#polyploidic

[hdlh1r8irgjs]

Qual O Nome Dela??? Long singapore upskirt compilation Slave Zenda Sexy Bound Orgasm: tied, gagged and cum slut rica joven se masturba en su casa ALEX JONES BIG COCK PUMPING German teacher fuck with a young boy Shawn Marz in a car torrie vs candice wet t shirt match PervCity Anal MILF Lily Lane Corrupts Teen Lesbian Luna Lovely Assfuck

#raniferous #polyploidic #odor #prototrochal #Alodee #disguisedly #dopesheet #sheafing #pasquinaded #thoracispinal #Dashnak #silly-facedly #bradyauxetic #intactile #NDDL #improvisors #fessways #ophiophoby #postnecrotic #thiophen

[iamthekaijuking]

I love the Piklopedia entry on the Jumbo Bulborb. Olimar mentions that its abnormal large size is due to "abnormal extra chromosomes due to failed meiosis" and that it "is unable to reproduce".

how does a space trucker even know cytogenetics without any advanced equipment tho

Maybe they just have like a bio scanner like subnautica or something, I use a similar stuff in my primary novel setting. It’s convenient.

Olimar does correctly label the affliction the jumbo bulborb has as polyploidy. Most animals have two sets of chromosomes (except for things like male Hymenopterans but I think we all know that family of animals is a bunch of freaks) as adults, but they don’t start out like that. During the earliest stages of fertilization they have more, and the excess is just discarded.

How many extra chromosomes jumbos have, we don’t know. But apparently bulborbs with polyploidy grow extra huge but never develop to the point of sexual maturity. It’s possible that the extra chromosomes have resulted in too many growth hormones, meaning that jumbos are in a permanent state of puberty.

A hormone imbalance is what caused the (unfortunately late) Goliath the American bullfrog tadpole to grow massive. While we don’t know why Goliath had a hormone imbalance, the results were very similar to jumbo bulborbs. Basically just continuous growth but never growing up, and eventually reaching a point where his anatomy couldn’t support his size.

#ask #questions #anon #anonymous #pikmin #pikmin 4 #speculative evolution #speculative biology #speculative zoology #bulborb #jumbo bulborb #polyploid

[happypeachsludgeflower]

I love non sequiturs. They’re wonderful.

Others may say that they’re a clunky way to awkwardly change the subject—that they’re inelegant and fail every stealth check possible, but really?

They’re a blunt, hardedge way of saying “no I’m done talking about this topic anymore and there’s nothing you can do to stop me.”

They’re just such a power move honestly.

Have you ever looked an angry 6ft something man in the eye and said, “There’s a species of single celled organisms that live in almost uninhabitable lakes and has seven genders,” and just watched as befuddlement crosses his face and he then experiences the five stages of grief in five seconds because he knows he’s now going to have to listen to me explain polyploids in excruciating detail once more because I deemed him to be an asshole.

It’s so satisfying.

#how to handle assholes 101 #im a bit of a dick okay #but only to assholes #and really anyone that wants to be an asshole deserves to hear about polyploids for the millionth time #and my step dad deserves to suffer #I don’t know what to tag this honestly #satisfying #satisfaction #pure bliss #petty core #it’s in the knowledge of knowing he’s suffering okay #I know no one but me likes knowing about my special interests and I’m about to make that everyone else’s problem

[moldresistantstrains]

🌱👹Looking for something weird to grow? Check out these 16 mutant cannabis strains that'll catch you by surprise: https://moldresistantstrains.com/mutant-cannabis-16-weirdest-strains-to-grow-from-seed/

#mutant #mutated #fasciation #strain #cannabis #weed #freakshow #Variegation #swag #foxtail #Polyploid #marijuana #stoner #stoners #gyo #seeds #seed bank #seedbank #mold resistant strains #thc #cbd #mmj #sativa #indica #exotic #kush #haze #skunk #dank #dank buds

[forgetthetimetravel]

Look THIS IS REALLY COOL OKAY

#SEAGRASS #wow #plants #plonts #science #marine plants #marine flora #marine #grass #grasses #ONE PLANT #LIKE POTATOES #its all about those rhizomes #roots #POLYPLOID

[andyundan]

I love reading dissertations where it’s dedicated to the candidates significant other or parents or friends because I’m like yes that’s the whole point. Love is the whole point

#if you don’t feel tsunami levels of lust when you look at polyploidic soy plants then fuck outta here #jk could you imagine #but seriously what is science without love like…… #I cannot think of anything more romantic than being like my dear I wrote and sweated and cried over this 50 page love letter to my disciplin #and in the process I realized that the effort and passion I put into it is also how I feel about you #like… guys come on #and I’m feeling romantic in this pdf tonight

[tenth-sentence]

As a consequence, whereas most animal cells are diploid (having two sets of chromosomes), plant cells are frequently tetraploid (having four sets of chromosomes) or sometimes even polyploid (having many sets of chromosomes) after going through additional cycles of nuclear DNA replication without mitosis, a process called endoreduplication.

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

#book quote #plant physiology and development #nonfiction #textbook #animal cell #plant cell #ploidy #diploid #tetraploid #polyploid #chromosomes #dna replication #mitosis #endoreduplication #cell division #cell cycle

[o-craven-canto]

Ea, Our Second Chance (10a)

10a. Eucytobionta (part 1/3, cell structure)

(Index) (< 9. The Descent) (> 10b. Eucytobionta, unicellular diversity)

The typical cell structure of Eucytobionta, the clade comprising all the complex, multicellular life of planet Ea, the local equivalent of Earth's Eukarya. (original link)

« Complexity and organization are nested endlessly in lower and lower scales, far beyond our reach... Every smear of blood proclaims the power of its Maker; every drop of sewage sings the glory of the One. » – Yakub of Lilongwe, Mere Humanity

Shared features of Eucytobiontan cells include:

● A haploid protonucleus (i.e., carrying a single copy of each gene), sequestered at the center of the cell, where genetic information is stored over the long term in the form of enol-PNA; in sexual unicellular organisms, such as many Pogonocyta, additional protonuclei may be exchanged between cells. ● One or more massively polyploid paranuclei (carrying from 50 to over 200 copies of each gene), where gene expression and protein synthesis occurs, through remarkably Earth-like mechanisms. The more flexible and reactive keto-PNA is found here, and the massive redundancy dampens the effects of harmful mutations. New paranuclei are generated from the protonucleus before cell division. Monokaryotes have lost all their paranuclei, whereas the largest Pogonocytes may have hundreds.

● The astrosome, also called stellate body or Jariwala's organ, a multi-lobed vacuole located at the center of the cell. The water-filled lobular projections stabilize the cell structure, keep organelles in their place, and trace paths for the movement of vesicles. The astrosomal membrane is also the main metabolic organ, as it uses sunlight or chemical energy to create a proton gradient between the cytoplasm and the vacuole's interior from which useful energy can be harvested, much like the mitochondrial membrane in Earth's eukaryotes.

● The red body or erythrosome, a flattened organelle analogous to our Golgi apparatus, involved in the processing and secretion of proteins and TPP. The red color is probably due to iron complexes that assist with the reduction of TPP chains. In many unicellular organisms it can be visible as a dark-colored ribbon.

● The corpuscula, a number of dark-coloured vesicles filled with alkaline granules whose function is not yet clear. They are probably involved in the cell's metabolism and defense as reservoirs of enzymes in a crystalline form. Most Ean prokaryotes have corpuscula as well: some, such as Prasinobacteriales, use them for photosynthesis, whereas in Acanthobacillus they contain exotoxins used against predation.

● An elastic cell net formed by bundles of elastic, highly hydrophobic polypeptides passing between the two layers of the cell membrane. This sheath, similar to that found in the prokaryotic Commicutes, protects the cell from osmotic shock opposing both excessive intake and loss of water. In Ostracophyta and other unicellular Eucytobionts, the net is impregnated with minerals or crystalline polymers to form a protective shell.

● Undulipodia (distinguished, as on Earth, in cilia and flagella according to their size and abundance) seem to be extensions of the cell net, held into place by a trans-membrane protein ring. The whole structure is formed by parallel elastic fibers, and bends in one direction as the respective fiber contracts. The contraction is likely controlled by a chemical signal conveyed by vesicles to the contracting fiber's root in the basal ring.

– Summa Planetaria, "Eucytobionta#Synapomorphies", revision 315/T51Cyy4nS4

#speculative evolution #speculative biology #xenobiology #alien life #my work #ea our second chance

[flameswallower]

Hey, Sam? Cal? You got a favorite plant? Well, there’s a more pleasant question. Hmmm. I suppose I’ve always been partial to that mulberry tree over yonder. Black mulberry. Only one left in the world. Bitter little fruits, bark’ll make you shit yourself for days. That tree has over three hundred chromosomes, did you know?!  Is that a lot, for a tree? God, it’s a crazy number. Damn polyploids. Love them. My favorite’s the prickly pear. I don’t know a damn thing about, like, the science, the chromosomes or the ribosomes or whatever, but I like saying the name. I like the spikes.  You’re drawn to the difficult ones. A kid after my own heart.  I wish there were more cactuses left. Yeah. Pity they couldn’t rescue ‘em. They’re an honest thing in the world. If you touch them, they hurt your hand. Some of these trees are too pretty to be down here. They smell too good. They’re all soft and dripping petals on the walkways, and the petals are made of rotted corpses. The corpses get sucked up from the mulch through the roots, you know, and turned into flowers. And don’t make fun— don’t you dare, Sam— but sometimes I think: what if ghosts got sucked up out of the dirt that way, too? What if the tree is drinking up human souls and turning ‘em strange, into some kind of haunting that’s not quite a dead man’s whisper and not quite the sex of a plant? What would those creatures even look like? What might they want from us? 

-----

New short story out in ALOCASIA! It's about plants.

#short stories #self promo #my actual creative writing

[oceanmonsters]

guess who successfully made polyploid yeast 😁

#I’m ngl I was seriously considering falsifying my data if this hadn’t worked #for legal purposes that is a joke

[fumpkins]

Hormone Made Our Ancestors Warm-Blooded but Left Us Susceptible to Heart Damage

Adult-like heart tissue. Credit: NIH.

Although a lot of victims endure the 735,000 cardiac arrest that take place yearly in the U.S., their heart tissue is frequently irreparably harmed – unlike numerous other cells in the body, as soon as hurt, heart cells cannot restore. According to a brand-new UC San Francisco research study, the concern might go back to our earliest mammalian ancestors, which might have lost the capability to restore heart tissue in exchange for endothermy – or as it’s understood informally, “warm-bloodedness” – a Faustian evolutionary deal that introduced the age of mammals but left modern-day human beings susceptible to permanent tissue damage after cardiovascular disease.

The Warm-Blooded Benefit

Early mammals were little, rodent-like animals that emerged in a world controlled by cold-blooded animals. Instead of complete straight, early mammals progressed an unique method that allowed them to inhabit brand-new specific niches: endothermy. While cold-blooded animals, not able to control their own body temperature level, were captive to ever-changing weather and relegated to temperate environments, warm-blooded mammals were able to spread to chillier climates and to flourish nocturnally. But, as the brand-new research study reveals, this came at a high expense.

“Many of the lower vertebrates can regenerate body parts and organs, including the heart, but most mammals cannot. This feature was lost somewhere in the ectotherm-to-endotherm transition,” stated Guo Huang, PhD, detective at UCSF’s Cardiovascular Research study Institute, assistant teacher of physiology and senior author of the brand-new research study, released March 7 in the journal Science.

In the beginning look, there’s no apparent connection in between a mammal’s capability to control its body temperature level and its failure to repair work heart damage. But the brand-new research study exposes that these apparently diverse biological qualities are inextricably connected – by thyroid hormonal agents. 

Thyroid Hormonal Agents Stop Heart Cell Regrowth

The thyroid gland produces a set of well-studied hormonal agents that are understood to control body temperature level, metabolic rate and regular heart function. Since of their vital function in promoting heat generation to keep body temperature level, these hormonal agents have actually been presumed to be the driving force behind the evolutionary shift from cold- to warm-bloodedness. 

But Huang’s research study exposed that these hormonal agents are likewise accountable for shutting down heart cell department, therefore avoiding heart tissue from fixing itself after an injury. This discovery represents the very first showed connection in between thyroid hormonal agents, heart advancement and repair work, and the development of endothermy.

“Before our study, scientists knew that thyroid hormones were important for controlling heart rate and heart contractility. But the link with heart regenerative potential had never been shown before,” Huang stated.

Huang’s group took a multi-species technique, comparing heart cell “ploidy” – the variety of copies of each chromosome set in a cell – throughout 41 various vertebrate types. Ploidy is carefully connected to a cell’s capability to divide and reproduce. Essentially all actively dividing animal cells are diploid, including just one set of each chromosome, a copy acquired from moms and another from dads. By contrast, polyploid cells consist of several copies of each set and typically can’t divide. 

This relative technique exposed a clear connection in between ploidy and body temperature level. Cold-blooded animals – fish, amphibians and reptiles – had heart cells that were mainly diploid and reacted to heart injury by increase cell department. Warm-blooded mammals had heart cells that were extremely polyploid, and laboratory experiments verified that these cells hardly ever divide in reaction to heart damage. 

“This led us to hypothesize that the same thyroid hormones responsible for regulating body temperature might also be responsible for the diploid-to-polyploid transition and the arrest of cardiac cell division,” Huang stated.

The scientists verified their inkling in a series of laboratory experiments including mice, a warm-blooded mammal in which heart cells typically cannot restore, and zebrafish, a cold-blooded animal kept in mind for its capability to totally fix its heart, even if big portions — up to 20 percent — are surgically cut off.

Mammals Gain, Fish Lose Heart Recovery After Thyroid Hormone Levels Transformed

In the womb, mice have diploid heart cells that routinely reproduce to produce brand-new heart tissue. But the heart cells of newborn mice go through quick polyploidization and lose the capability to divide – occasions that accompany a more than 50-fold boost in flowing thyroid hormonal agents.

Experiments revealed that these occasions were more than simple coincidence. When the scientists injected newborn mice with a drug that obstructed thyroid hormone receptors and checked their hearts 2 weeks later on, they discovered 4 times as numerous dividing diploid heart muscle cells than mice that got no drug. Comparable outcomes were observed when they administered a various drug that restrained the production of thyroid hormonal agents.

The scientists likewise produced genetically crafted mice whose heart cells did not have a practical receptor for thyroid hormone, which enabled their hearts to establish devoid of the impact of thyroid hormonal agents. Unlike regular mice, these mutant mice were discovered to have considerable varieties of actively dividing, diploid heart cells. Additionally, when the researchers limited blood circulation to the heart – a condition that normally triggers irreversible damage to heart tissue – they observed a 10-fold boost in the variety of dividing heart cells and 62 percent less scar tissue when compared to regular mice. On the other hand, echocardiograms exposed an 11 percent enhancement in heart function over regular mice after injury.

Much like in human beings, thyroid hormonal agents led to impaired heart regrowth in fish. ​​

In plain contrast to mice and other mammals, adult zebrafish have fairly low levels of flowing thyroid hormone. This led Huang to question whether increasing the levels of thyroid hormone might shut down the self-repair equipment that makes zebrafish hearts unusually durable.

The scientists included thyroid hormone to the water in zebrafish tanks, then surgically cut off a part of the heart and supplied the fish with sufficient healing time. Usually, zebrafish would be able to totally fix this sort of damage throughout a couple of weeks. But fish that were raised in a high-hormone environment experienced a 45 percent decrease in heart cell department, a substantial boost in polyploid heart cells and pronounced scarring of heart tissue after injury. Simply as in mammals, thyroid hormonal agents led to impaired heart regrowth in fish.

“Our results demonstrate an evolutionarily conserved function for thyroid hormone in regulating heart cell proliferation and suggest that loss of regenerative potential was a trade-off that allowed mammals to become warm-blooded,” Huang stated. “For early mammals, endothermy was more advantageous than retention of regenerative potential. But now, with medical improvements allowing us to live much longer, this loss of cardiac regeneration becomes more problematic and is a fundamental cause of heart disease.”

New post published on: https://livescience.tech/2019/03/31/hormone-made-our-ancestors-warm-blooded-but-left-us-susceptible-to-heart-damage/

#Ancestors #Damage #Heart #Hormone #left #Susceptible #WarmBlooded

[karvetu]

So if a polyploid plant doesn't have seeds. And the twocumber has seeds. What is that cucumber if not a polyploid??

[francescointoppa]

Alisso montanino (Alyssum montanum L., Brassicaceae)

(Spaniel S, Marhold K, Passalacqua NG, Zozomova-Lihova J. 2011. Intricate variation patterns in the diploid-polyploid complex of Alyssum montanum–A. repens (Brassicaceae) in the Apennine peninsula: evidence for long-term persistence and diversification. Am J Bot. 98: 1887–1904. doi:10.3732/ajb.1100147.)

#photographers on tumblr #digital image processing #original photographs #flowers #Brassicaceae

[remussims]

Hey Remus, I love your content so much!!! Because of your hard work, I've been able to make SO MANY vampires (haha). But I was wondering: are you at all planning to re-upload your Polyploid outfit? I noticed it's not on TSR anymore, and I'd like to download it again. Thanks again!

Hey! I removed the polyploid outfit because the original mesh was behind a potentially malicious link and I didn't want to cause any harm. So there are no plans to get it back up. Please contact me privately about it though :)

[1ore]

for the love of god i have to do my homework but spend 2 minutes with taxonomy and you realize how we are just funny little apes trying to quantify the world within the scope of language. its ok to be a plant. intuitively you can belong to a certain group with certain characteristics, but when they try to put a species definition on you, you can also be like (hybridizes) (hybridizes) (hybridizes) (becomes polyploid) (speciates) (hybridizes)

kinship with your fellow gay people >>>>>> finding an excuse to draw increasingly isolating boxes around yourself imo

#wife feel #i cant get into taxonomy and western science delimiting the world into discrete parts rather than a fluid whole i c

[puppygirldick]

Besides plants, animals and fungi, other eukaryotic taxa have experienced one or more polyploidization events during their evolutionary history. The oomycetes, which are non-true fungi members, contain several examples of polyploid species, such as within the Phytophthora genus

#mycology