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dayaxwriter · 8 months

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How Network Switches Work

How Network Switches Work: Unveiling the Magic Behind Seamless Data Routing

Introduction

In today's interconnected world, where the exchange of information is vital, network switches play a pivotal role in ensuring data flows seamlessly from one device to another. Whether in a small home network or a sprawling corporate infrastructure, network switches are the unsung heroes that enable efficient data transmission. This article delves into the inner workings of network switches, shedding light on their fundamental principles and the magic that makes them an integral part of modern networking.

What Is a Network Switch?

A network switch is a piece of networking hardware that connects devices within a local area network (LAN). Its primary function is to receive incoming data frames from devices like computers, printers, or servers and then forward those data frames to their intended destination within the same network. Unlike hubs, which broadcast data to all devices within a network, switches are intelligent devices that make data transmission more efficient by selectively sending data only to the device that needs it.

How Do Network Switches Work?

Network switches operate on the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model. To understand how they work, let's break down the process step by step:

1. MAC Address Learning:

ü When a network switch is initially powered on, it doesn't know the location of devices on the network.

ü It begins by examining the source MAC (Media Access Control) addresses of incoming data frames.

ü The switch maintains a MAC address table, also known as a MAC address forwarding table or CAM table, where it records the MAC addresses of devices connected to its ports.

2. MAC Address Table:

§ As data frames arrive, the switch adds entries to its MAC address table.

§ Each entry in the table associates a MAC address with the port through which the device is connected.

§ This table allows the switch to quickly determine where to forward data frames in the future.

3. Frame Forwarding:

· When a data frame arrives at the switch, it examines the destination MAC address.

· The switch looks up the destination MAC address in its MAC address table to find the corresponding port.

· If the port is the same as the incoming port, the switch doesn't forward the frame, preventing unnecessary traffic.

· If the destination is on a different port, the switch forwards the frame only to that specific port, ensuring efficient data transmission.

4. Broadcast and Unknown MAC Addresses:

Ø If the switch receives a broadcast frame (destined for all devices within the network), it forwards it to all ports except the source port.

Ø If the destination MAC address is not found in the MAC address table, the switch behaves like a hub and broadcasts the frame to all ports, learning the source MAC address in the process.

Benefits of Network Switches:

Improved Efficiency: Network switches enhance network performance by minimizing unnecessary traffic, reducing congestion, and increasing bandwidth availability.

Enhanced Security: Since switches only send data to the intended recipient, they provide a higher level of network security compared to hubs.

Scalability: Switches can accommodate a growing number of devices and are a scalable solution for expanding networks.

Smart Management: Many network switches offer advanced management features, allowing administrators to monitor and control network traffic more effectively.

Expanding on the importance and versatility of network switches:

Evolution and Varieties of Network Switches

Over the years, network switches have evolved to meet the demands of various network environments. Today, there are several types of network switches catering to diverse needs:

Unmanaged Switches: These are basic switches designed for plug-and-play simplicity. They are ideal for small home networks and require no configuration. Unmanaged switches automatically learn and forward data frames.

Managed Switches: Managed switches offer greater control and flexibility. Network administrators can configure them to optimize performance, set up VLANs (Virtual Local Area Networks), prioritize traffic, and monitor network activity. These switches are common in business and enterprise networks.

Layer 2 and Layer 3 Switches: Layer 2 switches operate at the Data Link Layer (MAC address), while Layer 3 switches can route traffic at the Network Layer (IP address). Layer 3 switches are like a hybrid between a switch and a router, making them suitable for more complex networks.

PoE (Power over Ethernet) Switches: These switches not only transmit data but also provide power to connected devices like IP cameras, VoIP phones, and wireless access points, eliminating the need for separate power sources.

Stackable Switches: These switches can be stacked together to operate as a single unit, simplifying management and scalability in larger networks.

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emploitogo · 1 year

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Commonwealth Youth Climate Network #YouthLeadSDG14 Action Challenge pour les jeunes militants

Date limite de candidature : 8 décembre 2022 Le Secrétaire général du Commonwealth et le Commonwealth Youth Climate Change Network (CYCN) ont lancé hier un concours mondial pour inspirer, responsabiliser et récompenser les jeunes qui agissent sur les océans. Le défi d’action #YouthLeadSDG14 , révélé lors de la COP27, verra trois jeunes militants récompensés chacun de 1 000 £ pour leur travail…

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#Commonwealth Youth Climate Network YouthLeadSDG14 Action Challenge

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alifelearned · 2 years

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#alifelearned #vlog #earthfest #London Ontario #canada #environmentalism #festival #earthday 2022 #earthday #bethechange #london environmental network #climate march #reimagine co.#environmental activism #environmental action #April 22 2022

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reasonsforhope · 9 months

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"At nearly 150 acres, the Jardim Gramacho landfill in Rio de Janeiro was one of the largest and most infamous in all of Latin America. Now it’s a mangrove forest teeming with life.

Decommissioned 11 years ago, between 1970 and 2012 the dump, bordering Rio’s famous Guanabara Bay, received 80 million metric tonnes of trash from the area’s Gramacho neighborhood.

Now, a public-private partnership led by the Rio Municipal Cleaning Company has returned the area to nature, specifically mangroves, one of the most valuable of all ecosystems.

Planting 24 acres of mangroves at a time, today the forest stretches out more than 120 acres and is the largest mangrove area of the bay.

“Before, we polluted the bay and the rivers. Now, it’s the bay and the rivers that pollute us,” a lead official on the project told Africa News. “Today, the mangrove has completely recovered.”

Other organizations have taken action to restore mangroves along the bay as well. The non-profit Ocean Pact funded the Green Guanabara Bay Project which successfully restored 12.5 hectares or around 25 acres of mangroves.

According to some estimates, 1 acre of mangrove forests can store more carbon in roots and soil than 4 acres of even the most biodiverse rainforest, making them paramount to any world climate mitigation strategy.

Furthermore, their impressive lattice work of roots and insane durability means that storm surges impacting mangroves lose about 66% of their kinetic energy without even destroying the trees.

Lastly, coastal fishing communities, in [four] words, cannot exist without mangroves. They act as nurseries and perfect habitat for all kinds of fish and crustaceans that small-scale fishermen rely on for their daily bread."

-via Good News Network, 7/31/23

youtube

-video via Africanews, July 26, 2023

#brazil #mangrove #mangrove forest #fishing #tropical storms #hurricanes #storm surge #pollution #landfill #garbage #rio de janeiro #guanabara bay #Youtube

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vivmaek · 24 days

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Total Solar Eclipse in Aries: Predictions

✰ my masterlist This eclipse season is highlighting themes of forgiveness, both towards others and towards ourselves. It's time to turn a new leaf, and to take responsibility for mistakes made within the past. Doing this will allow a particular area within your life to transform. In October 2023 it may have felt like you lost something. Whether that was a friend group, a career opportunity, or a romantic relationship depends on your chart. However, because this solar eclipse is conjuncting the North Node, it will feel as though you have gained something. Issues from October 2023 will find a resolution.

General predictions:

ꕥ Sudden/unexpected military action.

ꕥ The development and discovery of new weapons. (Specifically with bombs and explosives.)

ꕥ Veterans speaking out against the country they once served.

ꕥ World leaders unexpectedly stepping down from their positions.

- Many world leaders are going to be dealing with extremely poor health which will “eclipse’ their power.

ꕥ It's going be a hot summer, and the effects of climate change will become all the more obvious.

ꕥ Bad wildfire season.

ꕥ An increase in self-immolation as a form of protest.

ꕥ An increase in reckless driving, speeding, and road rage.

ꕥ An increase in violence against women, and people who are non-binary or transgender .

ꕥ Issues regarding gender will become even more polarizing.

- Women across the world will continue to assert their independence and will fight back against outdated standards.

- Women will become more willing to embrace the unknown. Many women will fully commit to the idea of never getting married or having children during this time frame, and they will do so with enthusiasm.

- Some women will choose not to get married or have children as a form of protest

ꕥ An increase in narcissistic behavior, as well as an increase in being able to recognize narcissistic behavior.

ꕥ Celebrities responding to public criticism with arrogance will witness a downfall.

ꕥ The Summer Olympics will be especially entertaining this year. This event will be explosive and dramatic. Some athletes will gain a significant amount of fame during this event.

ꕥ LOTS of new music. Artists are going to be pushing the boundaries of genres. Audiences are craving something completely new.

ꕥ People are DONE living in fear. This will result in widespread, collective action that will effectively make big changes. More protests, more boycotts, more strikes, more uprisings.

Predictions for your Rising Sign:

Aries ♈︎

𖦹 Explosive relationship issues

𖦹 Facing “the final straw”

𖦹 Reuniting with yourself

𖦹 Making a significant change to your physical appearance

𖦹 Detaching yourself from others

𖦹 Making bold statements that shock people

𖦹 A boost in confidence

𖦹 Reconnecting with your desires

𖦹 Realizing that you’ve outgrown people

𖦹 Becoming easily frustrated

𖦹 Not recognizing the person you were two years ago

𖦹 Taking decisive action

𖦹 Being forced to defend your beliefs

𖦹 Heightened sense of physical energy

𖦹 Gaining a sense of control over your impulsivity

Taurus ♉︎

𖦹 Confronting fears of the unknown

𖦹 Showcasing a strong sense of perseverance

𖦹 Psychic dreams/ uptick in strange dreams

𖦹 Reflecting on the past

𖦹 Spending time alone

𖦹 Receiving some sort of news that shakes you up

𖦹 Building trust in your intuition

𖦹 Finding yourself zoning out all of time

𖦹 Turning towards food, drugs, and alcohol to find comfort

𖦹 Intense emotions coming forward

𖦹 Facing an uptick in stress and anxiety

𖦹 Rumors and lies being spread about you

𖦹 Secrets coming to the surface

𖦹 Feeling exhausted/needing more time for rest

𖦹 Developing a stronger connection to nature

Gemini ♊︎

𖦹 Heightened sense of compassion

𖦹 Giving out unsolicited advice

𖦹 Networking!

𖦹 Joining new social groups

𖦹 Finding a sense of belonging

𖦹 Engaging in volunteer work

𖦹 Developing new goals and dreams

𖦹 Interacting with lots of strangers

𖦹 Feeling in touch with the future

𖦹 Participating in interesting conversations on a daily basis

𖦹 Initiating and organizing group activities

𖦹 Developing new friendships at a fast pace

𖦹 Heightened sense of popularity

𖦹 Fearing commitment

𖦹 Heightened sense of conversational skills

Cancer ♋︎

𖦹 Stepping into a leadership position

𖦹 Learning how to balance your private life with work

𖦹 Becoming a stay-at-home parent

𖦹 Hard work paying off

𖦹 Facing competition within your career

𖦹 New responsibilities

𖦹 Challenges with authority figures

𖦹 Being forced to stand up for yourself

𖦹 Setting boundaries within your career

𖦹 Your reputation becoming a source of stress

𖦹 Becoming someone's caregiver

𖦹 Learning how to avoid burnout

𖦹 Becoming a source of motivation within your workplace

𖦹 Feeling extra sensitive towards criticism

𖦹 Working with a family member, or someone who feels like family

Leo ♌︎

𖦹 Being forced to look at the big picture

𖦹 Stepping out of the sidelines

𖦹 Deciding to expand your mind

𖦹 Traveling/ big journeys

𖦹 Coming across as overbearing within serious situations

𖦹 A change in long term plans/goals

𖦹 Becoming a teacher or mentor

𖦹 Beliefs being challenged

𖦹 Dominating discussions with other people

𖦹 Craving adventure

𖦹 Gaining a new perspective on life

𖦹 New opportunities in education

𖦹 Embracing a newfound sense of excitement

𖦹 Seeking out recognition

𖦹 Gaining wisdom through creative ventures

Virgo ♍︎

𖦹 Joint resources being brought into focus

𖦹 Seeking reciprocity within relationships

𖦹 Having a realistic approach to intimate relationships

𖦹 Realizing you give too much/too little

𖦹 The judgements you’ve made about other people being challenged

𖦹 Making investments

𖦹 Burning bridges

𖦹 Creating a new budget

𖦹 Resentments within relationships being brought to the surface

𖦹 Paying off debt

𖦹 Confronting your desire for profection

𖦹 Close relationships becoming a source of stress

𖦹 Healing intimacy and trust issues

𖦹 Seeking out deeply emotional connections

𖦹 Finally recognizing hidden patterns

Libra ♎︎

𖦹 Showing up more authentically

𖦹 Confronting communication issues

𖦹 Fixing a misunderstanding from the past

𖦹 Being honest about wants and needs

𖦹 Asking for help and receiving it

𖦹 Developing skills in diplomacy

𖦹 Placing your aspirations before a relationship

𖦹 Letting go of responsibilities that don’t serve you

𖦹 Ego and pride creating conflict within relationships

𖦹 Starting a collaborative project

𖦹 Holding yourself to the promises you’ve made

𖦹 Receiving some sort of justice

𖦹 Healing your fear of being alone

𖦹 Seeking out compromise

𖦹 Recognizing how indecision has held you back

Scorpio ♏︎

𖦹 Putting your dreams into action

𖦹 Experiencing tension within the body

𖦹 Confronting control issues

𖦹 Your sense of motivation being reawakened

𖦹 Implementing new routines

𖦹 Prioritizing health

𖦹 Finishing projects from the past

𖦹 Feeling more energized

𖦹 Lack of support from others

𖦹 Becoming more organized

𖦹 Stress becoming a cause for health issues

𖦹 Challenging your own self-criticism

𖦹 Developing a greater sense of concentration

𖦹 Exploring alternative treatment approaches

𖦹 Becoming a workaholic

Sagittarius ♐︎

𖦹 Starting a new hobby or project

𖦹 Newfound relationship needs/standards

𖦹 Taking relationships risks

𖦹 Seeking out pleasure

𖦹 Connecting with your inner child

𖦹 A spike in creativity

𖦹 Having fun with your sense of self expression

𖦹 Being able to forgo responsibility

𖦹 Joining the dating scene

𖦹 Starting a family

𖦹 Caught up within daydreams

𖦹 Developing a sense of contentment

𖦹 Pregnant and ready to give birth (this could be a literal child or a new idea)

𖦹 Taking initiative

𖦹 Everyday life becomes exciting

Capricorn ♑︎

𖦹 Possible career change

𖦹 Starting a garden/buying plants

𖦹 Gaining an understanding in generational trauma

𖦹 Moving at a slow pace

𖦹 New living situations

𖦹 Change in family dynamics

𖦹 Heightened sense of intuition

𖦹 Finding stability

𖦹 Tending to unhealed wounds

𖦹 Arguments with your parents

𖦹 Working remotely

𖦹 Reconnecting with your ancestors

𖦹 Seeking more time spent alone

𖦹 Home renovations

𖦹 A death or birth occurring within your family

Aquarius ♒︎

𖦹 Being more active on social media

𖦹 Speaking before thinking

𖦹 An uptick in the amount of texts/emails you receive

𖦹 Overactive mind/imagination

𖦹 Attending lots of social engagements

𖦹 Oversharing

𖦹 Challenging your negative thought patterns

𖦹 Creating some sort of content

𖦹 Busy schedule

𖦹 Buying a new vehicle/changing your commute to work

𖦹 Moving into an environment that's more stimulating

𖦹 Learning new skills

𖦹 Changing the way in which you communicate

𖦹 Chasing after the things that make you curious

𖦹 Spreading gossip

Pisces ♓︎

𖦹 Financial management

𖦹 Your foundations being tested

𖦹 A person in need taking advantage of you

𖦹 Developing security

𖦹 Redefining your values

𖦹 Losing or misplacing a valuable object

𖦹 Selling your impulsive purchases

𖦹 Overcoming insecurities

𖦹 Feeling more stubborn

𖦹 Strengthening your self-worth

𖦹 Building your savings

𖦹 Earning money from your artistry

𖦹 Cutting back on expenses

𖦹 Donating your money to charity

𖦹 Turning to spiritual practices to ground yourself

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cathnews · 2 years

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Catholic groups oppose EU vote designating gas and nuclear energy as 'green'

Catholic groups oppose EU vote designating gas and nuclear energy as ‘green’

European-based Catholic social and environmental justice groups oppose and have voiced their dismay at the EU Parliament “greenwashing” fossil fuels. In a July 6 vote, the EU governing body gave the green light to the green tag for nuclear and gas, despite opponents seeking support to reject the motion. The vote came as Europe faces energy uncertainty as it has sought to end its dependence on…

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#Climate Action Network Europe #Fossil fuels Europe #Greenwashing

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stroudtimes · 2 years

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Pedal power: BATCAN hosts e-bike expo

A range of e-bikes were on show, and visitors had the chance to give them a test ride.

Brimscombe and Thrupp Climate Action Network (BATCAN) organised an electric bike exhibition at Stroud Brewery on Sunday. Electric bikes (e-bikes) often look like conventional bicycles but feature an electric motor and a rechargeable battery which assists the rider’s pedal power – most notably when riding uphill. Organiser Gisela Blee said: “We call this Stroud Bike Expo and it was organised…

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#Brimscombe and Thrupp Climate Action Network #Electric bike #Stroud Brewery

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apas-95 · 5 months

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honestly for as radical as 'how to blow up a pipeline' is it really cannot conceive of organised action.

the arguments the characters have are arguments between incrementalism and adventurism, and every time a character says 'this might be impressive and flashy but it doesn't actually do anything' the only rebuttal they have is the propaganda of the deed; of a never-before-seen type of spontaneous mass action spurred on by people Seeing That It's Possible. ultimately both sides are making arguments that are 'within the system' - the stated endgame for the activists is that widespread terrorism makes specifically petroleum unappealing to the capitalist market. that is as much of a solution as the mythological reform is, and is ultimately underpinned by the exact logic of 'raising awareness' as the positions they critique - positions they critique specifically for their *speed*, not for the fact that they are impossible.

the driver of climate destruction is capitalism, not any given resource. without a support network; without connections to the labour movement which can exert ultimate power, and bring the economy to a halt unless its demands are met; without a fighting organisation built from the support of the people; without bail funds and legal support; the only hope is that you can Make A Statement when you get imprisoned, and that, with no support from the outside, nobody ever talks.

if you want to destroy a system, then follow the example of the millions who have succeeded at that before you, learn from their experiences, and build a movement that creates guerrillas and victorious revolutionaries, instead of martyring lone terrorists

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thesolarpunkgardener · 21 days

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“Today’s rulings against Switzerland sets a historic precedent that applies to all European countries,” Gerry Liston, a lawyer at Global Legal Action Network, which supported the Portugal case, said in a statement. “It means that all European countries must urgently revise their targets so that they are science-based and aligned to 1.5 degrees. This is a massive win for all generations.”

#solarpunk #climate change #climate justice

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headspace-hotel · 3 months

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joe biden makes me want to throw up but the USA's actions under his admin have much less to do with him personally and more to do with the entire putrefying mass of USA policy and its entire history and the situation of a compromise-based government system half dominated by the most rabid, hateful fascists imaginable.

every day I see a hundred posts on here saying "look at how bad Biden is, the two sides are the same and he is no better than a republican would be" and the revulsion in my heart at my country's actions agrees, yet the Republicans are frothing over Biden being marginally less bloodthirsty and furiously demanding far more violence and repression.

Honest to God I don't even know what to do with this. I'm not telling y'all, because I don't know. This country is a suicide bomb and the whole globe is strapped to it.

Like, on a lot of policies, it seems like both parties are further right than the majority of Americans. I don't think I even know anyone IRL who is pro- helping Israel bomb Palestine, and a lot of these people would probably consider themselves "moderate conservatives" or "centrists." The government makes no pretense of representing us at all.

It's the exact same with the climate; majorities in EVERY state, even red states, support taking action to mitigate climate change, and even the moderate liberal folks support policies more radical than anything the government manages to do. Republicans are attacking the Endangered Species Act, one of the most popular laws Congress ever passed! How do we even BEGIN to get out of this mess?

I looked up this Tom Cotton's Facebook and it is just as the article says and worse

I can't even begin to describe how monstrously Fox News has just straight up lied about the genocide in Palestine, calling any and all protests in support of Palestinians "Pro-Hamas." And there is a substantial minority of Americans whose whole grasp of the world is framed by Fox News, which turns their brains into a disgusting slurry like a racist plasmodial slime mold whose primitive network of neuron-like impulses responds to no other stimuli apart from fear and paranoia

When Ron Desantis was still running for presidential nomination one of his campaign promises was that we would stop sending humanitarian aid to Gaza and that we would not allow Gazan refugees into the country. It was on his Instagram back in November. How would Gazan refugees make it all the way over here??? Like sure we should take them if they wanna come but I think they just want their home back! That fucker had to INVENT a hypothetical opportunity for a compassionate act so he could demonstrate that he would choose the cruel option. He was widely despised, but still, it's terrifying.

And before you say "violently overthrow the government," the small percentage of Americans who are straight up openly Neo-Nazis own a LARGE percentage of the guns, and they love to organize into stupid little militias about it. You bet cops and ex-military overlap with this category a lot. A "leftist revolution" is a wet dream for these guys.

I know, I know, it's not unsolvable, I know the hateful folks are in the minority, I know a future is possible, I know violence and oppression cannot continue forever, but AAAAAAAAAAAAUUUUUUGGGHHHHHH

#vent #usa politics #AUGHHHHHHHH #I HATE IT HERE!#pain #rant #political

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