A Sandstone Hieroglpyh dating to 2250 B.C. shows the goddess Isis, her son, and the god Hathor (far left). There is evidence Egyptians used papyrus to manage their menstrual flow. Photograph By Leemage, Corbis/Getty Images
Egyptians Used Papyrus—and Other Ways of Handling Periods Through the Years
How we’ve dealt with our periods over millennia says a lot about our societies—and the persistent stigma surrounding menstruation.
— By Jude Coleman | November 29, 2023
In ancient Egypt, people used softened papyrus, a grass-like plant, to absorb their menstrual blood—sort of like an early tampon. The oldest historical record of period management, it’s also one of the few known, perhaps because menstruation has long been such a taboo subject, experts say.
Since written histories that reference menstruation are so limited, oral histories are some of the only sources available, such as accounts from Indigenous communities, says Alma Gottlieb, a cultural anthropologist at the University of Illinois. Not only that, but the products people likely used to control blood flow were organic materials, meaning that the artifacts have degraded over time.
Ultimately, experts say, people turned to whatever was available and compatible with their clothes. For many, that meant long strips of rags, which could be folded and pinned to clothing, then washed and reused. The practice is how the popular phrase “on the rag” originates, says Sharra Vostral, a menstruation and menstrual product historian at Northwestern University.
“How it's experienced and by whom, and the social attitudes around it—they're different in different places at different times,” says Vostral. For example, in the late 19th century, some U.S. doctors believed menstruation was an illness. One doctor, Edward Clark, believed that going to school while having a period hampered the development of reproductive organs.
Absorbent plant matter such as moss or bark could have also been useful, where available. Though it’s rumored that some Vikings might have used bog moss, for instance, it’s unconfirmed by historical records. Some period care theories float around on the internet, but in fact, “most of that is B.S.,” says Kate Clancy, an anthropologist at the University of Illinois, particularly since it’s difficult to prove speculated methods of period care.
Another option was to free bleed into clothes. For centuries in Europe and the United States, for example, many layers of underskirts and dresses absorbed the blood. Around the end of the 19th century, a garter belt-like contraption emerged. Made with an elastic waistband, the belts had loops on the front and back to clip a rag on.
It might have been helpful in the transition to more fitted clothes, as opposed to massive skirts, but they weren’t great, Vostral says. “People really were interested in something that was better.”
Menstrual Myths
Many cultures have long viewed menstruation negatively.
A lack of understanding fueled such perspectives. Take humoral theory: In the Middle Ages, the body was thought to consist of four liquid components called humors—blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. These bodily fluids had to stay in balance to maintain health. The monthly blood loss of menstruation was key to stabilizing humors, since women were considered weaker and incapable of keeping their humors in check, says Rachael Gillibrand, a historian at the University of Leeds in the United Kingdom.
That belief persisted into the Victorian era, she says. Other inaccurate perceptions included the idea that menstruating people emitted a toxin and could cause disease, that the blood was impure, and even that the blood could wipe out agricultural crops.
The bias against menstruation can also be traced back to the Bible. Eve was said to have disobeyed a monotheistic god and punished with the curse of painful childbirth. Later, the view on that curse was broadened to include menstruation.
“Discriminatory menstrual practices and perceptions have been practiced since the beginning of civilization,” says Radha Paudel, the founder of the Global South Coalition for Dignified Menstruation in Nepal.
These stigmas created a sense of shame, and even into the early 20th century, people in Western cultures talked so little about menstruation that many adolescents had no idea what was happening to them, says Camilla Røstvik, who studies menstrual culture at the University of Agder in Norway.
“Many of them thought that they were dying,” says Røstvik, “If you're thinking back in time, this must have been very traumatic for a lot of children in particular.”
Shame Persists
Around 1930 in the U.S., advertisements for some of the first modern pads came with a coupon that buyers could hand to druggists without needing to speak. The attitude of silence and shame is true in many parts of the world, says Paudel, who has spent decades researching perceptions of menstruation in cultures from Sri Lanka to Canada.
But it’s important to note that not all cultures villainized menstruation, Clancy says. The Beng people of West Africa, for example, treat menstrual blood as sacred and recognize its importance in reproduction.
Alternatively, the Rungus people of northern Borneo view menstruation neutrally: neither sacred nor cursed. People of this community manage their flow by situating themselves over a gap in the slatted floors of their homes, free-bleeding onto the lush forest greenery below. “It’s all a very casual process,” says Gottlieb.
Today, commercial products have evolved to include more internal control methods, such as tampons, menstrual cups, and menstrual disks.
But Clancy points out that there’s still a significant focus on hiding menstruation and not enough on other topics, such as symptoms that accompany menstruation. Though debilitating cramps can disrupt a person’s daily life, for instance, it’s little discussed.
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