#67 5/8 x 31 inches
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So apparently I hit 500 followers? Thank you to everyone who follows and has interacted with my fics!! 🥳
I thought this would be fun to celebrate? I have a list of random dialogue that y'all could pick from to send me. Ranges from everywhere to fluff, angst, NSFW, etc. And I'll write a little short something for it!
Feel free to pick a number or few to send or you could be specific with who you want or a specific trope or plot. Anything!
Thank y'all so much, made my whole day 💕
104 Dialogue Prompts
1. "Admit it... you're in love with me."
2. "We could get arrested for this."
3. "I thought you were dead."
4. "I've missed this."
5. "You could've died."
6. "Who did this to you?"
7. "I know, I know, I'm sorry... it'll be over soon, I promise."
8. "Come back to bed."
9. "How long has it been since you slept?"
10. "Tell me where you are, I'll come get you."
11. "I still love you."
12. "Such a good girl."
13. "Open your mouth for me, baby."
14. "We have to make this quick."
15. "Beg for it."
16. "Mommy?"
17. "You're in love with them. Aren't you?"
18. "It was you? This whole time?"
19. "You know, just cause you're older don't think for one second I'm not in charge."
20. "Smile at me like that again, I'll fall in love with you."
21. "... is that a trick question?"
22. "Don't just stand there, say something."
23. "Say that again, I dare you."
24. "Fuck you." "Right now?"
25. "I'm joking! Unless..."
26. "You take me so well."
27. "What do you mean I'm dead? I'm standing right here."
28. "Please, I'm begging you. Just hear me out."
29. "Oh fuck... I'm in love with (x)." "You're just now realizing that?"
30. "What if you didn't go? What if you stayed?"
31. "You like it rough, don't you, slut?"
32. "Flowers?"
33. "I hate you. I hate you. I hate you."
34. "Fuck, marry, kill..."
35. "Truth or dare?"
36. "Since when did you ever care about me?"
37. "You think I wanted this to happen? You think I wanted to fall in love with you?"
38. "May I have this dance?"
39. "I know I'm the last person you want to see, but..."
40. "I'm done! I am done waiting for you."
41. "It's okay, you're okay, I'm here. I've got you."
42. "Touch her again and see what happens."
43. "Is that a hickey?"
44. "I'm fine, it's just a bruise..."
45. "I'm going to fucking kill them."
46. "Are you sure about this?"
47. "Why are you all sweaty?"
48. "You left! You left and you didn't even think to look back. What was I supposed to do?"
49. "Well... this is awkward."
50. "You know I've been flirting with you this whole time right?"
51. "They'll never love you the way I did."
52. "If you're trying to make me jealous, it's working."
53. "Wanna bet?"
54. "Just say that you want me and I'm yours."
55. "I'm going to ruin you for anyone else."
56. "Wait you've never kissed a girl?"
57. "Where did all this attitude come from, princess?"
58. "Take my hand."
59. "Can I have your number?"
60. "You're an idiot." "Well yes, you'll have to be more specific."
61. "Quick! Pretend to be my girlfriend?"
62. "Run away with me."
63. "Are you going to be a good girl for mommy?"
64. "That collar looks so good on your pretty neck."
65. "Too bad, you're going to take every last fucking inch of me."
66. "Do you ever think before speaking?"
67. "Count them for me."
68. "You snore."
69. "Let's try that position." (I know, I know)
70. "Bullshit! You're telling me you just don't blush?" "Nope, never."
71. "Just tell her how you feel." "I'd rather get shot again."
72. "Oh my god are you okay?" "Yeah I'm fine, I've been stabbed before."
73. "Daddy?"
74. "Can't we go back to how things used to be?"
75. "Save a horse ride a cowgirl, amiright?"
76. "I like you. A lot."
77. "Is that the best you can do?"
78. "I'll consider kissing you if you can beat me."
79. "Please, pull the trigger."
80. "I'm not drunk enough for this."
81. "You can't run away from this forever."
82. "I know you're having nightmares again."
83. "Would you like me to whisper it in your ear?"
84. "Stop looking at me like that."
85. "Somebody's cranky." "Somebody needs to shut the fuck up."
86. "Get on your knees."
87. "How stupid do you think I am? Don't answer that."
88. "I can't sleep."
89. "Just relax, let me make you feel good."
90. "Close the door."
91. "Was that supposed to hurt?"
92. "I've wanted this for so long."
93. "You can do better than that. Beg for it."
94. "Controlling? Oh I'll show you controlling."
95. "You drive me fucking crazy!"
96. "Nobody needs to know."
97. "Take another step and you'll be dead before you open your fucking mouth again."
98. "Do they always look like that?" "Just when (x) is around."
99. "I made you a playlist."
100. "I know you said you would die for me but I didn't think you meant that literally!"
101. "Is that... blood?" "Huh? Oh yeah! Oh I'm fine it's not mine."
102. "Why are you always looking at me like that?" "Like what?"
103. "Hero? Please. You heroes have to win every time. But being the villain? I only have to win once."
104. "You've changed." "You haven't."
#scarletlizzard thoughts#500 followers#marvel#wanda maximoff#wanda maximoff x reader#wanda x reader#elizabeth olsen#elizabeth olsen x reader#natasha romanoff#natasha romanoff x reader
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through the hourglass 75. brb x oc
a/n: i...am not happy with this chapter hah, i had an off day and yeah...ugh,anyway!!! sorry for this one, hopefully the next will be better
pairing: plus size!oc x rooster
warnings: fluff
goodness gracious (pls read this one to know more what this fic is about!!)
chapter
1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24/
25/26/27/28/29/30/31/32/33/34/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44
45/46/47/48/49/50/51/52/53/54/55/56/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64
/65/66/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74
(pls let me know if you want to be added to the taglist!! )
taglist: @mirandastuckinthe80s @roosterschanelslut @wiipes @lcahwriter @shrimping-for-all @gretagerwigsmuse @frenchtoastix
@lizzie-rdj @fanboyluvr @atarmychick007 @comebacktoearthpls
@peachiicherries @mak-32 @lizziespidiepridie @roosterswifey @ollyoxenfrees @piceous21 @sqrlgrl22 @hofficoffi @lexhalstead3 @lorilane33 @legendarydreamersharkparty @luckyladycreator2
@emilybradshaw @j-6o @louisahale @leobabbyyy @kulicny @winter-run @ktjmac @graciereads @bigpoppajes @taytaylala12
@caitsymichelle13 @becks-things @caatheeriinee07 @dhwanishah09 @jesfreedark @katiemcrae @lilmonstrjedi @hobiismyhopeu @teacupsandtopgun @insominac23
-
Maybe if he didn’t move, maybe if he stood completely still, they’d walk away.
“Lt.Bradshaw! Sir!”
God damn it.
Rooster brings his fingers to his eyes, inhaling for patience before he rolls his shoulders and puts on a neutral face as he prepares himself to turn around and face the officers he knew without a doubt were behind him. He just turns his torso, resting his arm on the table with his eyes locking immediately with “Johnson.” He says with a brief smile, “And Faraday and McAllister.”
They were three young recruits, with Jameson being the tallest of them all, standing at Rooster’s height while Faraday was just a few inches shorter and McAllister reaching his shoulder. They were three men all from California, they were still in training and he was sure the only one who just had a callsign was Faraday…and that was his call sign, because apparently no one was that creative anymore, “Sir!” they all salute him quickly, “We didn’t know you liked tacos,sir!”
“You don’t have to call me sir all the time,guys.”
“Okay,sir.”
Rooster made a face, “I uh,” he looks back to where he saw Beatrice go, “I’m here with my wife and baby daughter as you,” he gestures with his hand to the stroller right by his side, Nicole’s eyes already on the three men, “Can see.”
Cue to McAllister slapping the two men on the shoulders, “I told you guys he was busy. We’re sorry,sir, we just saw you here and the guys wanted to say hi.” he sounded extremely nervous when speaking to Rooster, “And I told them not to, it wasn’t the right thing to do and we’d see you some other day at the base.”
Rooster nodded with the same neutral look on his face, ‘Yeah,well, it’s fine. Just don’t make this an habit.”
“We come here a lot,” Faraday,who apparently couldn’t identify a cue to leave, said while pointing to the taco truck, “We’ve been here since we were kids.” to Rooster they were still kids and he refused to remember their birth year or else he’d just get very upset about it, “And it’s cool that you like it too! I mean, I don’t know why we thought you’d like fancy stuff, maybe it’s because-” cue to Faraday rambling nonstop, his friends standing close by and McAllister being the only one who tries his best to cut him off so they could go.
Rooster hears Beatrice’s footsteps returning, followed by Nicole’s happy gurgle when she sees her mother, “Roos, did I take long-oh.” she stops a few steps away from the table, “Oh, um…hello?”
The three men saluted her too, out of habit, before Johnson blinked, “Wait, no,” they drop their arms, “I don’t think she’s Navy, guys. Uh,sorry ma’am.”
“That’s…okay?” Rooster turns back at Beatrice to give her a tired look, “Um…who are you guys?”
“Clive Johnson,” her husband replies, pointing to each young recruit, “Ryan Faraday and Oliver McAllister.” she found it endearing that they waved at her this time, offering small smiles and quick nods towards her instead of the uncalled salute from before. “They are the new recruits I told you about.”
“Ohh, hi guys! Nice to meet you,I’m Beatrice-”
“Yes,Lt.Bradshaw talks about you a lot.” Faraday smiles, then immediately clears his throat, “N-Not to us,I mean ma’am…he talks to others and we hear it and uh-”
But Beatrice just sent Rooster a look, her husband rubbing his jaw and avoiding her eyes because if she saw his face she’d be sure he was blushing. She knew he talked about her but to the point that the new recruits had an idea who she was? Now that was absolutely sweet.
Beatrice chews the inside of her lower lip, gazing upon the young recruits one more time, “Well, I’m glad to finally meet you guys too. Going out for dinner?” Beatrice knew they meant no harm, they showed up out of nowhere because they saw Rooster and wanted to say hi to him…which was fine! It was completely fine, but this was also their first night out as a family.
So she was thinking of ways to gently tell them to leave.
However Bradley wasn’t patient enough, turning around fully while seated as Beatrice settles back down on her seat, checking Nicole who was still staring at the three men, “Guys,” he pushes himself to his feet, approaching the young recruits with his hands in his pockets, “It was nice to see you three, but as you noticed-” he nods to Beatrice, “I’m out with my family…so.”
“Yeah! Time to leave!” McAllister adds, pushing the taller men away, “Sorry sir, we didn’t mean to intrude,sir.”
He fought back the wince from hearing that, “It’s quite alright, have a good night guys.” the three men nodded almost dumbly at him, then snapped back to attention, walking around their table - ‘good night ma’am, good night little miss’ - to get to the truck. They were still in Rooster’s line of vision but he was glad they walked away, running his hands over his eyes to get himself together.
Beatrice looks back to where the three men were, then towards Rooster again, “They seemed sweet.”
“Hm.”
“And they seemed to respect you a lot.”
Rooster sighed, holding his head up to look at Beatrice, offering her a little smile, “They are good kids but I really don’t want to think about work right now, not when I’m on my leave.”
“Understandable.” she said, “Do you really hate being called sir?”
“Sometimes.”
“Do you hate when I say it?”
He was surprised by the tone in her voice, like she was genuinely worried about his response, those green eyes with a layer of nerves over them as she waits for his response. It was a quiet question and the constant talking and music made it easier for them to talk without worrying about people eavesdropping on them, “I don’t hate when you say it.” he says just as quietly, ‘Because…well…it’s you.”
His wife blushed a soft red, then smiled at him as she ran the tip of her nail on the can’s rim, shrugging a bit, “I guess that’s good enough of an answer.” she says, “But you know the boys say that because they respect you a lot.”
“I know.”
“And you are their superior.”
“I know.” he sighs, “It’s hard to explain.”
Beatrice grins, “It’s alright, you know I won’t judge.”
Of course she wasn’t, he thought with a smile himself. He taps his finger against the wooden table, licking his lips for a second, “...I know.” he says softly, “I know you won’t.” and there was a heaviness in his words that Beatrice couldn’t identify why it lingered there.
But he didn’t elaborate and chose to continue their meal - ignoring the three young recruits still there, ordering their food and trying their best to not appear nosy - while chatting. It was going to be a nice night as long as they kept to themselves.
“Were you like that?” Rooster hears her ask, but his answer takes a while to form and when it comes out it’s a ‘hm?’ “Like the boys, amazed, starstruck over your superiors?”
Bradley noticed that he never talked too much about his time with the Golden Warriors, in fact he barely spoke about that time…not because he didn’t like talking about it, but mainly…because he wasn’t really the best mentally back then. He did a great job, but there were things he wasn’t proud of, “Nah.” he chuckles, ‘Well,maybe a little you know? Nothing too intense…I wanted to do a good job, get back, repeat, those things.”
He wipes his hand with the napkin, inhaling as he remembers his younger years, “You know, being the son of a former pilot is heavy on your shoulders. When they found out about what happened to my dad…well.”
He didn’t want pity, he never did, he wanted to show he was good just like his father was. There were times people wanted to make fun of him because of it, because of his mother’s passing - because of course they would, why wouldn’t they? The new recruit had a sad past? Well time to annoy him because of it. “And you achieved, Lieutenant.” she smiles, even more when his eyes slowly lift to meet hers, “I mean, look at you now.”
“Yeah…you know I don’t really talk to anyone from that time in VA.”
“Why not?”
Because most of them were pieces of shit and were annoyed because of his talents, and they liked to say he only got where he got because of his father. “I don’t think we ever got to be that close, not like the guys are…so when I asked to be transferred it was a no brainer, never looked back.” Beatrice knew there was something he wasn’t saying, “I wasn’t like the guys are, I respected my superiors sure but…not to that extent. I got to where I am right now just being myself and being damn good at it.”
He had the right to be cocky sometimes, it wasn’t often, but he had the utmost pleasure of doing so, “And you don’t miss them at all?”
“Nope.” and considering how they were, they’d probably disrespect Beatrice too and that was something he couldn’t stand. “Not at all.”
Beatrice blinked, then smiled softly at him, “If you say so…can I ask you something?”
“Sure,baby,shoot.”
“If you weren’t in the Navy, was there anything you’d like to do?”
Rooster stopped the plastic cup from touching his lips when she asked, clearly not expecting but at the same time…not shocked about it. He opened his mouth, then closed, then opened again as he sets the cup down, furrowing his brows, “...I…” he thinks, and he thinks hard about it, waiting to find anything to tell her but “...I don’t think so.” he mutters, “I love what I do,I think I always did, even as a little boy,even when my mother and I argued about it time and time again.” he explains, spinning his wedding ring on his finger with the pad of his thumb, “And while it is stressful and tiring and sometimes the reports make me crazy…I don’t think I’d have any other profession.”
His wife just leaned on her hand as she heard him speak, her eyes focused on him and the way he was so sincerely voicing how he felt and her smile returned, “That’s really nice,Roos.”
“Hah, thanks gorgeous…why did you ask?”
Beatrice inhales, her smile dropping as she looks at Nicole, holding her daughter’s hand for a second, “...I think I was just curious…we were talking today - me,Jessie,Shells and Penny - about second choices, sudden opportunities.” she mutters, “And I guess it brought some memories I forgot.”
“Such as?”
“I almost told Shells no when she told me about the bar.” now that surprised him, even making Rooster recoil in surprise, “I know right? Crazy. But I told you how I was mentally when that happened…and like, I worked with my uncle but the pay wasn’t great and I wanted to move out…so I thought why the hell not. It was never in my plans but…I can’t see myself doing anything but working at the bar.”
“I mean,I’m happy to hear that because how else would we ever meet?” he smirks, “How else would I ask you out? Or propose to you? Or have our baby together?”
“I know.” she smiles, “And you are right.”
“Was that all that brought it up?”
She sighs, “I guess? I don’t know, I guess a lot came into perspective lately. With Nikki, with us growing as a couple, as a married couple too, you know? Like…I think we are doing fine, all things considered, we are managing everything.”
He wondered if this was because of what she mentioned about Jessie, about the things she’d miss if she wasn’t working at the bar. “We sure are,gorgeous.” he had to admit it was…going a lot better than he ever imagined it, after all he and Beatrice were first timers in everything.
And maybe that’s why Beatrice brought it up.
The what ifs still hovered them both, especially now that Nicole was four months old, with time going by fast he knew both of them had to keep it up with her. They didn’t want to miss anything when it came to her, “Do you think she’d be interested in any of our fields?” Beatrice’s question catches him off guard, “Nikki?”
It was still early to think about that but he supposed he could indulge in the future, “Maybe,why?”
“I don’t know, curiosity I guess.” she smiles down at Nicole who just gurgles up at her, even more when her mother tickles her tummy, “Oh, I almost forgot, Marcus wants me to see him next week.”
“Yeah?”
“And he wants you to come with.”
Bradley blinked, arching his brow with a confused smile, “He does? May I ask why?”
“He said he uh, needs your second opinion.”
Rooster licks the inside of his lip, then chuckles, throwing his hand up in the air in an ‘alright’ motion, “I don’t see why not.” he smirks, “Maybe I can also see some of your work there, huh?”
“Oh everything is saved up until the collection is ready to launch.” Bea smiles, “Marcus said that it’s going to be amazing.”
“I believe him.” he smirks, “Is there anything else?”
Beatrice taps her finger against her chin, the other hand still busy with Nicole, “Oh, he wants us to bring Nicole,”she smiles,looking down at their daughter, “Because he hasn’t met her yet.” true, he was out of the country when Nicole was born. Rooster hummed, leaning on his palm as he thought about it, arching his brow at her.
“Alright,when do we go?”
“Two days before Halloween,OH! We need to go shopping for treats! And get Nicoles’ costume…and our costumes! For Penny’s party!” while Beatrice excitedly rambled, Rooster moved his eyes from her to Nicole who was just smiling up at him, waving her little hands in the air.
Younger Rooster would never dream of having something like this, and yet here he is, with the two most special people in his life. With a loving wife and a beautiful daughter and- something wet touched his head. And another landed on the table, there was the gentle sound of rain hitting the ground around them that made the two stand to their feet and protect Nicole from the cold raindrops.
Their daughter, amazingly,didn’t care, she just laughed all the way.
At least someone was having fun with their demise.
#bradley rooster bradshaw#rooster bradshaw#bradley bradshaw x oc#top gun maverick#bradley bradshaw x reader#bradley bradshaw x female reader#bradley bradshaw x named reader
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The Sunnydale Herald Newsletter, Wednesday, April 17
BUFFY: So, you've been seeing a guy, and you don't know what he looks like? Okay, this is a puzzle. No, wait, I'm good at these. Does it involve a midget and a block of ice?
~~BtVS 1x08 “I, Robot... You, Jane~~
[Drabbles & Short Fiction]
Disastrous Date (Buffy, Owen Thurman, Giles, PG) by badly_knitted
Numb (Buffy, PG-13) by veronyxk84
[Series: 11 drabbles added] Crossing Over - BtVS/Spuffy crossover drabbles (Ensemble, xovers w/ various shows, G) by julikobold
Love Language (Xander/Spike, not rated) by forsaken2003
Who the Hell is Lindsey McDonald? (Lindsey, Leverage xover, G) by nival_kenival
Spike x Female Reader Pt. 1 (not rated) by crowwritesaway
[French language] Des fleurs pour la St Valentin (Buffy/Spike, G) by MissKitty28
To the ghosts between us (Buffy/Spike, PG-13) by will_
[Chaptered Fiction]
You’re my always, Chapter 4/4 (Willow/Tara, T) by ronanceisrxmance
Six Inches Between Us, Chapter 3/3 (Buffy/Giles, E) by AddieH
Staying Afloat, Chapter 21/? (Willow/Oz, T) by dwinchester
[Spanish language] Me haces tanto bien, Chapter 4/? (Buffy/Spike, M) by Nigthmareintheheaven
With Arms Wide Open, Chapter 31/? (Buffy/Giles, E) by jaybird023
[Ukrainian language] Forward to Time Past//Вперед у час минулий, Chapter 37/67 (Buffy/Spike, E) translation by Uraniya
Infinitely, Chapter 48/? (Willow/Tara, M) by Laragh
[French language] Recommencer, Chapter 7/? (Buffy/Faith, M) by FridayQueen
In the Dark of the Night, Chapter 8/? (Buffy/Spike, Jenny/Giles, M) by norik23
[French language] La fin des temps, Chapter 31 (Buffy/Spike, G) by MissKitty28
The Scoobies, Chapter 11 (Ensemble, T) by heckate
Faded Hope, Chapter 26 (Buffy/Spike, Adult Only) by bitchee
Blood and dust, Chapters 5-6 (Buffy/Spike, 18+) by Blackoberst
What the Drabble? Vol. 2, Chapter 13 (Buffy/Spike, PG-13) by VeroNyxK84
[Images, Audio & Video]
Artwork: butterflies and sleepy vamps (Buffy/Spike, worksafe) by tubesock86
Artwork: Buffy back study (worksafe) by isevery0nehereverystoned
Artwork: Dusk (Buffy, tarot, worksafe) by isevery0nehereverystoned
Artwork: dead end (Lindsey McDonald, worksafe) by genericaces
[Reviews & Recaps]
PODCAST: HELLMOUTH HOMOS: Hush by Fear Queers
PODCAST: Bonus Episode 3! Season 3 Recap by Gym Was Cancelled
[Community Announcements]
Event: Pen & Paint 2024 by SADmins
[Fandom Discussions]
I understand the appeal of fics where Spike doesn’t get his soul back, but [...] by nicnacsnonsense
[anon ask] [Thoughts on the dynamic between Faith and Dawn] answered by explosionshark
I haven’t processed that [Cordelia's fate's] not a prank yet by littled0lls
Houses are NOT safe with [Buffy]! by aphony-cree
[Buffy] loves so deeply and irrationally and makes every love a part of her by crimeboys
[About Jesse's fate] by stardust-kiddo
[ask] [Some fix-it scenarios for BtVS] answered by fox-toothed
Andrew Wells’s monologue about Faith by coraniaid
BTVS opinion : 4x09 [Spike seeing Willow's pain] by nevereverthem
The Romani still hold onto their vengeance but not a transcript of the dang curse by thisisgoing2far
Faith's more of an Angel than a Spike by LightBlueSky55
“Hell-Bound” in Angel is such an underrated scary episode by Eagles56
Vampires and their mothers by failed_asian
Did they purposely write Buffy as being slightly less cool when Faith came along? by Tsole96
Oz & Early Faith by Neat-Biscotti-2962
Which half of BtVS do you love? by Kindofaddictedtotv
What do you think is the best three episode streak in the whole series aka your "holy trinity"? by incendio1897
Tell me why you love Buffy! What does the show bring to your life? by secyning
Faith and Wood? by Slayerette444
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[Articles, Interviews, and Other News]
CONVENTION: David Boreanaz, Charisma Carpenter, and Julie Benz in Orlando, Sept. 2024 by Fanboy Expo Orlando
CONVENTION: James Marsters to Attend Ultracon of South Florida 20-22 Sept. 2024 by James Marsters News
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Top 100 favorite albums as of March 2023 (full list under cut)
1. Radiohead - Amnesiac
2. Linkin Park - Hybrid Theory (Bonus Edition)
3. Rina Sawayama - Sawayama (Deluxe Edition)
4. Black Dresses - Forget Your Own Face
5. 100 gecs - 10000 gecs
6. Laura Les - i just dont wanna name it anything with "beach" in the title
7. 100 gecs - 1000 gecs
8. Bring Me the Horizon - Sempiternal (Deluxe Edition)
9. Linkin Park - Meteora
10. Linkin Park - A Thousand Suns
11. System of a Down - Toxicity
12. Radiohead - Kid A
13. Toby Fox - UNDERTALE Soundtrack
14. Linkin Park - Reanimation
15. My Chemical Romance - The Black Parade / Living with Ghosts (The 10th Anniversary Edition)
16. Radiohead - OK Computer
17. Against Me! - Transgender Dysphoria Blues
18. Linkin Park - Minutes to Midnight (Deluxe Version)
19. 100 gecs - 100 gecs
20. My Chemical Romance - Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge
21. Laura Les - hello kitty skates to the fuckin CEMETARY
22. Torres - Silver Tongue
23. Left At London - t.i.a.p.f.y.h.
24. Nirvana - Nevermind (Deluxe Edition)
25. food house, Gupi & Fraxiom - Food House
26. Chevelle - Wonder What's Next (Expanded Edition)
27. Tallah - Matriphagy
28. Breaking Benjamin - Dear Agony
29. Motionless in White - Creatures (Deluxe Edition)
30. Limp Bizkit - Significant Other (Explicit Version)
31. Limp Bizkit - Three Dollar Bill, Y'all $
32. Ada Rook - UGLY DEATH NO REDEMPTION ANGEL CURSE I LOVE YOU
33. Laura Jane Grace - Stay Alive
34. Jethro Tull - Aqualung
35. Fontaines D.C. - Skinty Fia
36. BACKxWASH - HIS HAPPINESS SHALL COME FIRST EVEN THOUGH WE ARE SUFFERING
37. Bayside - Interrobang
38. Black Dresses - Forever In Your Heart
39. Three Days Grace - One-X
40. Sophie - Oil of Every Pearl's Un-Insides
41. 100 gecs - Snake Eyes
42. Linkin Park - Hybrid Theory EP
43. Kittie - Spit
44. BACKxWASH - I LIE HERE BURIED WITH MY RINGS AND MY DRESSES
45. Pink Floyd - Wish You Were Here
46. Toby Fox - Deltarune Chapter 2 (Original Game Soundtrack)
47. Chongo - Mad Rat Monday
48. Nine Inch Nails - The Downward Spiral
49. Motionless in White - Infamous (Deluxe Edition)
50. Indigo Girls - Indigo Girls (Expanded Edition)
51. Talking Heads - Remain In Light (Deluxe Version)
52. My Chemical Romance - I Brought You My Bullets, You Brought Me Your Love
53. Spineshank - The Height of Callousness [Special Edition]
54. The Used - The Used
55. Linkin Park - Live in Texas
56. Baroness - Yellow & Green
57. Death Grips - The Money Store
58. Nirvana - In Utero - 20th Anniversary Remaster
59. Hozier - Wasteland, Baby!
60. Radiohead - In Rainbows
61. Bring Me the Horizon - There Is a Hell, Believe Me I've Seen It. There Is a Heaven, Let's Keep It a Secret
62. Three Days Grace - Human
63. Kendrick Lamar - To Pimp a Butterfly
64. Limp Bizkit - The Unquestionable Truth (Pt. 1)
65. Kate Bush - Hounds of Love (2018 Remaster)
66. Bring Me the Horizon - POST HUMAN: SURVIVAL HORROR
67. Bring Me the Horizon - That's The Spirit
68. Go! Child - Coffee And Ramen
69. Limp Bizkit - Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water
70. We Are The Union - Ordinary Life
71. Chevelle - This Type of Thinking (Could Do Us In)
72. Evanescence - Fallen
73. The Beach Boys - Pet Sounds
74. Jamie Paige - Bittersweet
75. Hayley Williams - Petals For Armor
76. Nirvana - Bleach
77. For the Likes of You - Withered
78. Bring Me the Horizon - Suicide Season Cut Up!
79. Lena Raine - Celeste (Original Soundtrack)
80. Holy Grail - Ride The Void
81. Tenacious D - The Pick of Destiny
82. a-ha - Scoundrel Days
83. Demon Hunter - Storm the Gates of Hell
84. Black Flag - Damaged
85. Masakazu Sugimori - Phoenix Wright - Ace Attorney OST
86. Kendrick Lamar - DAMN.
87. Alexisonfire - Crisis
88. Various Artists - Queen of the Damned
89. Limp Bizkit - Still Sucks
90. Alanis Morissette - Jagged Little Pill
91. Bob Dylan - Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits
92. Architects - Holy Hell
93. Laura Les - REMIXES 2017
94. Linkin Park - Living Things
95. brian david gilbert - songs with videos without videos
96. Frost Children - SPIRAL
97. Parkway Drive - Horizons
98. Limp Bizkit - Gold Cobra (Deluxe)
99. Various Artists - Phineas and Ferb
100. Vanilla Ice - Hard To Swallow
#it's silly but i'm kind of nervous about posting this#i do these every six months and i have like 3x as many followers now as i did in september......#everyone has to be niceys to me okay? i'm breakable 🥺#*char noises*#talking pop
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BALLAD OF A SELFLESS BOY - dean playlist X
he ain't heavy he's my brother donny hathaway 2. carry that weight the beatles 3. behind blue eyes the who 4. back down the black boy & bear 5. changes black sabbath 6. simple man lynyrd skynyrd 7. knockin' on heavens door bob dylan 8. please call home allman brothers band 9. history book dry the river 10. blood brothers bruce springsteen 11. hurt nine inch nails 12. ten years gone led zeppelin 13. waiting around to die the be good tanyas 14. bad company bad company 15. soul to squeeze red hot chili peppers 16. rivers and roads the head and the heart 17. soldier of fortune deep purple 18. the boy who blocked his own shot brand new 19. mama said metallica 20. lost in my mind the head and the heart 21. big black car gregory alan isakov 22. two coffins against me! 23. road to nowhere ozzy osbourne 24. brothers in arms dire straits 25. francis haley heyndrerickx, max garcia conover 26. murder and crime sufjan stevens, angelo de augustine 27. losing my religion r.e.m 28. no quarter led zeppelin 29. oh daddy fleetwood mac 30. so he won't break the black keys 31. nobody loves you (when you're down and out) john lennon 32. happiness is a warm gun the beatles 33. when a blind man cries deep purple 34. army dreamers kate bush 35. welcome to the cruel world ben harper 36. brendan's death song red hot chili peppers 37. end of the night the doors 38. dark child - single edit marlon williams 39. solitude black sabbath 40. i gotta get outta here alice cooper 41. you keep moving on deep purple 42. black cat power 43. about today the national 44. i'd love to change the world ten years after 45. my friends red hot chili peppers 46. come pick me up ryan adams 47. these days jackson browne 48. happiness grant lee buffalo 49. i appear missing queens of the stone age 50. anne john frusciante 51. all my love led zeppelin 52. these days the black keys 53. nobody's fault but mine led zeppelin 54. i am the highway audioslave 55. cowboys counting crows 56. if i ever was a child wilco 57. lose your soul dead man's bones 58. lazarus david bowie 59. play with fire the rolling stones 60. my mind is ramblin' the black keys 61. you don't know how it feels tom petty 62. to be with you in heaven the scorpions 63. i never cry alice cooper 64. lonely people america 65. here, air john frusciante 66. rock 'n' roll suicide david bowie 67. it'll all work out blake mills 68. all shades of blue gregory alan isakov 69. silver stallion cat power 70. sad cowboys and rock and roll van andrew, victoria bigelow 71. i am all i got the dead brothers
#dean winchester#songs that make me think of him<3#a mixture#and some songs i think he'd like#spn#supernatural#playlist
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Kai - Maned Wolf - Character Playlist
Track List:
1. Sylph Fossil / Iglooghost 🔪 2. You’re So Creepy /Ghost Town 🔪 3. MAKE IT HURT / TWENTYTHREE 🔪 4. Let You Down / Three Days Grace 🔪 5. When They Come for Me / Linkin Park 🔪 6. Technique (short) - Hybrid Theory / Linkin Park 🔪 7. It’s Goin’ Down (Ft. Mike Shinoda and Mr. Hahn)-B-Side Rarities / X-Ecutioners, Mike Shinoda, Mr. Hahn🔪 8. X-Ecutioner style (Ft. Black Thought) / Linkin Park, Black Thought, Roc Raida, Sean C 🔪 9. Everything is Violence / Lorn 🔪10. Boss’s Daughter / Pop Evil 🔪11. Tear Away / Drowning Pool 🔪12. Pet / A Perfect Circle 🔪 13. Black Widow / In This Moment 🔪14. Pick Up The Phone / Falling In Reverse 🔪15. Break / Three Days Grace 🔪16. Wolf In Sheep’s Clothing (ft. William Beckett) / Set It Off 🔪17. Going To Hell / The Pretty Reckless 🔪18. Animal In Me / Solence 🔪 19. Im Not A Vampire / Falling In Reverse 🔪 20. My Medicine / The Pretty Reckless 🔪 21. Lights Out / Breaking Benjamin 🔪 22. Headstrong / Trapt 🔪 23. Bad Girlfriend / Theory of a Deadman 🔪 24. Bitch Came Back / Theory of a Deadman 🔪 25. Counting Bodies Like Sheep To The Rhythm Of The War Drum / A Perfect Circle 🔪 26. ULTRAnumb / Blue Stahli 🔪 27. Adrenalize / In This Moment 🔪28. Closer / Nine Inch Nails 🔪 29. Mind Games / Sickick 🔪 30. Malevolent / Social Repose 🔪 31. Worldwide Torture / Jazmin Bean 🔪 32. Shitlist / L7 🔪 33. Anger /Groundbreaking 🔪 34. Touch Me I’m Sick / Mudhoney 🔪35. Kill Everyone / Hollywood Undead 🔪36. Lights Out / Mindless Self Indulgence 🔪37. Never Wanted To Dance / Mindless Self Indulgence 🔪38. Blood / In This Moment 🔪39. You’re Gonna Listen / In This Moment 🔪 40. Big Bad Wolf / In This Moment 🔪 41. Zones You Can’t See / Iglooghost 🔪 42. Beneath The Moon & Me / Blood Cultures 🔪 43. Haunt / Clams Casino 🔪 44. Rumpus Room / Xiu Xiu, Liars 🔪 45. D.F LOOKS / HEALTH, Brothel 🔪 46. Sahara - Slowed / Hensonn 🔪 47. Shut Me Up / Mindless Self Indulgence 🔪 48. Apex Predator / Otep 🔪 49. What Doesn’t Kill You Will Make You A Killer / Rabbit Junk 🔪 50. The Undertaker - (Don’t Shoot the Messenger) / Puscifer 🔪 51. Kill Kitty- Kmfdm Remix / Angelspit , KMFDM 🔪 52. Living Dead Girl / Rob Zombie 🔪 53. Coming Undone / Korn 🔪 54. Sex Metal Barbie / In This Moment 🔪 55. Hungry Like The Wolf- 2009 Remaster / Duran Duran 🔪 56. Twlight Zone / Golden Earring 🔪 57. Good L_ck (Yo_’re F_cked) / Celldweller 🔪 58. Sick Like Me / In This Moment 🔪 59. Lizard Brain / Lil Boodang 🔪 60. Thelema / Øfdream 🔪 61. FEEL NOTHING / HEALTH 🔪 62. I Hate Everything About You / Longlost 🔪 63. Scratch Boogie / Joe Satriani 🔪 64. Dangerous (ft. Joywave) - Oliver Remix / Big Data, Joywave, Oliver 🔪 65. Scary Gary / Kaito Shoma, DJ Paul, Kingpin Skinny Pimp 🔪 66. PRINCE OF DARKNESS / SHADXWBXRN , ARCHEZ, KXNVRA 🔪67. AVOID ME / KUTE 🔪 68. Disaster / KSLV Noh 🔪 69. Never Satisfied / Kick The Habit, Joe Zay 🔪 70. Killin’ On Demand / Freddie Dredd 🔪 71. GTG / Freddie Dredd 🔪 72. Stray Bullet / KMFDM 🔪 73. Spit. / WARGASM (UK) 🔪 74. Disobey / Oddko 🔪 75. Bitches Brew / ✝️✝️✝️ (Crosses) 🔪 76. Curse The Weather / Royal Tusk 🔪 77. Muthafucka / Beware Of Darkness 🔪 78. Broken Bones / CRX 🔪 79. Runnin’ With The Devil - 2015 Remaster / Van Halen 🔪 80. Baby / Royal Republic 🔪 81. Psycho / Muse 🔪 82. Welcome To The Jungle / Guns N’ Roses 🔪 83. Spoiler - Recoil / Hyper, WARGASM (UK) 🔪 84. Howl / Beware Of Darkness 🔪 85. Sick / Adelitas Way 🔪 86. Bodies / Drowning Pool 🔪 87. Oh No (“Points Of Authority” Demo) - LPU rarities/ Linkin Park 🔪 88. Anxiety / Palaye Royale 🔪 89. Vulture Culture / Fangclub🔪 90. Drop Dead Cynical / Amaranthe 🔪 91. Blind / Dance With the Dead 🔪 92. Beast / 8 Graves 🔪 93. HURT / 1 800 PAIN 🔪 94. The Nothing / SWARM 🔪 95. Another Way Out / Hollywood Undead 🔪 96. Scream / Avenged Sevenfold 🔪 97. Lake Of Fire / Nirvana 🔪 98. D.R.I.L.D.O / WARGASM (UK)
Playlist Art- done by me (@localclownart - IG or @Phatomimey - Tumblr)
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BUY IT NOW
Libro Di M. Gio Boccaccio Delle Donne Illustri
Tradotto Per Messer Giuseppe Betussi.
Con Una Additione Fatta,
Dal Medesimo Delle Donne Famose Dal Tipo Di M. Giovanni Fino à I Giorni Nostri
& Alcune Altre State Per Inanzi,
Con La Vita Del Boccaccio, & La Tavola Di Tutte L'historie, & Cose Principali
Che Nell'opra Si Contengono.
All'illustriss. S. Camilla Pallauicina Marchese Di Corte Maggiore.
In Vineggia M D LVIII
RARE, ITALIAN LANGUAGE
ILLUSTRATED
Publisher: Francesco e gli Imperatori, Veneggia (Venice)
Copyright: 1558
--ABOUT THIS ITEM--
Item Dimensions: 6.0 inches x 4.5 inches
Boccaccio's On Famous Women (De claris mulieribus) is a remarkable work that contains the lives of one hundred and six women in myth and history, ranging from Eve to Boccaccio's contemporary, Queen Giovanna I of Naples. It is the first collection of women's biographies ever written. Boccaccio composed it at Certaldo in 1361-62 and revised it in various stages to the end of his life in 1375. He dedicated it to Andrea Acciaiuoli, countess of Altavilla in the kingdom of Naples and sister of Niccolò Acciaiuoli, the grand seneschal of Queen Giovanna I.
In his preface, the author states that the biographies of illustrious men had been written often by a number of excellent writers, and he cited his hero Petrarch's Lives of Famous Men (De viris illustribus) as an example. No one, however, had ever done the same for women. Boccaccio, therefore, presents a wide variety of women from antiquity to his own time, offering their lives as both moral exemplar and entertaining reading. On Famous Women is the earliest source of women's biography in the West and has had a long and distinguished publication career and literary influence.
The famous women included are:
1. Eve, the first woman in the Bible
2. Semiramis, queen of the Assyrians
3. Opis, wife of Saturn
4. Juno, goddess of the Kingdoms
5. Ceres, goddess of the harvest and queen of Sicily
6. Minerva
7. Venus, queen of Cyprus
8. Isis, queen, and goddess of Egypt
9. Europa, queen of Crete
10. Libya, queen of Libya
11 and 12. Marpesia and Lampedo, queens of the Amazons
13. Thisbe, a Babylonian maiden
14. Hypermnestra, queen of the Argives and priestess of Juno
15. Niobe, queen of Thebes
16. Hypsipyle, queen of Lemnos
17. Medea, queen of Colchis
18. Arachne of Colophon
19 and 20. Orithyia and Antiope, queens of the Amazons
21. Erythraea or Heriphile, a Sibyl
22. Medusa, daughter of Phorcus
23. Iole, daughter of the king of the Aetolians
24. Deianira, wife of Hercules
25. Jocasta, queen of Thebes
26. Almathea or Deiphebe, a Sibyl
27. Nicostrata, or Carmenta, daughter of King Ionius
28. Procris, wife of Cephalus
29. Argia, wife of Polynices and daughter of King Adrastus
30. Manto, daughter of Tiresias
31. The wives of the Minyans
32. Penthesilea, queen of the Amazons
33. Polyxena, daughter of King Priam
34. Hecuba, queen of the Trojans
35. Cassandra, daughter of King Priam of Troy
36. Clytemnestra, queen of Mycenae
37. Helen of Troy, whose abduction by Paris began the Trojan War
38. Circe, daughter of the Sun
39. Camilla, queen of the Volscians
40. Penelope, wife of Ulysses
41. Lavinia, queen of Laurentum
42. Dido, or Elissa, queen of Carthage
43. Nicaula, queen of Ethiopia
44. Pamphile, daughter of Platea
45. Rhea Ilia, a Vestal Virgin
46. Gaia Cyrilla (Tanaquil), wife of King Tarquinius Priscus
47. Sappho, woman of Lesbos and poet
48. Lucretia, wife of Collatinus
49. Tamyris, queen of Scythia
50. Leaena, a courtesan
51. Athaliah, queen of Jerusalem
52. Cloelia, a Roman maiden
53. Hippo, a Greek woman
54. Megullia Dotata
55. Veturia, a Roman matron
56. Thamyris, daughter of Micon
57. Artemisia, queen of Caria
58. Verginia, virgin and daughter of Virginius
59. Eirene, daughter of Cratinus
60. Leontium
61. Olympias, queen of Macedonia
62. Claudia, a Vestal Virgin
63. Virginia, wife of Lucius Volumnius
64. Flora, goddess of flowers and wife of Zephyrus
65. A young Roman woman
66. Marcia, daughter of Varro
67. Sulpicia, wife of Quintus Fulvius Flaccus
68. Harmonia, daughter of Gelon, son of Hiero II of Syracuse
69. Busa of Canosa di Puglia
70. Sophonisba, queen of Numidia
71. Theoxena, daughter of Prince Herodicus
72. Berenice, queen of Cappadocia
73. The Wife of Orgiagon the Galatian
74. Tertia Aemilia, wife of the elder Africanus
75. Dripetrua, queen of Laodice
76. Sempronia, daughter of Gracchus
77. Claudia Quinta, a Roman woman
78. Hypsicratea, Queen of Pontus
79. Sempronia, a Roman Woman
80. The Wives of the Cimbrians
81. Julia, daughter of the dictator Julius Caesar
82. Portia, daughter of Cato Uticensis
83. Curia, wife of Quintus Lucretius
84. Hortensia, daughter of Quintus Hortensius
85. Sulpicia, wife of Cruscellio
86. Cornificia, a poet
87. Mariamme, queen of Judaea
88. Cleopatra, queen of Egypt
89. Antonia, daughter of Antony
90. Agrippina, wife of Germanicus
91. Paulina, a Roman woman
92. Agrippina, mother of the Emperor Nero
93. Epicharis, a freedwoman
94. Pompeia Paulina, wife of Seneca
95. Poppaea Sabina, wife of Nero
96. Triaria, wife of Lucius Vitellius
97. Proba, wife of Adelphus
98. Faustina Augusta
99. Symiamira, woman of Emesa
100. Zenobia, queen of Palmyra
101. Joan, an Englishwoman, and Pope
102. Irene, Empress of Constantinople
103. Gualdrada, a Florentine maiden
104. Constance, Empress of Rome and queen of Sicily
105. Camiola, a Sienese widow
106. Joanna, queen of Jerusalem and Sicily
#Camiola#Gualdrada#Zenobia#Empress Irene#Pompeia#Epicharis#Triaria#Cornificia#Claudia Quinta#Sophonisba#Berenice#Joanna of Jerusalem#Agrippina#Hypsicratea#Sempronia#Dripetrua#Curia#Paulina#Cleopatra#Cloelia#Circe#Tertia Aemilia#Theoxena#Boccaccio#giovanni boccaccio#On Famous Women#antiquarianbooks#antiquarian books#book#books
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1. Do you like having your picture taken?
No.
2. Have you ever done a photo shoot, professional or non?
I’ve had pictures taken at photo studios and I have a cousin who’s a photographer that did my college graduation photos.
3. If you could go anywhere in the world where would you go and why?
I mean, nowhere right now. BUT, there’s a lot of places I’d love to visit one day. Various countries and places here in the US. I just want to be able to travel a lot one day.
4. Who would you take with you on this little adventure?
My family.
5. What would you say is the most daring thing to do in a lifetime?
That’s going to be different for everyone of course, but basically something that pushes you out of your comfort zone. Conquering a fear.
6. Would you ever do that?
I don’t know.
7. Have you ever done crossword puzzles?
Yeah. I much prefer word searches, though.
8. Ever actually completed one?
Yeah.
9. Pick up the closest book and write a sentence at random from it.
There isn’t a book near me.
10. Do the same with a lyric from either a cd or the radio.
Nah.
11. Have you ever tried to analyze your own dreams?
Yeah, many times. I’ve tried to look up what some things symbolize and what it might mean for me.
12. Would you put up posters in your room?
Yeah. I have some things hung up.
13. Can you sing?
I can’t sing well at all. I wish.
14. Do you ever sing to yourself while doing everyday tasks?
Yes.
15. What's your favorite color of post-it note?
Pink.
16. How many cassette tapes do you own?
Zero.
17. How many cd's do you own?
I don’t have any CDs anymore.
18. Ever bought a cd for just one song?
I probably have.
19. What would your perfect day consist of?
Beach days are nice. Or since it’s winter, renting a cozy cabin in the snow sounds lovely.
20. Have you ever lied to get off the phone or out of talking to someone online?
Yes.
21. Have you ever written a survey?
Once. It was several years ago during the Xanga days. I wish I still had it saved.
22. How about a song? If so share it.
No.
23. Or maybe a poem? If so share it or one of them.
I dabbled with poetry when I was 16. I am definitely not sharing one, they’re super cringey.
24. Is your vcr flashing 12:00 all the time?
I don’t have a VCR. Wow, cassette tapes and VCRs how old is this survey?
25. Do you read your horoscope?
No.
26. If so, do you base your day on it?
No, I’ve never been into astrology. I used to read it when I was younger like in an magazine, but it was always just for fun.
27. Would you rather chew gum or use mouthwash and why?
Chew gum. Mouthwash is way too strong to me and I find it irritating for my mouth and yeah it’s just not a pleasant experience.
28. Do you floss?
No. :X
29. Are you addicted to napster like me?
Okay, now you’ve mentioned Napster so this survey is super old. Napster was like late 90s and early 2000s.
30. How many times a year about are you sick?
I rarely get things like a cold, which I find interesting because I feel like my immune system is crap, but I feel sick and crappy often for other reasons.
31. Ever been in an airplane?
Yes, a few times.
32. If so where were you flying to?
Georgia and back and to Disneyland and back.
33. What radio station to you listen to most?
It’s been a few years since I’ve listened to the radio.
34. What color are your shoes?
I wear my black Adidas the most.
35. Was fuzzy wuzzy a bear?
He was. He had no hair, though, so he wasn’t actually fuzzy.
36. Do you know how to play dominos?
I’ve never really played.
37. Or do you think I just mean pizza by that?
No, I know what dominos are.
38. Speaking of pizza, what's your favorite kind? (toppings and/or place to get it from)
My favorite is from this local place. I like to get white sauce, feta and ricotta cheese, crumbled meatballs, garlic, spinach, and pesto and olive oil drizzles. I’ve been really craving that lately.
39. What color are your eyes?
Brown.
40. How many surveys have you filled out this lifetime?
Oh pffffft, I am not even going to attempt to figure that out. There’s no way I could. I’ve been doing surveys for so long and sadly so many of them are gone because they were done on Myspace and Xanga. :(
41. Describe your bedroom, include all details.
Okay, you want details? Here we go...
It’s small and has way too much stuff. For one thing, there’s giraffe stuffed animals all over, including a 4 ft one in the corner. There’s a dresser by the window that has my TV and Christmas decorations on it. To the right of that is a 6-cube shelf with some of the aforementioned giraffe stuffed animals as well as giraffe knickknacks, some coloring books and coloring supplies, a mini Christmas tree on top, a few more giraffe stuffed animals, a nice picture frame with my dog, Brandie, who passed away, and my BB8 droid I made at Disneyland. Above the shelf is an I Love Lucy wall clock. My closest is nearby and is full of medical supplies, 3-drawer file thing with random stuff I insist on holding onto, my shoes, and all my jackets and sweatshirts. To the left of my dresser is my bookshelf with a lot of books and other figurines and knickknacks of various things I like and hey surprise, surprise, more giraffe stuffed animals! Across from the bookshelf and dresser is my bed, which is also my desk cause I keep my laptop on it, my chargers, my phone, a coloring book, a couple packs of colored pencils, my Bible study stuff, my remotes, and my Nintendo Switch. I have a pile of clothes, too, cause dresser and closet are too full. I have like 8 throw pillows, a body pillow, a back pillow, and a couple actual pillows. I have a few stuffed animals that sit on my bed as well, which are a huge squishmallow giraffe, a small squishmallow pug, a small squishmallow Dumbo, a small squishmallow Baby Yoda/Grogu, and a Baby Yoda/Grogu plushie. To the right of my bed is a TV tray that has my bottles of water, my medicine and pill crusher, a box of straws, a glass, a Starbucks Doubleshot energy drink, chapstick, my wallet, a Zip-loc bag with half a glazed donut and half a chocolate one, and a small bag of shortbread cookies. Behind the TV tray is my 3-drawer bedside table, which has a makeup storage thing on it that I plan on cleaning out and getting rid of cause I don’t wear makeup anymore and could use that space for something else, a bottle of lotion, a couple little room sprays from B&BW, and a jewelry tray. Hung up on my walls around the room are a few giraffe framed paintings, a couple beachy canvas paintings, two Alexander Skarsgard calendars, a bulletin board with various stuff pinned to it, and a marker board. There’s also a hamper in here, a floor lamp, a ceiling fan/light, two fans, and an ottoman.
42. Name one person your life is made better by.
My mom. She’s my best friend.
44. How about someone else's?
Huh?
45. Can you do math with ease?
Ha, noooo. Me and math never got along.
46. What size is your computer screen?
It’s 13.3 inches.
47. If you could only talk to one person online who would that be?
Someone from the survey community on here.
48. Name your favorite type of music and why.
I like a variety of music--various genres and decades.
49. Are you a vegetarian?
No.
50. How about an aspiring actor/actress?
Not at all.
51. What famous person dead or alive would you interview if you had the chance?
Alexander Skarsgard.
52. Which movie can you watch and say the lines along with the actors?
There’s a lot of movies I could do that with. I try not to cause it gets annoying, but it happens.
53. Name one of your passions in life.
I don’t know. :/
54. What's your least favorite time of day?
Evening time.
55. Who's your favorite member in a band, singer, guitarist, bassist, drummer, and why?
The singer, typically.
56. Do you use hairspray or gel?
I use neither.
57. Describe your favorite meal.
Wingstop’s boneless garlic parm and lemon pepper wings. I also really enjoy my nightly bowl of ramen.
58. What color is the inside of your head when you close your eyes?
Black.
59. Ever listen to classical music?
Not typically, but it is nice.
60. Have you ever said lol in real life without thinking about it?
No.
61. Do you find you use internet language when writing notes irl?
I use “wtf, “wth”, “omg”, and “lol.”
62. What songs would be on your ideal cd?
Like I said, I like variety, so a mix of songs.
63. Say one thing you've learned today.
Nothing, really.
64. What is the best present you've ever given someone else?
I don’t know.
65. What is the best present someone else has ever given to you?
I’ve been given many nice gifts throughout my life. I’m appreciative of all the gifts I’ve received.
66. So hey, what's your full name?
Stephanie is all you need to know.
67. Describe yourself while drunk.
I was chatty and annoying.
68. How big are the windows in your house?
Regular, common size? .
69. Do you wear a watch?
Nope.
70. What's the kinkiest thing you've ever done with someone else?
Nothing.
71. What's the largest age difference between you and someone you've dated?
Just a year.
72. How many mirrors do you have?
Just one in my room.
73. Write one sentence stating what you want people to say about you after you've passed on.
I don’t know, man.
74. Have you ever sailed?
Nope.
75. How fast can you run?
I used to be able to go pretty fast, but not now. I don’t have the upper body strength or energy I used to have.
76. What do you believe in?
I believe in God.
77. How long does it take you to get ready to go out?
Not long at all. I just change clothes, quickly do something with my hair, brush my teeth, put on deodorant, put on my shoes, and then grab my bag and mask and go. And a coat if needed.
78. Do you shower daily? If not how often?
No, I shower 3-4 times a week.
79. What one thing would you change in your life if you had the power to do so?
I’d make it so I had good health.
80. Describe the ideal superpower and what you would do if you had it.
Teleportation. I’d travel all over.
81. Are candles romantic or a fire hazard?
They can be both.
82. Name something you've done in the last 24hrs no matter how big or small.
I had coffee and donuts. Exciting stuff.
83. Do you wear necklaces, bracelets, anklets, earrings, rings?
I haven’t worn any in awhile.
84. What colors are you wearing right now?
Just black.
85. How often do you change the sheets on your bed?
Twice a month.
86. Have you ever gotten lost?
Not alone, thankfully, but yeah.
87. What's on your computer desk?
I mentioned in the question about my room that my bed is also my desk and I listed the things on it.
88. How many folders are on your desktop at the present moment?
Zero.
89. When your talking do you ever use your hands to do quotation marks in the air when saying certain words?
Sometimes, if I find it necessary to do so.
90. Which landmark would you climb if you could?
None.
91. Do you own or have you read, or thought of reading any self-help books?
I read the Chicken Soup For The Soul books when I was younger but that's it. <<< Same.
92. Ever seriously questioned your sanity?
Yes.
93. Can you breakdance?
No.
94. What's in your fridge right now?
Food and drinks. I’m tired from listing everything in that room description question lol.
95. How many people do you live with?
I live with 3 people and a doggo.
96. Have you or would you ever do anything more than kiss in a public area?
No.
97. What is the strangest thing you've ever done?
Uhhh. I don’t know.
98. Name an instrument you've never played but would like to.
Guitar.
99. Have you ever been on tv or the radio?
Myself, as well as my story, was on TV after my accident happened.
100. What is the worst thing anyone could ever do to you?
Physically hurt me.
101. Are you a fast typer?
Yes.
102. How high have you counted before getting bored?
I don’t know, but probably not very high. I probably would get to 100 and be over it.
103. Describe how you sleep. (ie. your position and/or how you fall asleep)
I sleep slightly propped up and turned to my left side. I have indigestion and post-nasal drip issues, so I can’t sleep flat. I have a whole nighttime routine consists of scrolling through Tumblr, doing surveys, and listening to ASMR until I feel tired enough to fall asleep.
104. Are you straight, bi, gay?
I’m straight.
105. Do you ever do something else while on the computer? If so what?
Sometimes I’m watching TV.
106. What is the most expensive item you own?
My MacBook Air.
107. How about the least expensive?
My little knickknacks.
109. What do you do online?
Check my social medias, watch YouTube, scroll through Tumblr, and do surveys.
110. Name some stores you've bought clothes in before.
Boxlunch, Hot Topic, Kohl’s, JCP, Target, H&M, Macy’s, Forever 21... those are a few that come to mind.
111. Have you ever read a book and not understood it? If so which one?
I struggled with mythology. I just couldn’t get into it, so that definitely didn’t help, and it was hard to follow.
112. Have you ever watched a movie and not understood it? If so which one?
Yeah. Whenever that happens I jump on Google and read up on it afterwards.
113. Do people pick up your slang language more than you pick up theirs?
I pick up lingo from others most often.
114. Are you easily influenced by other people, or current trends?
No, I wouldn’t say that.
115. What makes you unique in your own opinion?
I don’t feel very unique.
116. Name your worst quality.
Where to start... .
117. Name your best.
I like that I’m open-minded.
118. What would you like to do with your life?
I need to get myself together and figure that out.
119. Do you blowdry your hair?
Nah.
120. How many clocks are in your house?
We have like 3 wall clocks and there’s digital clocks throughout the house on appliances and electronics.
121. Are they all set on the same time?
The phones and electronics are. The others are a few minutes fast. My parents set their digital clock like 15 minutes fast.
122. Have you ever intentionally set a clock ahead or behind the actual time?
Like I said, we set some of them a few minutes ahead.
123. What do you think about when you first wake up in the morning?
"What time is it?"
124. Which browser do you use?
Google Chrome.
125. Do you bite your nails?
Ugh, I don’t bite them but I pick and clip at them with clippers constantly.
126. Would you ever leave little notes to your gf/bf?
Sure, I think that’s cute.
127. Ever been to a farm?
Yes.
128. Tell me about your dream last night.
I don't remember. I rarely ever do. What typically happens is I’ll remember when I first get up, but then it like vanishes. My dreams are like Snapchat. If only there was an option to save or screenshot them like Snapchat.
129. Ever seen a shooting star?
No, actually.
130. Say one thing about yourself you've never told anyone.
Uhhhh. I’m so boring, I can’t think of something interesting to share.
131. Do your days fly by or seem to last forever?
It often seems like the days go by slow, but then before I know it it’s already been a whole week again and I’m like wtf it was just Monday? That’s how the years tend to feel, too. There’s definitely some days that just really seem draaaaag, though. And there’s something about January that always feels super long.
132. Have you ever stayed in a fancy high class rich hotel?
Yes.
133. Have you ever stayed in a rent-by-the-hour motel?
No.
134. What in your opinion is the best advertising slogan out there?
If they get stuck in your head then they’re doing something right. It’s gotta be catchy. Jingles work well.
135. When they start sending rockets to the moon for us civilians, will you be on the list to go?
Noooo, absolutely not.
136. How are you feeling right now?
Tired, kinda hungry, and lonely.
137. Have you ever written anything on your skin?
Yeah.
138. If so what?
Random stuff. That was something a lot of people seemed to do in like middle school and high school for some reason.
139. Which website do you frequent most often?
Tumblr and YouTube.
140. What color are most of your clothes?
Black.
141. Do you own any plants?
Nope.
142. Are things as bad as they seem?
They sure seem bad to me.
143. Describe the nicest thing anyone has ever done for you.
My mom is amazing. She’s sacrificed so much. I’m 31 years old and require aid with some things and here she is still taking care of me and doing so much for me on top of working a full-time job, being a caregiver for a family friend as well, taking care of us as a family and of things at home, and she very rarely has anytime for herself. She’s spread very thin and works so hard and yeah I just could never thank her enough. She’s the absolute best and I would be so lost without her. I couldn’t keep going if it weren’t for her.
144. Ever looked directly at the sun?
Yes.
145. Have you ever made a pin hole camera to watch the eclipse?
No.
146. What's your favorite cereal?
All the main sugary ones, ha.
147. Who do you miss?
My loved ones who have passed away.
148. Name something you just can't forget no matter how hard you try.
Uh, a lot of things. My mind doesn’t like me to forget things like that. It likes to remind me of them often. Things like that hit at random times as well, like my brain will be like, ‘hey remember when...’ and I’m like, ‘ugh, yes I remember you won’t let me forget.’
149. Describe the worst fight you've ever been in whether physical or verbal.
I’ve never been in a physical fight, but there were some verbal ones. I don’t want to get into them right now.
150. Say something else about yourself you've never told anyone before.
Noooo.
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Smut Prompt Requests
⚠️NOT MINE⚠️ - original post ⬇️
- open for any idol of your choice
- 1 or 2 or (max) 3 idols
- 1 or (max) 2 prompts
-------------------------------------------
CEO!AU:
1.“Come on, admit it, you sit at your little desk all day and she walks in and out and all you want to do is fuck that tight little ass of hers, don’t you?”
2.“Can you please fuck me, sir?”
3.“I wore my naughty little skirt just for you Mr.(idol of choice) and I think you’d like to know…I’m not wearing any panties.”
4."Mr.(Idol of choice), I see how you look at me, I know you want to fuck me...but, how would your wife respond?"
5."Seriously? You spilled coffee on my slacks? Clean it up."
6."Some would call it exploiting my powers but I need to see which one of you is really ready to do anything for the company."
7."You're sleeping with the CEO of the company? No wonder you got that promotion your second month here!"
8."Are you sure you want to do this here? I mean you have no curtains and the whole office would be able to see us..."
9."You've been such a naughty secretary, trying to seduce your boss...well, it's working,"
10."You've been hired to help the boss relieve some stress...he'll see you in his office now."
Male!Dom:
11."Swallow daddy's dick, make him cum and maybe, maybe he'll reward you."
12.“One cock is never enough for this slut, even with your cock in her pussy…she’s begging for one in her ass.”
13.“Move your hand! I’m not stopping-this is what you asked for, now be a good little slut and take it.”
14.“Keep testing my patience and you won’t be able to sit for the next month and every time you go to slide on some shorts or jeans you’ll grimace remembering how hard I had to spank your ass, all because you couldn’t listen.”
15.“Imagine being fucked so good, your eyes roll to the back of your head and you drool a little.”
16.“If you’re not screaming my name at the top of your lungs then I’m doing something wrong.”
17.“Some good dick can turn any good girl into a naughty girl.”
18.“Daddy needs you, princess. Daddy needs your mouth so bad.”
19.“You’re so relentless. All I asked was for you to wait until we got home and you couldn’t even do that! You are so in for it tonight.”
20.“Say it! Say it loud! Let everyone know who’s fucking this pussy right.”
21.“I don’t think you understand how much I want to bend you over the nearest surface and fuck some sense into you.”
22.“Your tits bounce with each thrust…fuck you’re so sexy!”
23.“You’ve never had your pussy eaten? No, I refuse to believe no one has eaten this sweet cunt.”
24.“I love watching you throw it back on me, always so eager for my cock.”
25.“You’ve been such a good girl, maybe daddy will finally fuck that whore ass of yours.”
26.“You try to act all innocent but I know what you really are. A cock craving whore, that’s what.”
27.“Your panties are soaked little girl, I guess you like the idea of me taking what I want.”
28.“You gonna cry and moan while I run into that virgin cunt?”
29.“Face down. Ass up. Spread that pretty little pussy for me.”
30.“You know the dick’s good when you can nothing but lay there and take it.”
31.“Are you a swallower? Yes? Good because I want you to swallow every drop of cum I’m going to give you.”
32. “I know, deep down, you’re a filthy little slut who likes to take cock deep down her throat.”
33. “Be loud. Scream for daddy, let the others know you’re mine and only mine.”
34. “You’re acting out…so, give me one good reason why I shouldn’t fold you in half right here and fuck the shit out of you.”
35. “I’m tired of you being so gentle and soft. I want you to treat me like a princess and fuck me like a whore!”
36. “I’m tired of acting like I don’t want you, and you don’t want me…just pin me against a wall and fuck me already.”
37.“Does me touching you excite you this much? You’re literally dripping.”
38.“I have a confession…I like to be choked, and not just your hand wrapped around my throat…like, choke me until my vision blurs.”
Overstimulation:
39.“You look so pretty tied up, your clit forced against that vibrator…cum for me, princess, cum for me.”
40."I-I can't. My thighs are shaking so hard and even the slightest breeze across my slit is making me shake daddy, I can't take anymore."
41."Three orgasms and you're still as hard as a rock and your balls are blue as hell. What do you want me to do, baby, how can I help?"
42."Fuck me, daddy! Fuck my used and abused cunt."
43."Two orgasms isn't enough for you? You need three? Of course, you do! You're a little cock craving slut,"
44."I have a confession, god if I weren't so fucking drunk I don't think I'd even consider telling you this but...sometimes all I want to do is tie you up and make you cum again and again until all you can do is lay there, trembling, begging me to stop."
Public/Semi-Public:
45.“We can’t! The others are here!”
46.“So what! This is my apartment and I’ll fuck you whenever and wherever I want.”
47.“Tell me how it feels being at a public event ass filled with your favorite vibrating butt plug.”
48. “Ah fuck! No! No, we shouldn’t be doing this. Well, not here at least…”
49.“Really? Couldn't you wait until we got home? You needed me so bad, that you’re going to fuck me in a public bathroom?”
Cum Play/Breeding:
50.“I’m going to fill your pussy with every inch of my cock, and then I’m going to cum deep inside your pussy. I’m going to breed you…you want that, you little slut?”
51." This is a perfect position, legs spread wide, cock buried deep in your pussy, you're going to get every drop of cum I have to offer."
52."Can you feel it, how heavy my balls are? I haven't cum in three weeks because you're so fucking stubborn, Y/N, please touch me."
53."A bet's a bet, and I won, so you know what that means. I get to fill you with my cum, anywhere hole of my choosing."
54."I love how you sit there, tongue out, waiting for my load. Such a pretty, obedient whore."
55."You're going to go back out there and sit at your desk in your cubicle, dripping with my cum like the good girl you are."
56."Your pussy looks so pretty, especially when it's covered in my cum."
57."You feel how thick my cock is? Fucking your tight walls? I'm knotting you, baby, knotting this pretty pussy of yours and then I'm going to fill you to the hilt with my cum."
Hook-Ups:
58.“I just want to know how your dick would feel inside of me.”
59.“Desire is a nasty little thing.”
60.“I-is that a hickey?”
61.“Were you two just fucking? You two were totally just fucking!”
62.“I heard the best way to get over someone was to get under someone.”
63."Yes, I know it's two in the morning, but I'm stressing over finals and tuition and when I'm with you, all those things go away..."
64."I can't believe we had sex, you're my TA!"
Fem!Dom:
65.“It’s kind of embarrassing to admit but my cock gets so hard when I think of you noona, you make me such a leaky mess.”
66.“As much as I would love for you to fuck me…I need to know if you’re going to last.”
67.“Good boy, you had so much cum for me. I can feel it dripping down my thighs!”
68.“Good boys share.”
69.“You don’t have to act all macho, no one’s expecting it from you…be the sub I know you are.”
70.“Now, be a good boy and clean my cunt of his cum.”
71.“Admit it. Even when you’re not fucking me, all you can think about is fucking me.”
72.“What do I want you to do? I want you to eat my cunt until I’m shaking.”
73.“Don’t be embarrassed…I think it’s hot you get so hard when something’s filling your ass.”
74.“The sight of you, on your knees, tongue fucking my pussy is too much! Seeing you submit in such a way is so fucking hot.”
Voyeurism/2+:
75.“You like my friends, slut? I know they like you.”
76.“Go ahead, tell em, baby, tell them how you loved to be covered/filled with cum.”
77.“Interestingly enough, (idol of choice), just told me he gets off to the thought of you…I thought maybe we could help him out. Give him the real thing.”
78.“I’m honestly so jealous of (idol of choice), he gets to come home and fuck you after tour…”
79.“Go ahead, taste how sweet her pretty pussy is.”
80.“I see the way you look at (idol of choice) and I know you want him…go! Go and ask him to fuck your little whore pussy.”
81.“Come on princess, put on a show for me and (idol of choice), we miss you and your tight cunt so much.”
82. “Me and my friends have had a hellish week, help us relieve some of our stress, princess.”
83. “It’s my turn…I’m going to fuck his cum deep into your tight, little pussy.”
84.“I’m not going to lie…I’ve gotten off a few times thinking of having my every hole filled with cock.”
85.“Fuck! Is it bad I’m so hard watching someone else fuck your dirty cunt?”
86.“You look so much prettier with my member/friend’s cum on your face.”
87.“You’re going to let me fuck your pink pussy, while your boyfriend’s watching? God, you are such a naughty girl.”
Anal Play:
88.“I’m going to tear this little ass in two, and you’re going to do nothing but lay there and take it.”
89.“I want you to fuck my ass daddy/mommy, I’m your little anal slut.”
90.“I am so wet at the thought of your thick cock filling my ass.”
91."I am a straight man who loves to have his ass fucked."
92."The plug isn't even, I need another cock, please, please fill my ass with another cock."
93."I don't know, most guys deny and deny this some more but to be honest with you...there's nothing I love more than tongue-fucking an asshole."
Fem/Male!Dom:
94.“All these girls/guys, they try to get you to come home with them. Little do they it’s my name you’re chanting so loud that by the end of the night you can’t even speak.”
95.“I just want you to know…even though you’ve been a good girl/boy tonight, I’m going to tie you up and punish you just for my amusement.”
96.“I see the way you look at me…and it’s very inappropriate, Mr. (Idol’s last name)
97.“I like this, your hands above your head, your body completely at my/our mercy.”
98.“It’s that look, that look of innocence on your face, it makes me want to tear you into two.”
Orgasm Denial:
99.“Trust me denial is your friend. When you finally get to cum, it’ll feel so good…I promise.”
100."No, you don't get to cum until I say so. I don't care if you're close if you cum I'm going to punish you."
101."I know it feels good princess, but if you cum daddy is going to spank, not your ass but your pussy, until it's red and you're clenching around nothing, thighs shaking and skin burning, begging me to stop."
102."Are you close baby boy? Yeah? Well, we can't have that, not yet anyway, you haven't earned it."
103."I don't like edging! I want to cum and I want to cum now."
104."I don't think I like your tone...you better be careful I might not even let you cum tonight."
105."Let us use your holes, fuck you senseless and maybe, only then will one of us make you cum. Deal?"
+Bonus Prompts
106. “Open your eyes. I watch to watch you fall apart.”
107. “Maybe if you kept your mouth shut and knew when to quit you wouldn’t be bent over my lap with your ass raw.”
108. “I’ve never met someone’s who got so wet/hard by the simple fact they’re being praised.”
109. “Were you watching me touch myself? Yes? I kind of knew you were…did you enjoy the show?”
110. “I’m mommy/daddy’s little cumslut prince/princess!”
111. “My pussy is dying to be stuffed by a big, hard cock.”
112. “You can watch if you want…if you’re good, maybe I’ll let you touch…just maybe
113. “My princess is an anal slut and she’s been telling me how much she’d love to have your cock inside of her."
114. “Honestly? She talks about how much she wants to fuck you so I told her to get on her hands and knees and beg.”
115. “It’s sad really…she walks around with no panties on waiting for one of us to fuck her
116. “They call her the blowjob machine…I think the name fits.…”
117. “I’ve never witnessed a man eat pussy like it’s his last meal…I can’t feel my legs."
118. “We’re in a car full of people…why do you decide to sit on my lap and then proceed to move?”
119. “It’s literally the most adorable thing how hard you are from just me kissing you.
120. “You talk too much, sometimes I want to shove my cock down your throat in hopes you shut up.”
#ateez#ateez smut#got7#got7 smut#monsta x#monsta x smut#Oneus#oneus smut#nct#nct smut#wayv#wayv smut#vixx#vixx smut#seventeen#seventeen smut#ikon#ikon smut
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Four Modernist painters whose reconsidered marks remain visible. Matisse’s web of erased charcoal lines shows us that this single drawing had many iterations, while Mondrian’s changes are more modest (and, presumably, have become more noticeable as the paper has yellowed over time). Charlotte Park gives us two examples showing how reconsideration was an important part of developing her improvisational imagery.
Henri Matisse (French 1869-1954). Reclining Nude July 1938. Charcoal on paper, 23 5/8 x 31 7/8 inches. Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Piet Mondrian (Dutch 1872-1944). Pier and Ocean 5 (Sea and Starry Sky) 1915 (inscribed 1914). Charcoal and watercolor on paper, 34 5/8 x 44 inches. Museum of Modern Art, New York. Source.
Charlotte Park (1918-2010). Untitled (50-67) c. 1950. Gouache and oil on paper, 18 x 24 inches. Source.
Untitled (60-14) c. 1960. Gouache on paper, 11 3/4 x 14 1/4 inches. Source.
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99 Science Facts
1. The speed of light is 186,000 miles per second.
2. It takes 8 minutes 17 seconds for light to travel from the Sun’s surface to the Earth.
3. In October 1999 the 6 billionth person was born.
4. 10 percent of all human beings ever born are alive at this very moment.
5. The Earth spins at 1,000 mph but it travels through space at an incredible 67,000 mph.
6. Every year over one million earthquakes shake the Earth.
7. The largest ever hailstone weighed over 1 kg and fell in Bangladesh in 1986.
8. Every second around 100 lightning bolts strike the Earth.
9. Every year lightning kills 1000 people.
10. In October 1999 an Iceberg the size of London broke free from the Antarctic ice shelf.
11. If you could drive your car straight up you would arrive in space in just over an hour.
12. All the hydrogen atoms in our bodies were created 12 billion years ago in the Big Bang.
13. The Earth is 4.56 billion years old…the same age as the Moon and the Sun.
14. The dinosaurs became extinct before the Rockies or the Alps were formed.
15. Female black widow spiders eat their males after mating.
16. When a flea jumps, the rate of acceleration is 20 times that of the space shuttle during launch.
17. The earliest wine makers lived in Egypt around 2300 BC.
18. If our Sun were just inch in diameter, the nearest star would be 445 miles away.
19. The Australian billy goat plum contains 100 times more vitamin C than an orange.
20. Astronauts cannot belch - there is no gravity to separate liquid from gas in their stomachs.
21. The air at the summit of Mount Everest, 29,029 feet is only a third as thick as the air at sea level.
22. One million, million, million, million, millionth of a second after the Big Bang the Universe was the size of a …pea.
23. DNA was first discovered in 1869 by Swiss Friedrich Mieschler.
24. The molecular structure of DNA was first determined by Watson and Crick in 1953.
25. The thermometer was invented in 1607 by Galileo.
26. Englishman Roger Bacon invented the magnifying glass in 1250.
27. Alfred Nobel invented dynamite in 1866.
28. Wilhelm Rontgen won the first Nobel Prize for physics for discovering X-rays in 1895.
29. The tallest tree ever was an Australian eucalyptus - In 1872 it was measured at 435 feet tall.
30. Christian Barnard performed the first heart transplant in 1967 - the patient lived for 18 days.
31. The wingspan of a Boeing 747 is longer than the Wright brother’s first flight.
32. An electric eel can produce a shock of up to 650 volts.
33. Human tapeworms can grow up to 22.9m.
34. Chimps can understand 300 different signs.
35. The Ebola virus kills 4 out of every 5 humans it infects.
36. In 5 billion years the Sun will run out of fuel and turn into a Red Giant.
37. Without its lining of mucus your stomach would digest itself.
38. Humans have 46 chromosomes, peas have 14 and crayfish have 200.
39. There are 60,000 miles of blood vessels in the human body.
40. An individual blood cell takes about 60 seconds to make a complete circuit of the body.
41. On the day that Alexander Graham Bell was buried the entire US telephone system was shut down for 1 minute in tribute.
42. The low frequency call of the humpback whale is the loudest noise made by a living creature.
43. The call of the humpback whale is louder than Concorde and can be heard from 500 miles away.
44. A quarter of the world’s plants are threatened with extinction by the year 2010.
45. Each person sheds 40lbs of skin in his or her lifetime.
46. At 15 inches the eyes of giant squids are the largest on the planet.
47. The largest galaxies contain a million, million stars.
48. The Universe contains over 100 billion galaxies.
49. Wounds infested with maggots heal quickly and without spread of gangrene or other infection.
50. More germs are transferred shaking hands than kissing.
51. The longest glacier in Antarctica, the Almbert glacier, is 250 miles long and 40 miles wide.
52. The fastest speed a falling raindrop can hit you is 18mph.
53. A salmon-rich, low cholesterol diet means that Inuits rarely suffer from heart disease.
54. Inbreeding causes 3 out of every 10 Dalmation dogs to suffer from hearing disability.
55. The world’s smallest winged insect, the Tanzanian parasitic wasp, is smaller than the eye of a housefly.
56. If the Sun were the size of a beach ball then Jupiter would be the size of a golf ball and the Earth would be as small as a pea.
57. It would take over an hour for a heavy object to sink 6.7 miles down to the deepest part of the ocean.
58. There are more living organisms on the skin of each human than there are humans on the surface of the earth.
59. The grey whale migrates 12,500 miles from the Artic to Mexico and back every year.
60. Quasars emit more energy than 100 giant galaxies.
61. Quasars are the most distant objects in the Universe.
62. The Saturn V rocket which carried man to the Moon develops power equivalent to fifty 747 jumbo jets.
63. Koalas sleep an average of 22 hours a day, two hours more than the sloth.
64. Light would take .13 seconds to travel around the Earth.
65. Neutron stars are so dense that a teaspoonful would weigh more than all the people on Earth.
66. One in every 2000 babies is born with a tooth.
67. Every hour the Universe expands by a billion miles in all directions.
68. Somewhere in the flicker of a badly tuned TV set is the background radiation from the Big Bang.
69. The temperature in Antarctica plummets as low as -35 degrees Celsius.
70. Space debris travels through space at over 18,000 mph.
71. The International Space Station weighs about 500 tons and is the same size as a football field.
72. Astronauts brought back about 800 pounds of lunar rock to Earth. Most of it has not been analyzed.
73. Tuberculosis is the biggest global killer of women.
74. Hummingbirds consume half of their body weight in food every day.
75. Some species of bamboo grow at a rate of 3ft per day.
76. Saturn would float if you could find an ocean big enough.
77. The highest recorded train speed is 320.2 mph by the TGV train in France.
78. The highest speed ever achieved on a bicycle is 166.94 mph by Fred Rompelburg.
79. The research spacecraft Helios B came within a record 27 million miles of the Sun.
80. 65 million years ago the impact of an asteroid is estimated to have had the power of 10 million H-Bombs.
81. The temperature at the centre of the Earth is estimated to be 5500 degrees Celsius.
82. Argentia in Newfoundland has an average 206 days of fog each year.
83. Mount Waiale’ale in Hawaii is the rainiest place in the world and has 335 rainy days a year.
84. 68% of all UFO sightings are by men.
85. 15% of the world’s fresh water flows down the Amazon.
86. A cat has 32 sets of muscles in each ear.
87. Over two-thirds of people admit to urinating while in public swimming pools.
88. More people die of heart attacks on Monday than on any other day of the week.
89. Beetles are the strongest animals on Earth relative to their size. A rhinoceros beetle can carry 850 times its own weight in its back.
90. In 1961 the Soviet Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human in Space.
91. In 1876 Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.
92. In 1885 Karl Benz built the first car powered by an internal combustion engine.
93. Scotsman John Baird invented the Baird televisor (now the television) in 1925.
94. Io, one of Jupiter’s moons, is the most volcanically active place in the Solar System.
95. The Walkman was launched in Japan by Sony in 1979.
96. Traffic lights with red and green gas lights were first introduced in London in 1868. Unfortunately, they exploded and killed a policeman. The first successful system was installed in Cleveland, Ohio in 1914.
97. Ticks are second only to the mosquito as the most dangerous parasites to humans.
98. 3 billion of the world’s 6 billion population are under the age of 25.
99. Infant mortality in 1900 was 142 in 1000 births. By 2000 it had reduced to just 6 in every 1000.
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Saw This Posted Somewhere. "NSFW ASK" (I took the time to answer so please read😄)
1. When did you lose your virginity? When I was 18
2. Rough sex or soft sex? Soft
3. Do you have any unusual kinks/fetishes? Not to me🤷♂️
4. Weirdest place you had sex? Outside in a driveway behind a car at night
5. Favorite sex position? Doggystyle or Ride 'em cowgirl
6. Do you like to be dominant or submissive? Either or. Depending on the mood.
7. Have you ever had any one night stands? Unfortunately no. Not that I can remember.
8. Sex on the bed, couch, or the floor? Yes please. ☝️😊 Sometimes the floor can be uncomfortable so I may have to x that one out.
9. Have you ever had sex in a public place? Nah.
10. Have you ever been caught masturbating? Not that I know of🤷♂️
11. What does your favorite sexy underwear look like? I have 2. Tight boxer briefs and tight low cut briefs.
12. How often do you have sex? As often as I want to but not as often as I would like to.
13. Is there anybody right now that you'd like to have sex with? Why of course.
14. Do you prefer giving or receiving oral sex? When I'm with a female I prefer receiving. With a transgender I enjoy both equally.
15. Most embarrassing thing that has ever happened during sex? Whenever I cum quick.
16. A song you'd listen to during hard/rough/kinky sex? "Wet Wipes" by Cam'ron
17. A song you'd listen to during soft/slow/passionate sex? "Closer" by Goapele
18. Are you into dressing up for sex? No😕
19. Would you prefer sex in the bath or sex in the shower? Shower. Hands down.
20. If you could have sex with anyone right now, who would it be? She knows...🤫
21. Have you ever had a threesome? If not, would you? Nah. Nope! I'm a one on one type of guy. I did have a girl eat my ass while one sucked my dick, if that counts. But nothing beyond that.
22. Do you/would you use sex toys? Yes & yes.
23. Have you ever sent someone a dirty text/picture? Yes.
24. Would you have sex with your bestfriend? Since my bestfriends are usually attractive females I will say, yes. Your mate should always be your bestfriend.
25. Is there anything you do after sex? With someone I love I cuddle until I fall asleep. Random sex I clean up and go watch tv or something.
26. Something that will never fail to get you horny? A sexy woman.
27. Early morning sex or late night sex? Yes please! ☝️😊
28. Favorite body part on the opposite sex? It's a 3way tie between the eyes, lips, & booty.
29. Favorite body part on the same sex? Absolutely nothing. Nothing at all. 😐
30. Something you have hidden in your room that you don't want anyone to find: Anal plug🤣🤦♂️
31. Weirdest sexual act someone has/tried to perform on/with you? Nothing I can think of🤷♂️
32. Have you ever tasted yourself? [If no, would you?] [If yes, what did you think?] God no!! 🙅♂️
33. Is it ever okay to not use a condom? Of course.
34. A food you would like to use during a sexual experience? Food and sex don't mix.
35. Worst possible time to get horny? At a funeral.
36. Do you like it when your sexual partner moans? Yes.
37. How much fapping is too much fapping? What's fapping?🤷♂️
38. Best sexual compliment you've ever got? I put her to sleep.
39. Favorite foreplay activities? Full body massage, soft touching, and licking.
40. What do you wear to bed? Nothing.
41. When was the first time you masturbated? I think I was in jr high school.
42. Do you have any nude/masturbating pictures/videos of yourself? Why yes I do😊
43. Have you ever/when was the last time you had sex outside? Over ten years ago. But who's counting?🤷♂️
44. Have/would you ever have sex in public? I wouldn't count it out.
45. Refer to question 21.
46. What is one random object you've used to masturbate? I just don't pick up random objects while masturbating.
47. Do you watch gay/lesbian porn? No. Men are not attractive to me. Lesbian porn gets boring fast.
48. Do you like oral sex? Why/why not? I love it! It feels so good and it seems more personal and daring to put your face and mouth near someone's genital area.
49. How do you feel about tattoos on someone you are interested in? It doesn't make them or break them.
50. How do you feel about taking someone's virginity? I did it once and it was an honor and privilege. And it is something that I will never take lightly or for granted. When someone is giving you themselves for the first time ever it means they are trusting you with something extremely sacred & they can never get back.
51. Is there any food you would NOT recommend during a sexual encounter? Refer to question 34.🤦♂️
52. Would you rather be a pornstar or a prostitute? Pornstar
53. Do you watch porn? 😊
54. Have you ever been called a freak? Why? Yes, because I'm a freak, duh.🤷♂️
55. Do you feel comfortable going "commando"? Yes.
56. Would you have a problem going down on someone if they hadn't shaved their pubic hair? I prefer shaved but I wouldn't have a problem.
57. If you could give yourself head would you? Fuck no!🙅♂️
58. Booty or boobs? Booty.
59. Have you ever cheated on someone? Why? Unfortunately yes. There are many reasons why but mainly because I was horny and I'm a guy and guys usually listen to their dick more than anything else.
60. If you were the other sex for a day what are five things you would do? 🤔 take nude photos, get niggaz to take me shopping, learn my way around the vagina, make twerk videos, get niggaz to give me money.
61. Have you ever watched someone masturbate? Yes, just recently 😅
62. Has anyone ever watched you masturbate? Yes😅
63. Have you ever had an erection and someone noticed? Probably so🤔
64. What is your method of masturbation? Lots of lube
65. What is your bra/penis size? I think my penis is somewhere between 5.5 & 6 inches🤷♂️
66. What is the strangest thing you have ever put up your vagina/anus? Anal plug
67. When was the last time you masturbated? I'm gonna say yesterday 🤔
68. When was the last time you had sex? Unfortunately it was last month
69. When was the last time you watched porn? Today
70. Have you ever bought a sex toy? If so, which one did you buy last? First sex toy? Yes. I bought an anal plug and a dildo. They were the first sex toys I bought.
71. Circumcised? Yes I am.
72. Which (not genital) part of your body do you like being touched? My buttocks 🤫😋
73. Which genital part of your body do you like being touched? Not sure if I understand this question but I'm gonna say the whole thing🤔🤷♂️
74. Are you able to achieve orgasm just through breast stimulation? Skip
75. Have you anonymously sent a sexual ask to someone on tumblr? Sexual? Nah.
76. When was the last time you have had a wet dream? I would say about 15 years ago when I was in Afghanistan.
77. Which wet dream was your favorite? The only one I had 15 years ago in Afghanistan.
78. Is there a friend you would willingly have sex with? Yea, duh🤨
79. Is there a celebrity/character you would willingly have sex with? Seriously? 🤨
80. Refer to question 5
81. Do you like to be called a slut or whore in bed? I like to be called names that might make me a little uncomfortable at the time but it does help me to break out of a mold kinda if you know what I mean. It will push me to adjust and bring a little more freak out of me😅
82. Are you into BDSM? Nope.🙅♂️
83. Have you ever wanted to have sex with someone but knew you couldn't for any reason? Yes. Some reasons were: we were too young to be having sex, she was a teacher and I was too young, we had no place to go, we are cousins, they were my sisters' friends and my sisters might find out (not that I would care tho).
84. Do you like dirty talk? At times. Not too much tho. It's a mood thing.
85. Are you loud or quiet during sex? Masturbation? I'm more on the quiet side in dominant situations but I like to say something or moan a bit to let her know I'm there and enjoying her. When I'm submissive I make more noise like when I'm receiving head or getting my ass ate. I'm really loud if I'm getting plugged.
86. Have you ever been interrupted during sex or masturbation? By who/what? I'm gonna say no
87. What kind of porn do you like to watch? I like black transexual porn the most after that is black heterosexual porn😇
88. Have you ever confessed to someone that you got an erection over them? What about masturbated to them? No I haven't.
89. Have you ever masturbated because your sexual partner wasn't there when you needed them? I have masturbated right next to my wife (at the time) when she turned me down for sex. And when I was ready to nut I nutted on her butt and leg. So...yes😇
90. Refer to question 7
91. Have you ever had a friends with benefits relationship? No, not in my eyes at least. Well maybe once or twice but it always turn out complicated because someone always wants more out of it. Rather it be me or them.
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100 Questions
it’s long so it’s under the cut, but man was this fun. thanks for the tag @the-most-beautiful-broom ♥ i’ll tag my loves (if you want to haha this is a lot) @raven-reyes-of-sunshine @perhalta @dracovengeance @hedaalicia and @amihanmayari
1. What is your nickname? Bails
2. How old are you? 24
3. What is your birth month? February
4. What is your zodiac sign? Aquarius!
5. What is your favorite color? green (Aw hey linds, same !!)
6. What’s your lucky number? I was number 8 for marching band every single year (F8 for flute 8) except my junior year, and my junior year we had a shit show, so im calling that.
7. Do you have any pets? 5 dogs back home in seattle but none where i live now or in NY when i get back
8. Where are you from? everywhere and nowhere. my dads military. but im american!
9. How tall are you? 5’ 5″
10. What shoe size are you? 7
11. How many pairs of shoes do you own? A whole lot, but they’re not always all with me.
12. Are you random? not really. im pretty set in my routines and very comfortably a home body
13. Last person you texted? my best friend @broadwaybound2016
14. Are you psychic in any way? not even a little tbh
15. Last TV show watched? The Bold Type (WATCH IT ITS AMAZING)
16. Favorite movie? I’m not really sure but i just watched Love, Simon and im literally just crying because of it right now so im gonna go with that until further notice
17. Favorite show from your childhood? probably Lizze McGuire
18. Do you want children? Nope
19. Do you want a church wedding? I dont really want to get married
20. What is your religion? agnostic? maybe? im not religious, and not very spiritual. I love spirituality, things like crystals and stuff, but i try not to appropriate those things from groups/cultures who actually use them. I’d love to learn more about them and be someone who actually knew how to practice but, again, i dont want to step on toes culturally and take things that aren’t mine to take
21. Have you ever been to the hospital? a lot! a ton of surgeries on my ears
22. Have you ever got in trouble with the law? nope, im literally a goody two shoes
23. How is life? lovely
24. Baths or showers? showers!
25. What color socks are you wearing? i dont really wear socks? i like those little half socks. I’m not wearing any rn
26. Have you ever been famous? nope.
27. Would you like to be a big celebrity? probably. i’d love to have a voice, and if it was for doing something i love, i cant think of anything better than getting to share my passion with the world like that. But it would definitely be a lot of pressure
28. What type of music do you like? i’m into literally anything. I love Hayley Kiyoko, the 1975, big fan of just basic pop like ariana grande and charlie puth, Harry Styles’s album is a masterpiece, Shawn Mendes, 5th Harmony. i love anything.
29. Have you ever been skinny dipping? Yes!!
30. How many pillows do you sleep with? just two!
31. What position do you usually sleep in? on my stomach
32. How big is your house? my house at home is a 5 bedroom 3 bath, my apt in amsterdam rn is just a room in a hotel type place with my own bathroom, and my apt in nyc is a studio
33. What do you typically have for breakfast? i literally hardly ever eat breakfast, but i love a bagel
34. Have you ever left the country? I’m in europe RIGHT NOW! lol
35. Have you ever tried archery? once, i was terrible
36. Do you like anyone? Not right now, but i might want too
37. Favorite swear word? i love the word fuck. it’s got so much you can do with it. i swear like a sailor.
38. When do you fall asleep? ummmmmm? whenever i guess lol
39. Do you have any scars? A few small ones. a decent one on my knee from falling off my bike when i was 8
40. Sexual orientation? Bisexual
41. Are you a good liar? excellent
42. What languages would you like to learn? ALLLL the languages. I’d love to learn native hawai’ian. i spent my high school years there and the culture is so incredible, and i was so welcomed into it by my friends who were from there, i’d love a chance to really connect too it and try to learn that.
43. Top 10 songs? Oh boy... im just gonna bullet these because i cant decide the order but this is the general
the way i am - charlie puth
young god - halsey
rather be - clean bandit
feelings - hayley kiyoko
woman - harry styles
make me feel - janelle monáe
six inch heels - beyonce
get right witcha - migos
my my my - troye sivan
nice for what - drake
44. Do you like your country? i’m torn at the moment. I hate tr*mp and everything him and his stand for, but i think america can be a wonderful place.
45. Do you have friends from the web? Yes!! <3
46. What is your personality type? MBTI: INTP
47. Hogwarts House? Ravenclaw
48. Can you curl your tongue? yes!
49. Pick one fictional character you can relate to? I am Hermione and Hermione is me. (also i really relate a lot to Lexa from the 100, which... is interesting. the way she suppresses feelings, her generally logical approach to things, the way she is totally useless around pretty girls.)
50. Left or right handed? right!
51. Are you scared of spiders? If they’re like, big spiders yes. or if they come out of nowhere. im way more scared of cockroaches tho.
52. Favorite food? For some reason this question has been really hard for me lately? idk. i love a good indian style curry, and tacos?
53. Favorite foreign food? Indian!
54. Are you a clean or messy person? I’m CLEAN, but im messy. i feel like cleanliness and orderliness have been misconstrued to mean the same thing, but clean is to dirty as orderly is to messy. I’m clean and messy, i am not very orderly, and i am NOT dirty.
55. If you could switch your gender for a day, what would you do? Experience a walk down the street in a city at night where im not afraid
56. What color underwear? black
57. How long does it take for you to get ready? not too long, but it sometimes takes me a long ass time to pick an outfit
58. Do you have much of an ego? It’s as big as it should be.
59. Do you suck or bite lollipops? i suck on them until i can bite them
60. Do you talk to yourself? Constantly.
61. Do you sing to yourself? Hell yeah
62. Are you a good singer? i’m decent but i need another voice to match with. on my own i can’t carry a tune.
63. Biggest Fears? failure. and heights.
64. Are you a gossip? I can be, but never about like.. bad things. I like to talk about how this friend or that friend did x y z cool thing but im not like “omg did you hear so and so hooked up with so and so”
65. Are you a grammar nazi? Not really because i can’t spell for shit
66. Do you have long or short hair? Short-ish? i cut my hair in march of LAST YEAR and then trimmed it again this year and i want it to fucking grow
67. Can you name all 50 states of America? i would definitely forget some
68. Favorite school subject? History
69. Extrovert or Introvert? Pretty introverted.
70. Have you ever been scuba diving? Nah, im not allowed too for medical reasons
71. What makes you nervous? when I see kids wandering and their parents not noticing (okay im keeping that because me too, but also travelling? like the in-transit part of travel, catching busses/trains/planes makes me panic)
72. Are you scared of the dark? not at all
73. Do you correct people when they make mistakes? i try not too unless its major. usually its unintentional or the mistake is irrelevant to the flow of the conversation/situation
74. Are you ticklish? Yes, but i hate being tickled unless its like, my sister or my dad
75. Have you ever started a rumor? No
76. Have you ever been out of your home country? Yes i have lol (linds, ily, we DEFINITELY have been over this already)
77. Have you ever drank underage? a little, but not until i was like 19, and then i was in europe for 6 months, so i didnt REALLY drink underage until i was like... less than 6 months to 21
78. Have you ever done drugs? Pot pretty regularly here in Amsterdam, and i’ve done shrooms
79. What do you fantasize about? getting a beautiful loft in a big city (preferrably london or NYC), with a kick ass job, a dog, and maybe a girlfriend with huge curly hair.
80. How many piercings do you have? Four
81. Can you roll your R’s? Yep!
82. How fast can you type? I just took a little online quiz that said i can type 72 words per minute with 93% accuracy?
83. How fast can you run? lol I don’t run (same linds... same)
84. What color is your hair? brown!
85. What color are your eyes? Green!
86. What are you allergic to? I’m a bit lactose intolerant and pineapple makes my tongue itch?
87. Do you keep a journal? no, but i wish i did sometimes
88. Are you depressed about anything? I’m not depressed “about anything”, im just generally someone who experiences a pretty mild case of depression.
89. Do you like your age? Yeah, i dig it.
90. What makes you angry? bigotry, ignorance, and spilling things. I spill drinks constantly, i spilled a WHOLE BOWL OF CEREAL ON MY FLOOR THE OTHER NIGHT.
91. Do you like your own name? I didn’t used too but i really do now
92. Did you ever get a foreign object up your nose? not that i know of
93. Do you want a boy or a girl for a child? I don’t want kids.
94. What talents do you have? i have a pretty great memory, but for random things i dont need
95. Sun or moon? Moon <3
96. How did you get your name? My dad, he just liked it. My middle name was also my dad, he heard the name Jess on the movie A Man From Snowy River and he thought it was a nice like, nickname/pet name, so he gave me the middle name Ges (pronounced like Jess) with the intent of calling me that (it didnt stick), but he didn’t want anyone to think my middle name was Jessica, so he spelled it Ges.
97. Are you religious? I am not, but i have a lot of respect for the concept of religion, as long as its used for the real purpose, which is to make people feel peace and help people find love and comfort.
98. Have you ever been to a therapist? I have not, but i shold
99. Color of your bedspread? White
100. Color of your room? White, with one black wall
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iOS – Wikipedia
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iOS – Wikipedia
This article is about the mobile operating system developed by Apple. For the router/switch OS developed by Cisco Systems, see Cisco IOS. For other uses, see IOS (disambiguation).
iOS
Commercial logo as used by Apple, since 2017
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iOS 14 running on an iPhone 11 Pro Max
Developer Apple Inc. Written in C, C++, Objective-C, Swift, assembly language OS family Unix-like, based on Darwin (BSD), iOS Working state Current Source model Closed, with open-source components Initial release June 29, 2007; 14 years ago Latest release 14.6[1] (18F72)[2] (May 24, 2021; 41 days ago) [±] Latest preview 15.0 beta 2[3] (19A5281j)[4] (June 30, 2021; 4 days ago) [±]
14.7 beta 4[5] (18G5052d)[6] (June 29, 2021; 5 days ago) [±] Marketing target Smartphones, tablet computers, portable media players Available in 40 languages[7][8][9][10] Update method OTA (since iOS 5), Finder (from macOS Catalina onwards)[11] or iTunes (Windows and macOS pre-Catalina) Platforms
ARMv8-A (iOS 7 and later)
ARMv7-A (iPhone OS 3 – iOS 10.3.4)
ARMv6 (iPhone OS 1 – iOS 4.2.1)
Kernel type Hybrid (XNU) Default user interface Cocoa Touch (multi-touch, GUI) License Proprietary software except for open-source components Official website https://apple.co/3jOpyAz Supported iOS version history
iOS (formerly iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware. It is the operating system that powers many of the company’s mobile devices, including the iPhone and iPod Touch; the term also included the versions running on iPads until the name iPadOS was introduced with version 13 in 2019. It is the world’s second-most widely installed mobile operating system, after Android. It is the basis for three other operating systems made by Apple: iPadOS, tvOS, and watchOS. It is proprietary software, although some parts of it are open source under the Apple Public Source License and other licenses.[12]
Unveiled in 2007 for the first-generation iPhone, iOS has since been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPod Touch (September 2007) and the iPad (introduced: January 2010; availability: April 2010.) As of March 2018, Apple’s App Store contains more than 2.1 million iOS applications, 1 million of which are native for iPads.[13] These mobile apps have collectively been downloaded more than 130 billion times.
Major versions of iOS are released annually. The current stable version, iOS 14, was released to the public on September 16, 2020.[14] It brought many user interface changes, including the ability to place widgets on the home screen, a compact UI for both Siri and phone calls, and the ability to change both the default web browser and email apps. No devices were dropped, as all devices supported by iOS 13 are able to run iOS 14.
History
First iOS logotype (2010–2013), using Myriad Pro Semibold font
Second iOS logotype (2013–2017), using Myriad Pro Light font
Third iOS logotype (2017–present), using San Francisco Semibold font
In 2005, when Steve Jobs began planning the iPhone, he had a choice to either “shrink the Mac, which would be an epic feat of engineering, or enlarge the iPod”. Jobs favored the former approach but pitted the Macintosh and iPod teams, led by Scott Forstall and Tony Fadell, respectively, against each other in an internal competition, with Forstall winning by creating the iPhone OS. The decision enabled the success of the iPhone as a platform for third-party developers: using a well-known desktop operating system as its basis allowed the many third-party Mac developers to write software for the iPhone with minimal retraining. Forstall was also responsible for creating a software development kit for programmers to build iPhone apps, as well as an App Store within iTunes.[15][16]
The operating system was unveiled with the iPhone at the Macworld Conference & Expo on January 9, 2007, and released in June of that year.[17][18][19] At the time of its unveiling in January, Steve Jobs claimed: “iPhone runs OS X” and runs “desktop class applications”,[20][21] but at the time of the iPhone’s release, the operating system was renamed “iPhone OS”.[22] Initially, third-party native applications were not supported. Jobs’ reasoning was that developers could build web applications through the Safari web browser that “would behave like native apps on the iPhone”.[23][24] In October 2007, Apple announced that a native Software Development Kit (SDK) was under development and that they planned to put it “in developers’ hands in February”.[25][26][27] On March 6, 2008, Apple held a press event, announcing the iPhone SDK.[28][29]
The iOS App Store was opened on July 10, 2008 with an initial 500 applications available.[30] This quickly grew to 3,000 in September 2008,[31] 15,000 in January 2009,[32] 50,000 in June 2009,[33] 100,000 in November 2009,[34][35] 250,000 in August 2010,[36][37] 650,000 in July 2012,[38] 1 million in October 2013,[39][40] 2 million in June 2016,[41][42][43] and 2.2 million in January 2017.[44][45] As of March 2016, 1 million apps are natively compatible with the iPad tablet computer.[46] These apps have collectively been downloaded more than 130 billion times.[41] App intelligence firm Sensor Tower has estimated that the App Store will reach 5 million apps by the year 2020.[47]
In September 2007, Apple announced the iPod Touch, a redesigned iPod based on the iPhone form factor.[48] On January 27, 2010, Apple introduced their much-anticipated media tablet, the iPad, featuring a larger screen than the iPhone and iPod Touch, and designed for web browsing, media consumption, and reading, and offering multi-touch interaction with multimedia formats including newspapers, e-books, photos, videos, music, word processing documents, video games, and most existing iPhone apps using a 9.7-inch screen.[49][50][51] It also includes a mobile version of Safari for web browsing, as well as access to the App Store, iTunes Library, iBookstore, Contacts, and Notes. Content is downloadable via Wi-Fi and optional 3G service or synced through the user’s computer.[52] AT&T was initially the sole U.S. provider of 3G wireless access for the iPad.[53]
In June 2010, Apple rebranded iPhone OS as “iOS”. The trademark “IOS” had been used by Cisco for over a decade for its operating system, IOS, used on its routers. To avoid any potential lawsuit, Apple licensed the “IOS” trademark from Cisco.[54]
The Apple Watch smartwatch was announced by Tim Cook on September 9, 2014, being introduced as a product with health and fitness-tracking.[55][56] It was released on April 24, 2015.[57][58][59] It uses watchOS as operative system, which is based on IOS.
On November 22nd, 2016, a five-second video file originally named “IMG_0942.MP4” started crashing iOS on a increasing count of devices, forcing users to reboot. It gained massive popularity through social media channels and messaging services.[60][61]
In October 2016, Apple opened its first iOS Developer Academy in Naples inside University of Naples Federico II’s new campus.[62][63] The course is completely free, aimed at acquiring specific technical skills on the creation and management of applications for the Apple ecosystem platforms.[64] At the Academy there are also issues of business administration (business planning and business management with a focus on digital opportunities) and there is a path dedicated to the design of graphical interfaces. Students have the opportunity to participate in the “Enterprise Track”, an in-depth training experience on the entire life cycle of an app, from design to implementation, to security, troubleshooting, data storage and cloud usage.[65][66] As of 2020, the Academy graduated almost a thousand students from all over the world, who have worked on 400 app ideas and have already published about 50 apps on the iOS App Store. In the 2018/2019 academic year, students from more than 30 different countries arrived. 35 of these have been selected to attend the Worldwide Developer Conference, the annual Apple Developer Conference held annually in California in early June.[67][68]
Steve Jobs, Apple’s then CEO, introducing the iPad.
On June 3, 2019, iPadOS, the branded version of iOS for iPad, was announced at the 2019 WWDC; it was launched on September 25, 2019.[69]
Features
Interface
The iOS user interface is based upon direct manipulation, using multi-touch gestures such as swipe, tap, pinch, and reverse pinch. Interface control elements include sliders, switches, and buttons.[70] Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device (one common result is the undo command) or rotating it in three dimensions (one common result is switching between portrait and landscape mode). Various accessibility described in § Accessibility functions enable users with vision and hearing disabilities to properly use iOS.[71]
iOS devices boot to the homescreen, the primary navigation and information “hub” on iOS devices, analogous to the desktop found on personal computers. iOS homescreens are typically made up of app icons and widgets; app icons launch the associated app, whereas widgets display live, auto-updating content, such as a weather forecast, the user’s email inbox, or a news ticker directly on the homescreen.[72]
Along the top of the screen is a status bar, showing information about the device and its connectivity. The status bar itself contains two elements, the Control Center and the Notification Center. The Control Center can be “pulled” down from the top right of the notch, on the new iPhones, giving access to various toggles to manage the device more quickly without having to open the Settings. It is possible to manage brightness, volume, wireless connections, music player, etc.[73]
Instead, scrolling from the top left to the bottom will open the Notification Center, which in the latest versions of iOS is very similar to the lockscreen. It displays notifications in chronological order and groups them by application. From the notifications of some apps it is possible to interact directly, for example by replying a message directly from it. Notifications are sent in two modes, the important notifications that are displayed on the lock screen and signaled by a distinctive sound, accompanied by a warning banner and the app badge icon, and the secondary mode where they are displayed in the Notification Center, but they are not shown on the lock screen, nor are they indicated by warning banners, badge icons or sounds.[74][75]
It is possible to choose if notifications from an app can be shown on the lock screen, Notification Center, banner, or all three; whether the banner should be temporary or permanent; activate or deactivate the sound; choose whether to group by app or not and whether to show previews when locked. It is possible to turn off unwanted app notifications. Older notifications are automatically deleted after a few days.
A homescreen may be made up of several pages, between which the user can swipe back and forth, one of the ways to do this is to hold down on the “dots” shown on each page and swipe left or right.
To the right of the last page, the App Library lists and categorizes apps installed on the device. Apps within each category are arranged based on the frequency of their usage. In addition to a category for suggested apps, a “recent” category lists apps recently installed alongside App Clips recently accessed. Users can search for the app they want or browse them in alphabetical order.
iOS also integrates seamlessly with other programming frameworks and technologies, such as Apple Pay, HomeKit, HealthKit, and ResearchKit.
On iOS, the main page button is usually located at the top right. To go back in an application there is almost always a “back” button.
You can go back in 4 different ways, it varies depending on the context.
Press the “Back” button at the top left of the display
Swipe right from the left edge of the screen (gesture)
Press the “Finish” action at the top right of the screen
Scroll down on the screen content
The page title is practically always present and very visible, but it shrinks as the user scrolls down.
Navigation destinations that cannot be contained in the bottom tab bar can: be moved to a generic “More” tab or appear as actions in the top left or top right of other destinations.
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Modal views are single-screen activities that are displayed by swiping into the foreground, while allowing the previous screen to peek up, retreating into the background. You can ignore them by scrolling down or tapping “Back” at the top.
Full screen views are media content such as photos or videos that take up the entire screen. They disappear on scrolling down.
Occasionally on iOS, important page actions appear on a lower toolbar.
Action menus can be activated by any button or by attempting to perform any action. They scroll from bottom to top.
On earlier iPhones with home button, screenshots can be created with the simultaneous press of the home and power buttons. In comparison to Android OS, which requires the buttons to be held down, a short press does suffice on iOS.[76] On the more recent iPhones which lack a physical home button, screenshots are captured using the volume-down and power buttons instead.[77]
A new feature in iOS 13 called “context menus” shows related actions when you touch and hold an item. When the context menu is displayed, the background is blurred.[78]
To choose from a few options, a selection control is used. Selectors can appear anchored at the bottom or in line with the content (called date selectors). Date selectors take on the appearance of any other selection control, but with a column for day, month, and optionally year.
Alerts appear in the center of the screen, but there are also alerts that scroll up from the bottom of the screen (called “action panels”). Destructive actions (such as eliminating any element) are colored red.
The official font of iOS is San Francisco. It is designed for small text readability, and is used throughout the operating system, including third-party apps.[78]
The icons are 180x180px in size for iPhones with a larger screen, usually models over 6 inches, including iPhone 11 Pro and iPhone 8 Plus, while it’s 120x120px on iPhones with smaller displays.[79]
Apple’s official design language is called Human Interface.[80]
Applications
iOS devices come with preinstalled apps developed by Apple including Mail, Maps, TV, Music, FaceTime, Wallet, Health, and many more.
Applications (“apps”) are the most general form of application software that can be installed on iOS. They are downloaded from the official catalog of the App Store digital store, where apps are subjected to security checks before being made available to users. In June 2017, Apple updated its guidelines to specify that app developers will no longer have the ability to use custom prompts for encouraging users to leave reviews for their apps.[81][82] IOS applications can also be installed directly from an IPA file provided by the software distributor, via unofficial ways. They are written using iOS Software Development Kit (SDK) and, often, combined with Xcode, using officially supported programming languages, including Swift and Objective-C. Other companies have also created tools that allow for the development of native iOS apps using their respective programming languages.
Applications for iOS are mostly built using components of UIKit, a programming framework. It allows applications to have a consistent look and feel with the OS, nevertheless offering customization.
Elements automatically update along with iOS updates, automatically including new interface rules. UIKit elements are very adaptable, this allows developers to design a single app that looks the same on any iOS device. In addition to defining the iOS interface, UIKit defines the functionality of the application.
At first, Apple did not intend to release an SDK to developers, because they did not want third-party apps to be developed for iOS, building web apps instead. However, this technology never entered into common use, this led Apple to change its opinion, so in October 2007 the SDK for developers was announced, finally released on March 6, 2008.
The SDK includes an inclusive set of development tools,[83] including an audio mixer and an iPhone simulator. It is a free download for Mac users. It is not available for Microsoft Windows PCs. To test the application, get technical support, and distribute applications through App Store, developers are required to subscribe to the Apple Developer Program.
Over the years, the Apple Store apps surpassed multiple major milestones, including 50,000,[84] 100,000,[85] 250,000,[86] 500,000,[87] 1 million,[88] and 2 million apps.[89] The billionth application was installed on April 24, 2009.[90]
Home screen
The home screen, rendered by SpringBoard, displays application icons and a dock at the bottom where users can pin their most frequently used apps. The home screen appears whenever the user unlocks the device or presses the physical “Home” button while in another app.[91] Before iOS 4 on the iPhone 3GS (or later), the screen’s background could be customized only through jailbreaking, but can now be changed out-of-the-box. The screen has a status bar across the top to display data, such as time, battery level, and signal strength. The rest of the screen is devoted to the current application. When a passcode is set and a user switches on the device, the passcode must be entered at the Lock Screen before access to the Home screen is granted.[92]
In iPhone OS 3, Spotlight was introduced, allowing users to search media, apps, emails, contacts, messages, reminders, calendar events, and similar content. In iOS 7 and later, Spotlight is accessed by pulling down anywhere on the home screen (except for the top and bottom edges that open Notification Center and Control Center).[93][94] In iOS 9, there are two ways to access Spotlight. As with iOS 7 and 8, pulling down on any homescreen will show Spotlight. However, it can also be accessed as it was in iOS 3 – 6. This endows Spotlight with Siri suggestions, which include app suggestions, contact suggestions and news.[95] In iOS 10, Spotlight is at the top of the now-dedicated “Today” panel.[96]
Since iOS 3.2, users are able to set a background image for the Home Screen. This feature is only available on third-generation devices—iPhone 3GS, third-generation iPod touch (iOS 4.0 or newer), and all iPad models (since iOS 3.2)—or newer.
iOS 7 introduced a parallax effect on the Home Screen, which shifts the device’s wallpaper and icons in response to the movement of the device, creating a 3D effect and an illusion of floating icons. This effect is also visible in the tab view of Mail and Safari.[97]
Researchers found that users organize icons on their homescreens based on usage frequency and relatedness of the applications, as well as for reasons of usability and aesthetics.[98]
System font
iOS originally used Helvetica as the system font. Apple switched to Helvetica Neue exclusively for the iPhone 4 and its Retina Display, and retained Helvetica as the system font for older iPhone devices on iOS 4.[99] With iOS 7, Apple announced that they would change the system font to Helvetica Neue Light, a decision that sparked criticism for inappropriate usage of a light, thin typeface for low-resolution mobile screens. Apple eventually chose Helvetica Neue instead.[100][101] The release of iOS 7 also introduced the ability to scale text or apply other forms of text accessibility changes through Settings.[102][103] With iOS 9, Apple changed the font to San Francisco, an Apple-designed font aimed at maximum legibility and font consistency across its product lineup.[104][105]
Folders
iOS 4 introduced folders, which can be created by dragging an application on top of another, and from then on, more items can be added to the folder using the same procedure. A title for the folder is automatically selected by the category of applications inside, but the name can also be edited by the user.[106] When apps inside folders receive notification badges, the individual numbers of notifications are added up and the total number is displayed as a notification badge on the folder itself.[106] Originally, folders on an iPhone could include up to 12 apps, while folders on iPad could include 20.[107] With increasing display sizes on newer iPhone hardware, iOS 7 updated the folders with pages similar to the home screen layout, allowing for a significant expansion of folder functionality. Each page of a folder can contain up to nine apps, and there can be 15 pages in total, allowing for a total of 135 apps in a single folder.[108] In iOS 9, Apple updated folder sizes for iPad hardware, allowing for 16 apps per page, still at 15 pages maximum, increasing the total to 240 apps.[109]
Notification Center
Before iOS 5, notifications were delivered in a modal window and couldn’t be viewed after being dismissed. In iOS 5, Apple introduced Notification Center, which allows users to view a history of notifications. The user can tap a notification to open its corresponding app, or clear it.[110] Notifications are now delivered in banners that appear briefly at the top of the screen. If a user taps a received notification, the application that sent the notification will be opened. Users can also choose to view notifications in modal alert windows by adjusting the application’s notification settings. Introduced with iOS 8, widgets are now accessible through the Notification Center, defined by 3rd parties.
When an app sends a notification while closed, a red badge appears on its icon. This badge tells the user, at a glance, how many notifications that app has sent. Opening the app clears the badge.
Accessibility
iOS offers various accessibility features to help users with vision and hearing disabilities. One major feature, VoiceOver, provides a voice reading information on the screen, including contextual buttons, icons, links and other user interface elements, and allows the user to navigate the operating system through gestures. Any apps with default controls and developed with a UIKit framework gets VoiceOver functionality built in.[111] One example includes holding up the iPhone to take a photo, with VoiceOver describing the photo scenery.[112] As part of a “Made for iPhone” program, introduced with the release of iOS 7 in 2013, Apple has developed technology to use Bluetooth and a special technology protocol to let compatible third-party equipment connect with iPhones and iPads for streaming audio directly to a user’s ears. Additional customization available for Made for iPhone products include battery tracking and adjustable sound settings for different environments.[113][114] Apple made further efforts for accessibility for the release of iOS 10 in 2016, adding a new pronunciation editor to VoiceOver, adding a Magnifier setting to enlarge objects through the device’s camera, software TTY support for deaf people to make phone calls from the iPhone, and giving tutorials and guidelines for third-party developers to incorporate proper accessibility functions into their apps.[115]
In 2012, Liat Kornowski from The Atlantic wrote that “the iPhone has turned out to be one of the most revolutionary developments since the invention of Braille”,[116] and in 2016, Steven Aquino of TechCrunch described Apple as “leading the way in assistive technology”, with Sarah Herrlinger, Senior Manager for Global Accessibility Policy and Initiatives at Apple, stating that “We see accessibility as a basic human right. Building into the core of our products supports a vision of an inclusive world where opportunity and access to information are barrier-free, empowering individuals with disabilities to achieve their goals”.[117]
Criticism has been aimed at iOS depending on both internet connection (either WiFi or through iTunes) and a working SIM card upon first activation.[118] This restriction has been loosened in iOS 12, which no longer requires the latter.[119]
Multitasking
Multitasking for iOS was first released in June 2010 along with the release of iOS 4.[120][121] Only certain devices—iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS, and iPod Touch 3rd generation—were able to multitask.[122] The iPad did not get multitasking until iOS 4.2.1 in that November.[123]
The implementation of multitasking in iOS has been criticized for its approach, which limits the work that applications in the background can perform to a limited function set and requires application developers to add explicit support for it.[122][124]
Before iOS 4, multitasking was limited to a selection of the applications Apple included on the device. Users could however “jailbreak” their device in order to unofficially multitask.[125] Starting with iOS 4, on third-generation and newer iOS devices, multitasking is supported through seven background APIs:[126]
Background audio – application continues to run in the background as long as it is playing audio or video content[127]
Voice over IP – application is suspended when a phone call is not in progress[127]
Background location – application is notified of location changes[127]
Push notifications
Local notifications – application schedules local notifications to be delivered at a predetermined time[127]
Task completion – application asks the system for extra time to complete a given task[127]
Fast app switching – application does not execute any code and may be removed from memory at any time[127]
In iOS 5, three new background APIs were introduced:
Newsstand – application can download content in the background to be ready for the user[127]
External Accessory – application communicates with an external accessory and shares data at regular intervals[127]
Bluetooth Accessory – application communicates with a bluetooth accessory and shares data at regular intervals[127]
In iOS 7, Apple introduced a new multitasking feature, providing all apps with the ability to perform background updates. This feature prefers to update the user’s most frequently used apps and prefers to use Wi-Fi networks over a cellular network, without markedly reducing the device’s battery life.
Switching applications
In iOS 4.0 to iOS 6.x, double-clicking the home button activates the application switcher. A scrollable dock-style interface appears from the bottom, moving the contents of the screen up. Choosing an icon switches to an application. To the far left are icons which function as music controls, a rotation lock, and on iOS 4.2 and above, a volume controller.
With the introduction of iOS 7, double-clicking the home button also activates the application switcher. However, unlike previous versions it displays screenshots of open applications on top of the icon and horizontal scrolling allows for browsing through previous apps, and it is possible to close applications by dragging them up, similar to how WebOS handled multiple cards.[128]
With the introduction of iOS 9, the application switcher received a significant visual change; while still retaining the card metaphor introduced in iOS 7, the application icon is smaller, and appears above the screenshot (which is now larger, due to the removal of “Recent and Favorite Contacts”), and each application “card” overlaps the other, forming a rolodex effect as the user scrolls. Now, instead of the home screen appearing at the leftmost of the application switcher, it appears rightmost.[129] In iOS 11, the application switcher receives a major redesign. In the iPad, the Control Center and app switcher are combined. The app switcher in the iPad can also be accessed by swiping up from the bottom. In the iPhone, the app switcher cannot be accessed if there are no apps in the RAM.
Ending tasks
In iOS 4.0 to iOS 6.x, briefly holding the icons in the application switcher makes them “jiggle” (similarly to the homescreen) and allows the user to force quit the applications by tapping the red minus circle that appears at the corner of the app’s icon.[130] Clearing applications from multitasking stayed the same from iOS 4.0 through 6.1.6, the last version of iOS 6.
As of iOS 7, the process has become faster and easier. In iOS 7, instead of holding the icons to close them, they are closed by simply swiping them upwards off the screen. Up to three apps can be cleared at a time compared to one in versions up to iOS 6.1.6.[131]
Task completion
Task completion allows apps to continue a certain task after the app has been suspended.[132][133] As of iOS 4.0, apps can request up to ten minutes to complete a task in the background.[134] This doesn’t extend to background up- and downloads though (e.g. if a user starts a download in one application, it won’t finish if they switch away from the application).
Siri
Main article: Siri
Siri () is an intelligent personal assistant integrated into iOS. The assistant uses voice queries and a natural language user interface to answer questions, make recommendations, and perform actions by delegating requests to a set of Internet services. The software adapts to users’ individual language usages, searches, and preferences, with continuing use. Returned results are individualized.
Originally released as an app for iOS in February 2010,[135] it was acquired by Apple two months later,[136][137][138] and then integrated into iPhone 4S at its release in October 2011.[139][140] At that time, the separate app was also removed from the iOS App Store.[141]
Siri supports a wide range of user commands, including performing phone actions, checking basic information, scheduling events and reminders, handling device settings, searching the Internet, navigating areas, finding information on entertainment, and is able to engage with iOS-integrated apps.[142] With the release of iOS 10 in 2016, Apple opened up limited third-party access to Siri, including third-party messaging apps, as well as payments, ride-sharing, and Internet calling apps.[143][144] With the release of iOS 11, Apple updated Siri’s voices for more clear, human voices, it now supports follow-up questions and language translation, and additional third-party actions.[145][146]
Game Center
Game Center is an online multiplayer “social gaming network”[147] released by Apple.[148] It allows users to “invite friends to play a game, start a multiplayer game through matchmaking, track their achievements, and compare their high scores on a leaderboard.” iOS 5 and above adds support for profile photos.[147]
Game Center was announced during an iOS 4 preview event hosted by Apple on April 8, 2010. A preview was released to registered Apple developers in August.[147] It was released on September 8, 2010 with iOS 4.1 on iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS, and iPod Touch 2nd generation through 4th generation.[149] Game Center made its public debut on the iPad with iOS 4.2.1.[150] There is no support for the iPhone 3G, original iPhone and the first-generation iPod Touch (the latter two devices did not have Game Center because they did not get iOS 4).[151] However, Game Center is unofficially available on the iPhone 3G via a hack.[152]
Hardware
The main hardware platform for iOS is the ARM architecture (the ARMv7, ARMv8-A, ARMv8.2-A, ARMv8.3-A). iOS releases before iOS 7 can only be run on iOS devices with 32-bit ARM processors (ARMv6 and ARMv7-A architectures). In 2013, iOS 7 was released with full 64-bit support (which includes a native 64-bit kernel, libraries, drivers as well as all built-in applications),[153] after Apple announced that they were switching to 64-bit ARMv8-A processors with the introduction of the Apple A7 chip.[154] 64-bit support was also enforced for all apps in the App Store; All new apps submitted to the App Store with a deadline of February 2015, and all app updates submitted to the App Store with a deadline of June 1, 2015.[155] iOS 11 drops support for all iOS devices with 32-bit ARM processors as well as 32-bit applications,[156][157] making iOS 64-bit only.[158]
Development
The iOS SDK (Software Development Kit) allows for the development of mobile apps on iOS.
While originally developing iPhone prior to its unveiling in 2007, Apple’s then-CEO Steve Jobs did not intend to let third-party developers build native apps for iOS, instead directing them to make web applications for the Safari web browser.[159] However, backlash from developers prompted the company to reconsider,[159] with Jobs announcing in October 2007 that Apple would have a software development kit available for developers by February 2008.[160][161] The SDK was released on March 6, 2008.[162][163]
The SDK is a free download for users of Mac personal computers.[164] It is not available for Microsoft Windows PCs.[164] The SDK contains sets giving developers access to various functions and services of iOS devices, such as hardware and software attributes.[165] It also contains an iPhone simulator to mimic the look and feel of the device on the computer while developing.[165] New versions of the SDK accompany new versions of iOS.[166][167] In order to test applications, get technical support, and distribute apps through App Store, developers are required to subscribe to the Apple Developer Program.[164]
Combined with Xcode, the iOS SDK helps developers write iOS apps using officially supported programming languages, including Swift and Objective-C.[168] Other companies have also created tools that allow for the development of native iOS apps using their respective programming languages.[169][170]
Update schedule
Apple provides major updates to the iOS operating system annually via iTunes and since iOS 5, also over-the-air.[172] The device checks an XML-based PLIST file on mesu.apple.com for updates. The updates are delivered in plain unencrypted ZIP files. On all recent iOS devices, iOS regularly checks on the availability of an update, and if one is available, will prompt the user to permit its automatic installation.
The latest stable version is iOS 14, released on September 16, 2020. It is available for iPhone 6S and later, and the seventh-generation iPod Touch.[173] In addition to the release of iOS 14, iPadOS 14 was released alongside iOS 14. Apple debuted iOS 14 and iPadOS 14 at its annual WWDC keynote on June 22, 2020.[174] iPadOS 14 is available on iPad Air 2 and later, iPad fifth-generation and later, iPad mini 4 and later and all versions of the iPad Pro.[175] The update introduced new features such as improved home screen widgets, the App Library, App Clips, and more.[176]
Originally, iPod Touch users had to pay for system software updates. This was due to accounting rules that designated it not a “subscription device” like iPhone or Apple TV, and improvements to the device required payments.[177][178] The requirement to pay to upgrade caused iPod Touch owners to stay away from updates.[179] However, in September 2009, a change in accounting rules won tentative approval, affecting Apple’s earnings and stock price, and allowing iPod Touch updates to be delivered for free.[180][181]
Apple has significantly extended the cycle of updates for iOS supported devices over the years. The iPhone (1st generation) and iPhone 3G only received two iOS updates, while later models had support for five to six years.[182][183]
XNU kernel
The iOS kernel is the XNU kernel of Darwin. The original iPhone OS (1.0) up to iPhone OS 3.1.3 used Darwin 9.0.0d1. iOS 4 was based on Darwin 10. iOS 5 was based on Darwin 11. iOS 6 was based on Darwin 13. iOS 7 and iOS 8 are based on Darwin 14. iOS 9 is based on Darwin 15. iOS 10 is based on Darwin 16. iOS 11 is based on Darwin 17. iOS 12 is based on Darwin 18. iOS 13 is based on Darwin 19.[184]
In iOS 6 the kernel is subject to ASLR, similar to that of OS X Mountain Lion. This makes exploit possibilities more complex since it is not possible to know the location of kernel code.
Since XNU is based on the BSD kernel, it is open source.[185] The source is under a 3-clause[186] BSD license for the original BSD parts, with parts added by Apple under the Apple Public Source License.[187] The versions contained in iOS are not available; only the versions used in macOS are available.
iOS does not have kernel extensions (kexts) in the file system, even if they are actually present. The kernel cache can be decompressed to show the correct kernel, along with the kexts (all packed in the __PRELINK_TEXT section) and their plists (in the __PRELINK_INFO section).
The kernel cache can also be directly decompressed (if decrypted) using third party tools. With the advent of iOS 10 betas and default plain text kernelcaches, these tools can only be used after unpacking and applying lzssdec to unpack the kernel cache to its full size.
The kextstat provided by the Cydia alternative software does not work on iOS because the kextstat is based on kmod_get_info(...), which is a deprecated API in iOS 4 and Mac OS X Snow Leopard. There are other alternative software that can also dump raw XML data.
On developing devices, the kernel is always stored as a statically linked cache stored in /System/Library/Caches/com.apple.kernelcaches/kernelcache which is unpacked and executed at boot.
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In the beginning, iOS had a kernel version usually higher than the corresponding version of macOS. Over time, the kernels of iOS and macOS have gotten closer. This is not surprising, considering that iOS introduced new features (such as the ASLR Kernel, the default freezer, and various security-strengthening features) that were first incorporated and subsequently arrived on macOS. It appears Apple is gradually merging the iOS and macOS kernels over time. The build date for each version varies slightly between processors. This is due to the fact that the builds are sequential.
The latest version of the Darwin Kernel updated to iOS 13.6 is 19.6.0, dated July 27, 2020, while for iOS 14 beta 4 it is 20.0.0, dated July 27, 2020.
Kernel Builds iOS Version Kernel Build Notes 1A420 Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Thu Mar 8 01:38:53 PST 2007; root:xnu-933.0.0.144.obj~1/DEVELOPMENT_ARM_S5L8900XRB 1.0 Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Tue May 22 21:15:55 PDT 2007; root:xnu-933.0.0.178.obj~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB 1.0.1 Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Fri Jun 22 00:38:56 PDT 2007; root:xnu-933.0.1.178.obj~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB 1.0.2 1.1 Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Thu Sep 6 23:26:45 PDT 2007; root:xnu-933.0.0.203.obj~6/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB iPod touch only 1.1.1 Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Wed Sep 19 00:08:42 PDT 2007; root:xnu-933.0.203~21/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB First kernel that was 8900 encrypted 1.1.2 Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Wed Oct 10 00:07:49 PDT 2007; root:xnu-933.0.204~7/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB 1.1.3 Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Wed Dec 12 00:16:00 PST 2007; root:xnu-933.0.211~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB 1.1.4 1.1.5 iPod touch only 1.2 beta ? 2.0 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 9.3.1: Wed Mar 19 22:40:09 PDT 2008; root:xnu-1228.6.34~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X 2.0 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 9.3.1: Tue Apr 1 21:58:46 PDT 2008; root:xnu-1228.6.39~6/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X 2.0 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 9.3.1: Tue Apr 15 21:09:34 PDT 2008; root:xnu-1228.6.49~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X 2.0 beta 5 ? 2.0 beta 6 ? 2.0 beta 7 ? 2.0 GM Darwin Kernel Version 9.3.1: Sun Jun 15 21:37:01 PDT 2008; root:xnu-1228.6.76~45/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X 2.0 2.0.1 2.0.2 2.1 beta ? 2.1 beta 2 ? 2.1 beta 3 ? 2.1 beta 4 ? 2.1 Darwin Kernel Version 9.4.1: Sun Aug 10 21:25:25 PDT 2008; root:xnu-1228.7.27~12/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8720X 2.1.1 2.2 beta ? 2.2 beta 2 ? 2.2 Darwin Kernel Version 9.4.1: Sat Nov 1 19:13:13 PDT 2008; root:xnu-1228.7.36~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8720X 2.2.1 Darwin Kernel Version 9.4.1: Mon Dec 8 21:02:57 PST 2008; root:xnu-1228.7.37~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8720X 3.0 beta Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Mon Mar 9 22:51:44 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.2.65~12/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X 3.0 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Mar 25 21:56:57 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.2.71~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X 3.0 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Fri Apr 10 15:52:33 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.2.78~8/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X 3.0 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Apr 22 21:48:01 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.2.83~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X 3.0 beta 5 Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Apr 29 22:05:19 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.2.86~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X 3.0 GM ? 3.0 Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed May 13 22:16:49 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.2.89~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X 3.0.1 3.1 beta Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Jun 24 21:55:27 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.5.22~7/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8720X 3.1 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Jul 8 21:57:20 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.5.23~8/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X 3.1 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Jul 22 21:39:52 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.5.24~13/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X 3.1 Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Fri Aug 14 13:23:32 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.5.30~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X 3.1.2 Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Fri Sep 25 23:35:35 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.5.30~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X 3.1.3 Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Fri Dec 18 01:34:28 PST 2009; root:xnu-1357.5.30~6/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X 3.2 Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Mon Mar 15 23:15:33 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.2.27~18/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X iPad only 3.2.1 Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Fri May 28 16:46:17 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.2.50~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 3.2.2 Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Aug 4 19:08:04 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.2.60~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.0 beta Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Sat Apr 3 03:06:07 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.51.1~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X 4.0 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Apr 14 23:43:59 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.50.51~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X 4.0 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Apr 28 20:47:20 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.50.61~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X 4.0 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Tue May 11 22:12:23 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.50.69~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X 4.0 GM ? 4.0 Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed May 26 22:28:33 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.50.73~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.0.1 4.0.2 Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Aug 4 18:46:06 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.50.80~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.1 beta Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Mon Jul 5 20:15:12 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.55.27~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.1 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Tue Jul 20 21:31:09 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.55.32~9/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.1 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Jul 28 01:26:23 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.55.33~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.1 Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Aug 4 22:35:51 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.55.33~10/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.2 beta Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Tue Sep 7 23:33:25 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.58.18~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.2 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Thu Sep 23 20:56:24 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.58.21~5/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.2 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Tue Oct 5 21:42:47 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.58.25~18/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.2 GM Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Wed Oct 20 20:14:45 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.58.28~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.2.1 GM 4.2.1 Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Wed Oct 20 20:14:45 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.58.28~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.2.5 Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Thu Dec 30 19:38:02 PST 2010; root:xnu-1504.62~11/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X iPhone 4 only. 4.2.6 4.2.7 4.2.8 4.2.9 Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Fri Jul 8 18:32:26 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1504.63~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.2.10 4.3 beta Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Tue Jan 4 21:36:31 PST 2011; root:xnu-1735.24~10/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.3 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Mon Jan 10 22:08:15 PST 2011; root:xnu-1735.30~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.3 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Fri Jan 28 13:55:49 PST 2011; root:xnu-1735.39.80~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.3 GM ? 4.3 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Thu Feb 10 21:46:56 PST 2011; root:xnu-1735.46~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.3.1 4.3.2 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Wed Mar 30 18:51:10 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1735.46~10/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.3.3 4.3.4 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sat Jul 9 00:59:43 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1735.47~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.3.5 5.0 beta Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Mon May 30 20:28:35 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.2.52~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X 5.0 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Jun 19 18:59:56 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.3.20~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X 5.0 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Thu Jun 30 23:23:57 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.10~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X 5.0 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Jul 17 19:21:53 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.20~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X 5.0 beta 5 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Tue Aug 2 22:31:30 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.80~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 5.0 beta 6 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Aug 14 19:04:49 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.31~5/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 5.0 beta 7 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Thu Aug 25 20:47:50 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.38~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 5.0 GM Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Thu Sep 15 23:34:16 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.43~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 5.0 5.0.1 beta Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Wed Oct 19 19:05:07 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.45~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 5.0.1 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Tue Nov 1 20:34:16 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.46~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X 5.0.1 5.1 beta Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Nov 13 19:10:13 PST 2011; root:xnu-1878.10.61~7/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 5.1 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Dec 4 18:57:33 PST 2011; root:xnu-1878.10.68~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 5.1 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Mon Jan 2 18:46:01 PST 2012; root:xnu-1878.10.74~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 5.1 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Wed Feb 1 23:18:07 PST 2012; root:xnu-1878.11.8~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8945X 5.1.1 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Apr 8 21:51:26 PDT 2012; root:xnu-1878.11.10~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 6.0 beta Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Wed May 30 19:23:03 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.1.78~18/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 6.0 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Jun 17 19:47:47 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.1.61~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 6.0 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Jul 8 20:15:17 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.2.9~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 6.0 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Jul 29 20:15:28 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.2.26~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 6.0 GM Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Aug 19 00:27:34 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.2.33~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 6.0 6.0.1 Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Wed Oct 10 23:32:19 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.2.34~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X 6.0.2 iPhone 5 only. 6.1 beta Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Oct 21 19:28:43 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.7.51~17/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 6.1 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Nov 4 19:02:54 PST 2012; root:xnu-2107.7.53~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 6.1 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Mon Nov 26 21:17:13 PST 2012; root:xnu-2107.7.53~27/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 6.1 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Dec 9 19:22:45 PST 2012; root:xnu-2107.7.55~6/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 6.1 beta 5 Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Dec 16 20:01:39 PST 2012; root:xnu-2107.7.55~11/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X 6.1 6.1.1 beta 6.1.1 iPhone 4s only 6.1.2 6.1.3 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Wed Feb 13 21:35:42 PST 2013; root:xnu-2107.7.55.2.2~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X 6.1.3 6.1.4 iPhone 5 only. 6.1.5 iPod touch (4th generation) only. 6.1.6 iPod touch (4th generation) and iPhone 3GS only. 7.0 beta Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed May 29 23:53:59 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.1.1.2~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 7.0 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jun 17 00:51:51 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.28~7/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 7.0 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jul 1 04:25:28 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.40~11/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 7.0 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jul 22 02:12:11 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.55~8/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 7.0 beta 5 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sun Aug 4 22:40:14 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.70~6/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 7.0 beta 6 7.0 GM Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Aug 13 21:39:05 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.73~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 7.0 7.0.1 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Sep 9 20:56:02 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.74~2/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X iPhone 5c and 5s only 7.0.2 7.0.3 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Sep 27 23:08:32 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.3.12~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X 7.0.4 7.0.5 iPhone 5c and iPhone 5s only. 7.0.6 7.1 beta Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Nov 11 04:18:01 PST 2013; root:xnu-2423.10.33~9/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 7.1 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Dec 10 21:25:34 PST 2013; root:xnu-2423.10.38.1.1~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 7.1 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Thu Jan 2 01:55:45 PST 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.45~5/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 7.1 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jan 13 03:33:00 PST 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.49.0.1~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 7.1 beta 5 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jan 27 23:55:13 PST 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.58~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 7.1 GM Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Feb 21 19:41:10 PST 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.67~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 7.1 7.1.1 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Mar 28 21:22:10 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.70~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 7.1.2 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Thu May 15 23:17:54 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.71~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X 8.0 beta Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon May 26 22:09:06 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2729.0.0.0.9~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8942X 8.0 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sat Jun 14 16:36:40 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2775.0.0.1.1~3/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X 8.0 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Jul 2 18:51:34 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.1.21~19/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X 8.0 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Jul 16 21:55:26 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.1.40.0.3~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X 8.0 beta 5 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Jul 30 23:04:17 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.1.62~20/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X 8.0 GM Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Aug 19 15:09:47 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.1.72~8/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X 8.0 8.0.1 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Thu Sep 18 21:52:21 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.1.72~23/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X 8.0.2 8.1 beta Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sat Sep 27 18:49:49 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.3.12~18/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X 8.1 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Oct 3 21:52:09 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.3.13~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X 8.1 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Oct 7 00:04:37 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.3.13~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X 8.1.1 beta Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sun Nov 2 20:21:29 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.3.21~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X 8.1.1 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Nov 3 22:54:30 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.3.22~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X 8.1.2 8.1.3 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jan 2 21:29:20 PST 2015; root:xnu-2783.3.26~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X 8.2 beta ? 8.2 beta 2 ? 8.2 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sun Dec 14 20:59:15 PST 2014; root:xnu-2783.5.29.0.1~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X 8.2 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Jan 6 21:02:10 PST 2015; root:xnu-2783.5.32~9/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X 8.2 beta 5 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jan 26 22:16:17 PST 2015; root:xnu-2783.5.37~11/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X 8.2 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Feb 9 22:07:57 PST 2015; root:xnu-2783.5.38~5/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X 8.3 beta ? 8.3 beta 2 ? 8.3 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Mar 4 20:55:58 PST 2015; root:xnu-2784.20.25~26/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X 8.3 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Thu Mar 19 00:16:36 PST 2015; root:xnu-2784.20.31~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X 8.3 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sun Mar 29 19:44:04 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.20.34~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X 8.4 beta Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Apr 8 21:26:37 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.30.1~29/RELEASE_ARM64_T7000 8.4 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Apr 21 21:49:05 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.30.2~9/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X 8.4 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue May 5 23:09:22 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.30.5~7/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X 8.4 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Wed 3 23:19:49 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.30.7~13/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X 8.4 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Jun 24 00:50:15 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.30.7~30/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X 8.4.1 beta Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Thu Jul 9 21:54:11 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.40.6~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X 8.4.1 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Jul 28 16:34:51 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.40.6~15/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X 8.4.1 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Aug 5 19:24:44 PDT 2015; root:xnu-2784.40.6~18/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X 9.0 beta Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Fri May 29 22:14:48 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3216.0.0.1.15~2/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X 9.0 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Mon Jun 15 21:51:54 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3247.1.6.1.1~2/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X 9.0 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Sat Jul 11 20:01:45 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3247.1.56~13/RELEASE_ARM64_T7001 9.0 beta 5 Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Mon Aug 3 19:58:41 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3247.1.88.1.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T7001 9.0 GM Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Thu Aug 6 22:27:22 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3248.1.2~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X 9.0 Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Thu Aug 20 13:11:13 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3248.1.3~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X 9.0.1 9.0.2 9.1 beta Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Sat Aug 29 17:41:04 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3248.10.27~10/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X 9.1 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Mon Sep 14 01:24:55 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3248.10.38~3/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X 9.1 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Fri Sep 25 17:14:21 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3248.10.41~11/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X 9.1 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Fri Oct 2 14:07:07 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3248.10.42~4/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X 9.1 beta 5 9.1 9.2 beta Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Sun Oct 18 23:34:30 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3248.20.33.0.1~7/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 9.2 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Sun Oct 25 21:50:56 PDT 2015; root:xnu-3248.20.39~8/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 9.2 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Fri Nov 6 22:12:13 PST 2015; root:xnu-3248.21.1~2/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X 9.2 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Fri Nov 13 16:08:07 PST 2015; root:xnu-3248.21.2~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X 9.2 9.2.1 beta Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Wed Dec 9 22:19:38 PST 2015; root:xnu-3248.31.3~2/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X 9.2.1 beta 2 9.2.1 9.3 beta Darwin Kernel Version 15.4.0: Tue Jan 5 21:24:25 PST 2016; root:xnu-3248.40.155.1.1~3/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X 9.3 beta 1.1 9.3 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 15.4.0: Tue Jan 19 00:18:39 PST 2016; root:xnu-3248.40.166.0.1~10/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 9.3 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 15.4.0: Sun Jan 31 22:48:58 PST 2016; 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root:xnu-6153.2.2~5/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 13.1 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Fri Sep 6 09:12:32 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.2.3~7/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 13.1 beta 4 13.1 Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Tue Sep 3 21:52:14 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.2.3~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8030 13.1.1 13.1.2 13.1.3 13.2 beta Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Sun Sep 22 21:45:32 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.40.121.0.1~23/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020 13.2 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Thu Oct 3 23:49:24 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.40.150.100.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8030 13.2 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Fri Oct 11 02:14:05 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.42.1~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 13.2 beta 4 13.2 Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Wed Oct 9 22:42:11 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.42.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8030 13.2.2 13.2.3 13.3 beta Darwin Kernel Version 19.2.0: Thu Oct 31 02:33:36 PDT 2019; root:xnu-6153.60.58.0.1~22/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 13.3 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 19.2.0: Wed Nov 6 02:29:57 PST 2019; root:xnu-6153.60.66~54/RELEASE_ARM64_T8030 13.3 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 19.2.0: Tue Nov 12 22:06:16 PST 2019; root:xnu-6153.60.66~63/RELEASE_ARM64_T8030 13.3 beta 4 13.3 Darwin Kernel Version 19.2.0: Mon Nov 4 17:44:49 PST 2019; root:xnu-6153.60.66~39/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 13.3.1 beta Darwin Kernel Version 19.3.0: Sun Dec 8 21:03:13 PST 2019; root:xnu-6153.80.8.0.1~13/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 13.3.1 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 19.3.0: Thu Jan 9 22:14:53 PST 2020; root:xnu-6153.82.3~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 13.3.1 beta 3 13.3.1 Darwin Kernel Version 19.3.0: Thu Jan 9 21:10:55 PST 2020; root:xnu-6153.82.3~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 13.4 beta Darwin Kernel Version 19.4.0: Wed Jan 29 20:44:26 PST 2020; root:xnu-6153.100.178.100.2~4/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 13.4 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 19.4.0: Tue Feb 11 21:22:30 PST 2020; root:xnu-6153.100.196~52/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 13.4 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 19.4.0: Thu Feb 20 00:09:27 PST 2020; root:xnu-6153.102.2~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 13.4 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 19.4.0: Wed Feb 26 00:59:07 PST 2020; root:xnu-6153.102.3~5/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 13.4 beta 5 Darwin Kernel Version 19.4.0: Wed Feb 26 00:59:07 PST 2020; root:xnu-6153.102.3~5/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 13.4 beta 6 Darwin Kernel Version 19.4.0: Mon Feb 24 22:04:12 PST 2020; root:xnu-6153.102.3~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 13.4 13.4.1 13.4.5 beta Darwin Kernel Version 19.5.0: Tue Mar 24 15:35:36 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.120.15~29/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 13.4.5 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 19.5.0: Sun Apr 5 22:05:12 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.120.27~19/RELEASE_ARM64_T8027 13.5 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 19.5.0: Sun Apr 19 23:40:03 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.120.31~15/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 13.5 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 19.5.0: Wed Apr 29 21:33:50 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.122.1~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8027 13.5 GM Darwin Kernel Version 19.5.0: Tue Apr 28 22:25:26 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.122.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 13.5 13.5.1 Darwin Kernel Version 19.5.0: Tue May 26 20:56:04 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.122.2~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 13.5.5 beta Darwin Kernel Version 19.6.0: Sun May 17 23:49:11 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.140.21~11/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 13.6 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 19.6.0: Tue Jun 2 23:09:45 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.140.27.0.1~17/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 13.6 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 19.6.0: Sun Jun 21 23:18:41 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.142.1~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 13.6 GM Darwin Kernel Version 19.6.0: Sat Jun 27 04:36:25 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.142.1~4/RELEASE_ARM64_T8030 13.6 13.6.1 13.7 beta Darwin Kernel Version 19.6.0: Sat Jul 11 00:58:54 PDT 2020; root:xnu-6153.142.1~8/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 14.0 beta Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Thu Jun 11 21:44:34 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7090.0.0.112.4~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 14.0 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Tue Jun 30 22:45:10 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7147.0.0.122.1~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 14.0 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Mon Jul 13 22:51:19 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7168.0.0.132.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8030 14.0 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Mon Jul 27 02:44:58 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.0.8.0.1~21/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 14.0 beta 5 Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Wed Aug 12 22:56:55 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.0.33~64/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010 14.0 beta 6 Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Mon Aug 17 09:09:19 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.0.41~15/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 14.0 beta 7 Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Wed Aug 26 23:29:06 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.0.46~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 14.0 beta 8 14.0 GM Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Fri Aug 28 23:05:58 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.0.46~9/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 14.0 14.0.1 14.1 GM Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Wed Sep 30 03:24:26 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.0.46~41/RELEASE_ARM64_T8101 14.1 14.2 beta Darwin Kernel Version 20.1.0: Fri Sep 11 19:19:05 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.40.84.172.1~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 14.2 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 20.1.0: Mon Sep 21 00:08:44 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.40.113.0.2~22/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 14.2 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 20.1.0: Wed Oct 7 00:36:56 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.40.141~32/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 14.2 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 20.1.0: Tue Oct 13 09:52:10 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.40.143~17/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 14.2 RC Darwin Kernel Version 20.1.0: Thu Oct 22 12:48:34 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.42.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8101
Kernel Image
The kernel image base is randomized by the boot loader (iBoot). This is done by creating random data, doing a SHA-1 hash of it and then using a byte from the SHA-1 hash for the kernel slide. The slide is calculated with this formula:
base=0x01000000+(slide_byte*0x00200000)
If the slide is 0, the static offset of 0x21000000 is used instead.
The adjusted base is passed to the kernel in the boot arguments structure at offset 0x04, which is equivalent to gBootArgs->virtBase.
Kernel Map
The kernel map is used for kernel allocations of all types (kalloc(), kernel_memory_allocate(), etc.) and spans all of kernel space (0x80000000–0xFFFEFFFF). The kernel based maps are submaps of the kernel_map, for example zone_map, ipc_kernel_map, etc.
The strategy is to randomize the base of the kernel_map. A random 9-bit value is generated right after kmem_init() which establishes kernel_map, is multiplied by the page size. The resulting value is used as the size for the initial kernel_map allocation. Future kernel_map (and submap) allocations are pushed forward by a random amount. The allocation is silently removed after the first garbage collection and reused. This behaviour can be overridden with the “kmapoff” boot parameter.
Attacks
Kext_request() allows applications to request information about kernel modules, divided into active and passive operations. Active operations (load, unload, start, stop, etc.) require root access. iOS removes the ability to load kernel extensions. Passive operations were originally (before iOS 6) unrestricted and allowed unprivileged users to query kernel module base addresses. iOS6 inadvertently removed some limitations; only the load address requests are disallowed. So attackers can use kKextRequestPredicateGetLoaded to get load addresses and mach-o header dumps. The load address and mach-o segment headers are obscured to hide the ASLR slide, but mach-o section headers are not. This reveals the virtual addresses of loaded kernel sections.
This information leak has been closed with iOS 6.0.1.
Versions codenames
Internally, iOS identifies each version by a codename, often used internally only, normally to maintain secrecy of the project. For example, the codename for iOS 14 is Azul.
Jailbreaking
Since its initial release, iOS has been subject to a variety of different hacks centered around adding functionality not allowed by Apple.[188] Prior to the 2008 debut of Apple’s native iOS App Store, the primary motive for jailbreaking was to bypass Apple’s purchase mechanism for installing the App Store’s native applications.[189] Apple claimed that it would not release iOS software updates designed specifically to break these tools (other than applications that perform SIM unlocking); however, with each subsequent iOS update, previously un-patched jailbreak exploits are usually patched.[190]
When a device is booting, it loads Apple’s own kernel initially, so a jailbroken device must be exploited and have the kernel patched each time it is booted up.
There are different types of jailbreak. An untethered jailbreak uses exploits that are powerful enough to allow the user to turn their device off and back on at will, with the device starting up completely, and the kernel will be patched without the help of a computer – in other words, it will be jailbroken even after each reboot.
However, some jailbreaks are tethered. A tethered jailbreak is only able to temporarily jailbreak the device during a single boot. If the user turns the device off and then boots it back up without the help of a jailbreak tool, the device will no longer be running a patched kernel, and it may get stuck in a partially started state, such as Recovery Mode. In order for the device to start completely and with a patched kernel, it must be “re-jailbroken” with a computer (using the “boot tethered” feature of a tool) each time it is turned on. All changes to the files on the device (such as installed package files or edited system files) will persist between reboots, including changes that can only function if the device is jailbroken (such as installed package files).
In more recent years, two other solutions have been created – semi-tethered and semi-untethered.
A semi-tethered solution is one where the device is able to start up on its own, but it will no longer have a patched kernel, and therefore will not be able to run modified code. It will, however, still be usable for normal functions, just like stock iOS. To start with a patched kernel, the user must start the device with the help of the jailbreak tool.
A semi-untethered jailbreak gives the ability to start the device on its own. On first boot, the device will not be running a patched kernel. However, rather than having to run a tool from a computer to apply the kernel patches, the user is able to re-jailbreak their device with the help of an app (usually sideloaded using Cydia Impactor) running on their device. In the case of the iOS 9.2-9.3.3 jailbreak, a Safari-based exploit was available, thereby meaning a website could be used to rejailbreak.
In more detail: Each iOS device has a bootchain that tries to make sure only trusted/signed code is loaded. A device with a tethered jailbreak is able to boot up with the help of a jailbreaking tool because the tool executes exploits via USB that bypass parts of that “chain of trust”, bootstrapping to a pwned (no signature check) iBSS, iBEC, or iBoot to finish the boot process.
Since the arrival of Apple’s native iOS App Store, and—along with it—third-party applications, the general motives for jailbreaking have changed.[191] People jailbreak for many different reasons, including gaining filesystem access, installing custom device themes, and modifying SpringBoard. An additional motivation is that it may enable the installation of pirated apps. On some devices, jailbreaking also makes it possible to install alternative operating systems, such as Android and the Linux kernel. Primarily, users jailbreak their devices because of the limitations of iOS. Depending on the method used, the effects of jailbreaking may be permanent or temporary.[192]
In 2010, the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) successfully convinced the U.S. Copyright Office to allow an exemption to the general prohibition on circumvention of copyright protection systems under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). The exemption allows jailbreaking of iPhones for the sole purpose of allowing legally obtained applications to be added to the iPhone.[193] The exemption does not affect the contractual relations between Apple and an iPhone owner, for example, jailbreaking voiding the iPhone warranty; however, it is solely based on Apple’s discretion on whether they will fix jailbroken devices in the event that they need to be repaired. At the same time, the Copyright Office exempted unlocking an iPhone from DMCA’s anticircumvention prohibitions.[194] Unlocking an iPhone allows the iPhone to be used with any wireless carrier using the same GSM or CDMA technology for which the particular phone model was designed to operate.[195]
Unlocking
Initially most wireless carriers in the US did not allow iPhone owners to unlock it for use with other carriers. However AT&T allowed iPhone owners who have satisfied contract requirements to unlock their iPhone.[196] Instructions to unlock the device are available from Apple,[197] but it is ultimately the sole discretion of the carrier to authorize the device to be unlocked.[198] This allows the use of a carrier-sourced iPhone on other networks. Modern versions of iOS and the iPhone fully support LTE across multiple carriers despite where the phone was originally purchased from.[199] There are programs to remove SIM lock restrictions, but are not supported by Apple and most often not a permanent unlock – a soft-unlock.[200]
A software unlock is the process by which the iPhone is modified such that the baseband will accept the SIM card of any GSM carrier. This is entirely different from a jailbreak; jailbreaking one’s iPhone does not unlock it. A jailbreak is, however, required for all currently public, unofficial software unlocks.
The legality of software unlocking varies in each country; for example, in the US, there is a DMCA exemption for unofficial software unlocking, but the exemption is limited to devices purchased before January 26, 2013 (so software unlocks for newer devices are in a legal grey area).[201]
Digital rights management
The closed and proprietary nature of iOS has garnered criticism, particularly by digital rights advocates such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation, computer engineer and activist Brewster Kahle, Internet-law specialist Jonathan Zittrain, and the Free Software Foundation who protested the iPad’s introductory event and have targeted the iPad with their “Defective by Design” campaign.[202][203][204][205] Competitor Microsoft, via a PR spokesman, criticized Apple’s control over its platform.[206]
At issue are restrictions imposed by the design of iOS, namely digital rights management (DRM) intended to lock purchased media to Apple’s platform, the development model (requiring a yearly subscription to distribute apps developed for the iOS), the centralized approval process for apps, as well as Apple’s general control and lockdown of the platform itself. Particularly at issue is the ability for Apple to remotely disable or delete apps at will.
Some in the tech community have expressed concern that the locked-down iOS represents a growing trend in Apple’s approach to computing, particularly Apple’s shift away from machines that hobbyists can “tinker with” and note the potential for such restrictions to stifle software innovation.[207][208] Former Facebook developer Joe Hewitt protested against Apple’s control over its hardware as a “horrible precedent” but praised iOS’s sandboxing of apps.[209]
Security and privacy
iOS utilizes many security features in both hardware and software. Below are summaries of the most prominent features.
Secure Boot
Before fully booting into iOS, there is low-level code that runs from the Boot ROM. Its task is to verify that the Low-Level Bootloader is signed by the Apple Root CA public key before running it. This process is to ensure that no malicious or otherwise unauthorized software can be run on an iOS device. After the Low-Level Bootloader finishes its tasks, it runs the higher level bootloader, known as iBoot. If all goes well, iBoot will then proceed to load the iOS kernel as well as the rest of the operating system.[210]
Secure Enclave
The Secure Enclave is a coprocessor found in iOS devices part of the A7 and newer chips used for data protection, Touch ID and Face ID. The purpose of the Secure Enclave is to handle keys and other info such as biometrics that is sensitive enough to not be handled by the Application Processor (AP). It is isolated with a hardware filter so the AP cannot access it. It shares RAM with the AP, but its portion of the RAM (known as TZ0) is encrypted. The secure enclave itself is a flashable 4MB AKF processor core called the secure enclave processor (SEP) as documented in Apple Patent Application 20130308838. The technology used is similar to ARM’s TrustZone/SecurCore but contains proprietary code for Apple KF cores in general and SEP specifically. It is also responsible for generating the UID key on A9 or newer chips that protects user data at rest.[211]
It has its own secure boot process to ensure that it is completely secure. A hardware random number generator is also included as a part of this coprocessor. Each device’s Secure Enclave has a unique ID that is given to it when it is made and cannot be changed. This identifier is used to create a temporary key that encrypts the memory in this portion of the system. The Secure Enclave also contains an anti-replay counter to prevent brute force attacks.[210]
The SEP is located in the devicetree under IODeviceTree:/arm-io/sep and managed by the AppleSEPManager driver.[212]
Face ID
Face ID is a face scanner that is embedded in the notch on iPhone models X, XS, XS Max, XR, 11, 11 Pro, 11 Pro Max, 12, 12 Mini, 12 Pro, and 12 Pro Max. It can be used to unlock the device, make purchases, and log into applications among other functions. When used, Face ID only temporarily stores the face data in encrypted memory in the Secure Enclave, as described below. There is no way for the device’s main processor or any other part of the system to access the raw data that is obtained from the Face ID sensor.[210]
Passcode
iOS devices can have a passcode that is used to unlock the device, make changes to system settings, and encrypt the device’s contents. Until recently, these were typically four numerical digits long. However, since unlocking the devices with a fingerprint by using Touch ID has become more widespread, six-digit passcodes are now the default on iOS with the option to switch back to four or use an alphanumeric passcode.[210]
Touch ID
Touch ID is a fingerprint scanner that is embedded in the home button and can be used to unlock the device, make purchases, and log into applications among other functions. When used, Touch ID only temporarily stores the fingerprint data in encrypted memory in the Secure Enclave, as described above. There is no way for the device’s main processor or any other part of the system to access the raw fingerprint data that is obtained from the Touch ID sensor.[210]
Address Space Layout Randomization
Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) is a low-level technique of preventing memory corruption attacks such as buffer overflows. It involves placing data in randomly selected locations in memory in order to make it more difficult to predict ways to corrupt the system and create exploits. ASLR makes app bugs more likely to crash the app than to silently overwrite memory, regardless of whether the behavior is accidental or malicious.[213]
Non-Executable Memory
iOS utilizes the ARM architecture’s Execute Never (XN) feature. This allows some portions of the memory to be marked as non-executable, working alongside ASLR to prevent buffer overflow attacks including return-to-libc attacks.[210]
Encryption
As mentioned above, one use of encryption in iOS is in the memory of the Secure Enclave. When a passcode is utilized on an iOS device, the contents of the device are encrypted. This is done by using a hardware AES 256 implementation that is very efficient because it is placed directly between the flash storage and RAM.[210]
iOS, in combination with its specific hardware, uses crypto-shredding when erasing all content and settings by obliterating all the keys in ‘effaceable storage’. This renders all user data on the device cryptographically inaccessible.[214]
Keychain
The iOS keychain is a database of login information that can be shared across apps written by the same person or organization.[210] This service is often used for storing passwords for web applications.[215]
App Security
Third-party applications such as those distributed through the App Store must be code signed with an Apple-issued certificate. In principle, this continues the chain of trust all the way from the Secure Boot process as mentioned above to the actions of the applications installed on the device by users. Applications are also sandboxed, meaning that they can only modify the data within their individual home directory unless explicitly given permission to do otherwise. For example, they cannot access data owned by other user-installed applications on the device. There is a very extensive set of privacy controls contained within iOS with options to control apps’ ability to access a wide variety of permissions such as the camera, contacts, background app refresh, cellular data, and access to other data and services. Most of the code in iOS, including third-party applications, runs as the “mobile” user which does not have root privileges. This ensures that system files and other iOS system resources remain hidden and inaccessible to user-installed applications.[210]
App Store bypasses
Companies can apply to Apple for enterprise developer certificates. These can be used to sign apps such that iOS will install them directly (sometimes called “sideloading”), without the app needing to be distributed via the App Store.[216] The terms under which they are granted make clear that they are only to be used for companies who wish to distribute apps directly to their employees.[216]
Circa January–February 2019, it emerged that a number of software developers were misusing enterprise developer certificates to distribute software directly to non-employees, thereby bypassing the App Store. Facebook was found to be abusing an Apple enterprise developer certificate to distribute an application to underage users that would give Facebook access to all private data on their devices.[217][218][219] Google was abusing an Apple enterprise developer certificate to distribute an app to adults to collect data from their devices, including unencrypted data belonging to third parties.[220][216] TutuApp, Panda Helper, AppValley, and TweakBox have all been abusing enterprise developer certificates to distribute apps that offer pirated software.[221]
Network Security
iOS supports TLS with both low- and high-level APIs for developers. By default, the App Transport Security framework requires that servers use at least TLS 1.2. However, developers are free to override this framework and utilize their own methods of communicating over networks. When Wi-Fi is enabled, iOS uses a randomized MAC address so that devices cannot be tracked by anyone sniffing wireless traffic.[210]
Two-Factor Authentication
Two-factor authentication is an option in iOS to ensure that even if an unauthorized person knows an Apple ID and password combination, they cannot gain access to the account. It works by requiring not only the Apple ID and password, but also a verification code that is sent to an iDevice or mobile phone number that is already known to be trusted.[210] If an unauthorized user attempts to sign in using another user’s Apple ID, the owner of the Apple ID receives a notification that allows them to deny access to the unrecognized device.[222]
Reception
iOS is the second most popular mobile operating system in the world, after Android. Sales of iPads in recent years are also behind Android, while, by web use (a proxy for all use), iPads (using iOS) are still the most popular.[223]
By the middle of 2012, there were 410 million devices activated.[224] At WWDC 2014, Tim Cook said 800 million devices had been sold by June 2014.[225]
During Apple’s quarterly earnings call in January 2015, the company announced that they had sold over one billion iOS devices since 2007.[226][227]
By late 2011, iOS accounted for 60% of the market share for smartphones and tablets.[228] By the end of 2014, iOS accounted for 14.8% of the smartphone market[229] and 27.6% of the tablet and two-in-one market.[230] In February 2015, StatCounter reported iOS was used on 23.18% of smartphones and 66.25% of tablets worldwide, measured by internet usage instead of sales.[231]
In the third quarter of 2015, research from Strategy Analytics showed that iOS adoption of the worldwide smartphone market was at a record low 12.1%, attributed to lackluster performance in China and Africa. Android accounted for 87.5% of the market, with Windows Phone and BlackBerry accounting for the rest.[232][233]
Devices
See also
References
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Further reading
Hillegass, Aaron; Conway, Jon (March 22, 2012). iOS Programming: The Big Nerd Ranch Guide (3rd ed.). Pearson. ISBN 978-0-321-82152-2.
Turner, Kirby (December 19, 2011). Learning iPad Programming: A Hands-on Guide to Building iPad Apps with iOS 5 (1st ed.). Pearson. ISBN 978-0-321-75040-2.
Mark, Dave; LaMarche, Jeff (July 21, 2009). Beginning iPhone 3 Development: Exploring the iPhone SDK (1st ed.). Apress. ISBN 978-1-4302-2459-4.
Mark, Dave; LaMarche, Jeff (December 29, 2009). More iPhone 3 Development: Tackling iPhone SDK 3 (1st ed.). Apress. ISBN 978-1-4302-2505-8.
External links
Official website
Official website Dev Center at Apple Developer Connection
iOS Reference Library – on the Apple Developer Connection website
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iOS – Wikipedia
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