#he can not escape spaghettification

[pyroraptordraws]

You know what! *Puts Zuko into a taffy stretcher and turns him into a dragon*

#“So what fandom are you making art for pyro?” “Yes.” #majestic spaghetti #atla #avatar: the last airbender #atla zuko #zuko #sokka #atla sokka #zukka #kinda? I ship them? #zuko/sokka #atla momo #atla appa #he can not escape spaghettification #dragon zuko is no thoughts; head empty #dragon au

[jiangwanyinscatmom]

The SMBH of Fanon and The Spaghetti fixation of Jiang Cheng

A supermassive black hole (SMBH or sometimes SBH). Black holes are a class of astronomical objects that have undergone gravitational collapse, leaving behind spheroidal regions of space from which nothing can escape, not even light. Every large galaxy has a supermassive black hole at its center. In astrophysics, spaghettification (sometimes referred to as the noodle effect) is the vertical stretching and horizontal compression of objects into long thin shapes (rather like spaghetti) in a very strong, non-homogeneous gravitational field. It is caused by extreme tidal forces. In the most extreme cases, near a black hole, the stretching and compression are so powerful that no object can resist it.

What do these terms mean in context of Jiang Cheng? One is at the focal point of part of the novel Jiang Cheng is significantly tied to the thematics and consequences surrounding our main character Wei Wuxian. As our protagonist, Jiang Cheng being Wei Wuxian's emotional antagonist is central to the creation of the novel and it's plot progression for its continued arcs for him. He is important for what conclusions and continued strength Wei Wuxian finds for his convictions and actions.Jiang Cheng is a fellow needed center of our Story universe.

There are irrefutable "laws" of this story universe made by its creator (Mo Xiang Tong Xiu). He had been a childhood friend of Wei Wuxian, he had blamed Wei Wuxian for his tragedies, he had wanted him to be his support, he had wanted him under his loyalties, he tried to protect Wei Wuxian, he immediately regretted this protection when faced with consequences. His jealousy and inferiority towards someone that was supposed to be beneath him that continued to overshadow him in ability and fame grew. This hate overtook any care he had until he was able to see nothing but flaw and wrong and finally used that to say he must be killed and deserved death. This hate was excusable until he was faced with his own part in their unraveling relationship and stark morality that was never the same.

Fandom, likes to twist this center until it is stretched out into unbelievable extremes to say that all that was done by Jiang Cheng was either appropriate by human natural response, or it was one of our natural centers, Wei Wuxian, is actually wrong and needs to be morphed to fit the now widened hole that is distorting the created universe.

This effect now begins to leak out of the intended universe to stretch out into what it means for the fact that the audience is intended to perceive by its creator. The natural facts of the creator are now wrong, they are not intended, it is a lie and now I can say intended natural morality is perceived differently because I see Jiang Cheng as personally correct, or, simply because I feel bad he must and needs a happier ending because his universe's natural conclusion for him is incorrect. I can become the blackhole that stretches his natural intentions to be something that is unfamiliar to the work, I can cover it in falsehoods that seem natural in language as I speak and use human empathy. Reasoning is not needed when I use emotion to distort a reaction I want to invoke that was never intended by creator intent. I feel it, so it must be, if others do not, I will make them even if I need to change the words and actions within his natural universe and creator and even him to cater to this effect.

Jiang Cheng will be changed until he and its world make me feel comfortable to inspire a stretched perception that has voided its original state of being. Fact is not fact any longer when I try to insert emotional fallacy into indisputable story trajectory and author intent is dead.

#mdzs #mo dao zu shi #canon jiang cheng #fandom vs canon #the black hole effect that is fanon jiang cheng #i am him so I must be kind if he is not meant to be kind i will make him #self perception and author intent is cruel and you need to find that line

[corinnetheanime]

One thing I hope to make sure to emphasize with Danny’s new powers is how freaking terrifying they are.

(Forgive my note here. I may be slightly inaccurate on the following info, but I’m very passionate about this cool space phenomena, it’s one of my favorite things about space.)

Let’s do an example! Black holes. Ironically, the term “void power” is inaccurate when describing these phenomena because BHs are not void of matter: in fact, they are an incredibly intense amount of matter compacted into a very small area (by comparison), creating an object with a gravitational force so dense and massive that not even light can escape it after a certain point: the event horizon.

What’s interesting is that they are formed when large stars die, leaving their cores behind. Depending on the mass of the core, it would collapse under the gravitational force. This forms the singularity, a place of infinitesimal gravity and zero volume. This singularity completely breaks the laws of physics. Even TIME slows down the closer you get to a black hole until it freezes completely at the singularity. But to form one takes stars around 3x the mass of our Sun (or more) to die and leave their cores behind in order to potentially collapse under the gravitational force.

These are the most destructive and terrifying forces of nature in the natural universe that we know of. (Not going into supernatural here hehe.)

So ya got all that? Alrighty!! Now compare a star like that…to a rock.

A rock Danny can hold in his hand.

Imagine him being able to change the rock’s density. To exponentially increase its mass and lower its volume to the point of creating a singularity. To bend that kind of power to his will.

Now imagine he doesn’t have to hold any object to be able to create a black hole. He thrusts his hand out at something. Let’s say…a building. A car. A tree…

Or a person.

Namely, their insides. Compressing their matter to that point.

And if they somehow survive that process (can’t imagine the sheer amount of pain tho), they still will perish through spaghettification from the inside out.

:)

He can do more than summon black holes, btw.

#danny phantom #void powers #hc #black holes #space #headcanon #danny phantom au #this is why it’s terrifying #and to make matters worse #Danny wants to be an astronaut meaning he should know quite a bit about space including black holes #so when these powers surface up he knows IMMEDIATELY how dangerous they are

[stitchlingbelle]

Watching Halo, Episode 9

The grand finale, people! This is not a drill!

We begin in media res, with John fighting his way back to consciousness after getting the crap beat out of him and then getting blasted by the artifact’s shockwave. At first it’s not clear where everyone is—on the ground, is the answer. John finds Makee and the artifact gone (she’s elsewhere in the base making her escape) and returns to Silver Team to find Riz and Vannak holding Kai hostage (how dare!). John and Kai try to tell them the truth about Halsey, but it’s not until Keyes breaks the stalemate by coming clean—in front of Miranda!—that they believe and stand down. John rallies them to deal with the present crisis: Kai goes after Halsey and the other three go after Makee.

Makee gets away clean, but Halsey is stalling, too obsessed with her science to leave, despite Adun’s useless pleading. (He also says “the package is secure”, which I didn’t catch the first time and which a recapper I saw took to mean “Makee has the artifact”, but, uh…) They’ve just taken off when Kai, like the badass she is, jumps onto the fleeing ship, blasts her way in—and gets distracted demanding info from Halsey instead of dealing with the crashing ship. She does manage to kill that creepy little weasel Adun, but Halsey ejects in a life pod and the ship crashes. AND FOR A MINUTE THEY LET ME THINK MY GIRL IS DEAD, before she PULLS HERSELF OUT OF THE FLAMING WRECKAGE LIKE A BOSS. GO KAI.

Back to searching the Aspero system, their only lead, which they’ve almost given up on before they remember gravitational lensing exists? Seriously? (The “sparkles like glass” imagery is lovely though. If a little menacing, given the use of the term “glassing” in this universe.) I appreciate that Parangosky gave Chief a pep talk instead of continuing to argue he can’t go, or whatever. With a stupid and potentially personally distracting attempt at apology from Keyes, we’re off! (The future reckoning is gonna be a doozy.) The Spartans bickering like a family again is sweet, in a we’ll-shoot-each-other-if-necessary kind of way. They haven’t taken the time to remove Riz or Vannak’s pellets yet.

On Reach, Halsey gets captured, which I’m sure isn’t going to end well. Nothing ever does with her. Which Keyes should have learned years ago and is paying for now, as Miranda freezes him out entirely. You made your choices, buddy.

Speaking of people who made choices they regret, Makee is back with the Covenant. One leader snipes at her for not bringing back Master Chief’s head, even though she accomplished all of her other mission objectives brilliantly. (And probably handed them the location of Reach, if I’m right and they don’t have that info already.) She’s looking for reassurance after everything she saw and did in human space, asking if she gets to come on the Great Journey. They answer in the creepiest way possible, and she notices and hides her mutilated finger. (You can just tell them the nasty humans tore it out!)

Cortana is coming clean about being able to take John over, which I’m frankly surprised and impressed by. John’s response just seems to be “sure, whatever, of course” which, fair. It’s been a hell of a Standard Galactic Time Unit. (Still doesn’t clear up whether she’s had the ability all along and why she didn’t use it during his 'test', but w/e.) After a very Galaxy’s Edge-style thrill ride through the gravitational fields (are there piloting levels in the games or just FPS?), wherein we learn that these people don’t stow their gear for crap and Vannak learns the term ‘spaghettification’, we arrive at Planet CG!

Wrapping up the Reach arc, Miranda has a final showdown with her mother while her dad watches through the monitors. She flatly explains that Halsey’s been sentenced to death and leaves, appearing to think that it’s justice for all her mother’s done (and emotionally I quite agree). I was waiting to see what escape plan Halsey would cook up—except she already pulled it off, as Miranda figures out when Halsey collapses, seizing, in the interrogation room. It’s another flash clone, designed to die the way the Spartan kids’ clones all did. Miranda tries to demand Halsey’s whereabouts as the clone flatlines. Once again, Halsey’s fucked-up convictions are so strong that even the versions of herself created just to die aren’t willing to give her up. I assume the other Halsey is the ‘package’ Adun claimed was secure (did he ever realize that he was with the clone, not the original, and him dying or getting arrested was part of the plan? Apparently not.) Unanswered: whether Keyes was in on Halsey’s clone escape plan. Also unanswered: whether Halsey expected people to buy her death, or whether it was just meant to be a temporary decoy (in which case it worked perfectly). Halsey is shown getting ready to head off to parts unknown, while Miranda and the others hunt her down.

At last, the showdown. Makee gets ready for the ceremony alone, and we find out that even the Covenant leader we thought was fond of her despises her, and that the ceremony involves her death (either as a necessary part of the activation or as a ritual sacrifice they’re choosing to make, it’s not clear). Poor Makee. Remembering Kwan’s accusations against Master Chief, it’s clear they have equal amounts of blood on their hands, for equivalent reasons—they people they were raised by turned them into weapons, pointed them, and said shoot, and neither of them learned to question this in time. But one of them is the protagonist, and the other was raised by the protagonist’s enemies. There’s only a few ways this can go.

The battle commences, as all FOUR of the Spartans drop from the sky and fight their way in. I have a lot of the same complaints as I did in the other big battle scene—four people, no matter how skilled, are too likely to be separated and defeated in detail for me to buy this as a viable strategy. Especially once the waves of goons start showing up and nobody’s using good tactics. Where are the defensible positions? Where are the bottlenecks and chokepoints? Bring down some of these pillars or something! Hell, don’t you people have mines or grenades? Sigh.

It also brings to mind my questions about the relative tech bases here—sure, Spartans themselves are hardcore and everything, but their weapons and armor shouldn’t be heads and shoulders above the rest of the UNSC, that doesn’t make sense, unless they’re made of stuff so ungodly expensive the gov won’t shell out to outfit the rest of the troops with them. They clearly have a bunch of alien tech they’re backward-engineering, too. Why are the regular troops so ineffective, on both sides, vs the Spartans? And why are human troops so ineffective vs the Covenant? If 1 Spartan = 100 marines but 1 Spartan can defeat 100s of aliens… shouldn’t regular troops have a better chance than we’ve seen? At least two or three marines per alien? Are humans roughly equivalent to the Covenant, or is the Covenant far ahead? Or is it a resource issue?

Either way, with just four, Silver Team kicks ass, but not enough ass to pull off their mission objective. Riz and Vannak go down and Kai and Master Chief are overwhelmed. Fortunately for them, Makee is watching and when John goes down, she impulsively uses the combined artifact to blast the whole plateau practically flat. A star map presumably to the Halo lights up the sky (I assume Cortana records it.) Unfortunately for John (and for Makee), this sucks John into the Halo vision with Makee, leaving him out of commission. It’s unclear what powers she has with it and what she would have chosen to do, because Kai, unable to wake John any other way, shoots Makee to break her connection to the artifact.

It brings John back just in time to see her die, try to rejoin the fight, and realize it’s hopeless… for him. He asks Cortana to finally merge with him to retrieve the artifact and save the team. After some arguing, she does, and the newly-empowered Master Chief, with Kai and AIR SUPPORT, Cortana, where was THAT five minutes ago?—manage to get the team and the artifact (but not Makee’s body) onto the ship and away. Cortana/Chief manages to save Riz. Kai, having noticed that John didn’t activate the artifact when he hauled it aboard, asks if it’s him in there. Cortana/Chief doesn’t respond.

And there we leave them. The Covenant has lost both of these artifacts, though we know they have others, and the person they needed to activate them. The UNSC now has both these pieces and the chance to find more, but no one to activate them unless Cortana can disentangle herself from John. And both sides presumably have the (according to the irate Covenant elders, partial) star map to the Halo.

Whatever it actually is.

#halo tv show #wrap up thoughts incoming when I have a minute!

[cobaltiris]

Black Holes essay

DO NOT STEAL. THIS IS MY ESSAY I WROTE FOR 8TH GRADE! It is so bad lmfao. This is from 5 years ago. I just want to archive it

What are black holes according to Stephen Hawking?

When physicist Stephen Hawking wrote his book A Brief History of Time, on many topics on time and the universe, he wrote two whole chapters on black holes. When the book was written, black holes were theoretical. It's only for the first time that a photo was taken in April 2019. This report is going to be based off what Stephen Hawking found out and from the sources he used as well such as Einstein's theory of relativity. Some alternate sources will be used to explain more in a broader and simpler sense of what Hawking said.

Hawking wrote "To understand how a black hole might be formed, we first need an understanding of the life cycle of a star." A star is mostly made up of hydrogen and there is such an immense amount of mass starts to collapse because of the strong gravitational pull. As the atoms build up and start to interact quickly, the gas heats up and the reaction causes the star to shine. Certain stars can eventually form into a white dwarf, a small star with hundreds of tons of mass and can stay this way a very long time. To start off, gravitational pull in a black hole is very strong as shown in the example in the next paragraph. Light cannot escape as it is sucked in and while the star contracts, "the gravitational field at its surface gets stronger and the light cones get bent inward more." The region in which nothing can escape is the black hole.

The entirety of space is three dimensions and in Einstein's theories, the fourth dimension is time. The universe is seen as one sheet or grid. A big object of mass such as a planet falls on the grid and can warp space-time. This means that the gravity is the curvature of the universe. For example, Stephen Hawking was writing (before black holes were 100% proven true), "observations with the Hubble telescope of the galaxy known as M87 reveal that it contains a disk of gas 130 light-years across rotating about a central object two thousand million times the mass of the sun. This can only be a black hole." Hawking was making his point that something with that much mass could only be a black hole because of all the infinite mass surrounding it that gets pulled in forever and this type is categorized as a supermassive black hole.

When black holes were still theoretical, Stephen Hawking made a very interesting point that to detect them, because of the huge gravitational pull and the infinite mass, objects nearby would be affected by this. Any mass of celestial object that comes near the black hole will distort, be sucked in or torn apart. For example, stars' and their, "remains, and gas that is thrown off other stars, will fall toward the black hole." This means that when the stars come too close, the force of the hole will suck it in and could potential release X-rays.

Depending on perspective, an observer would see different things around the hole. If someone was outside a black hole, the gravitation force would be so strong that they would get stretched out like a noodle; this process is called spaghettification. It's not relevant to the collapse except demonstrating the effects of the gravity around the event horizon. The event horizon is the boundary of the blackhole where no light can escape.

Another mathematical physicist, Roger Penrose whom Hawking worked with researched and found out that, "according to general relativity, there must be a singularity of infinite density and space-time curvature within a black hole." In a more simplified idea, this means that a because a black hole has so much mass and can greatly warp spacetime curving it, there has to be a point with infinite mass (the singularity).

Depending on perspective, if an astronaut were to be somewhat close to the black hole, they would see different effects happening. The event horizon is the boundary of black hole and it falls in the way of the light rays. For a simple visual, the event horizon is like the atmosphere on a planet, and the black hole itself is one big black sphere. Hawking describes it as a "one-way membrane." From a view outside the Everything fails to escape from the black hole and it just gets sucked in further and further causing more mass to build up. In my own words, I would say black holes are like an infinite pit where anything can go in and there is enough room and it never comes out but I'm sure someone else has said that.

Hawking wrote a chapter that went more in depth into black holes applying quantum theory into black holes. When applied, it changes the physics and theories of properties of black holes. Because the paper I am writing is talking briefly about black holes, this paper will not mention the quantum theory but summarizing the temperatures, as a black hole loses mass, the temperature increases. It is possible for a black hole to lose mass relating to thermodynamic physics and a type of thermal radiation called Hawking Radiation. In the end, Hawking theorized that when a black hole contracts, it will just "disappear, at least from our region of the universe, taking with it the astronaut and any singularity there might be inside it" and it was an indication of the possibility of removing singularities with the quantum physics applied.

Black holes can be very simple and complex at the same time when it is looked at from different perspectives. They are an interesting topic in the universe and still to this day many questions are lurking around. It is hard to imagine a ball of mass so powerful that it can pull light in that cannot escape. A dense small star evolves into a big ball bigger than the sun and given the scale, that is truly supermassive. Stephen Hawking was a very smart man and probably one of the best of the 20th-21st century. It is probably true that no human will ever get remotely close to a black hole, but even if they did, would they want to go in? I found out so much more than I already knew about black holes especially the more detailed properties. Maybe sometime in the future, I will explore deeper into the topic and go into the physics of black holes and find my own ideas. Hawking did use theories of many other mathematicians and physicists to form his own theories himself. In a parallel universe, perhaps there is an answer to everything and black holes and in our own world, the acquired knowledge of black holes will not be lost in a void of singularity.

Loff, Sarah. "Black Hole Image Makes History; NASA Telescopes Coordinate Observation." NASA. NASA, April 10, 2019. https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/chandra/news/black-hole-image-makes-history.

Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time, (New York: Random House US, 2018), p. 84

Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time, (New York Random House US 2018),p. 88

Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time, (New York: Random House US 2018), p. 99

Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time, (New York: Random House US 2018), p. 98

J. Craig Wheeler, Cosmic Catastrophes: Exploding Stars, Black Holes, and mapping the universe, (Cambridge University Press 2007), p. 182

Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time, (New York: Random House US 2018), p. 90

Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time, (New York: Random House US 2018), p. 92

Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time, (New York: Random House US 2018), p. 111

Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time, (New York: Random House US 2018), p. 116

[flashinaflash]

Soul Survivors: A Triptych of SF Horror Drabbles by Geoffrey Hart

Consciousness, the neurologists tell us, is embedded in the human brain’s hardware (“wetware”, if you prefer). Thus, they believe that matter transmission, in the form of the Star Trek transporters we designed, is perfectly safe.

Published in our November 18, 2022 newsletter. Full story is under the cut.

Link to sign up for the newsletter is in the blog description!

The Mind–Body Problem

Consciousness, the neurologists tell us, is embedded in the human brain’s hardware (“wetware”, if you prefer). Thus, they believe that matter transmission, in the form of the Star Trek transporters we designed, is perfectly safe. They have strong evidence from rat and monkey studies that support their belief. Unfortunately, as medical researchers like to point out, humans are not rats or monkeys. We have souls, though we don’t know how to quantify them. Nor how to teleport them, it turns out. Those of us who volunteered for the first human trials learned this the hard way. Soon, you will too.

Only Mostly Dead

We scientists can’t measure souls, but we can measure the brain’s electrical impulses. A zombie’s brain pulses with life, even when the brain’s been shotgun-splattered across a wall. From what we know of the brain, this means the original person’s consciousness, trapped in those electrical currents, sits and watches while the corpse runs about noshing on brains. So when you kill a zombie, you’d think that’s it, that’s all, they’re gone. But zombies, being undead, never really die. They go on living while bacteria and fungi slowly gnaw at their decomposing flesh until, finally, the last electrical trace is gone.

It’s All in the Execution

Black holes draw in matter and energy, and their tides stretch infalling matter to absurd lengths in a process known as “spaghettification”. Nothing escapes their gravity, except perhaps, residues of information. Not even souls can escape. What you won’t read in any densely written peer-reviewed journal is just how excruciatingly this hurts. The physicists tell us that this process, at least if we believe the mathematics, takes an infinitely long time, and that despite the coolness factor, there is no practical use for this phenomenon. They lied. We in the prison system found a very good use for the phenomenon.

Geoff (he/him) works as a scientific editor, specializing in helping scientists who have English as their second language publish their research.

Website

#flash fiction #short fiction #short story #fiction #Soul Survivors #Geoffrey Hart #horror #scifi

[procrastinatingsoicanreadfanfics]

The vikings with a modern reader who is a astronaut and teaches them about the planets especially earth.

(so basically giving them a world map to so Björn can be mr world wide )

Björn is Mr. Worldwide

or, how the vikings would react to astronomy lessons from an astronaut (these are getting more and more ridiculous by the second but whatever)

Notes: since I had to laugh at Bjorn being called Mr. Worldwide, here is Bjorn at peak pitbull-ification:

reacting to the concept of not being a flat-earther will be: Ragnar, Lagertha, Bjorn, Ubbe, Hvitserk, Sigurd, Ivar, Ecbert, Alfred and Heahmund

Ragnar

actually believes you

new lands? let's fucking go

finds it absolutely sensible that the stars could be burning orbs

will laugh about Ur/anus

favorite kind of space thing: black holes (so no thing??)

favorite planet: Pluto (yes, that's a planet fuck off)

Lagertha

ur funny

likes to learn about constellations but she'll stay true to her beliefs

nope, no need for space travel here

favorite kind of space thing: Stars, Aurora Borealis

favorite planet: Earth

Bjorn

fascinated

he likes the fact that the universe is endless and we are just tiny in comparison and doesn't find it terrifying at all

tries to mix the science and his religion

favorite kind of space thing: Spaghettification

favorite planet: Jupiter

Ubbe

the Earth ISN'T flat?

we're going on a trip bestie

Floki, build a new boat!

thinks that organizations like NASA are super cool

fav kind of space thing: Nebulae, thinks they have a nice ~vibe~

favorite planet: Mercury

Hvitserk

haha, you're fucking with me, right?

once you convince him it's all real, he falls in love with the concept of space

he's always loved exploring and the idea that there's a whole universe out there fascinates and scares him in equal measure

wants to become an astronaut

favorite kind of space thing: Supernovas

favorite planet: all of 'em

Sigurd

it's a cool concept to him

ooh, whimsical song writing ingredients

likes looking at the night sky and dreaming of escapes from his daily life

favorite space thing: Meteors/meteor showers

favorite planet: Venus

Ivar

fun concept, but his Gods are the real ones

nope, they sound like stories to him

still has faves though

favorite space thing: black holes

favorite planet: Mars

Ecbert

believes you, period

heliocentrism? yes please.

loses it at the concept of the Earth being round

goes feral over space

wants you to shoot him into the sky in a rocket

favorite space thing: stars and nebulae and supernovas and-

favorite planet: Jupiter

Alfred

huh. interesting idea

likes to learn about it

his grandfather told him about the Romans and Greeks and their beliefs so he doesn't think it's too far fetched

his lil niche interest

favorite space thing: Asteroids

favorite planet: Neptune

Heahmund

yeah no

u sound like a witch

JC is coming, repent

favorite space thing: the singular Moon that exists (WoMeN ArE FiCkLe tHinGs - well so is your vow of celibacy)

fav planet: there's only one, you dumbass and it's a disc

#heahmund #alfred #ecbert #Ivar #sigurd #hvitserk #ubbe #bjorn #ragnar #lagertha #ubbe ragnarsson #sigurd snake in the eye #hvitserk ragnarsson #ivar lothbrok #ivar the boneless #ivar ragnarsson #this is me roasting half of these bitches #vikings #history vikings #astronomy #planets and space stuff

[lokigodofaces]

Okay people, time to talk about how Asgard makes no sense at all!

(I'm no astrophysicist or anything of the like, I just find all of that fascinating and therefore take the time to learn more about it. I can't go into the math or anything but I know the concepts of things).

Today we're talking about how gravity is so unbelievably inconsistent on Asgard and makes no sense!

Before we begin, let me define gravity. I know, you learned about it a million times in school, but there are things we forget about it. Gravity is a force that attracts objects with mass to each other. For example, the Earth has mass and therefore has a gravitational field pulling you to the core. You also have mass and have a gravitational field and are pulling the Earth towards you. But the Earth is much more massive than you, making your gravitational field basically negligible. Everything with mass has a gravitational field, and those interact with nearby objects. For example, there are gravitational interactions between you and the phone/computer/tablet you are reading this on.

The more mass something has, the stronger the gravitational field. That is why we stay on the surface, and why planets stay in orbit, and why black holes "suck" ("suck" is not a very good word to describe the process, but oh well) different objects in, and why galaxies hold together.

The center of gravity is created by two gravitational fields interacting. With you and the Earth, the center of gravity is almost exactly the exact center of the Earth. Not quite, but extremely close, because of how much more massive the Earth is. While objects with more similar mass have the center of gravity closer to the middle. For example, Charon, Pluto's moon, is about half the size or so of Pluto. The center of gravity between them is actually above the surface of Pluto. It's closer to Pluto than Charon, but their mass is so similar that they're actually both orbiting around a point in space.

Now that we have that out of the way, here we go under the cut because this is a massive post.

1) The planet's form makes absolutely no sense

Look at this!

What even is this? Asgard is a disk with an iceberg-esque part at the bottom and some land mass on the top. Which is problematic.

For one, gravity causes things to become spherical. Things, such as yourself, with lower mass don't have the gravity to become a sphere. This is why asteroids and some moons can have funky shapes.

Here are some asteroids. Ceres is the biggest asteroid and a dwarf planet, and it is almost spherical as you can see. The rest are a little funky. They don't have the mass, and therefore gravitational force, to be spherical.

Life evolves to live in the conditions it is in. We can't see ultraviolet light because our atmosphere blocks most of it. So why would we need that ability? Why would people that could see UV have a higher chance of surviving to reproduce? This is why we aren't ridiculously strong. We evolved to be able to work with what was needed. Which means we are suited for Earth's gravity. If it weren't for other factors like the suits, astronauts would be able to jump much higher on the moon because it is tiny compared to Earth, and our strength overcompensates.

If Asgard has low gravity, then it would make sense Asgardians would evolve for a low gravity environment. Which means they wouldn't become super strong. If anything, they could have serious spinal problems on Earth because of our gravity, assuming they didn't immediately collapse. And, um, that is not the case in Marvel. The opposite is true.

2) Inconsistent gravity is confusing

So, gravity is what keeps us on the ground, right? Well, that doesn't always seem to be the case on Asgard.

Not to mention the water constantly spilling off (also not astronomy related but where is that water coming from? And why does that water just disappear?).

Even if Loki was about as far as he could be from the center of gravity while being on the planet, even if Asgard has extremely low gravity and they showed it to us, this would still make no sense. Gravity should be strong enough to keep him on the planet.

And if it wasn't? Should've not been strong enough everywhere else on the planet. No one should be able to stay on the planet. It shouldn't be strong enough to have an atmosphere.

While with its shape Asgard would have unequal gravity, it shouldn't be this unequal. And, if gravity were weak enough for Loki to fall off, it should've been weak enough that he would've floated off rather than fallen off. Same with Thor. And Odin. And Heimdall. And literally everyone else to ever be on the bifrost. No one should be able to stand on the bifrost, everyone should float off into orbit. But that clearly doesn't happen because Asgard's gravity makes no sense.

3) 2+ nearby wormholes

There are at least two nearby natural wormholes.

We have a wormhole taking you from Asgard to Sanctuary and a wormhole taking you from Sakaar to Asgard. I am not including the bifrost, because while Selvig and Jane called it an Einstein-Rosen bridge (sciency way of saying wormhole), the bifrost is artificial, and not naturally occurring. Right now I am focusing on the naturally occurring wormholes. Also, we don't know if these are two way wormholes are blackhole whitehole pairs. Basically, the theory is that some wormholes could allow travel from both ends, kind of like the Nether Portal in Minecraft, and others are a one way ticket, with a blackhole on one end and whitehole (ejects mass instead of taking mass in) on the other. We've only seen these work one way, so they could be partially whiteholes.

So there are a few problems with all of this.

Blackholes distort light.

The top image is from Hubble. Do you see the circular-ness the photo is focused on? That is from a blackhole distorting light. The second is an illustration and not from Hubble so it's less reliable, but this is a more noticeable example. Basically, light has particles called photons, and blackholes absorb mass.

As you can see in the gif, stuff orbits around blackholes and slowly gets closer and closer to the event horizon. Once you get past the event horizon, there is no turning back. Light can't escape, which is why these are blackholes. Photons are distorted like this, which means that the light produced by nearby stars and reflected by nearby celestial objects is distorted, making them look off.

In other words, Asgard's light should be...interesting.

Another thing, Asgard should be orbiting around one of these blackholes to die eventually. Unless there's a bigger one, I would guess the Sakaarian wormhole if it were two way. If not, it'd orbit around the Sanctuary wormhole.

Having two next to each other would do crazy things to Asgard's gravity. The Sanctuary one would constantly be pulling Asgard towards it, and if the Sakaarian wasn't a whitehole, it would constantly be pulling Asgard and the Sanctuary wormhole towards it.

This is something I don't know as much about, but if the Sakaarian wormhole is a whitehole on Asgard's end, I would not be surprised if there were consequences. Lots of mass being ejected into the nearby space might have consequences, though this mass might be coming in subatomic forms and not be too harmful.

(Also Sakaar should've been torn apart by the wormhole leading to Asgard and possibly others. I'm just saying. This is an Asgard post but we gotta agree that Sakaar is also messed up).

Except that none of this is true apparently.

4) There is no way Loki should've survived.

When Loki fell into the wormhole he had two options: die a quick death or die a very quick death. Wormholes are awesome. Awesome in the biblical sense of the world. Which means they are utterly terrifying.

Quick Death: Loki should have been spaghettified (and also Asgard...and the Asgardians...but I'll let that slide since apparently Asgard has secret amazing gravity). Spaghettification happens as you get closer to a singularity and let me tell you, it is absolutely terrifying. It is my greatest irrational fear (irrational in that it will never happen to me). Basically the gravity of blackholes (and by extent wormholes) literally tears molecules apart. It starts with stretching the person/object out to make them long and thin, like spaghetti. A person would die during this first stage because our organs cannot handle this. And soon the body/object would fall apart on an atomic level.

Very Quick Death: Upon passing the event horizon (point of no return), Loki would go through a massive wall of fire, burning him to death and he would be spaghetiffied almost instantly.

So...yeah...how is he not dead?

5) Even if Loki could survive, he shouldn't have made it to Sanctuary

There are theories on how to make viable wormholes. I don't remember exactly how, but there are theories on how to allow someone to pass without being spaghetiffied or burnt to a crisp. But then there's the problem of it being impossible to reach the other side.

Basically the "pathway" between the two ends of a wormhole is infinitely small. In other words, Loki couldn't fit through it, and would therefore die. There are theories on how to counteract that problem, but the odds of a wormhole naturally forming like this are low. So, Loki should've died even if he got past the singularity on the way to Sanctuary.

6) Also there's the bifrost.

The bifrost is artificial. The problems about travelling through wormholes (spagettification, fire wall, infinitely small tunnel, etc) aren't there because Asgard built it as a way of travel. And since it was repaired by the Tesseract in between Avengers and Dark World, it might be a product of the Tesseract anyway.

With artificial devices explained by fictional science/technology/magic, I'm not as picky. It's science I don't understand because that's not science from this universe. But I do have questions about the bifrost. I don't fully understand how it could've destroyed Jotunheim. My thought was that it absorbed Jotunheim like a blackhole, but we don't see debris coming over to Asgard. How is it turned on and off? What consequences were there when it was destroyed? Is gravity all of the sudden strange when it turns on? I do like that it looks like people are pulled into the bifrost when it turns on, makes it more wormholey. But how did Hela knock Thor and Loki out of the bifrost?

I tend to forgive all of that because it's a fictional device. Just like how I forgive the gravity/blackhole bomb things the dark elves had. Those are clearly artificial and since we have theories on how those are possible I let it slide (though I find it interesting how the blackholes evaporate (that's the term for the death of a blackhole)). I actually headcanon the dark elves used gravitonium to create these devices. Gravitonium is an element introduced in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. that has interesting gravitational abilities. It is 100% fictional, so I let a lot of it slide. But gravitonium is supposed to be a heavy element, meaning it wasn't created in the solar system, it was created by a supernova, so it has to exist elsewhere in the universe. Why not on Svartalfheim? But that's just me (there are actually lots of connections between TDW and AoS, specifically connections between Loki and AoS). But fictional devices are that: fictional. Whereas blackholes and wormholes are very real. Blackholes are confirmed to exist, and wormholes are theoretical with lots of evidence (Einstein created a list of formulas describing how the universe works, and wormholes work in these formulas. But that doesn't mean wormholes exist currently, have existed in the past, or ever will exist, we just know they're theoretically possible.). So I can be more picky about those.

Of course, I can watch these movies and still be entertained. I love these movies. But I'm a nerd that has to overanalyze everything and I specifically like space, and thus this post was born because Asgard makes no sense.

#asgard #thor (2011) #thor: the dark world (2013) #thor: ragnarok (2017) #black hole #white hole #wormhole #astronomy #loki laufeyson #agents of s.h.i.e.l.d. (2013-2020) #sorry for the extremely long post #but i was bored & i have thoughts

[shmosnet2]

Where Do Black Holes Lead?

Where Do Black Holes Lead?

Where does a black hole go? So there you are, about to leap into a black hole. What could possibly await should — against all odds — you somehow survive? Where would you end up and what tantalizing tales would you be able to regale if you managed to clamor your way back? The simple answer to all of these questions is, as Professor Richard Massey explains, "Who knows?" As a Royal Society research fellow at the Institute for Computational Cosmology at Durham University, Massey is fully aware that the mysteries of black holes run deep. "Falling through an event horizon is literally passing beyond the veil — once someone falls past it, nobody could ever send a message back," he said. "They'd be ripped to pieces by the enormous gravity, so I doubt anyone falling through would get anywhere." If that sounds like a disappointing — and painful — answer, then it is to be expected. Ever since Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity was considered to have predicted black holes by linking space-time with the action of gravity, it has been known that black holes result from the death of a massive star leaving behind a small, dense remnant core. Assuming this core has more than roughly three-times the mass of the sun, gravity would overwhelm to such a degree that it would fall in on itself into a single point, or singularity, understood to be the black hole's infinitely dense core. Related: 9 Ideas About Black Holes That Will Blow Your Mind CLOSE The resulting uninhabitable black hole would have such a powerful gravitational pull that not even light could avoid it. So, should you then find yourself at the event horizon — the point at which light and matter can only pass inward, as proposed by the German astronomer Karl Schwarzschild — there is no escape. According to Massey, tidal forces would reduce your body into strands of atoms (or 'spaghettification', as it is also known) and the object would eventually end up crushed at the singularity. The idea that you could pop out somewhere — perhaps at the other side — seems utterly fantastical. What about a wormhole? Or is it? Over the years scientists have looked into the possibility that black holes could be wormholes to other galaxies. They may even be, as some have suggested, a path to another universe. Such an idea has been floating around for some time: Einstein teamed up with Nathan Rosen to theorise bridges that connect two different points in space-time in 1935. But it gained some fresh ground in the 1980s when physicist Kip Thorne — one of the world's leading experts on the astrophysical implications of Einstein's general theory of relativity — raised a discussion about whether objects could physically travel through them. "Reading Kip Thorne's popular book about wormholes is what first got me excited about physics as a child," Massey said. But it doesn't seem likely that wormholes exist. Indeed, Thorne, who lent his expert advice to the production team for the Hollywood movie Interstellar, wrote: "We see no objects in our universe that could become wormholes as they age," in his book "The Science of Interstellar" (W.W. Norton and Company, 2014). Thorne told Space.com that journeys through these theoretical tunnels would most likely remain science fiction, and there is certainly no firm evidence that a black hole could allow for such a passage. Artist's concept of a wormhole. If wormholes exist, they might lead to another universe. But, there's no evidence that wormholes are real or that a black hole would act like one. (Image credit: Shutterstock) But, the problem is that we can't get up close to see for ourselves. Why, we can't even take photographs of anything that takes place inside a black hole — if light cannot escape their immense gravity, then nothing can be snapped by a camera. As it stands, theory suggests that anything which goes beyond the event horizon is simply added to the black hole and, what's more, because time distorts close to this boundary, this will appear to take place incredibly slowly, so answers won't be quickly forthcoming. "I think the standard story is that they lead to the end of time," said Douglas Finkbeiner, professor of astronomy and physics at Harvard University. "An observer far away will not see their astronaut friend fall into the black hole. They'll just get redder and fainter as they approach the event horizon [as a result of gravitational red shift]. But the friend falls right in, to a place beyond 'forever.' Whatever that means." Maybe a black hole leads to a white hole Certainly, if black holes do lead to another part of a galaxy or another universe, there would need to be something opposite to them on the other side. Could this be a white hole — a theory put forward by Russian cosmologist Igor Novikov in 1964? Novikov proposed that a black hole links to a white hole that exists in the past. Unlike a black hole, a white hole will allow light and matter to leave, but light and matter will not be able to enter. Scientists have continued to explore the potential connection between black and white holes. In their 2014 study published in the journal Physical Review D, physicists Carlo Rovelli and Hal M. Haggard claimed that "there is a classic metric satisfying the Einstein equations outside a finite space-time region where matter collapses into a black hole and then emerges from a while hole." In other words, all of the material black holes have swallowed could be spewed out, and black holes may become white holes when they die. Far from destroying the information that it absorbs, the collapse of a black hole would be halted. It would instead experience a quantum bounce, allowing information to escape. Should this be the case, it would shed some light on a proposal by former Cambridge University cosmologist and theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking who, in the 1970s, explored the possibility that black holes emit particles and radiation — thermal heat — as a result of quantum fluctuations. "Hawking said a black hole doesn't last forever," Finkbeiner said. Hawking calculated that the radiation would cause a black hole to lose energy, shrink and disappear, as described in his 1976 paper published in Physical Review D. Given his claims that the radiation emitted would be random and contain no information about what had fallen in, the black hole, upon its explosion, would erase loads of information. This meant Hawking's idea was at odds with quantum theory, which says information can't be destroyed. Physics states information just becomes more difficult to find because, should it become lost, it becomes impossible to know the past or the future. Hawking's idea led to the 'black hole information paradox' and it has long puzzled scientists. Some have said Hawking was simply wrong, and the man himself even declared he had made an error during a scientific conference in Dublin in 2004. So, do we go back to the concept of black holes emitting preserved information and throwing it back out via a white hole? Maybe. In their 2013 study published in Physical Review Letters, Jorge Pullin at Louisiana State University and Rodolfo Gambini at the University of the Republic in Montevideo, Uruguay, applied loop quantum gravity to a black hole and found that gravity increased towards the core but reduced and plonked whatever was entering into another region of the universe. The results gave extra credence to the idea of black holes serving as a portal. In this study, singularity does not exist, and so it doesn't form an impenetrable barrier that ends up crushing whatever it encounters. It also means that information doesn't disappear. Maybe black holes go nowhere Yet physicists Ahmed Almheiri, Donald Marolf, Joseph Polchinski and James Sully still believed Hawking could have been on to something. They worked on a theory that became known as the AMPS firewall, or the black hole firewall hypothesis. By their calculations, quantum mechanics could feasibly turn the event horizon into a giant wall of fire and anything coming into contact would burn in an instant. In that sense, black holes lead nowhere because nothing could ever get inside. This, however, violates Einstein's general theory of relativity. Someone crossing the event horizon shouldn't actually feel any great hardship because an object would be in free fall and, based on the equivalence principle, that object — or person — would not feel the extreme effects of gravity. It could follow the laws of physics present elsewhere in the universe, but even if it didn't go against Einstein's principle it would undermine quantum field theory or suggest information can be lost. Related: 11 Fascinating Facts About Our Milky Way GalaxyArtist's impression of a tidal disruption event which occurs when a star passes too close to a supermassive black hole. (Image credit: All About Space magazine) A black hole of uncertainty Step forward Hawking once more. In 2014, he published a study in which he eschewed the existence of an event horizon — meaning there is nothing there to burn — saying gravitational collapse would produce an 'apparent horizon' instead. This horizon would suspend light rays trying to move away from the core of the black hole, and would persist for a "period of time." In his rethinking, apparent horizons temporarily retain matter and energy before dissolving and releasing them later down the line. This explanation best fits with quantum theory — which says information can't be destroyed — and, if it was ever proven, it suggests that anything could escape from a black hole. Hawking went as far as saying black holes may not even exist. "Black holes should be redefined as metastable bound states of the gravitational field," he wrote. There would be no singularity, and while the apparent field would move inwards due to gravity, it would never reach the center and be consolidated within a dense mass. And yet anything which is emitted will not be in the form of the information swallowed. It would be impossible to figure out what went in by looking at what is coming out, which causes problems of its own — not least for, say, a human who found themselves in such an alarming position. They'd never feel the same again! One thing's for sure, this particular mystery is going to swallow up many more scientific hours for a long time to come. Rovelli and Francesca Vidotto recently suggested that a component of dark matter could be formed by remnants of evaporated black holes, and Hawking's paper on black holes and 'soft hair' was released in 2018, and describes how zero-energy particles are left around the point of no return, the event horizon — an idea that suggests information is not lost but captured. This flew in the face of the no-hair theorem which was expressed by physicist John Archibald Wheeler and worked on the basis that two black holes would be indistinguishable to an observer because none of the special particle physics pseudo-charges would be conserved. It's an idea that has got scientists talking, but there is some way to go before it's seen as the answer for where black holes lead. If only we could find a way to leap into one.

https://ift.tt/2stoz06 . Foreign Articles December 02, 2019 at 04:13AM

#. Foreign Articles Where Do Black Holes Lead?

[worldscienceassociation]

Black holes, Neutron Stars, and other mysterious objects

The phrase Black hole is simple enough but it's hard to imagine one out there in space. Think of a giant grain with water spiralling down into it. Once anything slip over the edge-what is called the event horizon-there is no way back because black holes are so powerful even light gets sucked in so we can't actually see them. But scientist know they exist because they rip apart stars that get too close to them and because they can send tremors through space. It was a collision between two black holes more than billion year ago that triggered what called gravitational waves the recent detection of which was hugely significant scientific achievement, with no light escaping from black hole there is no way that anyone watching from distance could actually witness your descant. In space no one can hear you scream and in black hole no one can see you disappear. Black holes are points in space that are so dense they create deep gravity sinks. Beyond a certain region, not even light can escape the powerful tug of a black hole's gravity. And anything that ventures too close—be it star, planet, or spacecraft—will be stretched and compressed like putty in a theoretical process aptly known as spaghettification. There are four types of black holes: stellar, intermediate, supermassive, and miniature. The most commonly known way a black hole forms is by stellar death. As stars reach the ends of their lives, most will inflate, lose mass, and then cool to form white dwarfs. But the largest of these fiery bodies, those at least 10 to 20 times as massive as our own sun, are destined to become either super-dense neutron stars or so-called stellar-mass black holes.

History of Black holes

The idea of a body so massive that even light could not escape was briefly proposed by astronomical pioneer and English clergyman John Michel in a letter published in November 1784. Michell's simplistic calculations assumed that such a body might have the same density as the Sun, and concluded that such a body would form when a star's diameter exceeds the Sun's by a factor of 500, and the surface escape velocity exceeds the usual speed of light. Michell correctly noted that such supermassive but non-radiating bodies might be detectable through their gravitational effects on nearby visible bodies.In 1915, Albert Einstein developed his theory of general relativity, having earlier shown that gravity does influence light's motion. When Einstein wrote his general theory of relativity, he found a new way to describe gravity. It was not a force, as Sir Isaac Newton had proposed, but a consequence of a distortion in space and time, conceived together in his theory as 'space-time'. According to Einstein, matter and energy exist on a background of space and time. There are three spatial dimensions (backwards-forwards, left-right and up-down) and one time dimension (which flows at one second per second). Objects distort the fabric of space-time based on their mass- more massive objects have a greater effect. Just as a bowling ball placed on a trampoline stretches the fabric and causes it to dimple or sag, so planets and stars warp space-time - a phenomenon known as the 'geodetic effect'. A marble rolling across the trampoline will be inexorably drawn towards the bowling ball. Thus the planets orbiting the Sun are not being pulled by the Sun; they are following the curved space-time deformation caused by the Sun. The reason the planets never fall into the Sun is due to the speed at which they are traveling.

Schwarzschild provided the first exact solution to the Einstein field equations ofgeneral relativity, for the limited case of a single spherical non-rotating mass, which he accomplished in 1915, the same year that Einstein first introduced general relativity. TheSchwarzschild solution, which makes use ofSchwarzschild coordinates and theSchwarzschild metric, leads to a derivation of the Schwarzschild radius, which is the size of the event horizon of a non-rotating black hole.

Schwarzschild accomplished this while serving in the German army during World War I. He died the following year from theautoimmune disease pemphigus, which he developed while at the Russian front. Various forms of the disease particularly affect people of Ashkenazi Jewish origin.

In 1928 an Indian graduate student named Subramanyam Chandrasekhar set sail for England to study at Cambridge with the British astronomer Sir.Arthur Eddington was an expert on general relativity.There is a story that a journalist told Eddington in the early 1920s that he had heard there were only three people in the world who understood general relativity. Eddington replied, "I am trying to think who third person is." During his voyage from India,Chandrasekhar worked out how big a star could be and still separate itself against its own gravity after it had used up all its fuel. The idea was this: when the star become small the matter particles get very near each other but Pauli exclusion principle says that two matter particles cannot have both the same position and the same velocity. The matter particles must therefore have very different velocities this makes them move away from each other and so tends to make star expand.A star can maintain its itself at a constant radius by a balance between the attraction of gravity and the position of arise from the exclusion principle just as earlier its life the gravity was balance by the heat. chandrashekhar relised however that there is a limit to the repulsion that exclusion principle can provide. The theory of relativity limits the maximum difference in the velocity of matter particles in the star to the speed of light. This meant that when the star got sufficiency dense the repulsion caused by the exclusion principle would be less than the attraction of gravity. chandrashekhar calculated the coldbstar of more than about one and half times the mass of sun would not be able to support itself against its own gravity. This mass is now known as Chandrasekhar limit.

This had serious implications for the ultimate fate of massive stars. If a star's mass is less than the Chandrasekhar limit it can eventually stop contracting and settle down to a possible finite state as White dwarf with a radius of a few thousand miles and a density of hundreds of tons per cubic inch. A white dwarf is supported by exclusion principle repulsion between the electrons in its matter. one of the first to be discover is the star that is orbiting around the Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky.

White dwarf

It was also realised that there was another possible final state for a star are also with limiting mass of about one or two times the mass of sun but thats much smaller than even the white dwarf. These stars would be supported by the exclusion principle repulsion between the neutrons and protons rather than between the electrons. They were therefore called neutron stars. They would have had a radius of only 10 miles or so and a density of hundred of millions of tons per cubic inch. At the time they would first predicted there was no way that neutron stars could have been observed and they were not detected until much later.

Neutron star

Eddington was shot by implication of this and refused to believe chandrashekhar result. He thought it was simply not possible that a star could collapse to a point. This was the view of most scientist. Einstein himself wrote a paper in which he claim that stars would not shrink zero size. The hostility of other scientist particularly of Eddington his former teacher and leading authority on the structure of stars persuaded chandrashekhar to abandon this line of work and turn instead to other problem of astronomy. However when he was awarded Nobel prize in 1983 it was at least in part for his early work on the limiting mass of cold star. But in 1939, Robert Oppenheimer and others predicted that neutron stars above another limit could collapse further for the reasons presented by Chandrasekhar, and concluded that no law of physics was likely to intervene and stop at least some stars from collapsing to black holes.

In 1958, David Finkelstein identified the Schwarzschild surface as an event horizon, "a perfect unidirectional membrane: causal influences can cross it in only one direction". This did not strictly contradict Oppenheimer's results, but extended them to include the point of view of infalling observers. Finkelstein's solution extended the Schwarzschild solution for the future of observers falling into a black hole.

The work that Roger Penrose and Stephen hawking dead between 1965 and 1970 show that according to general relativity there must singularity of infinite density within the black hole. This is rather like the big bang at the beginning of time only it would be an end of time for the collapsing body and astronaut. at the singularity the laws of science and our ability to predict the future what break down. However any observable who remained outside a black hole would not be affected by this failure of predictability because neither light not any other signal can reach them from the singularity. This remarkable fact led by Roger Penrose used to propose the cosmic censorship hypothesis which might be paraphrase as "God abhors a naked singularity." In other words the singularity produced by gravitational collapse occur only in the place like black holes where they are decently hidden from outside view by an event horizon. there are some solution of equation of general relativity in which it is possible for our astronaut to see a naked singularity.we may be able to avoid hitting the similarity and instead fall through a "worm holes" and come out in another region of universe. This word of a great possibilities for travel in space and time but unfortunately it seems that solution may all be highly unstable. the least disturbance such as the presence of astronaut may change them so that astronaut cannot see singularity until he had it and his time comes to an end. In other words the singularity always lies in his future and never in his past.

In this period more general black hole solutions were found. In 1963, Roy Kerr found the exact solution for a rotating black hole. Two years later, Ezra Newman found the axisymmetric solution for a black hole that is both rotating and electrically charged.Through the work of Werner Israel, Brandon Carter, and David Robinson the no-hair theorem emerged, stating that a stationary black hole solution is completely described by the three parameters of the Kerr–Newman metric: mass, angular momentum, and electric charge.

A Work by James Bardeen, Jacob Bekenstein, Carter, and Hawking in the early 1970s led to the formulation of black hole thermodynamics. These laws describe the behaviour of a black hole in close analogy to the laws of thermodynamics by relating mass to energy, area to entropy, and surface gravityto temperature. The analogy was completed when Hawking, in 1974, showed that quantum field theory predicts that black holes should radiate like a black body with a temperature proportional to the surface gravity of the black hole.

Detection of gravitational waves

A gravitational wave is an invisible (yet incredibly fast) ripple in space. we’ve known about gravitational waves for a long time. More than 100 years ago, a great scientist named Albert Einstein came up with many ideas about gravity and space.Einstein predicted that something special happens when two bodies—such as planets or stars—orbit each other. He believed that this kind of movement could cause ripples in space. These ripples would spread out like the ripples in a pond when a stone is tossed in. Scientists call these ripples of space gravitational waves.Gravitational waves are invisible. However, they are incredibly fast. They travel at the speed of light (186,000 miles per second). Gravitational waves squeeze and stretch anything in their path as they pass by. The most powerful gravitational waves are created when objects move at very high speeds. Some examples of events that could cause a gravitational wave are:

• when a star explodes asymmetrically (called a supernova )

• when two big stars orbit each other

• when two black holes orbit each other and merge

But these types of objects that create gravitational waves are far away. And sometimes, these events only cause small, weak gravitational waves. The waves are then very weak by the time they reach Earth. This makes gravitational waves hard to detect.

In 2015, scientists detected gravitational waves for the very first time. They used a very sensitive instrument called LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory). These first gravitational waves happened when two black holes crashed into one another. The collision happened 1.3 billion years ago. But, the ripples didn’t make it to Earth until 2015!

[scifigeneration]

Black holes are even stranger than you can imagine

by Alister Graham

Our love of black holes continues to grow as our knowledge of these celestial bodies expands. The latest news is the discovery of a rare “middleweight” black hole, a relative newcomer to the black hole family.

We already knew that some black holes are just a few times the mass of our Sun, while others are more than a billion times as massive. But others with intermediate masses, such as the one 2,200 times the mass of our Sun recently discovered in the star cluster 47 Tucanae, are surprisingly elusive.

So what is it about black holes, these gravitational prisons that trap anything that gets too close to them, that captures the imagination of people of all ages and professions?

‘Dark stars’

As far back as 1783, within the framework of Newtonian dynamics, the concept of “dark stars” with sufficiently high density that not even light can escape their gravitational pull had been advanced by the English philosopher and mathematician John Michell.

Almost immediately after Albert Einstein presented his theory of general relativity in 1915, which supplanted Newton’s description of our Universe and revealed how space and time are intimately linked, fellow German Karl Schwarzschild and Dutchman Johannes Droste independently derived the new equations for a spherical or point mass.

Although at the time the issue was still something of a mathematical curiosity, over the ensuing quarter of a century nuclear physicists realised that sufficiently massive stars would collapse under their own weight to become these previously theorised black holes.

Their existence was eventually confirmed by astronomers using powerful telescopes, and more recently colliding black holes were the source of the gravitational waves detected with the LIGO instrumentation in the United States.

A dense object

The densities of such objects is mind-boggling. If our Sun were to become a black hole, it would need to collapse from its current size of 1.4 million km across to a radius of less than 3km (6km across). Its average density within this “Schwarzschild radius” would be nearly 20 billion tonnes per cubic centimetre.

The increasing strength and pull of gravity as you get closer to a black hole can be dramatic.

On Earth, the strength of the gravitational pull holding you to its surface is roughly the same at your feet as it is at your head, which is a little bit farther away from the planet.

But near some black holes, the difference in gravitational pull from head to toe is so great that you would be pulled apart and stretched out on an atomic level, in a process referred to as spaghettification.

In 1958, the American physicist David Finkelstein was the first to realise the true nature of what has come to be called the “event horizon” of a black hole. He described this boundary around a black hole as the perfect unidirectional membrane.

It’s an intangible surface encapsulating a sphere of no return. Once inside this sphere, the gravitational pull of the black hole is too great to escape – even for light.

In 1963, the New Zealand mathematician Roy Kerr solved the equations for the more realistic rotating black holes. These yielded closed time-like curves that permitted movement backwards through time.

While such strange solutions to the equations of general relativity first appeared in the 1949 work of Austrian-American logician Kurt Gödel, it is commonly thought that they must be a mathematical artefact yet to be explained away.

A video simulation of two black holes merging.

Black and white holes

In 1964, two Americans, the writer Ann Ewing and the theoretical physicist John Wheeler, introduced the term “black hole”. Subsequently, in 1965, the Russian theoretical astrophysicist Igor Novikov introduced the term “white hole” to describe the hypothetical opposite of a black hole.

The argument was that if matter falls into a black hole, then perhaps it is spewed out into our universe from a white hole.

This idea is partly rooted in the mathematical concept known as an Einstein-Rosen bridge. Discovered (mathematically) in 1916 by the Austrian physicist Ludwig Flamm, and re-introduced in 1935 by Einstein and the American-Israeli physicist Nathan Rosen, it was later termed a “wormhole” by Wheeler.

In 1962, Wheeler and the American physicist Robert Fuller explained why such wormholes would be unstable for transporting even a single photon across the same universe.

Fact and fiction

Not surprisingly, the idea of entering a (black hole) portal and re-emerging somewhere else in the universe – in space and/or time – has spawned countless science fiction stories, including Doctor Who, Stargate, Fringe, Farscape and Disney’s Black Hole.

Ongoing productions can simply claim that their characters are travelling to a different or a parallel universe to our own. While it appears to be mathematically feasible, there is of course no physical evidence to support the existences of such universes.

But this is not to say that time travel, at least in a limited sense, is not real. When travelling at great speed, or perhaps falling into a black hole, the passage of time does slow down relative to that experienced by stationary observers.

Clocks flown quickly around the world have demonstrated this, displaying time lags in accordance with Einstein’s theory of special relativity.

The 2014 movie Interstellar played on this effect around a black hole, thereby creating a sense of travelling forward in time for astronaut Cooper (played by Matthew McConaughey).

Despite the strangely endearing name, the phrase “black hole” is perhaps somewhat misleading. It implies a hole in space-time through which matter will fall, as opposed to matter falling onto an incredibly dense object.

What actually exists within a black hole’s event horizon is hotly debated. Attempts to understand this include the “fuzzball” picture from string theory, or descriptions of black holes in quantum gravity theories known as “spin foam networks” or “loop quantum gravity”.

One thing that does seem certain is that black holes will continue to intrigue and fascinate us for some time yet.

Alister Graham is Professor of Astronomy at Swinburne University of Technology. This article was originally published on The Conversation. 

#science #space #black holes #astrophysics #science fiction #astronomy #featured

[somesoundbites]

English quick write project

(Original)

The world is not forgiving, the moon changes phases at the same rate, whether you live or die. The stars themselves, huge & bright to the point we call them heavenly, don’t write poetry about us.

There is comfort in this, the nihilistic idea that it’s all one colourful shout into an uncaring maze, filled with planets I’ll never see.

Who will? When will they be born? Will they be remembered? Will I?

The future doesn’t exist outside of theroy, its always running at us before melting into the present. We can’t escape the now, but the now doesn’t care. Neither do I.

(Polished piece)

At the academy we all got one class a week in “The Zero”. A huge building, all polymers, replicated graphene, and steel with airlocks at the entrances. It towered above even the library, rising a good kilometer into the air at its vertex. The ovular arches rose into the sky with natural strength as promised by the shape, the center of the structure was made of tensile steel fabric, layers of leather and nylon and plastic woven into a series of dense tarps that allowed all air to be sucked from an entire room without it collapsing. It was a marvel, one that will be written about like notre dame was, with history and meaning sculpted into some day crumbling supports. But back then it was a minor novelty, a building with freezing temperatures and the false vacuum of space where future voyagers could get their required training. Each of us suited up and sat in awe as we saw the simulator in person for the first time, but the astonishment would soon be replaced with resentment when we learned that the classes held here were not all spacewalks and anti gravity.

A call to attention from our instructor broke the wonder, though he waited long enough for us to get our fill of the metal giant in front of us. With a soft click of a faded orange button the video screen popped up, looking like a relic from the twenty first century. First thing they taught was how to secure a breached hull:

-Seal the airlock, with you and whoever else is there inside

-Cover the breach with the nearest object, if none are available, use yourself.

-Send out a code orange (breach alert) via your wrist comm.

-Pull on your oxygen mask

-Use the room’s breach box to create an emergency patch

-Wait for a crew member to weld the hole from the outside

-Stabilize oxygen levels and pressure

-Run diagnostic to confirm repair

-Breach over

I still see the video of the challenger playing on loop in my head, a reminder that you have one chance to get it all right. A faulty O-ring can cost everything. My class sat in stunned silence as our professor displayed video after video of routine repairs gone wrong, of ships and bodies and people who would never see their planet again. The crew of the Space shuttle challenger, the shuttle Sentinel, the failed mission of the Wonder rover, the first manned craft of Venus, the ghost towns on Mars.

We had sent so many people out. It made sense that there was a certain rate of failure. To err is human, to accidentally weld yourself to the hull is astronaut. Still... seeing the frozen face of a man, once humming as he tightened a bolt, before the nitrogen in the cooling tanks spilled over him, felt like an invasion. He was only human, and now he was a cautionary tale. Marcona Du’ Bliss, the man who I still remember seeing on the screen in front of me. It was hard to feel the same about space after that lesson. It was difficult to see beauty in something so dangerous, but somehow humanity managed to.

The lessons were practical, living on a station was about the same regardless of if you were a researcher, a communications officer, or a navigator. What stuck for me was the realization that the universe was not forgiving, the moon changes phase at the same rate, whether you live or die. The stars themselves, huge and bright to the point we called\\ them heavenly, don’t write poetry about us. There was comfort in this, the nihilistic idea that it was all one colourful shout into an uncaring maze, full of planets I’d never see. Sure we’d terraformed one moon, but in an infinite universe it felt like a small accomplishment. Our first generational ship hadn’t even left the galaxy yet, confined by time and motion and the too slow speed of light.

All I could do was ask myself who would pass that line? Who on that ship would be standing as close to the edge as they could when it went beyond everything we’d ever known? Some ailing scientist, given a last request, an intrepid astronaut who thought space was where their life was worth living. Would they exist in my lifetime, born already or a twinkle in a great grandmother’s eye, growing up in space and never knowing the feeling of 9.807 metres per second squared gravity? What would be left of them when all was said and done? Would they become a footnote in history, merely the first of many voyagers in a long line of new settlers, or would they have a day named after them, left on a calendar to end up as a day off school for some child in the future who doesn’t remember a thing about them.

This world was one of impossible chances. The idea that I existed as I was, that anyone existed at all, was amazing and against the odds. A planet orbiting just far enough from the right star for liquid water, having the conditions necessary for life, able to cradle so many species within its vast blue and green hands like grains of salt. We were humanity, small, and brave, and I believe truly good. We were earth’s children, a People of soil and gravity and fire, made of stardust, breathing rocket fuel, and counting the seconds in between crackles of thunder. A species that was as tough as we were foolhardy, that didn’t know when to quit. A People like us.

These were the thoughts I had as my bag was packed. As my earthly possessions were prepared to lose one important qualifier. These memories of an academy where I learned how to undo spaghettification in the case of a black hole related emergency, the place I learned xeno flora and fauna protocols off by heart, so that when we finally found something out there, something new and beautiful, we wouldn’t hurt it. I had to prepare myself for stasis, mentally it would be fine, but as far as physically... well... there was a reason you had to gain extra weight before they’d even consider putting you into it. The process was simple enough, you’d be put on life support, your heart rate was slowed to almost nothing, your breathing reduced, and they gave you three units of Voxanian by IV a week to keep you under. The fact that Voxanian digested fat cells as part of the process was just another minor drawback, like the mild chemical burns around the injection site or the average three days it took for the pins and needles feeling to go away. It wasn’t nearly as predictable as what we use now, but we didn’t know how to make a cryo crypt that wouldn’t freeze someone to death. Back then it was expected that a few people would wake up mid trip, sometimes leading to casualties, but more often the only negative was minorly depleted food stores upon arrival. Until we automated the IV systems, replaced Voxanian with Ludophine, and brain scans were made routine, that was the norm.

Fortunately for me, I was out for all of my stasis. I spent four years, at speeds I still have trouble comprehending, drugged and dazed.

Waking from that kind of drug induced nap was about the least refreshing feeling imaginable. It was like I’d been pulled through a radiation filter and dipped in chlorine. My toes buzzed as I wiggled them for the first time in years, reminding me that my muscles weren’t entirely atrophied. Lieutenant Sorra unhooked me from all of my machines and monitors before leading me to my quarters.

“We’re giving you an hour to get your sea legs, kay? But then it’s straight to the med bay,” she said.

The first thing I did was grab my soap and head for the shower, an easy enough feat in artificial gravity, save the moments where the system would fluctuate and I’d get shampoo in my eyes or float into a wall. It was coconut scented soap and the feeling of hunger broke past the lull in my mind. I was more alert than I’d been in years. If hunger hadn’t woken me up, my medical tests would have. I’d never had so many injections in my life, vitamin shots and blood transfusions were almost enough to put some pep in my step.

“Any medical issues that may not be in the files?” asked Dr. Vondervan.

“ I have an allergy to peanuts, but that’s about it. Are my legs supposed to feel this heavy?”

“When the Vox wears off you’ll feel better, until then you’re gonna be staying in your quarters. I'm gonna suggest that you complete an extra hour of sleep for the next, say, three shifts? You’ve got some more advanced effects from the process than I’ve seen in a while.”

He sounded slightly concerned, enough that I headed his advice. He looked at my chart for a few minutes, confirming that I had all of the appropriate health qualifications for my assorted jobs. He paused, asking me questions about my past, like how I broke my arm when I was seven. Small talk had never been my strong suit, but being hopped up on Vox and a four year nap made it tolerable. He paused when he reached my tasks list for the next week. After sucking a breath in and letting it hiss out between his teeth, he spoke,

“Also, since you’re working the water system for the greenhouse next week, I'm gonna have to give you a tetanus A shot.”

I had spent enough time in my history and disease lectures, even as a biochemical and botany major, to tilt my head at that statement.

“I thought that tetanus A wasn’t brought to the base? Wasn’t it screened for?” it was pretty serious, seeing as tetanus A, the original virus, had stopped being vaccinated for after gene altering had rendered one of its last strains harmless to humans. It was an unheard of disease at that point, without an earthbound case in forty years.

“It was on a shipment of potatoes, apparently they were near a virus incubator, which is a bad decision, but not against any actual protocol, so we’d rather be safe,” he said, pulling out a needle.

I frowned and braced myself, he grimaced as he pressed the plunger down.

Lewis Vondervan had a face like a bulldog, it was short, drooping, and whiskered, set on a larger than average head. All of this was balanced on top of his six foot three inch body, which was of an average, if slightly pudgy build. Salt and pepper hair sprouted from his head in thick, curled waves, while his beard and sideburns were still mostly a deep ocher. His personality reminded me of a chemistry professor from my university, indecisive but undeniably in charge, all while seeming less like an authoritative father and more like an eccentric uncle.

(Tbc)

[lightthatshineswithin]

The Meaning

Everything that happens around us, or to us, has a Reason, a Pattern. There is a Reason to why you act the way you act, or react the way you do, the way you stand the way you move, the way you speak, you have learned and rewrite that memory several times, it corrects itself again and again if you want to to. You can Learn something new every time you read the same article or just get yourself caught in a never-ending loop of repeating same mistakes, or you could learn from them and improve yourself.

There is a Reason to why you like Someone you do, there is a reason to why you always want to be with them to spend more time with them.

There is a Reason to why you get Sick, and why you get fever, because your body is fighting the bacteria which increases mobility in the body at cellular level, hence high kinetic energy, due to which thermal energy is produced dude to friction, or inter-molecular bombardment of molecules.

There is a reason to why a Tree Grows in the Direction of the Sun. (photosynthesis)

There is a reason to why the wind blows, and behaves the way it does, (due to high pressure and low pressure variation)

But Most Interesting is how the Human Mind Behaves, Let's say there is a Kid, and he want to climb up to your chest and sit on your shoulders holding your hair and want to make you walk, and he cries if you don't do the same. So you Decided to Record the video of you doing that and show it to him when he grew older. Just for the sake of Reaction. And after 15 years you show that to that kid, and then he cannot even Remember that he used to be so stubborn, and said sorry to you for doing the same. Well yes, you replied that there is no need to be sorry, as you have taken your revenge by showing that video to him, (not in literal sense though). With this we understand that, we humans too have no control over our present actions like the animals, it's Random.

And yes everyone is not the same, some kids like myself can remember, (but not completely) that how I used to act when I was a kid, I always have a deeper understanding over little things. Well we can say that, that is a Gift, or we can say that, I am lost in my own world assuming that other people don't understand, like I did.

We can never be completely sure, to any information that we have in front of us, even if it's true, there are always certain flaws, that are left which we cannot see now but may see in the far future, in case you disagree with my statement, let me give you an example, we used to think that time is constant, but not relative, which is now true, time is Relative, and it can be folded inside a gravitational pull, which means that the more the gravity the more still the time will be, which means it will move faster on Earth if I am at some place where the gravitational pull is not so as high as that of Earth's. Well then there is singularity and spaghettification. I will try not to go so deep.

There is a reason why Earth Spins, if it won't then we would escape out of the sun's orbit into the far Universe.