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#retinoic acid
bpod-bpod · 1 year
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Creating Cavities
Even the most complex organs begin as clumps of cells. Developing their shapes requires careful organisation. Researchers now investigate by growing organ-like tissues (organoids) from mouse embryonic stem cells and using quantitative microscopy (pictured) to image their cell surfaces (white) and cell-cell boundaries (green). The organoids formed tissues called neuroepithelia using two mechanisms: fusing together two separate masses of epithelia (trans fusion) and fusing together two ends of the same epithelium (cis fusion). Organoid shape was determined by these rates of fusion. The team were able to control these rates by adding the chemical retinoic acid (RA). Over several days without RA (top), cis fusion dominated, resulting in each organoid forming one large fluid-filled cavity with multiple passages leading into the cavity from the outer surface. With RA, trans fusion dominated, leading to organoids with multiple cavities (bottom). Together, this model provides insights into how complex tissues self-organise.
Written by Lux Fatimathas
Image from work by Keisuke Ishihara and Arghyadip Mukherjee, and colleagues
Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems (MPI-PKS), Dresden, Germany and Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria
Image originally published with a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Published in Nature Physics, November 2022
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drpedi07 · 9 months
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All-trans Retinoic acid
Medical information for Tretinoin on Pediatric Oncall including Mechanism, Indication, Contraindications, Dosing, Adverse Effect, Interaction, Hepatic Dose.
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medicomunicare · 1 year
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Limb osteoarthritis: while pain exploits mastcells to make "kneel", talarozole could be a new remedy "at hand"
Limb osteoarthritis: while pain exploits mastcells to make “kneel”, talarozole could be a new remedy “at hand”
More than 40% of individuals will develop osteoarthritis (OA) during their lifetime. Hand osteoarthritis is a common and debilitating medical condition that affects mainly women, especially around the time of the menopause. Despite often being dismissed as just a few aches and pains, OA can have a profound and far-reaching impact on life, affecting people’s ability to work, care for a family, or…
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mcatmemoranda · 2 years
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Blasts shouldn't be seen in peripheral blood.
Rule out leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, chronic myeloid leukemia.
Blasts may be other immature hematopoeitic cells. High monocyte count might actually be blasts, not monocytes.
If auto differential is abnormal, get a manual one.
Blasts newly elevated is more suggestive of acute leukemia. Pancytopenia suggests bone marrow failure. Febrile neutropenia is also concerning.
Make sure pt is stable with vitals, oxygen if needed, fluids.
Rule out emergencies and then contact heme/once.
APL is a subtype of AML. AML has 7 morphological categories using a system called fab. APL is the third subtype, M3. It has unique history and treatment. It presents with DIC and has early mortality. People hemorrhage and die. You can prevent it by giving all trans retinoic acid (ATRA). It helps APL cells differentiate into normal cells. APL is curable. Give all trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Diagnose by looking at source of the tumor cells. Look at peripheral blood smear. It separates ALL from AML. Auer rods are seen in AML. APL cells have multiple auer rods and folded nuclei that are very granulated.
CML has maturation of all the white cells, mature granulocytes, basophilia.
MDS (myelodysplastic syndrome) = elderly pts; hypogranular neutrophils, bilobed neutrophils, red cell shape/size changes (anisopoikilocytosis)*.
Do the peripheral blood smear first. Next do a peripheral blood flow cytometry or cell markers. It classifies cells based on the markers they express. Blasts express CD34. If CD34 is elevated, then the pt has increased blasts.
The definitive test to diagnose acute leukemia is a bone marrow biopsy. AML = more than 20% myeloblasts on bone marrow biopsy. ALL = more than 20% lymphoblasts on bone marrow biopsy.
APL has a characteristic genetic translocation--chromosome 15 and 17.
Before talking to heme/onc, also get bloodwork to rule out DIC (fibrinogen level, INR, PTT, d-dimer). If pt is febrile, work up includes blood culture, chest X-ray, urine culture for febrile neutropenia.
Also get CMP, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, uric acid level to look for tumor lysis syndrome.
Transfuse platelets if platelets less than 10,000 and bleeding. If symptomatic anemia, transfuse RBCs.
Leukostasis = elevated WBCs such that blood flow to organs is impeded. Immature cells clog up the vasculature. Causes hypoxia, pulm infiltrates, SOB, AMS, HA, dizziness. WBC can be 50 to 100 or even less than that in leukostasis.
Other hematologic emergencies: cauda equina (spinal cord compression) is seen in lymphoproliferative disorders (lymphoma-> mass effect on spinal cord); myeloma (alters bone integrity-> compression fractures). Sometimes myeloma deposits can compress the spinal cord. So assess lower extremity reflexes, tone, Babinski sign, saddle anesthesia, rectal tone, bowel or bladder incontinence.
Top 5 clinical pearls
1) blasts are worrisome in peripheral blood, should not be in peripheral blood. Get heme/onc on board fast.
2) get a manual differential, review the film manually
3) acute leukemia can present with pancytopenia and no circulating blasts, OR with just circulating blasts. So either of those should be explored.
4) if you think the pt has acute leukemia, suspect APL, which is a medical emergency that can be treated with all trans retinoic acid immediately.
5) hematologic emergencies: severe cytopenia, febrile neutropenia, DIC, tumor lysis syndrome, leukostasis, cord compression. So screen for these.
*Anisopoikilocytosis is when you have red blood cells that are of different sizes and shapes.
The term anisopoikilocytosis is actually made up of two different terms: anisocytosis and poikilocytosis. Anisocytosis means that there are red blood cells of varying sizes on your blood smear. Poikilocytosis means that there are red blood cells of varying shapes on your blood smear.
So basically: get a peripheral blood smear, which let's you look at the cells. Flow cytometry can further differentiate the specific cell type that is elevated. Bone marrow biopsy is the definitive way to diagnose.
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candid-by-teneice · 6 months
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One Month Update- Face Routine- The Ultimate Face Routine: How to Achieve Radiant Skin with Our Step-by-Step Guide
One Month Update- Face Routine- The Ultimate Face Routine: How to Achieve Radiant Skin with Our Step-by-Step Guide
Like my new skincare routine is on point 😁💪🏾. No make-up just lip gloss. The Ultimate Face Routine: How to Achieve Radiant Skin with Our Step-by-Step Guide One (1) Month Update!  Okay, take a side-by-side look at my face. This is a 1-month update, and wow, just wow! How I apply my facial products: 1. Cleanse your face thoroughly. Cleanse for 40-60 seconds. 2. Apply the Vitamin C serum. Allow…
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find-my-purpose · 7 months
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Skincare Acids: A Guide to Healthy Skin
In the world of skincare, various acids play a pivotal role in promoting healthier and more radiant skin. These acids are used in products like serums, cleansers, and exfoliants. Let's explore a few of the most popular ones:
1. Hyaluronic Acid (HA):
Known for its powerful hydrating properties, hyaluronic acid can hold up to 1,000 times its weight in water. It helps the skin retain moisture, leaving it plump and supple.
2. Glycolic Acid:
A type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA), glycolic acid is excellent for exfoliating the skin. It removes dead skin cells, unclogs pores, and can improve the appearance of fine lines and hyperpigmentation.
3. Salicylic Acid:
This beta hydroxy acid (BHA) is effective for treating acne and oily skin. It penetrates pores, exfoliates the inside of the follicles, and helps reduce inflammation.
4. Lactic Acid:
Another AHA, lactic acid is gentler than glycolic acid. It provides mild exfoliation, making it suitable for sensitive skin. It can improve texture and hydration.
5. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid):
Although not a traditional acid, vitamin C is essential for brightening the skin, reducing hyperpigmentation, and protecting against free radicals. It promotes collagen production.
6. Retinoic Acid (Retin-A):
A derivative of vitamin A, retinoic acid is known for its anti-aging properties. It can improve fine lines, wrinkles, and skin texture. It may cause some initial irritation.
7. Azelaic Acid:
Effective for treating rosacea and acne, azelaic acid has anti-inflammatory and exfoliating properties. It can help reduce redness and hyperpigmentation.
8. Kojic Acid:
Often used in products designed to lighten skin, kojic acid can help fade dark spots and even out skin tone. It's a milder alternative to hydroquinone.
9. Ferulic Acid:
Often combined with vitamin C and vitamin E, ferulic acid has antioxidant properties that enhance the stability and effectiveness of other ingredients.
10. Mandelic Acid:
A gentler AHA, mandelic acid is suitable for sensitive skin. It can improve skin texture, reduce fine lines, and help with acne.
When incorporating acids into your skincare routine, it's essential to start slowly, use sunscreen daily, and consider your skin type and concerns. Consulting with a dermatologist or skincare professional can help you choose the right acids for your specific needs and ensure a safe and effective regimen. Remember that individual reactions may vary, so patch testing is a good practice when trying new products.
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bpod-bpod · 2 months
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Emulating Embryos
A retinoic acid treatment regimen induces 3D structures of lab-grown human embryonic stem cells (gastruloids) to reliably organise into embryo-like structures, including a neural tube (the start of the central nervous system) and segmented somites
Read the published research article here
Image from work by Nobuhiko Hamazaki and Wei Yang, and colleagues
Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Image originally published with a Creative Commons Attribution – NonCommercial – NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
Published in bioRxiv, February 2024 (not peer reviewed)
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madamlaydebug · 1 year
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Sunglasses are not ideal and if you don’t need to wear them, then you probably shouldn’t.
They trick the brain into thinking that it’s dark due to their dark lens. This leads to a reduction in the production of melanin which is essential for vitamin D synthesis. Wearing sunglasses therefore increases your risk of low vitamin D and sunburn.
Your eyes need natural light. Natural light from the sun helps to perfectly align your circadian rhythm with your surroundings, which so many processes inside your body rely on.
Sensitivity to brightness from the sun is usually an indicator of a vitamin A deficiency. In this case, try and increase your intake of foods rich in retinoic acid (the animal form of vitamin A which is about 20 times more bioavailable than the plant form: beta carotene) - Foods such as grass fed butter, pasture raised egg yolks, liver, and wild caught cod liver oil.
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stayhealthyinside · 1 year
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Facts about vitamins A, D, E and K
Vitamins A, D, E and K are fat-soluble.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A, which is actually a group of interrelated substances (retinol, retinal and retinoic acid), can be synthesised in the body from β-carotene, found in dark-green leafy vegetables such as cabbage, sprouts, broccoli and spinach, and in carrots. Cooking the vegetables does not damage the β-carotene molecules and in fact β-carotene is more easily absorbed into the body from cooked carrots.
The speed at which the human eye adapts to seeing in the dark depends on the amount of vitamin A available in the body, known as the vitamin A status. Xerophthalmia or dry-eye is a classic sign of vitamin A deficiency.
Vitamin A is involved in normal growth and bone formation and it plays a part in the production of red blood cells and therefore the prevention of anaemia.
Vitamin D
The main role of vitamin D is to facilitate the uptake of calcium from food, through the lining of the small intestine into the blood. It also controls the deposition of calcium in the bones during growth and maintains adult bone structure.
In fact, the beneficial effect of sunlight, in playing a part in vitamin D synthesis, has to be balanced with the detrimental effect, its role in causing skin cancers. It appears that an exposure to sunlight of about 30 minutes per day (avoiding the part of the day when sunlight is strongest) is an appropriate balance between the harmful and beneficial effects.
Vitamin E
Some chemical reactions in the body produce harmful substances called free radicals that contain single electrons and become involved in chain reactions in the cells, which can be damaging to the body. Antioxidants like vitamins A and E neutralise the harmful substances and prevent further damage.
Vitamin K
Vitamin K is widely distributed in the diet and it is absorbed from the small intestine with the assistance of bile acids.
The main role of vitamin K is in blood clotting. This process requires the presence of a number of different chemicals, called clotting factors, in the blood. A number of these (including prothrombin and Factors VII, IX and X) require vitamin K in their synthesis.
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How to fade acne scars and get radiant skin
✨As a minimalist, my go-to skincare product for achieving smooth and radiant skin is The Ordinary's Granactive Retinoid Emulsion.
✨This multifunctional product works wonders on the skin, fading acne scars, reducing wrinkles, evening out skin tone, and providing gentle exfoliation.
✨One of the best things about this product is that it continues to work even after you've stopped using it. After a week or two of use, your skin will begin to glow without any additional products. This is because Granactive Retinoid is a potent form of retinol that can be purchased over the counter, making it as effective as retinoic acid. If you're looking for a product to give you smooth, radiant, glowing skin, reduce wrinkles and fine lines, and fade acne scars, give The Ordinary's Granactive Retinoid Emulsion a try.
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aroace-cat-lady · 1 year
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V7 W6
Vitamins, what happens when there is a deficiency??
Well. A lot. Looks this gonna be a long post.
Depends of which vitamin you are talking about
We have hydrosoluble and liposoluble. It's easier to get a deficiency of water solubles cuz the liposolubles are stored in the body as a reserve (that's exactly what gives them some toxicity)
So the hydrosolubles are vitamin C and complex B.
Vitamin C is also known as ascorbic acid, and it's an antioxidant that helps with cicatrization and connective tissue maintenance. A deficiency causes you an illness called scorbutus, that's characterized by gums pain, hemorrhage, fragility of blood vessels, bone alterations, etc
Then we have complex B, that won the complex thing by hand.
Vitamin B¹ it's also called Thiamine. And it's in charge of the processing of ATP (that's THE energy coin) and passing this energy to the nervous system. It's deficiency causes Beriberi, and it's common in places with a white rice diet. It can alter the periferic nervous system or cause edema because of dilated cardiomyopathy. The deficiency of tiamina can also cause a syndrome called Wernicke-Korsakoff, but that's mostly seen in alcoholics.
Vitamin B² it's called Riboflavin, and it deficiency it's not related to an specific illness, but it seen other vitamin deficiencies.
B³ (niacin) produces NAD, that's one of the molecules needed to create ATP. It's deficiency causes pellagra, that's characterized by the three D's: Dermatitis, Diarrea, Dementia. And if it isn't treated it ends with the 4th D, Dead.
B⁵, pantothenic acid. There's no characteristic human deficiency.
B⁶, pyridoxine. It's the only hydrosoluble vitamin that can be toxic. But it's deficiency causes periferic neuropathy.
B⁷, biotina. You have to be a crazy raw eggs eater to get a deficiency of this. Like. Not joking. Like 20 raw eggs per day. It gives you dermatitis, lost of hair, nauses, low appetite.
B⁹, folic acid. This one helps with the metabolism of monocarbone (remember earlier I talked to you about hemoglobin, and that it transport oxygen to the whole body?? Well, it is more avid to bond with monocarbone than it is to do it with oxygen, so. Bad). It's deficiency causes megaloblastic anemic, that makes the erythrocytes bigger than they should. Also, if pregnant woman don't consume enough B⁹, the baby could born with anencephaly (no brain) or with split spine.
And we have cobalamin (B¹²) that also causes CNS problems, and pernicious anemia (small erythrocytes)
Then we have the liposoluble vitamins
Vitamin A's active form it's retinol/retinal/retinoic acid. It helps with vision, reproduction, tissue maintenance and growth. So the body gets affected these ways in deficiency.
Vitamin D works with calcium. Its defiency causes osteomalacia (adults) and rickets (children).
Vitamin K. Its defiency in adults it's weird cuz the intestinal bacterial flora usually produces it, but some medicines with a component called warfarin (that inhibits the enzyme that process vK) can cause it. Nevertheless, it's more common in new borns, because they dont have bacterias to produce it yet.
Vitamin E. Its not very usual, but new borns can develop hemolysis and retinopathy because they don't have reserves.
Now. Why is water important?? It's the universal solvent by excellence, it has multiple qualities that help to keep balance (thermoregulation, osmolarity, etc etc). It's a really chill pal that doesn't get in any trouble but that thanks to it everything go smoothly.
Thanks again darling *mwah*
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eurodeal · 2 years
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Palestine
Sir peter
Retinoic acid
Saint Nino of the grapevine cross
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A Ret Gel 0.1% Before and After Photos: How Do You Know it Will Work for Your Skin?
Word on the street is: A Ret Gel 0.1% is a supercharged skincare active with loads of benefits. A Ret Gel 0.1% smooths out fine lines and wrinkles. Complexion becomes more even. Skin becomes smooth and supple. Pores visibly shrink. And you can kiss blackheads and breakouts goodbye. These superpowers make tretinoin worthy of a spot in your skincare routine.
But let’s back up a sec. What is tretinoin, anyway? Tretinoin is a topical retinoid (a form of vitamin A) and the more potent cousin of over-the-counter retinol. It’s 20 times more potent than retinol and has over 50 years of research to back up its safety and efficacy. Plus, tretinoin is the only FDA-approved retinoid for photoaging (aka signs of accelerated skin aging like wrinkles, uneven skin tone, and enlarged pores due to repeated sun exposure).
So how do you know you’ll get results? We asked a few Dear Brightly members to share their before and after photos using Night Shift, a dermatologist-formulated topical tretinoin serum tailored to your skin by doctors online, so you can decide if tretinoin is right for you.
We’ll also share our top tips to make sure you reach your skin goals with tretinoin.
A-Ret 0.1% W/W Gel is prescribed to patients with severe acne problems, photodamaged skin and even some skin cancers. This medication is also known as all-trans retinoic acid and belongs to the group known as retinoids.
This drug, taken in the form of cream or ointment, effectively treats acne. It also reduces the number of pimples that tend to develop, while healing pimples that have already developed on the body. The drug affects skin cell growth in the body regulating the number of pimples that crop up.
This medication should be cautiously used in eczema patients. Excessive exposure to sunlight must be avoided. Also, ensure that it does not get into the eyes. If it does rinse your eyes with water until the irritation stops. If irritation persists call your doctor and seek further advice. Information given here is based on the salt content of the medicine. Uses and effects of the medicine may vary from person to person. It is advisable to consult a Derma before using this medicine.
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swasthasuchan · 25 days
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Acitretin
Acitretin Pharmacology   Acitretin About Acitretin Retinoid-Like Compound, Antipsoriatic. Mechanism of Action of Acitretin Acitretin is a second generation retinoid. It slows down the proliferation of the skin cells and is therefore used in psoriasis. Retinoic acid activates Retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoic acid X receptors (RXRs) and produce effects on gene expression. Retinoid…
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complexion-me · 2 months
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Review : SkinBetter AlphaRet® Overnight Cream
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What is it?
An anti-aging cream made to wear overnight. 
Who is it for?
This works for all skin types but will work particularly well for those who haven’t been able to tolerate retinoids.
What’s in it?
AlphaRet: a unique combination of a retinoid and an AHA (lactic acid).
Glycolic Acid: helps retexturize and enhances performance of AlphaRet.
Targeted Peptide Blend: helps smooth the appearance of wrinkles, skin firmness and resiliency.
Ultra Hydrating Blend of Ceramides, Squalane, Niacinamide and Hyaluronic Acid: helps to counteract dryness, providing hydration and moisture.
Allantoin Glycyrrhetinic Acid, Bisabolol, and Green Tea Extract: ingredients with calming properties that also help reduce the appearance of redness.
Vitamins C & E and CoEnzyme Q10: provide antioxidant protection.
Aqua/Water, Sodium Glycolate, Glycolic Acid, Cetearyl Olivate, Pentylene Glycol, Cyclopentasiloxane, Isohexadecane, Sorbitan Olivate, Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate, Glycerin, Ceresin, Glycol Palmitate, Butylene Glycol, Niacinamide, Squalane, Methyl Gluceth-20, Ethyl Lactyl Retinoate, Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1, Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7, Ceramide NP, Hyaluronic Acid, Ubiquinone, Tocopherol, Bisabolol, Tocopheryl Acetate, Superoxide Dismutase, Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter, Allantoin Glycyrrhetinic Acid, Sodium PCA, Panthenol, Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract, Portulaca Oleracea Extract, Linoleic Acid, Cholesterol, Linolenic Acid, Magnesium Aluminum Silicate, Dimethyl Isosorbide, Dimethicone, Glyceryl Stearate, PEG-100 Stearate, Steareth-2, Hydroxyethylcellulose, Acacia Senegal Gum, Xanthan Gum, Hydrated Silica, Carbomer, Polysorbate 20, Tromethamine, Disodium EDTA, Ethylhexylglycerin, Phenoxyethanol, Titanium Dioxide (CI 77891).
How to use?
Use a thin layer all over your face every night. 
What to expect?
Reduction in lines
Smoother and more even-toned skin
Pros
Luxurious finish
Works for all skin types
Significantly reduces the appearance of wrinkles in as little as four weeks, with little-to-no irritation.
Provides moisture to help counteract dryness associated with traditional retinoid-based products
Combines two gold standard skin rejuvenation ingredients - a retinoid and an AHA (lactic acid) - joined together to create the revolutionary AlphaRet technology that minimizes irritation, enhancing satisfaction and experience
A blend of antioxidants helps neutralize free radicals.
Cons
None
Conclusion
An effective anti-aging regimen should tackle several skin problems at once. The problem is, you can’t squeeze the best skin-care ingredients—like retinoids and alpha hydroxy acids—into one bottle without causing a chemical reaction or serious irritation. Until now. Researchers at Skin Better Science have figured out a way to mix retinoids (which fade discoloration and kick up collagen production) with lactic acid (an alpha hydroxy acid that evens out skin tone and texture). Each active ingredient is encapsulated in its own bubbles, and those bubbles are linked together to create the new ethyl lactyl retinoate molecule. When you put the cream on, the water in your skin kick-starts a release of the active ingredients that’s gradual and gentle—but effective. “Lactic acid, a humectant and mild chemical peel, enhances the wrinkle reduction that comes from retinol,” says cosmetic chemist Jim Hammer. In fact, in company-sponsored studies, the formula was as effective at smoothing lines and fading discoloration as tretinoin (a prescription-strength retinoid) without causing irritation.
https://store.skinbetter.com/alpharet-overnight-cream-30-ml
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✨ Retinoic acid vs. Retinol
Plus, their benefits for skin
Retinoic acid is what the body readily uses. Retinoid has to be converted by the body to retinoic acid before the skin uses it. Also, it is the strongest form of retinol. And people with sensitive skin should not use it. This type of retinol you can get with a prescription. (Tretinoin)
Retinol is the milder version of retinoid. Most skin types can use it, and it takes a few weeks for the skin to see improvement. It stimulates your body’s production of new skin cells and inhibits the natural enzyme that breaks down collagen—this form you can buy over the counter.
Benefits of using retinol
✨It encourages skin cell turnover
✨It reverses signs of aging (wrinkles/lines)
✨It reduces pore size
✨It tones the skin’s complexion
✨It smoothes the skin’s texture
✨It is effective in treating acne
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