henry Lovejoy, ‘Old Oyo Influences on the Transformation of Lucumí Identity in Colonial Cuba' (PhD diss., UCLA, 2012), pp. 230–46.

[89] Aisha Finch, Rethinking Slave Rebellion in Cuba: La Escalera and the Insurgencies of 1841–44 (Chapel Hill: North Carolina Press, 2015), pp. 199–220. Finch attributes most of the activities in these cases to the non-Christian part of Kongo religion, or an early form of Palo Mayombe; see also Miguel Sabater, ‘La conspiración de La Escalera: Otra vuelta de la tuerca', Boletín del Archivo Nacional 12 (2000): 23–33 (with quotations from trial records).

[90] Bremer, Hemmen, Vol. 3, p. 213 (Homes Vol. 2, p. 383).

[91] Bremer, Hemmen, Vol. 3, pp. 211–3 (Homes Vol. 2, pp. 379–83).

[92] Cabrera, Reglas de Congo, p. 26, citing late eighteenth- and nineteenth-century sources.

[93] Abiel Abbott, Letters Written in the Interior of Cuba … (Boston, MA: Bowles and Dearborn, 1829), pp. 15–7.

[94] Cabrera did not employ any orthography of contemporary Kikongo in her day, but it is not at all difficult to recognize her ear for that language, which she did not speak, and most quotations she provided are readily intelligible.

[95] Institute de Linguistica y Literatura, Havana, Fondo Fernando Ortiz, 5. This list, written in a different hand than Ortiz’, one that was shakier with large letters, on fragile aged paper (perhaps school paper) was, I believe, compiled by a literate person who was a native speaker of the language, based on his use of Kikongo grammatical forms (use of verb conjugations and class concords in particular).

[96] Armin Schwegler, ‘On the (Sensational) Survival of Kikongo in Twentieth Century Cuba', Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 15 (2000): 159–65; Jesús Fuentes Guerra, La Regla de Palo Monte: Un acercamiento a la Bantuidad Cubana (Havana: Iberoamericana Vervuert, 2012) (neither Schwegler nor Fuentes Guerra had access to Puyo's vocabulary in Ortiz’ documentation, the contention of its identity with Kikongo is my own). It seems likely that both Cabrera's and Ortiz’ vocabularies were collected probably from old native speakers, who entered Cuba at the end of the slave trade.

[97] For example, the class marker ki in the southern dialect is –ci in the north; use of ‘l' versus ‘d' would be another difference. The northern dialect is well attested in dictionaries of the French mission to Loango and Kakongo in the 1770s, compared with seventeenth- and nineteenth-century dictionaries of the southern dialects. I have also heard these differences myself in Angola.

[98] Fernando Ortiz, Hampa Afro-Cubana. Los Negros Esclavos (Havana: Bimestre Habana, 1916), pp. 25, 32 (clearly, testimony from the same informant).

[99] Ortiz, Negros Esclavos, p. 34. The term ‘Totila', clearly derived from the Kikongo ntotela meaning ‘king'. The word is first attested in the Kikongo dictionary of 1648, as meaning ‘King'. In 1901, King Pedro VI of Kongo, writing in Kikongo, styled himself ‘Ntinu Ntotela NeKongo' Archives of the Baptist Missionary Society (Regents’ Park College, Oxford) A 124 (both ntinu and ntotela can be glossed as ‘king').

[100] Cabrera, Reglas de Congo, p. 15.

[101] Cabrera, Reglas de Congo, p. 109. Cabrera, for her part, then told him of Nzinga a Nkuwu's baptism in 1491, presumably from one of the historical accounts she had read.

[102] On the assertions of Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita, see Thornton, Kongolese Saint Anthony; on the representation of Christ as an Kongolese, Fromont, Art of Conversion.

[103] Cabrera, Reglas de Congo, p. 93.

[104] Cabrera, Reglas de Congo, p. 58.

[105] Cabrera, Reglas de Congo, p. 59.

[106] Cabrera, Reglas de Congo, p. 14.

[107] Cabrera, Reglas de Congo, p. 19.

[108] The problem was apparent to Lydia Cabrera in her study of Palo, El Regla de Congo: Palo Monte Mayombe (Miami: Ediciones Universal, 1979), pp. 120–30, as one can see from the defensive tone of her informants, probably speaking with her post-1960 experience (this is not seen as a problem in her earlier publication, El Monte (Havana, 1954)).

[109] Cabrera, Vocabulario, p. 123.

[110] Cabrera, Monte, pp. 119–23 passim (here, often used in the context of witchcraft); Reglas de Congo, pp. 24–5. In W. Holman Bentley, Dictionary and Grammar of the Kongo Language (London: Kegan Paul, 1887), p. 361, which relates to the Kinsansala dialect (the most likely associated with Christianity) in the 1880s, mvumbi meant simply the corpse of a dead person; in the 1648 dictionary ‘spirits' was rendered as ‘mioio mia mvumbi' (or souls of corpses).

[111] Cabrera, Reglas de Congo, p. 24. In Kikongo, mvumbi means a corpse, the lifeless remains of a dead person, and the name of an ancestor would usually have been nkulu, though this usage would still make sense in Kikongo.

[112] See John Thornton, ‘Central African Names and African American Naming Patterns', William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Series, 50 (1993): 727–42.

[113] The denunciation of the first tooth ceremony is only attested in the general complaints of the Capuchins in the 1650s, written by Serafino da Cortona.

[114] ‘Kisi malongo' appears to be ‘nkisi malongo'. A more likely way to say ‘the teaching of nkisi' would be ‘malongo ma nkisi', so the word order puzzles me. However, word order in Kikongo is flexible and should the speaker wish to emphasize the teaching spiritual part, it might be feasible to use this order.

[115] Cabrera, Reglas de Congo, p. 24. My translation of the phrase ‘nganga la musi' assumes that the speaker has only partial command of Kikongo grammar and would be ‘nganga a mu nsi' The same informant used the term kisi malongo, and perhaps as a Cuban-born person was not secure in the language.

[116] Cabrera, Regla de Congo, p. 23.

[117] Institute de Linguistica y Literatura, Havana, Fondo Fernando Ortiz, 5.

#The Kingdom of Kongo and Palo Mayombe: Reflections on an African-American Religion #Palo Mayombe #ATR #African Traditional Religions #Kongo #Reglas De congo #Nkisi #Kikongo

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fifa 22 game mode changes

⭐ ⏩⏩⏩️ DOWNLOAD MOD - LINK 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥 Learn how Player traits work in FIFA 22 and how they affect your Players in VOLTA FOOTBALL, Career Mode, and Pro Clubs. Career Mode Edits ; Contract Expiry change from to (+2) ; Rating Changed from 79 to 80 (+1) Potential Changed from 84 to 85 (+1) Jumping. EA Sports FIFA/FC Source. Marketing and Sport Business. João Felix has Strand Based hair in all game modes except World Cup Mode. Another Squad error. The official EA SPORTS Facebook page for FIFA Ultimate Team. 22 hrs Report Can't even get the game right stop worrying about other game modes. Fifa 22 brings a new Season of innovation across every mode in the game; gameplay on FIFA 22 is just bad, there seems to be no real changes to the game.

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kitchentrust · 2 years

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Free online trivial pursuit

FREE ONLINE TRIVIAL PURSUIT FULL VERSION

FREE ONLINE TRIVIAL PURSUIT FREE

This free Trivial Pursuit Blitz game and the real Trivial Pursuit board game are both excellent brain games, very useful for testing your memory for random facts. If you've never played, I highly recommend you try it! The Trivial Pursuit board game is a lot of fun and is usually available wherever board games are sold. Many more editions have been created and sold over the years. The original version of Trivial Pursuit is referred to as the Genus Edition ( not "Genius" edition, as a recent visitor to this page pointed out). In 2008, the Hasbro toy company bought the rights to Trivia Pursuit from Parker Brothers for $80,000,000 US. In 1984, at the height of the game's popularity, over 20,000,000 sets were sold. Question sets are available for specific genres such as Star Wars and Lord of the Rings trivia. According to legend, pieces of their Scrabble set were missing, so they decided to come up with their own game. Trivial Pursuit was invented in 1979 by newspaper and magazine editors Scott Abbott and Chris Haney. In the spirit of trivia appreciation, here are some random facts about Trivial Pursuit from Wikipedia: This Walt Disney edition had six categories all related to the various Disney movies and other. The years 85-87 saw Trivial Pursuit chasing after a younger market, with at least four junior Trivial Pursuit editions released aimed at kids and families.

FREE ONLINE TRIVIAL PURSUIT FULL VERSION

Or click the "Go to Game" button to play the full version of Trivial Pursuit at . The first-ever licensed version of Trivial Pursuit was this Disney edition released in 1985. At the end of the game, you receive a Rank based on the number of questions you answered correctly.Ĭlick the "Play Again" button for a new set of questions. To answer a question, simply click the correct answer from the four answers displayed on the screen. You have 15 seconds to answer each question. The six categories are Geography (blue), Entertainment (pink), History (yellow), Arts & Literature (brown), Science & Nature (green), and Sports & Leisure (orange).Ĭlick the "Continue" button to display the first question and start the timer. Do this by correctly answering a question from each of the six Trivial Pursuit categories. If you like this game, you might enjoy the other free memory games on this site, such as Wheel of Fortune, Lightning Librarian, and Brain Safari. Click the "Start the Game" button to begin. Enjoy playing the best Trivia Games here on Silvergames.Each round of this game consists of six Trivial Pursuit questions. If you've always been the person in your circle of friends who had the facts ready on any topic, no matter how pointless, then you'll be the absolute master in our category of the best Trivia Games. There's really nothing not worth knowing in this fun category. In our free trivia games you even have to guess what other people don't know. Or simply guess, if you don't know the answer. Try to remember all the tiny details you read about long ago. Take these quizzes at Encyclopedia Britannica to test your knowledge on a variety of fun and interesting topics including Animals, Art, Music, Pop Culture. Prove your mastery of random facts to all beyond doubt with the help of our crazy and fun trivia games for kids and adults. Answer obscure questions about fun subjects like games. New quizzes and fun challenges will be your chance to prove that you are still the best at knowing what others do not. Recall trivial details and inconsequential facts to win our top online challenges for kids and adults. Make sure to put on your thinking cap before answering obscure questions about cars, sports, 80s or even the Bible. Impress players with how many facts and figures you have memorized. Our fun and free trivia games here at will pose hard questions that only the most knowledgable players can answer. Do you know a lot about music, disney movies, sports or the bible? Then play our free online trivia games and find out how smart you really are. Trivia Games are quiz games that test your knowledge on a wide range of trivial topics.

#Free online trivial pursuit

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sitespeeddiamond · 2 years

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Fifa tpb

GameRankings and Metacritic gave it a score of 85.48% and 85 out of 100 for the Xbox version 81.40% and 82 out of 100 for the PlayStation 2 version 79.36% and 80 out of 100 for the PSP version 77.77% and 78 out of 100 for the PC version 77.19% and 80 out of 100 for the GameCube version 74.05% and 73 out of 100 for the Xbox 360 version 63% and 72 out of 100 for the DS version and 30.50% and 41 out of 100 for the Game Boy Advance version. The game was met with favorable reception. a4 owners manual freeload Download fifa 08 tpb iso. Tiffany White on Fifa 08 Crack Download Torrent Tpb REPACK 02cac431c2 FIFA 08 PC game ISO download torrent full crack and serial key - complete FIFA 08 English. ELSPA gave the PlayStation Portable release a "Platinum" certification, for sales of at least 300,000 copies in the region. no dvd crack.exe freeload fifa 08 no dvd crack fltsux full version game. Executives short message service triple bottom line TPB Theory of Planned. The PlayStation 2 version of FIFA 07 received a "Double Platinum" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 600,000 copies in the United Kingdom. ADS AU BECA BRICS CAUTHE CDI CE CIBTM CIC CSR CVB DMC DMO EIBTM FIFA GBTA GHG. There is also an International league that features national football teams, and a Rest of World league that includes other notable clubs from around the world.įIFA 07 was also included in the Championship Gaming Series and the World Cyber Games. If you find yourself in a similar situation, and want to use the PirateBay to find an application, follow these steps: Step 1: on the main page, type on the Pirate Bay’s search option the name of the app you are looking for.

There are a total of 27 leagues available in FIFA 07. It was also released for PC, Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable, and PlayStation 2.įIFA 07 sponsored Accrington Stanley for the 2007–08 season, with the FIFA 07 logo displayed on the back of the team's shirts. The Xbox 360 version's next-generation graphics and physics engine used in the Xbox 360 version will be exclusive to the console for a period of 12 months. It was the last game in the FIFA series to be released for the GameCube, Xbox, and Game Boy Advance, and the second to be released for the Xbox 360 after FIFA 06: Road to FIFA World Cup. Developed by EA Canada, it is published by Electronic Arts. FIFA 07 (also known as FIFA Football 07 and FIFA 07 Soccer) is the 2006 edition of EA Sports' series of football simulator video games.

#Fifa tpb

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pinerrelief · 2 years

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Cuphead free weekend

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11/03: Call of Duty: WWII – Digital Deluxe (Steam) - $85.49 (list price $100).

10/27: Assassin’s Creed: Origins Gold Edition (Uplay) - $85.49 (list price $100).

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10/27: Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus (Steam) - $51.29 (list price $60).

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South Park: The Fractured But Whole + Free Stick of Truth (Uplay) - $51.29 (list price $60).Playerunknown’s Battlegrounds (Steam) - $23.99 (list price $30).(Just kidding we pay our robots fair oil wages). If you spot any issue with any deals below, let us know in the comments and our unpaid interns will get right on them. Other sales event includes PSN’s Halloween sale, a WinGameStore Fall Sale (with tons of cheap Steam games), and GameStop hawking retro Gamecube and N64 bundles with starting price of $89 (yeah reliving your childhood isn’t cheap). The individual DLCs and expansions are all at lowest ever price as well thanks to this Witcher anniversary sale.

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In sales event, The Witcher 3 Complete/GOTY is now only $20 across all major platform, with the DRM-Free copy $20 at GOG, while the console versions will require PlayStation Plus or Xbox Live Gold. IF we spot anything before Tuesday’s release, we’ll add ’em to the list below. We’ve previously seen a $10 off discount for a physical copy as well at Newegg but that deal has since expired. US gamers can grab it at GMG for 15% off, while UK/EU gamers can check out GamesPlanet and take 10% off with the coupon listed below. In other deals department, next Tuesday’s Destiny 2 is also on tap for 15% off across most region. For more details, check out our page here which list all the other games this unique coupon can qualify for. Digital retailer GMG is offering a 20% off discount for most regions on either Cuphead, PUBG, or ELEX provided you create an account on their store and request for a unique coupon code here on this page.

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You can currently pick up Steam copies of Cuphead or Playerunknown’s Battleground for 20% off with a few extra step, which is worth the hassle given these are two of top-selling title on PC right now. This weekend is filled with decent deals, once again in the domain of PC gamers.

#Cuphead free weekend

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kikikiwi27498 · 2 years

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I’ve been rereading Percy Jackson, and I need somebody to explain Nico di Angelo’s age. This is driving me nuts and ruining my reading experience. I have tried to find timelines and look at the wiki for some explanation to no avail.

We first meet Nico in Titan’s Curse, which takes place in December. Grover says Nico is 10 years old (page 7). Nico's birthday is in January, so he would be almost 11 at this point. In Battle of the Labyrinth (the summer after Titan’s Curse), Nico is 11.

Last Olympian takes place the following August, a year and a half after Titan’s Curse and about three-four years after Nico comes out of the Lotus Hotel (he and Bianca are pulled out during Lightning Thief or Sea of Monsters).* Percy says Nico is 12 (Last Olympian pages 80 and 85).

Here’s where I’m confused: In Heroes of Olympus, Hazel and Reyna both say Nico is 14 (House of Hades page 6 and Blood of Olympus page 56 respectively). Heroes of Olympus takes place the winter/summer after Last Olympian. In Blood of Olympus, Nico mentions he’s three years younger than Percy, who is still 16, about to turn 17. By my count, Nico should have turned 13 between Lost Hero and Son of Neptune, not 14.

According to the the wiki, by the end of Trials of Apollo, (which I will admit I haven’t read) Nico is 15. Which makes sense: Nico would have had a birthday the January after Blood of Olympus. Percy is 18 in Trials of Apollo, which makes sense since he turned 17 right after Blood of Olympus. Based on that, I’m assuming Trials of Apollo takes place the year after Blood of Olympus.

By my count, Nico should only be 14 by the end of Trials of Apollo. Did he take Hazel’s skipped birthday from Son of Neptune? Did Rick mess up his timeline again? Am I missing something? Am I unable to count? Help me.

*edited to correct when Nico leaves the Lotus Hotel: I thought it was right before Titan’s Curse, but it was closer to Lightning Thief or Sea of Monsters (Bianca says they were in Washington DC “last summer” in Titan’s Curse, page 149)

#pjo #heroes of olympus #hoo #nico di angelo #trials of apollo #toa #ramblings #nico di angelo's age #percy jackson and the olympians

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robiinjason · 3 years

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Hiii, do you have any recs for Robin Jason comics? I'd love to read more about him but I have no clue where to start. Love your art btw it's all adorable <3

Sure thing!!! And omg thank you 🥺🥺 your art is super cute too!!

If I were to rec One Thing as a starting point for Robin Jason, Batman #408-#429 covers Jason’s main run as Robin and his death arc and is the main essential reading I’d recommend. It’s fairly short and a good place to start imo!

Among others, it includes his post-crisis origin and first outing as Robin, his first meeting with Dick, the Garzonas incident, and his death and its immediate aftermath in the Death in the Family arc.

While Jason’s time as Robin in post crisis is fairly short and not as hard to get through as other characters with longer runs, i know Reading Comics Hard so I’ll make a shorter list first, with more recs under the cut!

Batman #408-#409 (Jason's origin)

Batman #410-#411 (his first outing as Robin)

Batman #413 (smart boy Jason)

Batman #415 (more good Jason moments)

Batman #416 (his and Dick's first meeting, also Dick and Bruce argue)

Batman Annual #12 (has a solo Jason story set at his school)

Detective Comics #569-#570 (Jason gets to kick the Joker's butt)

Detective Comics #571 (the Scarecrow kidnaps Jason)

Detective Comics #573 (this one’s just cute)

Superman Annual #11 (Bruce, Jason and Wonder Woman visit Superman on his birthday and stuff happens)

Blue Devil #19 (Jason is pen pals with Kid Devil)

Batman: the Cult (a 4-issue pretty dark miniseries where Bruce is kidnapped and brainwashed by a cult. Some great Jason moments)

Batman #424-#425 (The Garzonas storyline, or when Jason may or may not have pushed somebody off a building. Trigger warnings for sexual assault and suicide)

Batman #426-#429 (A Death in The Family, or Jason’s death arc)

I’ll be referencing this Jason reading list, since it’s what I followed when I started reading. It can be checked for a more comprehensive list of his appearances too, since I’m not aiming for a full list! (though I might edit it to include more stuff eventually.)

First things first, Jason got rebooted once during his time as Robin; he was originally a circus kid like Dick in pre-crisis (before the reboot), and later in post-crisis got his more well-known origin as the orphan who stole the tires off the batmobile. I’ll be focusing on post-crisis Robin Jason since I’m still reading his pre-crisis run, but the list I linked has more info on that if you’re interested!

Batman and Robin-focused

Stories centered on the Dynamic Duo!

Batman #408-#429 - Jason’s post-crisis run as Robin, as mentioned above! The last four issues are the Death in the Family arc. The Batman: Second Chances trade collects a good chunk of these (#408-#416), plus Batman Annual #11 and a couple stories from before Jason’s post-crisis origin.

Detective Comics #568-#582 - Jason’s Robin run in Detective Comics! It’s a fun read and Alan Davis’ art style is very cute imo. (Jason isn’t around from #575 to #578 due to getting hurt in #573)

Batman Annual #10-#12 - More Batman and Robin stories. #12 has a Jason solo story set at his school!

Batman: the Cult - a 4-issue miniseries where Bruce is kidnapped and brainwashed by a cult. A pretty dark story and one of the last ones from before his death. Jason has some great moments in it!

Dc Retroactive: Batman - The 80s - Story from 2011 written by Mike Barr, who wrote Jason’s 80s Robin stories in Detective Comics!

Robin 80th Anniversary 100-Page Super Spetacular - One of the stories, More Time, is about Jason and Bruce and goes between the past (with Jason as Robin) and the present (with Jason as Red Hood). Short and very sweet!

Crossovers/Teamups

In which Jason meets or teams up with other characters, with or without Batman!

Blue Devil #19 - Jason is pen pals with Eddie Bloomberg/Kid Devil and teams up with him!

Action Comics #556 + #594 - Jason meets Superman!

Superman Annual #11 - For The Man Who Has Everything, or where Jason goes with Bruce to Superman’s birthday, first meets Wonder Woman, and Stuff Happens. (Jason gets to be the hero!)

New Teen Titans V2 (1984) #18-#31 - Jason joins the Teen Titans for a while! It’s fun to see him in a team and his characterization here is really good imo. (this is the span of issues he appears in but he isn’t in all of them)

Legends (six-part miniseries) - A DC crossover event! Jason has short but great appearances (the time where he breaks his leg, but wants to get up and help anyway).

Nightwing Year One #101-#106 - A rewrite of Dick's Nightwing origin with occasional Jason appearances until #106, which is a retelling of their first meeting where they work together to rescue Alfred. While I have Issues with the characterization of Jason in this, it has some cute moments and I’d be remiss to not include the story that introduces Dick’s nickname of “Little Wing” for Jason.

After his Death

Stuff dealing with the aftermath of Jason’s death and the impact it left on others. (Some of the stuff here is just listed for a single page or panel rather than a full story about Jason)

Batman #430-#432 + #496 - Bruce in the aftermath of Jason’s death.

Batman Annual #13 - Jason appears in a flashback.

The New Titans #55 - Dick and the Titans find out about Jason’s death, and Dick confronts Bruce about it.

Batman: Year Three + A Lonely Place of Dying - While these focus on Dick and Tim respectively, they’re set after Jason’s death and show how Bruce is dealing with it. Year Three is in Batman #436-#439 and A Lonely Place of Dying (Tim’s origin story) is in Batman #440/New Titans #60/Batman #441/New Titans #61/Batman #442, also included in reprints of Death in the Family.

Detective Comics #618 - Has a nice little moment of Tim looking up to Jason.

Batman: Legends of the Dark Knight #100 - The issue is mainly a Dick origin story, but in the end there’s a sweet and sad story about Jason’s beginning and ending as Robin.

Nightwing Secret Files and Origins - On the first story, Taking Wing, Jason appears to Dick as a dream/hallucination while the latter is having a near-death experience and accompanies him through various of Dick’s memories.

Joker: Last Laugh #6 - The one time when, upon believing Tim was killed and being taunted with Jason’s death, Dick kills the Joker. (the full thing is a six-issue miniseries)

Nightwing (1996) #63 - The aftermath of Dick killing the Joker (though he was revived), but I’m mainly including this for the one panel that shows a picture of Dick and Jason on what seems to be a ski trip.

Batman: Gotham Knights #34 - At the end there’s a story called “The Delusions of Alfred Pennyworth” about Jason’s ghost and Alfred.

Batman: Gotham Knights #43-#45 - Has a flashback to a Barbara and Jason teamup and a recap of Jason’s death as a social worker looks into it and investigates Bruce’s family.

Detective Comics #790 - Bruce talks to Cass about Jason on the day of Jason’s birthday.

Robin V4 #85 - The story itself is about the Joker reflecting on the Robins and Jason only appears briefly, but I think it’s worthwile to include as it’s one of the few times where the involvement of Jason’s mother in his death is acknowledged after Death in the Family. (Also there’s a panel where Jason kicks the joker on the crotch)

Green Arrow V3 (2001) #7 - The one panel where Jason is shown swinging around in heaven :)

Alternate Universes/Other Media

Some stuff that doesn’t fit anywhere else/isn’t quite comics/isn’t really canon, but I think is neat and wanted to include!

Letters - letters from readers sent during when Jason was Robin and after his death. They can be interesting to look through to get a sense of how he was seen by readers at the time (there’s even an eulogy by a clergyman!). The ones I’ve seen can be found in this tag, and this post links to a few too (as well as some other info regarding Jason and the vote that led to his death).

The Batman Files - A book that contains several files over various topics and characters across Batman’s history. Among other things, it has Jason’s death certificate. (mainly including this because early on I spent a while trying to find out how old he was when he died)

Tiny Titans #23, #29, #33, #39, #45, #47 - An adorable alternate universe comic in a kid-friendly setting! Jason’s design in it is very cute.

Batman The Brave and the Bold #13 - Jason and Robins from other points in time team up to save Batman!

Teen Titans Go! season 6, episode 17 (Egg Hunt) - He doesn’t actually appear, but Jason is namedropped and said to be Batman’s favorite Robin.

Batman And The New Robin (unmade cartoon) - An unproduced animated TV series from the late 80s that would have starred Bruce as Batman and Jason as Robin! Unfortunately the project was abandoned and the show was never made, but the full series bible is available to read in its entirety and a link to it can be found here! There’s a page on it on the Lost Media Wiki as well.

#jason todd #robin ii #comic recs #i went a little ham with this #SORRY ABOUT THE WAIT i had it near done for weeks but accidentally got it buried in my drafts and just got around to finding it recently #i couldve just linked to an already existing rec list but jhkjkjh i didn't wanna miss out on the opportunity to talk abt robin jason comics #also there's a couple extra stuff i wanted to include that wasn't in that list but i thought was interesting #tho it took me ages bc i kept revisiting comics and getting sidetracked #the batman and robin/crossovers separation is pretty unecessary but it gives me an excuse to break up the text and add an extra pic #ghost-faeries #asks #toma talks #god i keep tinkering w this jkhjk ill just post it as is and edit later if needed #hope tumblr doesnt obliterate the formatting as soon as i hit post

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awsugar · 3 years

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i’ve been asked to make a gif tutorial so here it is! i tend to over explain and go on tangents so i’m going to try to keep this as understandable as possible lol

so first you need to download your video. i use 4k video downloader.

when you open photoshop the first thing you’ll do is go file --> import --> video frames to layers and it will bring up your finder to locate the video you’re going to be giffing.

once you select the video, this screen will come up:

make sure you’ve selected ‘selected range only’ and then you’re going to use the two cursers on the bottom to select the portion of the video you want to gif. this won’t really work if the video is over like. 40 minutes long. because you can’t select a small enough number of frames. so keep that in mind. if i’m giffing something like lotms or a full length show i’ll open the video in imovie and cut it down so that this step works. if you have further questions on how this works i can try to answer them but i think it’s just trial and error for this part the first couple times you do it. once you’ve selected the range of the video that you want, hit ‘ok’.

once your frames/layers open in photoshop, you wanna click on ‘window’ and make sure you have these selected:

your next step is to go through the frames on the bottom of the screen and choose which ones you want to be your gif. usually importing them will give you more frames than you need so you’ll want to trim a bit off each end.

you can press ‘play’ here and it will scroll through the frames automatically for you so you can see what the gif will look like in motion

it depends on the size of your gif but i tend to go for 80-85 frames. if you have too many your gif can end up being too big for tumblr. 8mb is the size limit. this is another thing that tends to be trial and error but yea i go for about that many, try to stay under 100.

next step is to delete the layers that you don’t need, because deleting the frames when you’re trimming the gif down doesn’t delete the corresponding layers. when you select a frame, the corresponding layer on the right will have an eye next to it.

like this ^ select your first frame, find the eye in the layers, and delete all of the layers that come before that. do the same with the last frame in the gif and delete all the layers that come after it. click + shift will select as many at a time as you want, to make this easier.

at the far right of your timeline (the frames) on the bottom of the screen there’s an icon thats 4 lines which you can see below:

click this and select ‘select all frames’

then go to the top of your screen where it says ‘select’ and select ‘all layers’

once everything is selected you need to change the framerate/delay. you see where it says ‘0.03′ underneath each frame? a lot of videos will be 0.04 in which case i would click on the framerate, select ‘other’ and type in ‘0.07′. that tends to work well. this video is 0.03 so i’m going to change it to 0.06 instead. that’s just a personal preference. if you don’t do this step, the gif will be too fast. if you don’t have all of the frames selected when you do this part, it will only change the selected frame so make sure they’re all selected before you do this.

so now it’s changed.

next you need to convert to video timeline. that’s the icon on the far left on the bottom here:

the one before ‘forever’. once you’ve done that, you need to right click on your layers (which should still be selected) and select ‘convert to smart object’.

now for all intents and purposes you have a gif! but you still need to edit it a bit.

first you should crop it if it needs cropping. i’m not going to crop the one i’m making but it’s pretty self explanatory, just select the crop tool and pick one of the preselected crop ratios. you can preview them all by clicking on them.

after that you’re going to go to the top bar and go: image --> image size

you need to resize your gif for tumblr. tumblr’s post width is 540 pixels. if you’re doing two gifs side by side they would both be 270.

the height will automatically adjust itself.

now your gif is going to look like it’s really small but you’ll just go to the percentage above the timeline and change it to either 100% or 200%. it’s usually 100% to view it at full size but my new macbook has more pixels or something? so i have to set it to 200% to view it at full size.

you can see here how i changed it ^

now you have a properly sized gif and any changes you make are personal preference. usually you’ll want to sharpen it. i use a sharpening action that i downloaded from a friend but you can also do smart sharpen. i would look up good sharpening settings because i don’t know them personally because i use an action. you can find the sharpening stuff through the ‘filter’ dropdown.

and then the last step i do is coloring. coloring isn’t necessary but it makes your gifs look better. coloring is personal preference though and it’s just about playing around with settings. i usually use brightness/contrast, vibrance, hue/saturation, selective color, and color balance. you can also download coloring PSDs from the internet which is like premade coloring layers that you can open in photoshop.

this is what my gif looks like without any coloring and i’ll show you the finished product at the end when i save it

so one you’re happy with your gif you’re going to go: file --> export --> save for web (legacy)

depending on how your computer wants to operate, this can take a while. while it’s buffering i hit ‘escape’ and it takes me to the save page without the wait.

these are my save settings:

but before you hit save you want to ‘preview’ on the bottom left. this will open your gif and show you what it will look like on the web and it also tells you how big your gif is.

look for this:

if it’s under 8mb you’re good to post it on tumblr so close out and go back to photoshop and save it! i think saving is self explanatory

and you’re done! here’s the gif i made for this tutorial:

if any of this was confusing or not clear i’m happy to try and explain better!

#gif tutorial #photoshop tutorial #photoshop

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blogan405 · 2 years

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Subaru Engine Serial Number Decoder

This is the Subaru VIN decoder. Every Subaru car has a unique identifier code called a VIN. This number contains vital information about the car, such as its manufacturer, year of production, the plant it was produced in, type of engine, model and more. Jun 12, 2011 Page 1 of 2 - Subaru Model & Engine Codes explained. posted in General: Chassis codes are as follows (according to Japanese models):1st letter determines model type:G = ImprezaB = LegacyS = Forester2nd letter determines body type:C = Sedan 1st gen. (1993-2000 Impreza, 1989-1994 Legacy) + Coupe (Impreza)D = Sedan 2nd gen. (2001-current Impreza, 1995-1999 Legacy)E = Sedan 3rd gen.

Subaru Engine Number Decoder

Subaru Engine Serial Number Lookup

Subaru Block Numbers

< Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)

NOTE: This information appears to not conform with current information

Note: This information is incorrect for 4th Generation JDM Legacys.

Subaru uses a 17-character VIN format and code for vehicles sold in the United States. These rules also largely apply to the Saab 9-2x, a badge-engineered Subaru Impreza WRX wagon.

Subaru VIN code(edit)

The following sample is the sequence and meaning of each character in the Subaru VIN:

PositionSampleDescription1JWorld Manufacturer Identifier2F314CLine type5XBody style68Engine type76Model identifier85Restraint type99Check digit10TModel year11HPlant of manufacture & transmission type121Sequential production number130140152161176

The above serial number describes the following vehicle built in Japan by Fuji Heavy Industries:

1996 Subaru Alcyone SVX, 3.3L EG33 engine, AWD 4EAT transmission, manual seat belts with driver / passenger airbags. The 216th vehicle produced during the 1996 model year.

Subaru WMIs(edit)

The WMI is specified in the first three characters of the Subaru VIN

WMICountryDescriptionVehicle TypesJF1JapanFuji Heavy IndustriesPassenger VehicleJF2JapanFuji Heavy IndustriesMPV4S3USASubaru-Isuzu Automotive / Subaru of Indiana AutomotivePassenger Vehicle4S4USASubaru-Isuzu Automotive / Subaru of Indiana AutomotiveMPV

MPV means Multi-Purpose Vehicle (station wagon, SUV, van or truck)

Line type(edit)

The line type is specified in the fourth character of the Subaru VIN

Subaru Engine Number Decoder

VIN CodeDescriptionADL/GL/GL-10/Leone/Loyale/Alcyone XT/XT6BLegacy/BajaCAlcyone SVXGImprezaKJustySForesterVWRX/LEVORGWTribeca/B9 Tribeca/AscentZBRZ/FRS/GT86

Body style(edit)

The body style is specified in the fifth character of the Subaru VIN *This section is incorrect for 4th Gen Outbacks

VIN CodeDescriptionAXX-94 Justy 3-DoorB80-84 2nd gen. Leone/DL/GL sedanC1st gen. Sedan (Impreza/Legacy); 85-94 Leone/DL/GL/Loyale sedanDXX-94 Justy 5-Door; 2nd gen. Sedan (Impreza/Legacy)E3rd gen. Sedan (Impreza/Legacy)F1st gen. Wagon (raised-roof Legacy/Impreza/Forester); 80-89 2nd gen. Leone/DL/GL hatchbackG2nd gen. Wagon (raised-roof Legacy/Outback/Impreza/Forester); 85-94 3rd gen. Leone/DL/GL/Loyale hatchbackH3rd. gen Legacy/Outback Wagon/Impreza HatchJ1st gen. non-raised-roof Legacy WagonK2nd gen. non-raised-roof Legacy WagonL4th gen. Legacy SedanM1st gen. Impreza Coupe; 80-84 2nd gen. Leone/DL/GL wagon; 5th gen. Legacy Sedan, 1st gen AscentMLevorg WagonN85-94 3rd. gen Leone/DL/GL/GL-10/Loyale wagonP4th gen. Legacy/Outback WagonRImpreza Hatch WidebodyS6th Gen. Outback WagonTBaja; 80-84 2nd gen. Leone/DL/GL BratU85-87 2nd gen. Leone/DL/GL BratVImpreza WRX Sedan WidebodyW80-84 2nd gen. Leone/DL/GL coupeXXT/SVX Coupe; Tribeca

Engine type(edit)

The engine type is specified in the sixth character of the Subaru VIN

VIN CodeDescription11300cc - 1989; 1800cc FWD 199621600cc - 1989; 1800cc Impreza 1993-95; 1800cc Impreza AWD 1996-97; 2000cc AWD Turbo 2002-0531600 4WD - 1989; 3300cc FWD/AWD 1992-1995; 2200cc FWD 1996-9941800cc 1985-94; 2200cc AWD 1996-2000; FB 1600cc DIT AWD 2015+51800cc 4WD w/out air susp - 1988, 1989; 1800cc 4WD 1990-94 2000cc 2004-62200cc 1990; 2200cc FWD/AWD 1991-95; 2200cc AWD (Ghost); 2500cc AWD 1996-2000; 2500cc AWD71800cc 4WD w/ air susp; 2200cc FWD 1989-94; 2500cc AWD Turbo82500cc FWD; 1200cc 4WD 1991; 1200cc AWD 1992-94; 3000cc 2001-2009; 3300cc FWD/AWD 1996-9792500cc 4WD w/ & w/out air susp 1989-91; 3600cc 2008-upA2400cc AWDB?D2000cc DOHC Turbo Diesel

Model(edit)

The model is identified in the seventh character of the Subaru VIN

VIN CodeDescription1Base2Brighton3L42.5GT with cloth5LS/S6LSi, Outback base7GT/RS, Outback AWP8Outback Limited Wagon/SUS9Postal Vehicle/WRX/Outback VDC0Outback L.L. BeanKSTI WRX/Levorg/OutbackPAscentVXV Crosstrek

Restraint Type (Passenger) or Weight Class (MPV)(edit)

The restraint type, for passenger vehicles, or the weight class (Gross Vehicle Weight Rating), for MPVs, is specified in the eighth character of the Subaru VIN

VIN CodeDescription1No Passive Restraint2Automatic Seat Belt w/o Air Bag3Automatic Seat Belt w/ Air Bag4Manual Seat Belt w/ Air Bag 1993-94; Automatic Seat Belt w/ Driver/Passenger Air Bags5Manual Seat Belt w/ Driver/Passenger Air Bags6Manual Seat Belt w/ Driver/Passenger Air Bags and Side Air BagsAClass A (GVWR 3000 lbs. or less)BClass B (GVWR 3001-4000 lbs.)CClass C (GVWR 4001-5000 lbs.)DClass D (GVWR 5001-6000 lbs.)

The Check Digit is identified in the ninth character of the Subaru VIN

The Model Year is identified in the tenth character of the Subaru VIN

Subaru Engine Serial Number Lookup

Letters began being reused in 2010.

VIN CodeDescription120012200232003420045200562006720078200892009A1980, 2010B1981, 2011C1982, 2012D1983, 2013E1984, 2014F1985, 2015G1986, 2016H1987, 2017Inot usedJ1988, 2018K1989, 2019L1990M1991N1992P1993R1994S1995T1996V1997W1998X1999Y2000

Plants and transmission type(edit)

The assembly plant and transmission type is specified in the eleventh character of the Subaru VIN

VIN CodePlantTransmission1SIAFWD 5MT3SIAFull-time AWD 6MT/AT4SIAFull-time AWD 5AT5SIASport Shift Automatic6SIAFull-time AWD 5MT7SIAFull-time AWD 4EAT8SIAFull-time AWD 4EAT (Postal RHD)9SIAFWD 4EATAFHIFWD 4MTBFHIFWD 5MTCFHIFWD 3AT/ECVTDFHIOn-demand AWD 5MTEFHI4spd 4wd Dual Range MT 81-84, 85-89 Hatchback, 85-89 Brat. 5spd 4wd dual range MT 85-89FFHIOn-demand AWD 3ATGFHIFull-time AWD 5MT. Full-time AWD CVT.HFHIFull-time AWD 4EATKFHIFWD 4EATLFHIFull-time AWD 6MTPFHIFull-time AWD 4EAT (Postal RHD)

SIA = Subaru-Isuzu of America (now known as Subaru of Indiana Automotive), Lafayette, Indiana

FHI = Fuji Heavy Industries, Gunma, Japan

The Vehicle Production Sequence number is specified in the twelfth - seventeenth characters of the Subaru VIN

100000 and after - Legacy Sedan SUS (Jan 98 - May 98)

210001 and after - Legacy Sedan

310001 and after - Legacy Station Wagon

410001 and after - Impreza Coupe; Ascent

510001 and after - Impreza Sedan

610001 and after - Legacy Station Wagon Outback

710001 and after - Forester Wagon

810001 and after - Impreza Sports Wagon

Subaru Block Numbers

External links(edit)

Online Subaru VIN decoder

Retrieved from 'https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Vehicle_Identification_Numbers_(VIN_codes)/Subaru/VIN_Codes&oldid=3777803'

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vixen-academia · 2 years

Text

I posted 3.483 times in 2021

202 posts created (6%)

3281 posts reblogged (94%)

For every post I created, I reblogged 16.2 posts.

I added 921 tags in 2021

#light academia - 124 posts

#dark academia - 123 posts

#romantic academia - 123 posts

#chaotic academia - 120 posts

#adhd academia - 108 posts

#dark academia aesthetic - 89 posts

#bookblr - 80 posts

#books - 78 posts

#studyblr brazil - 39 posts

#geogblr - 37 posts

Longest Tag: 71 characters

#my dream is exchanging letters like this with wax seals with my friends

My Top Posts in 2021

🔎 How to shop in secondhand bookshops: a mini guide 🔎

Você pode ver a versão em PT-BR aqui!

My family and I have the habit of buying a LOT of books, specially in secondhand bookshops! I started to shop on this kind of store druing my childhood, so I decided to write this mini-guide to fellas who wanna start shopping good (and beautiful!) books for small prices!

📚What’s a secondhand bookshop (also known as used bookstores)?

📖 A secondhand bookshop or used bookstore is a bookshop specialised in buying and selling “old books”. And by old, I mean second handed books (but also old like OLD books, bookprints from 1900’s etc).

📚Why should I start buying in secondhand bookshops?

Usually, the books are a LOT cheaper;

You can find specific editions of books, including some rare books and/or prints!

You will find a lot of literature’s classics (and, if you’re lucky enough, in beautiful hardcovers);

You also can find old comics, mangas and magazines in some stores;

Secondhand bookstores usually are small local businesses. Buying from them, you’ll help your local community! :)

📚 How can I find some specific book in a secondhand bookstore?

📖 You will need a lot of patience, a good eye, probably a lot of time and also a phone. Secondhand bookstores are not regular ones, where you have a catalog with the same books that are replenished when the stock is over. If you want a VERY specific book, edition and/or print, the first thing you should do is call to the bookstore you’re planning to visit and ask if they have the book. There are 3 probably answers:

1- Yes, they have.

2- No, they don’t.

3- They don’t know.

“What you mean by ‘they don’t know’?!” Well, exactly what I said lol Not all secondhand bookstores have catalogs with all books they have, for any reasons. SO, if you find yourself in this situation, you can try go there and just search for it by yourself. This will probably take some time, depending of the size of the store catalog. It’s almost a treasure hunt!

📚 What should I pay attention to when buy in secondhand bookstores?

📖 It’s really important to check the conditions of the book! How are the pages? They seems too fragile to handle? What’s the condition of the spine of the book? The pages are falling? There’s any sign of silverfish or fungus on the book? How’s the cover? After that, is good to check the prices of new editions. It worth it? The price is lower or higher? If it’s higher, it’s a rare print/edition?

📚 Any others advices for first time buyers?

📖 Try to visit and have the number of more than one secondhand bookstore! As I said, they don’t have catalogs, so sometimes a store doesn’t have a book you want but another one has! Also it’s very nice to make friendship with secondhand bookstore’s owners, because they will tell you when a interesting book arrives! Now, during the pandemic, some secondhand bookstores are doing online sales, which also makes easier to search for specific books! But after all this corona stuff, try to visit a secondhand bookstore without a book in mind. You can get surprised by what you’ll found during your hunt!

85 notes • Posted 2021-01-28 07:02:20 GMT

Academia style date ideas

• Call them to go to your favourite coffeehouse.

• Go to a Museum you like.

• Going to an antiques shop/fair.

• Picnic at a park! Classic & romantic.

• Walk around a historical part of your city just chatting about life.

• Going to a opera, ballet or play (if you both like it, of course).

• Go to a library or a pretty bookstore! It can be a wierd idea at first, but I’ve already had some dates in bookstores! Specially the ones with coffeeshops inside! ☕️

• Call them to visit a botanic garden (or any other kind of garden).

• If you still in college, sometimes your campus can be a nice place to relax with your loved one! When I dated a girl from my university, sometimes we just went to a beautiful part of our campus and stayed there chatting.

• A cinema with films out-circuit! If you both like cinema, it’s a good idea too.

• Going to a winehouse (if you have the $ and legal age to drink where you live)

88 notes • Posted 2021-01-09 05:19:23 GMT

Study tips for ADHD fellas

1: Minimalism is the key. I know that we se a lot of beautiful notes here that looks like art pieces, but the most important thing is: your notes are clear enough so you can read it without getting distracted? An example of my own study notes to show what I’m talking about:

1: Minimalismo é a chave. Eu sei que a gente vê um bando de notas de estudo lindas que parecem obras de arte, mas a coisa mais importante é: suas anotações são claras o bastante pra você estudar sem se distrair? Um exemplo das minhas próprias anotações pra mostrar do que eu estou falando:

2: Use diferent colors in key words, it will help to remember latter

2: Use cores diferentes em palavras chaves, vai ajudar a lembrar delas depois.

3: Breaks are very very important. Try use the pomodoro method or just stop whenever you feel that you need a break. Put a alarm for something like 10 minutes and go outside, have a snack, go watch something on YouTube, take a shower... Than go back to study.

3: Pausas são muito, MUITO, importantes. Tente usar o método pomodoro ou então apenas pare quando você sentir que precisa de uma pausa. Ponha um alarme de uns 10 minutos e saia do quarto, faça um lanche, veja alguma coisa no YouTube, tome um banho... Depois, volte a estudar.

4: You need to hear your own body/brain. If you think you can’t study anymore, that’s okay, it’s time to stop for today.

4: Você precisa escutar seu próprio corpo/cérebro. Se você acha que não aguenta mais estudar tá tudo bem, é hora de parar por hoje.

5: Do not stay overnight studying! Sleeping is good to fix what you read. Get some sleep.

5: Não fique estudando a noite toda! Dormir é importante pra fixar o que você leu. Durma um pouco.

90 notes • Posted 2021-01-02 20:50:26 GMT

Biblioteca Nacional (National Library of Brazil), Rio de Janeiro - Brazil

108 notes • Posted 2021-01-10 18:31:16 GMT

Brazilian classic books

Livros clássicos brasileiros

• I’ve often see a lot of european classic books been recommended here, but all cultures and contries have their own classics, including Brazil. We often need to read than in school (and usually that make most part of us hate classics), but I’ve read some of them after graduating school and I’ve liked a lot of them! So there’s a list for brazilian fellas and foreign friends who may be interested in brazilian culture and literature!

• Eu costumo ver muitos livros clássicos europeus sendo recomendados aqui, mas todas as culturas e paises tem seus clássicos, inclusive o Brasil. Nós comumente temos que ler eles na escola (e geralmente isso faz a maioria de nós odiar clássicos), mas eu li alguns deles depois de me graduar na escola e gostei de muitos! Então aqui está uma lista pra colegas brasileiros e amigos gringos que possam estar interessados em cultura e literatura brasileira!

• The Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas (Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas), Machado de Assis - 1881

• Dom Casmurro, Machado de Assis - 1889 (This one is so famous here that even if you didn’t read it, you have the answer to one of the most famous questions in brazilian culture: Did she cheated on him or she didn’t?)

• The Psychiatrist or The Alienist (O Alienista), Machado de Assis - 1881

• Philosopher or Dog? (Quincas Borba), Machado de Assis - 1891

• The Slum (O Cortiço), Aluísio Azevedo - 1890

• Rebellion in the Backlands (Os Sertões), Euclides da Cunha - 1902

• The Patriot/The Sad End of Policarpo Quaresma (Triste Fim de Policarpo Quaresma), Lima Barreto - 1911

• Macunaíma, Mário de Andrade - 1928

• O Quinze, Rachel de Queiroz - 1930 (I didn’t found the name of this one in English, sorry)

• Barren Lives (Vidas Secas), Graciliano Ramos - 1938

• Life as it Is ( A Vida como Ela É...), Nelson Rodrigues - 1950 (If you can read portuguese I also recomend O Vestido de Noiva)

• The Devil to Pay in the Backlands (Grande Sertão: Veredas), João Guimarães Rosa - 1956

• The Passion According to G.H. ( A Paixão Segundo G. H.), Clarice Lispector - 1964

• The Hour of the Star (A Hora da Estrela), Clarice Lispector - 1977

• The Death and Life of a Severino (Morte e Vida Severina), João Cabral de Melo Neto - 1967

• Before the Green Ball (Antes do Baile Verde), Lygia Fagundes Telles - 1970

• Incident in Antares (Incidente em Antares), Érico Veríssimo - 1970

• Capitans of the Sand (Capitães da Areia), Jorge Amado - 1937

• Gabriela, Clove and Cinnamon (Gabriela, Cravo e Canela), Jorge Amado - 1958

• Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands (Dona Flor e Seus Dois Maridos), Jorge Amado - 1966

• Tereza Batista: Home from the Wars (Tereza Batista Cansada de Guerra), Jorge Amado - 1972

• The Taker and Other Stories, Rubem Fonseca (this one is a collection of short crime stories and is available only in English, but we brazilians and other portuguese speakers can read Feliz Ano Novo)

• Poema Sujo, Ferreira Gullar - 1976 (Don’t know if there’s an English version)

• Any poetry books by Mário Quintana

• Lucíola, José de Alencar - 1862 (this one is my favourite!)

• Senhora, José de Alencar - 1875

• Diva, José de Alencar - 1864

• Floating Foam (Espumas Flutuantes), Castro Alves - 1870

• Chilean Letters (Cartas Chilenas), Unknown (in theory, because a lot of specialists says that the one who wrote than was the luso-brazilian poet Tomás António Gonzaga) - 1863

• Dirceu’s Marília (Marília de Dirceu), Tomás António Gonzaga - 1792

• The Athenaeum (O Ateneu), Raul Pompéia - 1888 (I love this one soooo much!)

296 notes • Posted 2021-01-05 19:50:43 GMT

Get your Tumblr 2021 Year in Review →

#my 2021 tumblr year in review #your tumblr year in review

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