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#adaptive immune system
mytoptips · 4 months
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mixelation · 2 years
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will we ever get to know why tori's heart made zetsu ill? when will zetsu become a mother? why do zetsus grow like potatoes? what would a zetsu-tori romance in a shipping au be like? i just love this story arc.
zetsu biology mysteries will be addressed!! .....eventually!
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how do bat wings work? cause i know they don't exactly flap them up and down like birds do so i'm intrigued
Apologies that this has taken me a bit to respond to!
You are correct! Bat flight is VERY different from bird flight.
First, bats have more bones controlling their flight. A bird wing is essentially one "blade" that controls the wing action, while bats have three or four fingers that control the wing action.
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As you can see in this diagram, the bird wing is mostly feather while the bat wing is highly-specialized, highly flexible membranes that allow for a higher level of control over the pitch of not only the wing as a whole, but also over various individual areas of the wing, which allows the bat to turn much more sharply and quickly than a bird.
The bones of a bat wing are also different at the cellular level. Their hand bones are incredibly flexible, meaning they can bend much more easily than the stiffer arm and "hand" bones of other animals. This certainly impacts the way they fly.
Second, bird flight involves only a few muscles; bat flight involves somewhere around 17. This, again, allows for a greater amount of precision in controlling their wings which is what turns them into little aerial acrobats (ha, pun).
Third, bat wings do, in general, move differently. They tend to flap their wings in more of a figure-eight shape, while birds tend to move their wings in an oblong oval. The figure-eight shape allows bats a greater amount of thrust with their wing membranes, which helps make their flight more efficient despite the fact that they tend to glide/soar less than birds (if at all).
So, essentially, bat wings are very delicate and precise instruments of flight that are capable of completing aerial maneuvers that no other flying animal or insect can do. They fly with their fingers, so, in a way, bat flight is a little like playing a piano or typing on a computer, while most other flying creatures are doing, say, jumping jacks.
If you're interested in seeing the flight of bats in motion (its seriously incredible how magnificent their wings are in action) I would recommend this 6-minute video talking about the physics and physiology of bat flight!
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I hope this helps! I'm not super good at physics (i.e. I stink at physics big time) so some of my wording might be a bit inelegant lol.
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emcads · 2 years
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this is a half baked thought but it compels me how the potc rpc (me included) latches onto port royal as a place for worldbuilding / domestic storytelling / etc because it exudes permanence and structure as opposed to places like tortuga and shipwreck cove which are transient by nature, and full of residents in transit, and ghosts, and stories.  ships, not homes.
#theres certainly an element of ''what does civilization / family / community look like in colonial society?'' that i am not immune to  but i#at least attempt to address in my writing#but i also think theres something interesting in writing in a place that's post earthquake - post an image of looking like tortuga#and is building an idea of what it sees itself as ( not unlike the later seasons of BS and the new nassau )#and casting off the idea of the old privateers and the old england that was more than happy to buddy up with the privateers#to ..  finding places in the New World Or Perish so to speak#✘; I HAVE SEVENTY TWO EXAMS AND I HAVE NOT STUDIED FOR ONE ( ooc )#what we dont really get a sense of in the movies (which for obv reasons cast PR as the naval & civilized foil to tortuga)#is that countless numbers of the other residents would have to adapt their ways of life as maritime communities once england decides piracy#is against her better interests#the merchants who counted on patrons with stolen spanish gold - the carpenters and suppliers who are now fitting naval ships instead of#pirate vessels.  the sex workers who – rather than depending on gold windfalls from pirates – are dependent on the unreliable pay given to#their naval clientele#there's a whole new crop of work that pops up post piracy act (namely the local justice system for hanging pirates) but it interests me to#think about how that sharpening divide between legal and illegal naval violence catches civilians in the crossfire#rather than ONLY the sailors / pirates / privateers / etc themselves
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z0n1x · 4 days
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To become my friend you have to go through my 7 rants about shit you don’t care about
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krskrash · 1 month
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cellmadness · 2 months
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Natural Killer Cells Need More Love
 T cells are my absolute love in immunology.. They are these specialized assassins responsible to eradicate anything that has no business taking advantage of your body. They undergo a highly specialized schooling for killing and come out as the big defenders of the body. They are so important that in their absence, a person has no chance against the pathogens in the world. These are my cell babies. 
  Yet, the immune system is an interwoven cellular system where different cell types work in tandem to protect. Similar to how the Sun and Moon dance in harmony to bring us day and night, different cells in our immune system also follow their harmonious rhythm to deliver the utmost protection. T cells are vital, but they cannot be the only players in the constant war for homeostasis, the position of being healthy. No, that burden is too heavy to bear. So your immune system develops a cooperative plan where various cells collaborate to ensure our survival. One cell that is highly underrated is the
Natural Killer Cell. 
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So Natural Killer Cells or NK cells occupy an interesting space. They aren’t adaptive cells, yet they are derived from the same “mother” cell as the adaptive T cells and B cells. Because of this, they are cousins in a way. NK cells are adaptive-like innate cells, where they don’t form memory subsets, but perform similar tasks as adaptive cells to eradicate pathogens. 
  So what marks NK cells as the “adaptive like” innate cells? It’s their similarity to the warrior cytotoxic T cells. Certain T cells, the ground soldiers, have the ability to use perforins and granzymes to destroy infected host cells under attack from infection. They essentially make cells implode to prevent further pathogen storage or replication. NK cells can do the same. They deem a cell as “off” or “non-self” then perform a “you must die” process to force infected cells or tumor cells to implode and die. This is essential as NK cells are important in viral control and cancer cell eradication. But I must highlight the beauty of NK cells in tandem with T cells in their melodic rhythm in immune protection. 
NK cells may perform a similar task as warrior T cells, but their stimuli are quite different. This is important because the layout of the immune system is a complicated yet beautiful network where different parts collaborate from different instructions. Here is where things begin to differ:
Soldier T cells and NK cells read their target cells using the MHC system. Indeed, the MHC complex is an important protein every cell in your body must present to help your immune system protect your body. Yes, the MHC works as the identification badge every cell presents to the immune system team to have an idea about what’s happening in the body. I plan to go into more detail about MHC later as this topic is rich and complicated to our reality of “self’ and the immune system. For now, I want to leave the MHC complex as an important measure of readings between the NK cells and the soldier T cells. 
Now, when a cell is infected or cancerous, they signal to the soldier T cell that something is wrong and must be killed through their MHC protein. For T cells, the MHC complex is the indispensable method of communication between cells. It has to be present to signal T cell activation for killing. 
 Why does this matter? Because some pathogens and tumor cells have discovered this importance of the MHC complex, thus causing the MHC complex to disappear completely on the cell surface. 
In the evolutionary war for dominance, some pathogens and cancers have read through the necessary relay points that trigger immune protection and work to alter these important points to remain under the radar. Unfortunately, it's effective. Cells that lack a MHC are undetected by T cells, for T cells cannot attack what they cannot see. 
On the other hand, NK cells are triggered by various methods, one of which is the lack of MHC complex. This is where the interesting differences come into play. While T cells must read the MHC complex to be activated, the NK cells will detect the absence of the MHC complex to become triggered. This entire process is titled the “Missing Self Hypothesis”. Yes, the NK cells search for the cell that lacks the “self” protein. No ID, no exceptions. You shall be eradicated. So the mechanism is that the MHC complex serves to inhibit NK activity. If you lack your MHC complex, then you lack a way to stop the NK cell, so the cell is subsequently killed. This is wondrous, as the NK cell can detect what the T cell cannot.
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Cited:Vivier, E., Ugolini, S., Blaise, D. et al. Targeting natural killer cells and natural killer T cells in cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 12, 239–252 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3174
NK cells are the intricate players in the game of survival and they deserve love too.
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medicomunicare · 4 months
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"Smoking" habits leading immunity to be "wasted in smoke": tobacco meets epigenetics for its lasting effects
Like other factors such as age, sex and genetics, smoking has a major impact on immune responses. This is the finding recently made by a team of scientists at the Institut Pasteur using the Milieu Intérieur cohort of 1,000 healthy volunteers, established to understand variability in immune responses. In addition to its short-term impact on immunity, smoking also has long-term consequences. For…
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waywardsalt · 7 months
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hang on im thinking abt bellumbeck again
#salty talks#ph is a messy little game with enough wiggle room to really elevate some of the stuff it does just using what it gives us#like. i do think a lot abt what kind of stuff i personally would want to see in a ph anime or some other long form adaptation#and i always love the idea of specifically making sure to make it so that a LOT of the stuff with linebeck feeds into bellumbeck#like. make it really hurt slowly build up to it make it so much that his arc his development his feelings it all gets tangled in bellumbeck#idk i like bellumbeck i like the potential it has for linebeck n the potential is has to have to do with a lot of stuff throughout the game#screwing around with linebeck and bellum in aus is fun too bc it helps me figure out different facets to this too#esp when i choose to go at bellum more as a sentient character and all of that#anyways on the topic of like what happens directly after bellumbeck#the general idea i have is that it leaves linebeck knocked out (or smth) for a few days afterwards#as well as leaving him kinda just wounded all over (yknow the one agreed upon back scar but some other stuff in other places)#(idea is that hes very much in danger of death those few days vague idea is that link comes across him n keeps an eye on him til he wakes u#and when he does wake up hes very sick and weak (bottom line is that his body is treating it like a virus)#(trying to kill and expel and just fucking get rid of anything left in his body from the bellumbeck thing)#ofc he lives (this is notable) and has scars n shit (not certain on lasting effects tbh working on that)#one thing that comes to mind is weaker immune system but he already has a garbage immune system i think#could be some general immune system issue#i do try to make it closer to like. sickness or a physical ailment as opposed to magic crap#ive halfway considered making it so thst he kinda benefits from surviving (like some weird practical aftereffects#what comes to mind other than that is lasting pain in or pain caused by straining his back or smth#ive tried looking up real lifr long term effects of larger scars but i hardly find what im looking for#eh im still brainstorming that kinda stuff. i def am gonna hsr the ideas of lasting pain or pain in straining his back tho#like in the time after recovering he spends a fair bit of time testing how and how far he can stretch or strain his back#and trying to build up a resistance and like train it back up or smth but otherwise maybe a new vulnerability to like. light magic#brainstormin just thinking abt it theres a lot to thiink abt with bellumbeck#oh yeah edit on the thing abt linebeck surviving think of it like its rabies. on all accounts he should fucking die but he makes it
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welpnotagain · 7 months
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Can't remember shit so I made memes in a desperate attempt
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feminist-space · 6 months
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Cat in the Hat:
"The German Health Minister gave an important update on the Covid situation yesterday.
I’ve written up the section of his speech from the video below for easy reading.
It’s immensely refreshing to see a government minister warning of the harms of Covid in such a transparent way."
https://x.com/_catinthehat/status/1732092683508678954
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Prof. Karl Lauterbach
Health Minister, Germany
4 December 2023
"This second (long Covid) round table was very interesting, lasting three and a half hours. It serves as a unique forum for dialogue among scientists, researchers and those affected by long Covid, facilitating the exchange of ideas.
There are many new findings about long Covid. Not all of them are good news. One piece of not-so-good news concerns the fact that long Covid is actually still a problem for those who are newly infected. One estimate that has been put forward is that the risk of contracting long Covid now, even after vaccination, is around 3%. Now you may say, "that's not such a big risk" , but there are tens of thousands of people who are repeatedly affected in a short period of time. And so, the long Covid problem has not yet been solved.
We have also established that there really are many subgroups of long Covid and that we do not yet have a cure. And it was clearly pointed out that we are also dealing with problems here that will challenge society as a whole, because vascular diseases often occur after long Covid. Throughout Europe, we are currently seeing an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in the middle-age group - from 25 to 50. This is associated with the consequences of Covid infections.
We also very often find cognitive impairment in older people. And one participant pointed out that it may well be like the Spanish flu, where 20 years after the Spanish flu there was a significant increase in Parkinson's disease and probably also dementia.
This is something we must pay attention to, as the past infection afiects how the immune system in the brain functions, as well as the brain's blood vessels, potentially increasing the long-term risk of these major neurodegenerative diseases. This is why we need to conduct very intensive research. This research has played a major role.
What is the overall assessment of the situation now?
We have to be careful. Long Covid is not curable at the moment. We also know that over 40% of those who have several manifestations of long Covid, for example, five or more, still have symptoms after 2 years, so it doesn't seem to heal spontaneously. We also know that those whose symptoms are more pronounced at the beginning are less likely to heal.
So some of what we know from the demographics of long Covid has been confirmed, and we now know more precisely which mechanisms in the brain, but also in the blood vessels and the immune system, are responsible for this. Professor Scheibenbogan will explain this briefly later.
At this point, I can only say the following - this is particularly important to me:
First of all, long Covid is a disease that stays with us and that we cannot yet cure. And we are seeing an increasing number of cases as the waves of infection continue to affect us.
Secondly, Covid is not a cold - with a cold, you don't usually see any long-term effects. You don't see any changes in the blood vessels. You don't usually see an autoimmune disease developing. You also don't usually see neurological inflammation - these are all things that we see with long Covid. Therefore, one should not assume that Covid infection is just a common cold. It can affect brain tissue and the vascular system, and we still lack an effective treatment, making these studies crucial.
Significantly, we know that the risk of long Covid decreases when you're infected but have been vaccinated. That's why it's concerning that only 3 million people have been vaccinated with the new, adapted vaccine. That is a very bad result.
Please protect yourself from severe infections.
Please protect yourself from long Covid.
Currently, the danger posed by Covid is indeed being underestimated. Nothing is worse than infecting someone at Christmas who then becomes seriously ill and may not fully recover."
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virgobingo · 6 months
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i wish people didn't try to filter geto's decision through a western lens because they're forgetting a huge part of the puzzle and it's the fact that sorcerers are oppressed by non-sorceres in the world of jujutsu kaisen. geto’s whole thing is "there's so few of us and yet we work ourselves to death for your peace of mind, while you remain ungrateful".
it's all more equivalent to health care workers trying to treat a virus. which also aligns thematically with the subject of labour across the series (jujutsu sorcerers being spread thin to the detriment of inexperienced workers, a job you value vs a job that compensates but drains you of your spirit, the myth of meritocracy) .
which is why controlling the output of cursed energy should be seen as the equivalent of being born with or developing an immunity to a disease. this is why a "culling" sounds possible to geto to begin with— people being pushed to adapt or die in their lifetime to prevent future outbreaks, like one would with a virus. strongly differing to kenjaku, because they essentially yearn for this disease to spread out of morbid curiosity (while geto wants the work to end):
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geto is a character you are meant to see yourself in. as, in all likelihood, a laborer yourself or someone that will become one. his story is that of exploitation at the hands of a system that only cares for results. leading to isolation in hopes of achieving high productivity.
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tangentially, i think a subject that is often ignored in these discussions is the financial incentive to take on more and more work onto your plate too. mei mei is perhaps the clearest example of this, no explanation needed. nobara, a second, when she explictly tells us sorcerery work is the only way a small town girl like her can make it in the big city. megumi, a third, when we learn the money the school gave him helped keep him and his sister tsumiki afloat.
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while gege does not delve into geto's past, we can safely speculate part of the reason geto keeps working day after day, after day— despite his wavering convictions is because there is something that encourages him to do so. financial stability would not be an odd motivater. after all, why do we push ourselves everyday to work jobs that no longer add anything meaningful to our lives? geto is the type of character that forces us to examine such things.
as an aside, when he first dons the robes of a cult leader, money is at the forefront of his concerns. if it wasn't obvious before, gege tells you again— choosing not to be a sorcerer, implies a serious loss of income.
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i think, all in all, geto's spiral does not hinge on the fact that he was secretly evil the entire time. it lies in disillusionment of a system that only seeks to preserve itself. note that this is why yuki works outside of it. no doubt her experiences as a former star plasma vessel informed her reasoning. it's also why gojo decides to become a teacher and change the institution from within, wielding his privilege as a shield over others.
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c-rowlesdraws · 11 months
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Funnily enough I prefer YOUR Tali over bioshocks in ME3 I think? She actually properly looks like an alien from a planet where they didn't adapt an immune system
thank you! (and lol I'll assume you meant Bioware-- although a steampunk-aesthetic Tali is a very cool mental image.)
some things about how my Tali looks are definitely a result of living nearly her whole life sealed inside an exosuit and dealing with regular bouts of minor illness (at one point she mentions working while having a fever like it's something quarians just deal with). Pre-exile quarians, and post-canon quarians who have had some time to get re-acclimated to their home planet's ecosystem, would look a bit different. I did a couple lil sketches to hypothesize about some differences between my Tali during the games' timeline, and a post-canon Tali who's spent a few years on Rannoch:
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there's no place like home.
(the spots of pigment on her face are made more colorful, and even softly bioluminescent, by harmless symbiotic bacteria found only on Rannoch. After the quarians fled into space after the Geth War, the bacteria died out in a generation; for over two hundred years, the only quarians with colorful faces were ancestors in old vids and pictures.)
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letters-to-lgbt-kids · 6 months
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My dear lgbt+ kids, 
An underrated health and wellbeing tool is play. 
When you think about playing, you may immediately picture little children - but by definition, play describes “any activity engaged in purely for enjoyment and recreation with no definite practical purpose” and those activities stay important throughout your whole life. 
Why are those activities important? 
Play is good for your body. Intentionally doing something just for fun helps to activate the “rest and digest” mode that is necessary to recover and heal from stress. It signals that you’re safe and helps your body relieve tension. 
It’s also good for your brain. It can stimulate your imagination, visualization and critical thinking skills, which can help you build skills like resilience and adaptability. 
Play can also foster empathy and understanding of others as it can help you see things from another’s perspective. 
Playing can make you laugh, and laughter comes with a whole sleeve of health benefits, such as decreasing blood pressure and even improving your immune system! 
Playing together can strengthen relationships. Positive, fun social interactions are important for your emotional wellbeing. 
Now some of you may think “that’s all nice, but how do I even play as an adult?”. While play is a natural behavior of human beings, many adults need to re-learn how to play - it depends on your specific environment and social circles but you may feel a lot of pressure to be productive all the time and play is by its very nature not productive. So, the first step in re-learning play is to give yourself permission to just *be* instead of *do* (and that can be a huge step!). 
Some ideas on how to ease back into play: 
Think about your childhood. (Or if you can, ask a parent, sibling or childhood friend, that can be a great way to bring back memories!) What were your favorite ways to play back then? What did you love about your favorite game? Does any particular memory immediately give you that “I wish I could do that again” feeling? (You may not necessarily find anything that you want to just replicate as an adult as-is, this is just meant to kick-start your imagination!) 
Gameify everyday tasks. Try to spot as many yellow items as possible on your commute to work. Make up a silly song about laundry while putting away the laundry. Pretend to be on a cooking show while making dinner. Do what you always do, just allow yourself to be silly about it! 
Do something creative, even (and especially) if you’re not good at it. You may not think of drawing, writing etc. as playing but those are activities you can do for pure entertainment! 
Moving your body doesn’t need to be purposeful exercise (and certainly not hating yourself in the gym), it can also be playtime: Do a silly little dance to your favorite song! Tippytoe, crawl, jump, walk backward.. from your bedroom to the kitchen, just for the fun of it! 
Rethink toys. While it is fully okay for a grownup to buy, own and play with toys, and we should abolish the negative stereotypes about it (it’s creepy, it’s inherently a sign of poor mental health etc.) these stereotypes do exist and you may simply not feel comfortable. Luckily, there are a few toys that are generally considered socially acceptable for adults or are even marketed towards adults, such as board games, stress balls, adult coloring books, certain Lego sets or fan/collectors toys (like action figures). And when there are no judgy eyes watching, you may also have fun just playing with household items such as cardboard rolls! No need to go out and buy something! 
Keep in mind that play isn’t a competition to win. You can’t play wrong - that’s the beauty of it! Just let your curiosity and enthusiasm guide you. 
With all my love, 
Your Tumblr Dad 
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vs-space-orcs · 1 year
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Human crewmate: *drops a dish and it breaks* damn it.
Alien crewmate: Are you okay? Why did you drop that?
Human: I have an autoimmune disorder that affects my joints, and sometimes my hands are very painful and just give out and I drop things.
Alien crewmate: What is an 'autoimmune disorder?'
Human crewmate: You know how humans are hard to get sick with space illnesses? That's because of our immune systems, but sometimes our immune systems go haywire and attack our own bodies, making us sick and sometimes destroying parts of our body permanently.
Alien crewmate: You mean one of your adaptations that makes you basically unkillable can hurt you instead?? Your body attacks itself?!
Human crewmate: Yeah there's a lot of different types of autoimmune disorders, too. And they're constantly discovering more.
Alien crewmate: there's more than one way for your body to destroy itself?? What kind of a world is so violent that one's very body could attack oneself?
Human crewmate: yeah it sucks but what can you do? Doctors don't even really care. If you have a rare one they'll just tell you 'sometimes that happens' and not help you figure out which one it is.
Alien crewmate: what the fuck?! They just don't care about this massive malfunction of your biology?! I'm taking you to a Lixinian doctor. They take their oaths seriously.
Human crewmate: yeah if you say so.
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muzzleroars · 6 months
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V1’s creators must’ve been so proud seeing it perform what it was made for, the killing of Earthmovers.
anon it's making me crazy........this really puts into place just how i think of their short reunion, these husks waiting on the earthmover all this time with life and death near indistinguishable. time is a meaningless blur, hell dulling them down to instincts and only a base understanding of their world, until their v1 comes home to them. it excites a moment of absolute clarity, their machine so perfected, so specialized, that it never saw its limitless potential fulfilled because war, its only purpose, became defunct. they marvel at it, look how it moves now, look how it behaves, look how it's modified itself - it even has painted its weapons! and i think v1, seeing them, is flooded with corrupted memories difficult to parse but imbued with some emotion. familiarity. briefly, simulations flash in its mind, somebody directing it. the earthmover - not a real one, parts of it. its deck. insides. defense systems. core. v1 failing over and over again but learning each time. it can infiltrate the deck now. it can deactivate the defense system now. it understands the core's pattern now. it strings them together. it will kill the earthmover now. and their excitement, their cheers. their red horse will destroy the horsemen. and v1 remembers it when it sees them now. it knows everything ahead of it, like a premonition. these husks patch it up, and suddenly they are all alive again. the life they would have had, even v1. it looks up the hulking mass of the earthmover and it feels the long latent code at the core of its being light up. this is its fight. it was made so small, so light, so fast, to infect this monstrosity like a virus (it thinks a funny thought, maybe that's "v1") it was made so sophisticated in intelligence to avoid its "immune system", to adapt to any machine on the earthmover and to be creative in how it can scale it. the husks of its makers give no instruction - v1 is far beyond need of that, they know, but in some garbled, choked out words, they express their confidence. they know it can do this. it was perfect in their simulations, but inside their long dead hearts....they're still nervous. not for themselves, of course, the outcome means little in the void of hell, but nervous only for v1. their little virus with such a massive undertaking. and now i can only think of it speeding off as the husks are rooted to where they stand, no motion, no thought, no words, until the self-destruct countdown begins. and they cheer. their prototype was a success.
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