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somedamnfinecoffee · 1 year

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Trying to keep my word on writing about the house as I tackle every corner, but then I get knee deep in projects and struggle to remember to photographically document. (Don’t expect home-improvement-influencer quality.)

But I did make an interesting discovery.

Ancient hieroglyphics, circa 2005.

And stink bugs.

Regarding the latter, I’ve never seen one in my life until a few weeks ago. The residential pests I’m accustomed to encountering are more pedestrian, like ants and spiders (or back east, rats and roaches…Not fond memories). I’m told these are a scourge of the Midwest and southeast, and now with autumn quickly turning into a two-week season in western Washington, they’re growing endemic here.

Having spotted half a dozen or so alarmingly close to my sad, grossly-warped exterior doors (a future topic), it occurred to me it is probably time to undertake some minor pest control. I’m loathe to actually -call- someone, lest they see the state of my haphazard unpacking, so I loaded up my gallon sprayer with bifenthrin and set off to make a moat around the house. Incidentally, a professional, whether Orkin or some “natural” pest control company, is going to use bifenthrin. The “natural” guys are going to be a bit more judicious about it. I’ll be careful. But that’s also a story for another time.

As I got around to the kitchen window, I noticed something scrawled just below the siding.

WaFFle Head is deadly

IF gal of gas =8# -> emits 20# co^2 making mass??

Someone suggested to me that a waffle head is a type of framing hammer. Was there a murder here?

As for their stoichiometric pondering, well, it comes from air. That’s how combustion works.

But wait, there’s more.

WWW DOT KEXP DOT . ORG

Dang ol internet, I tell ya what man. www dot w dot com.

enamel cracks off tank lasts a shorter time

Cryptic advice about purchasing a water closet, perhaps? Or a warning? Written in the mechanical room next to the water heater. It’s probably due for replacement anyhow. That’s not a DIY job.

There’s all sorts of these scrawlings all around the exterior of the house and every unfinished surface in the basement. I’ve been in plenty of old houses where there’s evidence of a carpenter’s back-of-the-2x4 calculations, or quick notes to future technicians, but these seem like someone involved in building the house just wrote down whatever was in their head at the time. It’s fascinating.

One more, but the mystery was solved thanks to the fine folks of /r/askanelectrician.

Someone humorously suggested “Disco Ball Plug,” but someone more knowledgeable about heat pump systems said there is a likely chance of there being an electrical outlet co-located at the shutoff for the outdoor unit. On a separate circuit so ostensibly someone maintaining the system can run their power tools while the heat pump is safely turned off. In more practical terms, I’m happy I have a usable outlet at the rear of the house, and don’t need to run an extension into the bathroom to run my powr tools outside.

Yes, I’m a Luddite in some regards and refuse to own cordless power tools.

Until next time. I’ve got to go replace some more GFCIs.

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lovelilijazunde · 4 years

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60 follower special

well well well, somehow i went a whole day without registering that I hit 60 followers, and then 61, and thusly should celebrate for it!

I decided to give you: a country I created! There is other stuff for it too, but I didn’t get images of them :(

Warning: it’s long

Enjoy!

FACTS:

Create-A-Country

Note: all English spellings of the places and names have been implemented for the ease of the reader. We fully understand that Americans find it difficult to understand our written language, so we have translated into English as best we could.

Uzplauxvil (oose-PLOW-ville). The citizens are called Uzplauv. It was based off a mixture of the Latvian word for “flourishing”, uzplaukums, and the French word for town, “ville” because some of the first settlers of this area were French and Latvian, as well as English, Scandinavian, and German. The pronunciation is French-based.

Founded in 1790 on what is now the Canada/Minnesota border, it replaces the state of Minnesota and most of Ontario, as well as Wisconsin, half each of Illinois and Indiana, and shavings of Manitoba. It contains all five Great Lakes and the Headwaters of the Mississippi. North to South, it stretches from a point equal to the tip of Kentucky to Hudson Bay. East to West, it stretches from the Easternmost edge of Manitoba to the Western border of Quebec.

Uzplauxvil is landlocked, though there are many lakes contained inside of it, and it adjoins Hudson Bay. It contains a boreal shield in the North, with the Great Lakes-Lawrence forest region in the center, as well as prairie in the Southwest, coniferous forest in the Mideast, tallgrass aspen parkland in the Midwest, and deciduous forest in the Southeast. At the very Northmost stretch, there is a section of Hudson Plain. There are no mountains, only forests and plains.

The weather is cold and snowy in the winter, and warm in the summer. It gets colder the further north you go, and rainier the further East you go. It also rains a lot near the larger bodies of water. Those areas are also prone to thick fog in the fall and spring, as well as early mornings in the summer.

Most people in the Minnesosk region live around lakes, since there are so many of them there. People in Wixing, Bayside, and Dallirt tend to gravitate towards the central Great Lakes, just as Ryokin and Shlavto people tend to gravitate towards Hudson Bay. And of course, in all districts the people also center around the capitals of each district. Other than that, the population is pretty evenly distributed, with plenty of farm settlements and old logging settlements that turned into towns and cities spread across the districts.

In Uzplauxvil, there is a wide variety of work done, but a lot of it is centered around healthy logging and mining processes, as well as a booming trade in fishing. Since Uzplauxvil has so many lakes, and so many of them large, even though they are a landlocked country they still are a lead in quality fishing industry. Uzpluaxvil is very nature-based, and though this is a product mostly of the main religion, Quatrysm, it is truly a part of everyday life in Uzplauxvil. As a result of this, Uzplauxvil is regarded as the most eco-friendly developed country. They revolutionized hydroelectric power, and found a healthy substitute for coal and oil to fuel their wonderful system of elevated train tracks. They are amazingly quiet, as to disturb as little wildlife as possible. Uzplauvs have made many environmental-protection laws as a result of their belief that all creatures are equally important. Uzplauxvil has only one language. It is unique in the way that it is written. To the ear, they are speaking English, perhaps with a slight French accent in the North and West areas. But, written down, it is a mystifying alphabet of 37 letters. However, it a phonetic alphabet, with each letter having a specific sound, so it is simpler in that manner. Uzplauxvil is also unique in their numerical system, with completely different symbols than the traditional. Thus, the signs are completely indecipherable to someone who has not learned the language, and it would seem even more confusing that the inhabitants do not speak in gibberish, and instead in perfectly normal-sounding English. The alphabet is easy enough to learn. The numerical system is quite a bit harder, especially if you start out as a non-Uzplauv. There are definitely some challenges to living in Uzplauv, mostly concerning the nature-based society. Lots of people think that Uzpluaxvil should focus less on the environment and more on technology. Unfortunately, this is in opposition to their eco-friendly approach to life and religion, so thankfully this is not a generally popular idea.

There is one major religion in Uzplauxvil, even though there is freedom of religion. Since it is the religion practiced by the royal family and most government officials, is is naturally the most popular and widespread. The major religion is called Quatrysm, with the practitioners called Quatrysts. It is unique to Uzplauxvil, and is the worship of four goddesses, the Quatrys: the goddess of animals, Nkumn; the goddess of families, Calmangh; the goddess of weather, Shavook; and the goddess of plants (such as harvest or lumber), Korytir. They make up the major four aspects of life. There is also a host of smaller gods and goddesses who serve the Quatrys. They are the gods and goddesses of more everyday things such as apple trees, blacksmithing, and clouds. This belief system influences the people to be more considerate towards nature and the world around us. It has also affected our modern technology, limiting the use of pollutant-creating transport systems and factories. There are four smaller important groups: the such as the Arts: gods and goddesses of the theater, music, writing, and tactile art. The religion has no food restrictions, but you must say a blessing over every meal you are presented with, because something had to die to gift you with the bounty. Many Quatrysts are vegetarians or vegans as a result of this, and, like Europe, they eat far less meats than vegetables as opposed to the U.S.A.

The other religions include the beliefs of the Anishinaabe and Dakota native americans who originally lived in the area, as well as different sects of Christianity, Islam, and Judaism.

My country is governed by a Queen, a Council, and a Cabinet.

The Council is made up of elected overall heads of each district. Their job is to address issues in the Queendom and provide laws and solutions to be approved by the Queen. They focus on making sure the needs of each district are met.

The Queen position is hereditary, with the former Queen handpicking the most worthy of her female relatives as the new Queen. The qualities that a good Queen possesses must include a sense of justice, compassion, wisdom, a cool head under stress, common sense, and a sense of equality. She may choose any relative younger than her, including sisters (Marquess), aunts (Baroness), cousins (Duchess), nieces (Earless), daughters (Princess), granddaughters (Queenling), and grandnieces (Lady). These positions pre-Queen are mostly title only. They still have to work to put themselves in positions of power and to become landowners. This is to create a sense of humility and equality with the common people, and to create a system where anyone can advance.

It is possible that if a suitable female candidate cannot be found, that a male would ascend the throne, but it has only happened once, after the reign of Queen Judith the Progressive in 1890. There were fewer girls born into the royal family at this time, and most of them were spoiled and deceitful. Thus, faced with limited female options, Queen Judith appointed her nephew, Earl William, to the throne. He became known as King William the Just, and was a wise and fair ruler.

Any candidate must have passed the Maturity Test before she can ascend the throne, and often she takes it before beginning her training.

Common people are appointed to the Cabinet and Council, and the idea is that any future Queen should rule for the people, not the power and politics. Before becoming the Queen, the Queen Candidate must undergo vigorous training and tutoring by the Queen and the Queen’s advisors. She must be able to run a country as soon as she is crowned, so this training process takes years. Knowing this, the Queen usually begins to train a candidate as soon as possible. If the Queen dies without having handed over her throne, the paperwork would be horrendous, and the Cabinet and Council would have far more than their fair share of work. In the case of an unstable or unfit Queen, the Council and Cabinet will vote to impeach her. The Queen can pose or veto laws, and has the final say in any and all High Court cases, though she is reigned in by the judge and jury.

The Queen may marry whomever she wishes to, though it is traditional to marry an Uzplauv.

The Cabinet is appointed by the Queen and approved by the Council. The Cabinet is made up of the heads of particular parts of the government such as Treasurer, Strategist, Armorer, Judge, Cook, etc., each of them representing their entire profession as well as leading them.

Since Uzplauxvil is split up into several districts, there are smaller Cabinets and Councils within each district. In each district, the council members are made up of the Heads of each town, with the cabinet members being the same positions as the Cabinet members, just at a local level, and deferring to the Cabinet members.

There are no political parties in Uzplauxvil. Every district is focused inwards, so that is as close as they come. This is based on the Uzplauv government looking at what happens to countries with political parties, and strongly discouraging that type of behavior there.

ALPHABET AND NUMERICAL SYSTEM:

NATIONAL ANTHEM:

#follower celebration #60 follower celebration #uzplauxvil #idk if you could tell but there was hecka gay in that government #also i made the idea for this last year so some of it might be outdated-y #long post

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diaryofanangryasianguy · 6 years

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as a hmong individual i have always been curious about the mien experience in the united states. often the hmong narrative overshadows many of the other ethnic minorities from southeast asia, especially from laos and thailand. do you share this thought as well? what was it like growing up mien? where did you find support and solace in the mien community? what is the mien community like? how did you explain what mien was?

This is gonna be a long one lol…

In some ways, Mien and Hmong experiences in the US are somewhat similar. We all came during the war in Vietnam and Laos and were left to fend for ourselves. I live in the West Coast so I can only speak about my experiences here. I know Southeast Asian people in the Midwest and East Coast are a little different but anyhow.

When I think of the term “Southeast Asian,” I think of our people in groups. So the first group would be Cambodian, Laos, Mien, and Hmong people. Then the second group would be Vietnamese and Thai people. Then Filipinos as a third group. Then the fourth group would be Indonesians, Malaysians, Burmese, Singaporeans, and so on.

I think this way due to the “closeness” I have or feel with each group. So from my perspective, the first group would be the main narrative that overshadows everyone else. But if we talk about ethnic minorities, then yes, I think Hmong people overshadow Mien people. In cultural closeness, I personally think Laos and Thai people would be the closest to us. And you might wonder why I keep saying “Laos people.” Over here, we don’t say “Lao” or “Laotian,” we just say “Laos.”

Growing up as a Mien person in the West Coast, I can say most of us grow up poor. We’re very likely to get into drugs, alcohol, gangs, sex, pregnancies, and things like that at a young age. In the specific area where I grew up, I’d say the average Mien person would first experience any or most of this between the ages of 11-14. So a quick personal timeline: I was smoking cigarettes by 12, weed by 13, arrested at 14, and lost my virginity at 15. That’s as far as I’ll go lol.

The Mien community itself is quite small but we’re not very close. Mien people tend to form groups and rivals between each other pretty quickly. Mien people can live as close as 5 or 10 minutes away from each other and already have a rivalry with one another. I don’t know why we were like this but that’s just how it was (I’m not sure about now). It’s probably because we’re huge gossipers so we know everyone’s business or things we shouldn’t always know lol.

When it comes to solidarity though, Mien people were actually united with other Southeast Asians and Chinese people against Hmong people quite often. When I was growing up, it’s like everyone was against Hmong people for some reason. No one ever knew why but that’s just how it was. So Mien people had internal issues with each other but we’d unite together and with others if it was against Hmong people.

When it comes to success, I’d say the Mien community has a lot of people in business, computers, or law enforcement. These are some common routes we take because most of us grew up poor and in that kind of life style. I studied sociology but my job requires me to be on the computer all day, so I’m somewhat typical in that manner.

When it comes to culture and similarities, I’d say that many of our traditions are influenced by Chinese and some Vietnamese but our foods are influenced by Laos and some Thai. So it feels like we’re a bridge between East Asians and Southeast Asians. But when people ask what Mien is, I just say we’re similar to Chinese people. It’s too long to try to explain everything lol.

As for what I actually am, I’m 50% Hmong, over 30% Mien, and the rest Chinese but I almost exclusively identify as Mien because that’s how I grew up. It’s odd though because my mom is Hmong and I’m a lot closer to her than my dad lol. Anyway, sorry for making this so long. It’s just that no one‘s really asked me all this so specifically so I’m going all out on it lol.

Angry Asian Guy

#ask #long reads #personal #southeast asian

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anonymoustalks · 4 years

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We thought we were defeating political islam, but after 10 years of the current regime, it's now clear that Islamist have won the social engineering game

(6-18-20) You both like history.

Stranger: Hi

You: hi

You: I should really remove this tag

Stranger: ha ha

Stranger: why

You: idk I'm not very knowledgeable about history

You: what do you like about history?

Stranger: well, we have internet for it

Stranger: war and it's impact on building new civilization

You: I feel like many people on this tag are fond of military history

Stranger: Military history can be boring

You: I'm not very interested in military history

Stranger: me neither, but middle edge politics are good to start with

You: middle age?

Stranger: Religion and politics especially

Stranger: yap

You: mhm

You: I like thinking about what life was like

You: idk what it was like to be a peasant

Stranger: or middle eastern librarian or greek philosopher's assistant

You: mhm right

Stranger: looks like I had longest chat for today

You: I feel like we don't learn enough about the middle east in school

Stranger: school curriculum is biased these days

You: mhm biased towards?

You: like in our school we learned all about the greeks and romans and stuff

You: athens democracy

Stranger: biased towards the dominant followers of religion in that that country

You: mhm

You: I think it's important to study the history of people you're very different from

Stranger: Athens democracy is a safe topic, that's why it is so popular in curriculum.

You: yup

Stranger: Agreed

Stranger: I am not sure where you are from, but I am from a muslim majority country.

You: ohh I'm from the US

You: which country?

Stranger: Muslims are almost sidelined by the Islamists

Stranger: tragedy

You: can you explain the difference for me?

Stranger: give 30 sec

You: this is a really pleasant surprise because I'm used to lots of people from north america at this time on omegle ^^

Stranger: I am from Bangladesh

You: cool

Stranger: Capital Dhaka

You: that's cool

Stranger: was studying the influence of Political Islam in different centuries

Stranger: controversial subject for westerners

Stranger: but not for me

Stranger: it's more of a risky one

You: mhm I think it's important to study

Stranger: being a Muslim in a growing sentimental Islamist dominant society is no longer easy

Stranger: world has changed :(

You: I'm not sure if I"m understanding why it's hard to be muslim in an islamist society?

Stranger: Open discussion about religion, god, science, philosophy was quite prevalent in middle age middle east

You: right

You: golden age

Stranger: but now it's safe to avoid it

Stranger: even within your friend circle

Stranger: looks like I am typing most of the time

You: hm?

You: I'm really interested in hearing what you have to say

You: in your country, is there only one branch of islam that is in power?

You: or are there multiple branches that are tolerated?

You: like in the US, we have catholics, protestants, methodists... a lot of branches of christianity

Stranger: We are democratic country of around 180 million population, led by a female Muslim Prime Minister

Stranger: But after her death, Islamist will reign. Mostly .... :(

You: ohh I see

Stranger: Sunnis are majority here

Stranger: which state are you from?

You: one of the New England ones ^^

You: so right now Bangladesh doesn't have political islam?

You: but you think it it will once the next party takes power?

Stranger: BD has political islam, it just subsided for a while

You: I see

You: what do you think of political islam?

You: like why is it good or bad?

Stranger: but they are active in social engineering

You: mhm

Stranger: Any religion practiced for sake of political dominance, it evil

Stranger: period

Stranger: *is evil

You: oh wow that's a strong opinion ^^

Stranger: We thought we were defeating political islam, but after 10 years of the current regime, it's now clear that Islamist have won the social engineering game

You: mhm what kind of social engineering did they do?

Stranger: just google Turkey before/after Erdogan

Stranger: same thing happened here

You: ah okay

Stranger: So, I believe you would find my stance a bit aggressive, being from one of those New England states

You: hm?

Stranger: I probably branded Islamophobe, if I were in one of those states.

You: ahh

You: I don't think you are an islamophobe

Stranger: definitely I am not, as you already know that I am a Muslim myself

You: I think most americans are broadly supportive of secularism

You: right it's hard for me to imagine any american calling you an islamophobe haha

You: since you are muslim

You: I was just surprised that you called it "evil" since the language sounds very strong

Stranger: you should call it what it is

Stranger: no sugarcoating, when comes to the practice of religious supremacy

You: mhm is that what happens in a religious state?

You: I'm just curious because israel is kind of a religious state? (are they?)

Stranger: it's happening

You: ^^ I'm just trying to understand

Stranger: Israel is progressive, but they are also hurting themselves a bit since the rise of Likud

Stranger: their religious schools and leaders are not dominant.

You: ahh okay

You: thanks for explaining

You: are religious schools bad?

Stranger: not always

Stranger: but in current world, it's definitely not contributing towards peace and progress

Stranger: at least Islamic schools

You: mhm and you are progressive, it sounds like

Stranger: I am disappointed, that people in my country have learned nothing from what happened in Afghanistan, or what's happening in Pakistan everyday.

You: mhm

You: (what happened in Afghanistan?)

Stranger: we all know

You: taliban?

Stranger: Hmm . . .

Stranger: your election is near

You: mh eventually

Stranger: how much influence does religion have in 2020

Stranger: ?

You: (sorry, many of us americans are fairly ignorant about international politics)

You: mhm, maybe a little less than 2016 I think

You: 2016 was a big year because there were many vacant supreme court seats

You: and religious conservatives wanted to appointed justices who were sympathetic to religious values

You: I think trump is more closely aligned with nationalism than religion

You: although the republican party has always been the side for religious conservatives

Stranger: Yes, Trump is definitely not into religion, but need to acknowledge for sake his supporters in Midwest and other red states

You: yup

You: I think economy, coronavirus, and race will play the biggest role n 2020

Stranger: political move, same things happen

Stranger: Bangladesh is in a very interesting position the geopolitical situation in southeast asia

You: because?

Stranger: bordered by India (2nd biggest economy by 2050), nearby China (biggest economy), and US interest to establish military base at Bay of Bengal (since 90s)

You: oh I didn't know the US wanted to establish a military base

Stranger: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Garcia

Stranger: lots of Southeast Asian leaders were eliminated to establish one here

Stranger: *alleged

You: oh interesting

Stranger: 20th Century history can be harmful for your sould

Stranger: *soul

You: aww :c

Stranger: International politics is not a gentleman's game anymore

Stranger: before 20th century few good instances were there

You: mhm

Stranger: are you still student?

You: yup!

You: you?

Stranger: I am back in academia again

Stranger: after a while

Stranger: are you in School or University?

You: university

You: "again"?

Stranger: Yes had Engineering, then job then again doing my MSc. Probably higher degrees abroad in next, hopefully

You: oh wow that's a lot of degrees

You: what is it like living in a muslim majority country?

Stranger: in our country, we can't even speak arabic, let alone understand it

Stranger: but political islam and intolerance is growing

You: um... are they adding arabic to your school curriculum?

Stranger: We had one arabic in our school

Stranger: but if you want learn it well, then you need to go to madrasa

Stranger: it's a religious school

You: right

Stranger: not so many tolerant/rationale people come out of this system

You: yeah...

Stranger: we are not the traditional muslim majority country even though it's almost 90% muslim (150 million)

Stranger: you need to go to middle east to experience it

You: mhm are you similar to indonesia?

Stranger: Islamization has taken over traditional culture

Stranger: but it's still quite cosmopolitan in big cities

You: mhm, so islamization is more in rural areas?

Stranger: mostly

Stranger: just study about the Saudi software and it's influence in Indonesia in recent years

Stranger: you will understand how it works

You: ah I don't know anything about it

You: saudi software or anything

Stranger: Saudi software has great influence in Muslim countries. Local culture cannot compete with their budget.

You: oh I didn't know

Stranger: with few billions they can transform society thousand miles away

Stranger: and if US want for their own political gain, then the process become much faster

You: mhm...

Stranger: are you science or humanities?

You: science

You: biology

You: although I also like the humanities

Stranger: but not good for career

Stranger: :(

You: haha ^^ did you want to do humanities?

Stranger: I was good at painting/drawing, but never went to fine arts; you know why.

You: mhm right

Stranger: Wish we could discuss much about the the middle age history

Stranger: but chat is not good for long discussion

You: mhm fair enough

Stranger: just trying the omegle for the first time, didn't expect to get such long conversation.

You: oh really?

You: um, yeah I think this is unusual

You: there are also many mean people here

You: and horny people

Stranger: it has always been like this

Stranger: I was feeling nostalgic about the good old yahoo chatroom

Stranger: so a friend told me to try Omegle

You: oh wow, I never used that

Stranger: they were great when I started using internet on slow broadband

Stranger: mean people were there too

You: mhm

Stranger: but some focused chatroom was also created

You: which chatrooms did you like?

Stranger: movies, football, book discussion

Stranger: it was back in 2004-2008

You: mhm a while ago

Stranger: I think you were much younger back then

Stranger: ha ha

You: how are you?

You: *how old

Stranger: I am in my early 30s

You: ahh cool

You: I'm 26

Stranger: so do you like sports?

You: mhm, not very much

You: I'm a little boring haha

Stranger: it's okay

Stranger: have you ever been to Asia?

You: yup, I have!

You: I'm Chinese American actually

Stranger: are you born in China then moved to USA?

You: nope, born in the US

You: my parents immigrated here for graduate school

Stranger: I see

Stranger: It's 9:45AM here

You: mhm I guess you have to go?

Stranger: what time at your place?

You: nearly midnight

Stranger: I think it's about time to sleep. I haven't slept last night. was doing some work.

You: ohhh

You: go to bed!

You: that's so late!

You: it was nice talking to you

Stranger: Yeah . . . .

Stranger: Yes it was good

You: I thought you just woke up

Stranger: we all in lockdown and it's weekend here

Stranger: Friday, Saturday our weekend

You: ahh

You: I didn't even know that

Stranger: So watched Netflix all night

You: haha

Stranger: It's good to chat with you

Stranger: well the best with your studies

You: yup, you too

You: good luck!

Stranger: you too . . . . :)

You have disconnected.

#omegle #history #bangladesh #islam #political islam #religion #politics #secularism

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munciememories · 5 years

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Fieldwalk at Minnetrista

Introduction - Meredith

On Tuesday, June 25, 2019, members of the Muncie Memories team conducted a fieldwalk at Minnetrista, mainly in the Oakhurst section where the Ball Brothers’ homes stand. In the following accounts by Kai, Katie, and Ellie, the reader will notice the use of words such as “beautiful,” “magical,” and “peaceful.” Minnetrista is indeed a world set apart. The significance of which is not lost on this writer.

Following the discovery of natural gas in the midwest, the Ball family decided to open a branch of its Ball Brothers Glass Company located in Buffalo, NY in a midwest city that had access to this new cheap fuel source. After considering such places and Findlay and Bowling Green, OH, Frank Ball was invited to tour Muncie by James Boyce, a Muncie industrialist. At the visit with Boyce and the “Citizens Committee,” Frank was offered land southeast of Muncie provided by the “Heekin syndicate” and other incentives. Taking the offer, the Ball Brothers Glass Company started construction in Muncie during the summer of 1887.

During the period from 1888 - 1897, each of the Ball Brothers (Frank Clayton Ball, Edmund Burke Ball, Lucius Lorenzo Ball, William Charles Ball, and George Alexander Ball) relocated in Muncie. In 1894, Frank, E.B., and George purchased 30 acres of land above the White River. This property was christened Minnetrista. This name, a neologism, was made by combining the Sioux word “mna,” meaning water, and the English word “tryst,” meaning for the Balls, a gathering place. Here, the brothers built their homes, their impressive mansions.

Four of the five Ball homes are listed in the Indiana Historic Sites and Structures Inventory for their “outstanding” representations of each of their architectural styles. Each of the homes reflects the individuality of each brother, with styles spanning Tudor Revival, Shingle Style, Colonial Revival, and Late Victorian.

Now, Minnetrista comprises the historical district with the Ball brothers’ homes, a cultural center, and a nature area. At the suggestion of Margaret Ball Petty, daughter of Frank C. Ball, to build a museum in Muncie, the project developed into the Minnetrista Cultural Center. The aim of the Center is to preserve the cultural heritage of the region.

For more thorough information on Minnetrista, visit the Historic Muncie: Preserving Middletown’s Neighborhoods site, which provides an in-depth account of its construction.

Tranquil Walk - Kai

Walking through Minnetrista, I found myself intoxicated with the beautiful sounds of nature paired with earnest footsteps. As I explored the trails, I enjoyed the exterior architecture of the various Ball Brother houses. I felt as if I had stepped out of the Muncie I had always attached to its name. “Minnetrista” even sounds like a fairytale! I felt like a kid again when the only outside sound other than invisible animals were cars driving by in the distance.

Each house was vastly different than the next, despite this, each had a familiar quality. I felt as if I could just walk in and make myself at home. There was not much of a way to peer into the houses, but the many windows implied that the natural lighting poured into the old mansions. Due to the degree of care still being put into the appearance of these buildings, it is very possible to imagine the rich activity the once occurred here. I feel as though the photographs I captured could not attempt to do Minnetrista justice. This type of atmosphere demanded the intentionality and deliberate attention of a painting. This environment felt like a rural masterpiece.

A Stroll Down Minnetrista Boulevard - Katie

Minnetrista is filled with breathtaking scenery. For our field trip, we focused on the historical homes of the Ball family. While traveling down Minnetrista Boulevard, the homes we encountered were architectural marvels. It was clear to see that no expense was withheld in creating these timeless homes. No home was like, with each drawing different inspiration. For example, Maplewood was most likely influenced by classical architecture.

One of the highlights of our exploration was the courtyard behind Oakhurst. Walking through it almost felt magical. The brick paths had mosaic images at crossroads that hinted at the personality of the owner. At one intersection, there was an image of what I could only assume was her family with toys depicted farther to the left. Another intersection showed fairies with butterfly wings. The might be to her loving butterflies. We ended our adventure in the Backyard Garden, enjoying the various fish swim in the pond.

A Path to Where You Want to Lead - Ellie

Between the Oakhurst House and Maplewood House, I discovered an offset path. Once I entered the path, I was astounded. I felt I had entered a different world, like the film Bridge to Terabithia, wherein the main characters discover a path to the magical world of Terabithia. I saw the trees grow tall, covering the sunny sky enough to create a balance of light and dark, allowing an enchanting and mesmerizing forest path scene. I could hear the frequent chirping from the birds in the trees and buzzing of insects as I stood with eyes closed in the middle of the path. I became intoxicated with sound and the lovely nature visuals surrounding me. I even sat down to try to discover more sounds and sites that I may be missing from being indoors all the time. I detected a silvery spider web hanging from a branch and black dragonflies flying in front of me. It was an enjoyable experience as I kept walking down the path, wondering what kind of scenery I would discover at the end. At the end of the path, I saw a beautiful bright garden beside a stone path with a wooden pergola covering on top. I even noticed a cute black bench under the pergola. It looked like a lovely spot to sit and read. It was a breathtaking sight as I could imagine a situation in which I can peacefully sit and go on many book adventures.

After I left the garden, I learned the offset path is called “Aunt Emma’s Path” from a small sign at the exit of the path. This path was created and named “Aunt Emma’s Path” because of Aunt Emma, who lived in the Maplewood House and would go on walks to visit Frances. The sign also asked, “if you could build a path to visit anyone, anywhere, who would you visit?” It made me think about what I had experienced earlier on the path. The path leads me to a magical world where I could sit and peacefully read and go on book adventures, while it was a path to a friend of Aunt Emma. Even though my path is not used to meet another person at the end, I felt like the path I took helped me unearth who I am and reconnected me to senses of adventure and imagination.

#munciememories #plyspace #munciearts #minnetrista #ballbrothersglasscompany #ballbrothers

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tommygthewx-blog · 6 years

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Can It Just Be Fall Yet? Forecast for Birmingham, AL and Houston, TX for 10/5/18-10/8/18

This forecast and these locations are dedicated to my best friend who wouldn’t stop asking me to see if it was going to rain on his way to and from Houston and Birmingham when we go out of town this weekend. He’s riding a motorcycle so he has to know what is going to happen in the next 3 days to avoid getting water stuck in his air filter and he’s been asking for over a week. Have a safe ride, dude.

A low-pressure system located in Nicaragua is the latest point of interest as it makes its way northwest through Central America. It’s bringing heavy rain and thunderstorms to Central America and the main concern is possible development in the Gulf of Mexico if it stays strong enough after it crosses the Yucatan Peninsula. Since the ridge is still strong over the southeast US there is a greater chance for tropical systems to develop and move in, however this is only if the low pressure develops into something more. For now, it is only at a 10% chance in the next 48 hours.

Hurricane Sergio has become a Category 4 hurricane in the Eastern Pacific and is forecasted to move out westward while a strong high is out in the North Pacific blocking it from any northward movement. The ridge is going to weaken as it combines with another high in the Western Pacific and Sergio can move northeast and both the Euro and GFS agree that it will make a northeastern movement towards Mexico later next week. A positively tilted trough located in the Western US is expected to move through the Southwest, but then weaken as it negatively tilts when it hits the Rockies. The front will be strong enough to bring in a strong temperature gradient in the Great plains, but it becomes more linear over the southeast.

The effects of the trough won’t be felt for Texas until Monday, but the trough won’t dip down far enough to affect anything else than northern Texas before it moves northeast into the Midwest. The ridge is still strong enough to keep the trough from moving anywhere from eastern Texas to Georgia. The main concern for the weekend and the beginning of the week is pop-up thunderstorms for the Houston area as well as the Birmingham area. At the middle of the week is when the low from Central America is expected to move into the Gulf Coast. SST anomalies are highest from Louisiana to the panhandle of Florida and the current temperatures are still high in the entire Gulf which can help strengthen the system before it makes its way.

For Birmingham, the warming trend stays over the weekend. Higher than average temperatures are imminent, and it will be overall dry with an isolated thunderstorm popping up if there is enough influence. Winds are staying around the 5-knot mark from the lower levels into the mid-levels and there isn’t enough moisture coming from the Gulf to bring in the summertime-like storms, so seeing an isolated storm developing is going to be rare in the afternoon, but still possible. For Friday, a mostly sunny sky with a high of 89 and a low of 70. On Saturday, a high of 90 with a few passing clouds and a low of 68. Sunday is going to be the hottest with a high of 91 and a low of 70.

Houston is a very similar story. It’s also under the ridge until the trough passes through in the middle of the week and temperatures will cool off slightly again. Until then, temperatures will remain in the upper 80s and 90s throughout the weekend and the early week. Saturday hits the 90-degree mark with mostly sunny skies and a low of 68. Sunday has a high of 89 and a low of 70 with mostly sunny skies. Monday is cooling down slightly with partly cloudy skies with a high of 88 and a low of 70.

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clausiusclapeyron-blog1 · 6 years

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Bust

Its been clear and sunny day for the South today with another day full of abundant sunshine on the way. Looking at the surface analysis map, there isnt too much action going on at the moment. The southeast just had a cold front go through a few nights ago, resulting in mostly clear skies for the last couple of day. According to my relatives in Buffalo, he north has been frozen hell-hole with a few rounds of snow and below average temperatures ravaging about the last couple of weeks. But within a few days from now, there could be some potential action in the South/Midwest as the next system rolls through.

GFS

NAM

Starting off with the 300mb heights, you can see a trough starting to move its way into the continental US, making its way to the south by the end of the week. All throughout the animation, you can definitely see some jet streaks forming AND some diffluence action happening, which means we are likely to see an area of low pressure form on the ground. The NAM just barely has the system in range by this weekend, but also shows a very similar projection to the GFS. There is one discrepancy that I see however. 84 hours out (or 06z Sunday), the NAM has the system lagging behind a bit. Because there is a lack of blocking over Greenland (meaning the NAO is slightly positive), I doubt that the system is projected to move as slow as the NAM says it is, leaning me to put some more trust with the GFS in terms of location.

GFS

NAM

Looking at the 500mb map model projections, the GFS is also showing the trough to be moving faster than what the NAM is saying, keeping it consistent. Looking 80 hours out on the both of the models, they do show winds blowing parallel to a temperature gradient over the Texas and Oklahoma panhandle and some warm air advection starting to form in the northern Great Plains and the Great Lakes region. It seems pretty destined that a low is going to track across the United States within a couple days. I also noticed something strange with the nam 60hours out at the 850mb level. If you look very closely, it looks like the NAM says the cold front will be progressing slightly further than what the GFS says, which doesn’t make any sense considering the fact the GFS has the system as a whole moving much faster.

GFS

NAM

GFS

NAM

As for the type of event, the models have the event to be more linear instead of discrete. When you look at the estimated wind shear, its just too parallel to the front. Both of the models can at least agree that there isnt too much turning with the winds with this system. Also, an intelligent and experienced forecaster taught us about tiny oscillations of the trough (or pieces of energy) that can break off and move ahead of the storm, causing some cloud cover to build up. So even if we do have enough by a miracle, there may not be sufficient heating early in the day to help increase instability. To summarize, its not looking good for tornadoes at all. There may be a chance of a weak tornado or two closer to the triple point of this low, but an outbreak is Highly unlikely at this point in time with the amount of information we are given. It looks more like MCS event with the main threat leaning toward straight line winds. (ill come back to this a few days later when it happens and update if necessary)

Now for a quick analysis of the Atlantic Ocean. First, you have the cold front that passed the South the other day over southern Florida, inching its way into the Caribbean. You also have a easterly flow for the most part with some slight deviations when you get closer to Central America. And with the latest system passing through the southeast, a tiny bit of synoptic influence may intrude, its apparent by the westerly movement of the higher clouds in the map shown above. You can also see some enhancement of the cloud tops when the air passes over the eastern/central portion of the D.R., which could lead to some light precipitation downstream.

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jerron-jrb-blog · 6 years

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How has media shape who you are today?

Discuss what it means to say that an identity is “socially constructed.” How do media technologies and content play a role in this construction?

To answer this question we have to understand a couple of terms. Media, and few terms from the the seven models, such as socio-cultural, Cybernetic and Phenomenological. It is really important not to say that identity and personality are the same, they may share some similarities but our personality actually come from our identity. First media is/are the modes of storage and delivery of a shared meaning. Which at its core is the exchange meaning or information, to communicate by sending and receiving information.

Socio-cultural is a when people or a groupe communicate to either to replicate, reinforce or even challenge the social order. This model questions the traditions, value and roles in a community. One could say that this is the foundation when talking about identity being socially constructed. An example of that was the civil rights movement, the beginning of the feminist movement. Chapter 1 of the Devereaux readings states “globalization, technological change and the restructuring of media ownership underscoring many of the questions that have been asked about the media as...raising new kinds of issues for all of us our roles…”. Cybernetic is another tradition of communication that media analyst look at to see what influences and restrains the flow of new information. This can construct or destruct a person's morals how they act around people, if they have access to technology to get new information. Phenomenological is very important because it is how we communicate using our senses. This doesn't mean only our five senses but how we feel on the inside also. An example of that is the sense of security, or depression, anxiety. When it comes to social construction we can use phenomenology when talking to someone who when through a traumatic experience. Now when we say an Identity is socially constructed and how media technologies and content help shape that identity we need to look at the (1) who is the viewer and audience; (2) who is producing or who is the messenger and (3) what is the context of this message.In late September during a out lecture we touched briefly about how ads use gender and sexuality when it comes to selling a product when analyzing the GAP photo. I am a black man, I have been socially constructed to fail and end up in the prison system because of I lived in low income neighborhood and am from the lower class. I also should be afraid of the law enforcement because most large black males are up to no good. To fight against this I am disgustingly happy and I am really respectful and I don’t want to be perceived as a thug or hooligan. I kept face; according to communication theorist, face or facework is what a person does in certain situations so people won’t think that person is a bad person. Everyone has face and every one gives face. An example of a person giving face in a stressful situation is James Bond. Bullets flying, high speed chases, winning at a casino card games...through all of that he has a stoic look on his face. We can look at society and how the raise young boys in masculinity. Being told “boys don’t cry” or “man up!” In a documentary the The Mask You Live In it talks about the toxicity of masculinity in society and how it is literally killing boys because boys are not taught to express their emotions because being the worst thing a man can be view as is weak. This is true for all types of communication and with that we can look at how identity is constructed by society. Sturken and Cartwright said Analyzing images and built spaces according to what we believe to be the intentions of their produces”(54) But it is important to remember that in this giant world we live in, their are a lot of sub cultures and societies/ communities that identities in those respective areas are being constructed differently.

2. How is your identity constructed through commodities? What commodities make up your commodity self? (Hint: nearly ALL media content/technologies could be considered commodities)

We have to look at the all powerful media and ask ourselves as we start to analyze and break down my identity we need to see what makes it up and look how it shaped my habits, behavior. The foundation of my identity is that I am a 23 year old, black male. Now we are going to look at what other things make up my identity I come from midwest of the United States and reside most of my time while not at school in central Wisconsin but southeast Wisconsin and come from a family of seven. My parents are married and have been for 29 years and both went to college. My parents taught me to be strong but patient, kind but firm. I would also say I am a product of the 90’s. Now looking at these few things let us look and analyze the information from above.

I am a 23 year old black male. Looking at this we can see that I am of college age but it might not have been easy. Living in America I have easy access to different technology. Also I was a product of the 1990s in america so I watch a lot of pokemon, along with Disney’s Recess, Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network, Disney Channel, Adult Swim, Black Entertainment Television(BET), MTV and the content I got while watching these program is to be yourself and have fun and enjoy life while you can. That is a huge reason I act the way I cat today. Because of the shows I watched as a kid I am who I am today. Those shows taught me that it is important to be kind to everyone even when it's an enemy. Also to don’t take life too seriously if I do am I really living so I live each day with a “I don’t give a fuck” attitude. Looking at that I’m a black male in America we can look at the news media on their content and how it shaped my identity.

When I was younger I thought that I was suppose to be loud, rude, illiterate, thuggish and end up in jail. But also look at the the same television network from above and some of the shows they had also shaped my identity. The Cosby show was about how a black family, that reminded me of my own family, looked and acted. I related with that because My mother is the real life Claire Huxtable and also that you don’t have to believe everything that came on the news.

Continuing with my identity I am from the midwest of the United States and from Wisconsin. My middle school was a pilot school to see what education would look like if every student had a laptop and some of the questions asked in my hometown were “how are they going to learn with computers?’, ‘it's just going to be a distraction.’ ‘they should stick to paper and pencil.’”. But when I asked my dad about the idea of every student he thought it was an excellent idea. He then told me when he was in high school and college he wished he would have taken those intro to keyboarding and computers seriously because his job requires that he know how to use a computer. Looking back at his experience I can proudly say that I learned a lot from doing homework online and and it honestly got me ready for high school and college. Understand how my commodity self came to be. But also we should look at the people behind it see who their audience was/is. Another commodity that has helped shaped my identity was the bible. I am a son of a pastor and that was a big part of who I was as a person but when I got to high school and started acting in plays that really changed me. Being in a theatre major for awhile. I learned a lot about how theatre (according to theatre historians) was the first type of media and how theatre really reinforced the focus or idea of the media is to inform society about itself. So Theatre and reading the bible are the two biggest influences and made me who I am today.

3.Pick one of these commodities and analyze how it is advertised. What sort of ideological/discursive framing is being employed?

Society is so vast and one does not have the funds to research and study society as a whole. But we can look at smaller groups and how they communicate with people when it comes to selling their product. I will be talking about the effects media has on a smaller scale. “Audience research puts human experience at the centre of our enquiry”(Stokes 174). In class we talked about ideology and disclosure and I want to focus on both, but for now let us look at ideology or institute.

Ideology is way society governs itself and perpetuate modes of behavior and acceptance and interaction. We are going to how companies use it to advertise. Now defined by in our Sturken and Cartwright Ch7 reading “Advertisements present an abstract world, often a fantastic one, that is not situated in present but the imagined future”(265). The institute of advertising know that most customers are smarter than they look but some if not all ads usually use art, culture jams and other forms of entertainment. Even when it comes to representation of gender and sexuality in advertisements.

The two photos above are current ads for women athletes that show how to be a top athlete. On the left you have a nike ad and in the add we can see a women running with headphones and with text saying “Ladies first, men second” now the more important text is on the bottom “Join the Men vs Women Challenge ”This is an institute that has been around since the beginning of the feminist movement, whose is better boys or girls? The discourse comes in when someone reads the nike ad and automatically think boys. One of the first things I learned about media is that the job of the media is to inform society about itself. And I feel that the media above is a great to stir conversation.

The ad on the right is about female empowerment. A female soccer player doing some footwork and the text says “I Kick balls. Deal with it”. The ideology is being challenged because of what the text is saying. It showing the women are more than housewives or a cute, quiet doll playing girls. It shows that women know how to play sports and are not going to stand to be told what they can and cannot due. and behind this is about Not if boys are better than girls but can men and female athletes be equal.

Chapter 2 of Sturken and Cartwright tells us how viewers make meaning. They say that production of meaning “involves at least three elements besides the image itself and its producer: (1) the codes and conventions that structure the image and that cannot be separated from the content of the image; (2) the viewers and how they interpret or experience the image; and (3) the contexts in which an image is exhibited and viewed.”(49).

Work Cited

Alex Ingersoll - Communication 106 Lectures

Devereux, E. (2014). Understanding the media (3rd ed.). London: Sage

Mark Tolstedt - Communication 107 Lectures.

Stokes, Jane. How to Do Media and Cultural Studies. SAGE Publications LTD,2009. Print

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assa-nisi-massa · 7 years

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adminAfter Eisenhower — Jasmine Clark Explores the Impact of Military Culture on American Society

Hello Jasmine, thank you for this interview. What are your main interests as a photographer?

A photograph’s function as a ‘document’ or ‘evidence’ to mark a particular time, place, event, and/or context—political or emotional, objective or subjective. I use photographs as devices to articulate when words fail, which happens often; to help convey something I can’t verbalize.

Please introduce us to After Eisenhower.

The photographs are influenced by my upbringing in a United States Marine Corps community in Twentynine Palms, California. Protection of others, protection of the flag, and patriotism are the ideals that stick with me. However, I question military and its role in American life and my own. American culture is inseparable from military and religious identity: the iconography of these elements, like the American flag or the cross, are ubiquitous in American society. The project comes from my curiosity and frustration due to the lack of questioning their inescapable presence. The series consists of photographs made in my hometown, Twentynine Palms, CA; in Chicago, IL; and in other small and medium cities located in the Southeast and Midwest. I plan to photograph in each state.

How do you think growing up in a place so highly charged with military messages influenced you?

For sure it dictated my visual language, my personal politics, my sense of self, and my perception of patriotism and American culture. It was something I passively thought about while growing up. I knew it was not necessarily common to grow up around tanks, etc., but it was my home. It is odd to grasp that the place I grew up in is such a controversial topic. My experience of living in that community is the basis of my reverence for what I now photograph and contributes to why I am obsessed with highly charged issues.

The events of 9/11 completely challenged my perception of the place I lived in and of the military. I was in 10th grade and also too young to remember the effect The Gulf War had. My only memory is going to greet my dad when he returned home. My home was again an active site for conflict and loss, instead of a place in preparation for some event that could hypothetically never happen. Twentynine Palms is a United States Marine Corps training base with a climate similar to that of Afghanistan and Iraq; the base facilitated pre-deployment training during Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). The significance of this place will never leave me.

I was also raised in a different way than children with military parents typically are: one, my parents are both Marines (Once a Marine, Always a Marine); secondly, joining the military is usually a family tradition, but my sister and I learned the ideologies that are present in military culture without the objective of following in that tradition.

Why did you choose After Eisenhower as the title of your series?

My work is about the affect and effect the ‘military industrial complex’ has on culture. The term was popularized by President Dwight D. Eisenhower when he used it in his 1961 Presidential Farewell Address. I struggled for a while trying to find a title that represented enough elements in my project; when I reread Eisenhower’s speech these lines stuck out: “This conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry is new in the American experience. The total influence—economic, political, even spiritual—is felt in every city, every statehouse, every office of the federal government.” This is basically what my project is about. Eisenhower made a mark during this specific moment because he foresaw what the implications of the growing military power would have on culture. ‘We’ are in the time after this warning and military power has continued to increase exponentially since.

Can you describe your approach to the work, and what did you want your images to communicate?

In 2009, I started photographing and engaging with what characterizes my hometown of Twentynine Palms. The community is directly engaged and economically supported by the military. I made lists of what defines a place by treating it as a typological study of military towns: tattoo shops, barber shop, churches, car dealerships, murals, flags, tailor shops, and also what ideals and socio-economic structures are present. I was interested in how proximity to a specific institution affects the culture of the surrounding community. This is not limited to military bases. I found a correlation in the likes of college towns and beach towns—they have a similar ‘feel.’ This is the basis of how I approach what I photograph: I defined my vernacular within known iconography and symbolism. The task is how to confront what is ‘known’ and also how do you photograph an ideology? My goal is to find the best examples and photograph them to the best of my ability. The context of the environment of these symbols is vital. I may place a flag in the center of an image; however, the way I choose to frame a scene is very intentional. I genuinely love the spaces I photograph, even if the symbolism is complicated.

Catholic churches and other Catholic religious signs come up in several of the After Eisenhower photographs. How do Catholicism and military ideals coexist in Middle America?

Religious iconography permeates American society. It is hard to dissociate military, religion, and America because of how linked they are.

Did you have any specific references or sources of inspiration in mind while working on After Eisenhower?

Roy Stryker’s shooting scripts for the Farm Security Administration (FSA) photographers from the 1930s and early 1940s when they surveyed Depression-era America. Contemporary examples are Larry Sultan’s ‘ideas for photographs’ and Alec Soth’s ‘hunting lists.’ Also, my guilty, but not so guilty pleasure, Internet comments responding to political articles on Facebook.

How do you hope viewers react to After Eisenhower, ideally?

We all come from our biases. The work is not neutral. I do not want to alienate opposing perceptions on the already charged subject matter intentionally. I want conversations to start about how I chose to frame a specific scene and how that confronts the viewer’s identity.

What have been the main influences on your photography?

Deborah Willis, An-My Lê, Robert Adams, Gordon Parks, Alec Soth, Tim Hetherington, and my professors at CSULB and Columbia College Chicago.

Who are some of your favorite contemporary photographers?

An-My Lê, Adam Broomberg and Oliver Chanarin, Trevor Paglen, Zanele Muholi.

Choose your #threewordsforphotography.

Perspective. Perception. Specificity.

admin via Blogger http://ift.tt/2nNEnDL

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assa-nisi-massa · 7 years

Text

adminAfter Eisenhower — Jasmine Clark Explores the Impact of Military Culture on American Society

Hello Jasmine, thank you for this interview. What are your main interests as a photographer?

Please introduce us to After Eisenhower.

How do you think growing up in a place so highly charged with military messages influenced you?

Why did you choose After Eisenhower as the title of your series?

Can you describe your approach to the work, and what did you want your images to communicate?

Catholic churches and other Catholic religious signs come up in several of the After Eisenhower photographs. How do Catholicism and military ideals coexist in Middle America?

Religious iconography permeates American society. It is hard to dissociate military, religion, and America because of how linked they are.

Did you have any specific references or sources of inspiration in mind while working on After Eisenhower?

How do you hope viewers react to After Eisenhower, ideally?

What have been the main influences on your photography?

Deborah Willis, An-My Lê, Robert Adams, Gordon Parks, Alec Soth, Tim Hetherington, and my professors at CSULB and Columbia College Chicago.

Who are some of your favorite contemporary photographers?

An-My Lê, Adam Broomberg and Oliver Chanarin, Trevor Paglen, Zanele Muholi.

Choose your #threewordsforphotography.

Perspective. Perception. Specificity.

admin via Blogger http://ift.tt/2nNEnDL

0 notes