#1572 form

[ccrpsorg]

An In-Depth Guide to Form FDA 1572

What is the Form FDA 1572?

The Form FDA 1572 is a form issued by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It is a document that must be completed and submitted by sponsors and investigators conducting clinical trials in the United States. This form provides the FDA with important information about the clinical trial, such as the protocol, investigator qualifications, and other important information.

CCRPs provides principal investigator certification to ensure accuracy and efficiency for form completion and compliance.

Who is Required to Complete the Form FDA 1572?

The Form FDA 1572 must be completed and submitted by sponsors and investigators involved in clinical trials conducted in the United States. The sponsor is the organization that is responsible for the conduct of the clinical trial, and the investigator is the individual responsible for the conduct of the trial at a specific site.

How to Complete the Form FDA 1572?

Completing the Form FDA 1572 can be a daunting task for investigators and sponsors. However, it is important to understand the information requested on the form, as well as how to accurately and completely fill out the form. A few tips for completing the form include: thoroughly reviewing the instructions before filling out the form, carefully reading each item on the form and providing complete and accurate information, and providing all required information, such as signatures and dates.

Steps to Filling out FDA 1572 Form:

Write the name of the investigator at the top of the form. For example, enter “John Smith” as the Investigator Name.

Enter the address of the investigator in the next line. For example, enter “123 Main Street, Anytown, USA 12345” as the Investigator Address.

Enter a phone number for contact purposes in either a local or international format (e.g., “1-800-555-1234” or “[phone]”).

Enter a valid email address associated with the investigator in the provided field (e.g., [email protected]).

List any previous investigational drug and device studies that have been performed by this investigator under FDA oversight (if applicable). For example, enter “CT-001, DB-002” as Previous Investigational Studies Conducted Under FDA Oversight.

Indicate whether you are requesting approval to conduct clinical trials with drugs or devices by checking one of two boxes: Drugs or Devices/Biologics/Medical Devices/Other Products Regulated by FDA (e.g., select “Drugs” if you are requesting approval for clinical trials with drugs).

Follow up with information about which specific drugs or devices will be used in your studies (e.g., enter “Lipitor, Celebrex” for drugs and/or “Defibrillator XF7500, Pacemaker YZ2300” for medical devices).

Specify how many new indications or dose regimens you will be studying with each drug or device (e.g., enter 2 for Lipitor and 1 for Celebrex).

Provide details about any preclinical studies conducted to evaluate safety and efficacy data related to your proposed clinical trial (if applicable; e.g., provide details about animal models used and results obtained from these tests)

Describe any other research activities related to FDA product regulation that have been conducted by yourself or associates at your organization (if applicable; e.g., enter “Phase II safety study on Lipitor conducted in 2018”)

Sign and date the form after carefully reviewing all information entered into it

FAQs for Form FDA 1572

What is the Statement of Investigator, Form FDA 1572?

The Statement of Investigator, Form FDA 1572, is a document that must be completed and signed by the lead investigator for each clinical investigation conducted under an Investigational New Drug Application (IND). It is used to provide information about the qualifications of investigators conducting studies with investigational drugs.

Why does this form need to be completed by an investigator?

This form needs to be completed by an investigator to ensure that they are qualified and have the necessary experience and expertise to conduct a safe and ethical clinical trial. This form also serves as affirmation from the investigator that he or she has read and understood the protocol of the clinical investigation in question, as well as any other information pertinent to the study provided by the sponsor or sponsor-investigator.

When must this form be completed and signed by an investigator?

The form must be completed and signed by an investigator at or before initiation of a clinical investigation which involves use of an investigational drug. The form must also be updated or a new 1572 must be completed and signed by an investigator if there is new or changed information relevant to the study.

Must the investigator be a physician? What are the minimum qualifications of an investigator?

An investigator does not need to be a physician, but should meet certain criteria set forth by FDA such as having sufficient training, knowledge, and experience pertinent to the type of research being conducted; having access to medical records relevant to studies being conducted; understanding good clinical practice requirements; following protocols; and obtaining informed consent from research participants.

Does the 1572 need to be submitted to FDA?

Yes, this form needs to be submitted to FDA along with supporting documents prior to initiation of a clinical trial involving use of an investigational drug. Even if a foreign clinical study is not conducted under an IND, investigators who conduct such studies still may need to sign a 1572 in certain circumstances.

If a clinical investigation is not conducted under an IND or is for a medical device, must investigators sign a 1572?

A sponsor may conduct a foreign clinical study under an IND only in situations where it does not qualify for exemption from IND regulations due to lack of assurance that subject protection will be maintained without oversight from FDA. If such conditions are met then sponsors must submit an IND application prior initiating the foreign study in order for it to comply with applicable regulations.

Must investigators who conduct studies outside of the United States sign a 1572?

Yes, according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), all clinical investigators conducting studies on FDA-regulated products that require an Investigational New Drug (IND) application must sign a Form FDA 1572. This form is used to confirm that the investigator understands their obligations and responsibilities related to conducting IND-related studies.

If a foreign clinical study is being conducted under an IND, what are the investigator's responsibilities with respect to local laws and regulations?

When conducting foreign clinical trials under an IND, investigators must comply with both local laws/regulations as well as those set forth by the FDA in 21 CFR Part 312. This includes ensuring that good clinical practice standards are followed and that any applicable ethical considerations are taken into account when designing and implementing the study protocol. In order to ensure compliance with local laws, investigators may need to obtain permission from national or regional regulatory authorities before beginning the trial. Additionally, depending on the country in which a foreign clinical trial is conducted, additional requirements such as language translations of informed consent forms may be necessary.

For foreign clinical studies conducted under an IND, how can an investigator sign the 1572 when he/she knows he/she cannot commit to all of the requirements on the form, specifically IRB membership (21 CFR 56.107)?

In order for an investigator to sign a Form FDA 1572 for a foreign clinical study under an IND even if they know they cannot commit to all of its requirements (specifically IRB membership), they should discuss this issue with their sponsor prior to signing it in order to find out what alternative arrangements can be made. Furthermore, sponsors should consider both local laws/regulations as well as ICH standards when making these arrangements so that appropriate safety measures can be taken. For instance, sponsors may choose to contract independent consultants or external experts who are familiar with good clinical practice standards in order to review data gathered during trial activities at sites located outside of United States jurisdiction.

If a sponsor chooses to conduct a foreign clinical study (or operate non-US sites in a multinational study) under an IND and the investigators at these non-US sites comply with ICH E6 Good Clinical Practice Consolidated Guidance, would the non-US investigators also be in compliance with FDA's IND requirements under 21 CFR Part 312?

When conducting foreign clinical trials under an IND, compliance with ICH E6 Good Clinical Practice Consolidated Guidance alone may not guarantee full compliance with 21 CFR Part 312 requirements set by the FDA. Although ICH standards provide general guidance on how research should be conducted ethically and safely within different jurisdictions around world, some countries have rules or regulations in place which differs from those established by ICH E6 Good Clinical Practice Consolidated Guidance or which might amend them slightly; therefore potential discrepancies between these two sets of regulations need to be taken into consideration when designing trial protocols for international trials subject to FDA jurisdiction. Furthermore, sponsors should ensure that all parties involved in such trials understand their individual responsibilities related executing Research Ethics Committee approval processes required for each country included in study protocol design prior commencing trial activities at each site outside US jurisdiction

Must foreign clinical study sites in a multinational study that includes domestic sites be conducted under an IND?

Yes, all foreign clinical study sites that are part of a multinational study must be conducted under an IND. The sponsor must submit an application to the FDA for approval to conduct the study and provide detailed information about the site, such as personnel qualifications, resources and facilities available at the site, and protocol for conducting the research. The IND application includes protocols and other information describing how a proposed clinical investigation will be conducted.

How does a sponsor submit information to FDA about a foreign clinical study that was not conducted under an IND?

The sponsor must submit an Investigational New Drug (IND) Application to the FDA if they wish to conduct a foreign clinical study which has not been previously approved by the FDA. The sponsor should include detailed information regarding the proposed clinical trial, including the proposed protocol, safety measures put in place to protect subjects participating in the trial, qualifications of personnel involved in conducting or supervising the trial, and any other information which will help demonstrate compliance with applicable regulations.

Should a new form be prepared and signed when the OMB expiration date is reached?

No, there is no need for sponsors to prepare or sign any new forms when submitting an Investigational New Drug (IND) Application or when seeking approval from FDA for any particular clinical trial. However, sponsors must follow all applicable laws and regulations related to their research activities and comply with requirements set forth in relevant documents such as Form 1572 (Declaration for Clinical Investigations Involving Human Subjects), Form 3454 (Statement of Investigator), and Form 3753A (Clinical Investigator's Brochure).

Does FDA expect a double-sided 1572, or is a two-page document printed from the FDA website acceptable?

The FDA requires sponsors to submit Form 1572 as part of their IND application as both single-sided copies and double-sided copies. The form should be completed according to applicable regulations outlined by 21 CFR 312.23(a)(7). Sponsors may not use double-sided copies of documents obtained from websites hosted by other organizations, including those belonging to different government agencies or non-profit institutions..

How should the 1572 be completed?

Form 1572 should be filled out completely by each investigator listed on it who is responsible for conducting or supervising certain aspects of research activities at any given site. This includes providing all necessary details such as person’s name, address/location(s), contact information (e-mail address/phone number/fax number etc.), signature(s) etc., along with listing any degrees/licenses held by him/her that show he/she is qualified to conduct/oversee said research activities being funded through this particular project. Furthermore important section detailing ‘Financial Disclosure’ needs special attention especially since this form also serves purpose of informing potential participants about potential conflicts of interest pertaining to investigator’s involvement in these studies alongside his/her salary details etc. So it is crucial that this section is filled out completely without leaving out any significant details so that true picture can be presented in front of future volunteers who might decide whether they want participate in said studies or not based on aforementioned disclosure

Review Questions for FDA Form 1572

What is FDA Form 1572?

A) A form that must be completed and signed by the clinical investigator when a study is initiated, revised, or discontinued

B) A form that must be completed by all patients participating in a study

C) A document used to report adverse drug events to the FDA

D) A document used to collect information about the safety and effectiveness of drugs

Answer: A) A form that must be completed and signed by the clinical investigator when a study is initiated, revised, or discontinued. Explanation: The FDA Form 1572 is an agreement between investigational sites and the FDA. It outlines key elements of studies conducted at those sites such as background qualifications of investigators and staff, source documents, records maintenance, reporting requirements and procedures for handling drugs used in clinical trials.

What type of information must be provided when completing FDA Form 1572?

A) Personal information about each individual participant in a trial

B) Information about drugs being tested in a trial

C) Financial information from sponsors involved in the trial

D) Information about laboratory tests performed during the trial

Answer: B) Information about drugs being tested in a trial. Explanation: The FDA Form 1572 requires that the investigator identify all drugs to be administered during the investigation (e.g., active ingredient names and doses), along with any other products that may affect laboratory results such as vitamins or minerals. This will help ensure accurate record keeping throughout the trial.

Who is responsible for ensuring accuracy on FDA Form 1572?

A) The clinical investigator conducting the study

B) The sponsor of the study/trial

C) The patient participating in the study/trial

D) All of the above

Answer: D). All of the Above. Explanation: Accuracy on FDA Form 1572 is essential since it serves as an agreement between investigational sites and the Food & Drug Administration (FDA). Thus, both sponsors and clinical investigators are responsible for ensuring accuracy on this form, as well as patients who participate in studies/trials should they provide any data or information required by this form.

When does an individual need to submit an updated version of FDA Form 1572?

A) When enrolling new patients into a clinical trial

B) When changes are made to protocols related to a given clinical trial

C ) When making changes to personnel associated with a given clinical trial

D ) All of the above

Answer: D). All of the Above Explanation: An updated version of FDA Form 1572 needs to be submitted when enrolling new patients into a given trial; when changes are made to protocols related; or when personnel associated with a given clinical trail have changed since its initiation or last update. This helps ensure accuracy so that all parties involved have access up-to-date information regarding ongoing studies/trials they’re involved with at any given time.

What happens if an individual fails to submit an updated version of FDA Form 1572?

A ) They will not receive funding for their research project

B ) Their research project may not pass inspection from regulatory authorities

C ) They may face legal repercussions from regulatory authorities

D ) All of the Above

Answer: D). All of The Above Explanation: If an individual fails to submit an updated version of FDA Form 1572 then they can face various consequences such as not receiving necessary funding for their research project; having their research project fail inspection upon review by regulatory authorities; or facing legal repercussions from said authorities due its importance in providing complete documentation related to ongoing studies/trials involving human subjects which helps protect participants’ rights while conducting necessary research work safely and ethically within regulatory guidelines set forth by law enforcement bodies responsible for protecting public health around world according these standards set forth through years long process establishing best practices medical community has come accept today across many countries globally depending respective jurisdiction laws apply under question particular case being consider review possible action taken based findings presented within scope parameters policy established maintain highest ethical standard ensure well-being everyone involved

CCRPs provides principal investigator certification to ensure accuracy and efficiency for form completion and compliance.

#fda full name #fda form 1572 #1572 form fda #match the following statements with the appropriate tissue sample. #1572a #fda form 3455 #clinical forms #fda form #conducting investigator-initiated studies according to fda regulations and gcp #fda form 3674 #1572 fda guidance #fda guidance on 1572 #1572 template #form 1572 fda #1572 #fda forms #conducting investigator initiated studies according to fda regulations and gcp #fda 3455 form #form fda 3454 #fda investigator #nursing task #fda 1572 statement of investigator #fda clinical trial #1572 form #1572 fda #fda 1572 guidance #dd quiz #when must the investigator update the irb #fda form 3454 #fda1572

[noneorother]

Aziraphale *IS* a real magician

Just not the way he implies. Of course. 🙃 Have you ever wondered what this is? The portal that he calls the Metatron on in S1, and discorporates the demons in S2? Yeah me too. I decided to find out for both of us. Turns out it's a modified Solomon's magic circle! (there are some angelic symbols in there)

Which is, depending on who you ask, magic passed down to humans (King Solomon) from angels in biblical times. The grimoire that houses this particular version is from 1572, and is one of the oldest surviving ones in book form. So Aziraphale, in the historical sense of the word, is a Magician who performs spells. Want to see something interesting though? Aziraphale's been hiding an ace up his sleeve.

If you look at the traditional magic circle, you'll see that the one I put up there is actually a small part in the center of this big one. Which also includes that weird triangle up there, which is called a Magic Triangle (of course) or a Triangle of Art (lol Aziraphale). It's used to summon demons and angels, and make them do things. Like tell the truth when they would rather lie. So do we think that Aziraphale has one of those too? Only one way to find out. Time to find a schematic of the bookshop and put it all together....

The magic triangle seems to be contained pretty perfectly beneath the big persian rug that aziraphale has place under his desk that extends all the way to the bookcase and sofa. With the central mandala of the rug pattern placed on top of the circle space in the triangle.

Wouldn't it be weird if this came in really handy in the show?

Like when an enemy with supposed memory loss shows up and he's trying to question him to make sure Gabriel is telling the truth? Yeah that would be a really good magic trick.

#good omens meta #good omens season two #art director talks good omens #go season 2 #good omens 2 #go meta #good omens season 2 #jimbriel #aziraphale #fell the marvelous

[k25ff]

"The raw elements of this world, when stirred to action, take many forms."

An exploration of elementals, of the acid, air, fire, ice, lightning, stone, void (or sonic) and water varieties. (1572)

#artsy fartsy #elementals #Panspermia

[portraitsofsaints]

 Pope Saint Pius V

1504-1572

Feast Day: April 30 (New), May 5 (Trad)

Patronage: Bosco Marengo, Italy

Pope from 1566-1572

Saint Pope Pius V, a Dominican, was a leader of the Catholic Reformation, especially by implementing the Council of Trent reforms. He established a Catechism, a missal, a seminary system, used a Tridentine approach to learning and preaching, had a residency requirement for Bishops and reformed women’s religious life. This formed the foundation of the Catholic Church for the next 500 years. In 1571, St. Pius V was instrumental in gathering a coalition of nations and petitioning prayers of Our Blessed Mother to save Europe from the Islamic Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Lepanto. He declared Mary as Our Lady of Victory because of this decisive battle. He died of natural causes.

Prints, plaques & holy cards available for purchase here: (website)

#PopeStPiusV #Dominicans #CouncilofTrent #Saintquotes #catholic art

[mswyrr]

"Ballad" politics and absolute monarchy

So, Collins quotes Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan at the beginning of Ballad of Songbirds and Snakes.

“Hereby it is manifest, that during the time men live without a common Power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called Warre; and such a warre, as is of every man, against every man.” — Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, 1651

This relates to the debate that went on in Europe over absolute monarchy - when it first came about (arising out of a prior order where individual nobles had a great deal of control over their own areas, even able to make war against each other without the king's permission: that is, there was no central authority with a "monopoly on violence") it was in light of truly brutal religious wars. There was a sense--like during the war that precedes Ballad--that nobody was safe anywhere, you couldn't go about your life in even the most basic ways without violence and terror.

This was particularly true in France, the place where absolute monarchy first really took off, with events like St Bartholomew's Day (1572) Massacre and the assassination of Henry IV (1610) by a radical for trying to make peace between Catholics and Protestants, haunting the whole discussion.

Leviathan's frontispiece is an image of the entire body of the people brought into order and peace in the body of the unifying absolute monarch:

Notice how all the people (subjects, not citizens) are not facing us or each other, but looking to the absolute monarch and, in doing this, there is stability and order? That image (and the concept of control of nobles who abused their power) sort of embodies the hope of the advocates of absolute monarchy.

Now, it became a horror show! It's a bad idea!! But there's also the fact that people were looking for an answer and some people thought it fit the bill. It's important to look at the context for why people might be persuaded of that.

I was really excited when I started listening to "Ballad" audiobook and heard the Leviathan quote. I think it's neat that Collins chose to reference this period of history in Gaul's sincerely held ideology and to make Snow someone who doesn't have any particular ideology - he just wants to maintain his comfort and privilege and to have control and her ideas are convenient for that. A pre-made set of justifications for what he comes to realize he wants most for less intellectual reasons.

I think Dr Gaul's going to become an even more interesting character (and contrasting voice to Lucy Gray and her Covey ideas about people and the "natural" order of human beings, which are basically a form of anarchism), since the trailer has her say something not in the books:

"If you want to protect people, then it's essential to accept what human beings are and what it takes to control them." (first trailer)

(rubs hands together) I feel like she was more of a flat character in the book, but with Viola Davis in the role and a deepening of the character she could be really fun to watch. I hope we get more of Lucy Gray's Covey culture and anarchist ideas too. The fact that the director talks about it as a struggle over ideas--conceptions of the human and of what a good social order is--really makes me giddy.

I think the quote by Rousseau that Collins also starts with is meant to represent something closer to Lucy Gray’s pov:

“Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains.” — Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, 1762

#the ballad of songbirds and snakes #the hunger games #lucy gray baird #coriolanus snow #volumnia gaul #my meta #thg meta

[wonder-worker]

It was assumed that, as a woman and one not born to rule, (Anne de Pisseleu) was prey to passions and vengefulness, that she could have no consistent 'policy'. / *Anne’s political activity has often been described as incoherent and Anne herself as a flighty interloper in the male business of politics…whose “role in court politics under Francis I was essentially capricious, with changes of alignment according to the whim of the moment”.

*Contemporary reports are partly responsible for the interpretation. / For Benvenuto Cellini (1500–1571), who saw too much of her for his own peace of mind, she personified fortuna in all its caprice. For the papal nuncio Hieronimo Dandino (1509–1559), who saw a great deal of her and noted her dislike of gossiping Italians, the king in 1543 was more a prey than ever to his lasciviousness and under her sway. He thought the secret of her success was the spirit of contradiction, always saying the opposite of what others did. For the Imperial envoy Nicolas Villey de Marnol, Anne had been légière (unstable) all her life. This was the same view as that of the Venetian envoy Marino Cavalli (d. 1572), who reported in 1545 that, despite her previous preference for peace with England, she was pressing for further war, hoping that failure would undermine Admiral Annebault, her rival. Literary views were similar; for instance, Rondabilis, the protagonist of the 1546 Tiers Livre by François Rabelais (1494-1553), views all women as frail, variable, capricious, and inconstant.

*(However,) in her political actions nothing distinguishes (Anne) from her male counterparts. Court factions resembled neither modern political parties nor social cliques. Factions formed around a central dispute—in the case at hand, around the long-standing rivalry between Brion and Montmorency over their competing desires for supremacy, or, to put it slightly differently, over their incompatible strategies for dealing with the emperor. In 1540 Montmorency, himself on shaky ground, spearheaded an effort to get Brion investigated for fraud. Begun by the chancellor Poyet in August 1540, the investigation resulted in the admiral’s conviction in February 1541. In general, other quarrels then formed around the central one, with different players joining in when they thought that to do so might further a cause of their own. Factional players changed tactics with shifts in the situation— Marguerite of Navarre and Montmorency switched sides with noticeable frequency, as did François I, Henry VIII, and the emperor—leading to an impression of constant treachery. But such side-switching is quite simply the inevitable result of factional politics, which is, by definition, the spontaneous formation of groups to promote results in the absence of overarching institutions formally invested with the authority to arbitrate. Nothing like a political ideology of the type that unites members of a modern political party and determines their response to issues motivates members of factions. As for the perception of factions as social cliques, it is even more difficult to find evidence of friendship as a motivating factor. Despite the well-known language of love that marks exchanges of the period, decisions were in a strange way also fundamentally impersonal, motivated by family interest.

-David Potter, "The Life and After-Life of a Royal Mistress: Anne de Pisseleu, Duchess of Étampes" / *Tracy Adams and Christine Adams, "The Creation of the French Royal Mistress: From Agnès Sorel to Madame Du Barry"

#historicwomendaily #it's truly insane the way Anne has been criticized as capricious & inconsistent & duplicitous because she changed sides...in situations #that were inherently fluid and volatile which required people to change sides depending on the current context #like it really cannot get stupider than that lmao #anne de pisseleu #french history #16th century #my post #queue #also to be clear: I've merged two different books and the * symbol is put before the Adams' writing

[scotianostra]

Merchiston Tower.

Also known as Merchiston Castle, has stood in the area since the mid 1400s. The castle, and the land surrounding it, belonged to Alexander Napier, a landowner and Provost of Edinburgh who gave the Napier University the was John Napier, the 8th Laird of Merchiston and the inventor of logarithms, he was born there in 1550.

Although it was originally intended as a country house for the family, the political turbulence of the 16th century meant that it soon had a more strategic purpose, with some walls as much as six feet thick – and it was frequently under siege. During restoration in the 1960s, a 26-pound cannonball was found embedded in the Tower, thought to date from the struggle in 1572 between Mary, Queen of Scots, and supporters of her son, James VI.

These days, the L-shaped tower forms the heart of Napier’s Merchiston campus which is home to the creative, computing and engineering students.

I wouldn't mind a wee look inside where there is a painted ceiling which dates back to 1581. The painting had originally been part of the ceiling at Prestongrange House until the Ministry of Public Buildings and Works and the National Trust had it removed and preserved. The artwork is grotesque - and no, that’s not a judgement on its artistic merit. ‘Grotesque’ means ‘of the Grotto’, inspired by the extravagant ancient Roman decorative art that was discovered at the end of the fifteenth century and then enjoyed a revival as a popular style across Europe. It’s likely that this example was done by a foreign painter, although it’s unclear who that might be.

Tours can be arranged to see the interior, maybe I need to enquire how to go about it.

#scotland #scottish #history #edinburgh #Merchiston #Napier University #My pics

[knoxvillesjackass]

battle scars - angst! - j.k

warning! mentions of body dysmorphia, postpartum depression and anxiety!

𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑡𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠, 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑠ℎ 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑑; 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

words; 1572

“Daddy!” Johnny heard a little voice cry perk in his ears, making him turn from the peanut butter and jelly sandwich he was fixing for his daughter.

Chunking up an apple, he hoped that he’d at least get a little fruit in her. Behind him, he could hear her little socked feet scampering towards him.

“Careful, darling,” Johnny called a warning, not wanting his little girl to take a tumble on the hardwood floors. A few moments later, he could feel her little hands tug at his jeans.

“Daddy!” She removed her fingers from his jeans and slipped them around a couple of his fingers, pulling at them anxiously. Johnny looked down and found his daughter’s eyes. They were swimming with tears and her lips were formed into a pout.

Johnny immediately dropped the knife that he’d been using to cut up her lunch. “Oh, darling, what’s wrong?” Johnny asked. He grunted as he picked up his daughter and settled her in the cradle of his elbow. He petted through her soft, wavy curls that only just swept to her collar and kissed her forehead. She clung to Johnny's collar and buried her face into his warm neck. Her spot, he liked to think of it as. Even when she was a tiny baby, she would nuzzle her way up to rest there.

Johnny ran a palm down her back, soothingly, still perplexed as to what was making her so upset.

“What’s wrong, my darling? Tell me,” Johnny whispered as he planted a tiny kiss on her forehead, his big hand still massaging her back.

“Dada, mummy’s crying,” she sniffled and wiped her cheek from tears. Johnny's heart turned over inside his chest. He gave her a few more reassuring squeezes before sitting her down in her chair and placing her food before her. “Come on, let’s eat lunch, yeah?” Johnny said, kissing her forehead.

“But, daddy,” she whined again, her voice distraught, and it featured with a pinch of concern for her mother’s well-being. “Mummy’s still crying, daddy.”

Johnny hushed her softly, stroking her hair and coaxing her to eat her lunch. “It’s alright, precious. Daddy will go and see what’s wrong with mummy, okay? Eat your lunch, love. I’ll be right back. No giving food to Brotus,” Johnny said and looked at the dog, who’d passed out on the floor from exhaustion. Her cloudy eyes lit up as she munched away on her lunch.

“Good girl.” Johnny smiled. He washed his hands and began his ascent up the twins’ nursery. From the stairs, he could hear the newborn cries sounding from behind the door that wasn’t quite closed, and as he got closer, he could hear little sniffles mixed in. The twins had barely been out in the world for five weeks, and with a four-year-old, the house was never quiet for long, although, Johnny had found himself enjoying the chaotic life of being a father of three children.

“Darling?” Johnny murmured, pushing the door open with his fingertips. The sound of whimpers intensified as they touched his ears. His heart squeezed tightly in his chest, when the first thing his eyes caught was you, huddled in the glider in the corner of the room, a grumbling baby curled to your chest, but upon further examination, Johnny could see the lines of your shoulders shaking and the glisten of tears rolling down your cheeks.

“Come on,” you pleaded, voice shaking. You brought the baby closer to your chest. “Come on, please,” you cried, sucking in a shaky breath as the baby grumbled and tried to wiggle away from where you were trying to guide him. You whimpered out a frustrated cry as you jerked your head up towards the crib where the other baby laid wailing miserably. “I know you’re hungry, baby,”

Johnny could feel an anxious tingle course through his body, making his fingertips curl in towards his palm.

“Hey,” Johnny crooned, picking up the tiny infant from the crib, and cuddling him close to his body. “What’s all this fuss for?” Johnny hummed as he rocked back and forth with the tiny human cradled in his big arms.

He held Vincent close, kissing his little nose while humming a sweet melody to him. Norah always loved that little rock and sway, and it seemed that her little brothers did too. Johnny had the swaddling down, and within minutes, he had wrapped Vincent in his baby blanket, nice and warm. “There we go,” Johnny cooed.

The tiny baby looked up at him with a drowsy gaze, his mouth hanging open as he drifted back to sleep. Johnny smiled and kissed his son’s forehead before lowering him back into the crib.

Johnny turned to you, who was weeping, still struggling to get your second-born son to eat.

“Angel, what’s wrong?” Johnny kneeled in front of you and squeezed your knees, hoping that the touch would be reassuring, but it only made you cry harder.

“I can’t…..” You cried miserably, holding the baby closer, trying to take a full breath but failing to do so. Your shoulders were shaking along with your arms, your hands quivering as they struggled to hold onto Jude. “I can’t do this, Johnny!” Your eyes were swimming with tears and flashing with panic.

Johnny squeezed your knee again, desperate to calm you down before you reached the point of hyperventilating.

“Hey, hey, hey,” Johnny muttered. “It’s alright, baby. You’re okay,” Johnny smiled.

You shook your head violently, the tears still streaming down your hot cheeks.

“No, it’s not okay, Henry! Why won’t he eat?”

Johnny looked at you, watching as you fell apart, and his throat tightened.

“Baby, let me take him, please,” Johnny begged, realising that your hysterical state was frightening your newborn son.

“N-No! He needs to eat!” You snapped, struggling to breathe. “Y/N,” Johnny spoke sternly. You looked up at him. His eyes were so worried. You let out a heavy sigh as Johnny carefully grabbed Jude. You resisted but eventually allowed Johnny to take him.

You hugged your chest tightly as you felt your now empty embrace.

Johnny finally succeeded in getting Jude to fall asleep, and suddenly, the room was strangely quiet.

“My love?” Johnny said as he walked over to you again, kneeling in front of you. You looked up at him weary-eyed, feeling like nothing more than a pathetic excuse for a mother.

“Why isn’t he eating? He’s been eating fine,” you whimpered to Johnny, who brushed away a strand of hair from your face. “He’s just being fussy, love. He’ll be alright,” Johnny assured you.

You shook your head. Your heart was still heavy with sorrow. “Tell me what’s wrong, my love,” Johnny smiled sweetly, but you broke down into a million tears.

“I-I don’t feel like me anymore. I don’t even recognise myself in the mirror,” you cried out, sniffling and wiping your nose.

“I can’t fit any of my clothes, Johnny,” you whispered, embarrassed to unveil the truth. “I’ve tried so hard to lose the weight, but I-I can’t!” You wept and tugged at Johnny's shirt, pulling him into you as you hugged him tightly. “I feel like such a failure,” you moaned into Johnny's neck.

“Hey,” Johnny called out and pulled away from your hug.

“You are anything but a failure,” Johnny said, almost angry at you for talking so poorly of yourself.

“You’ve just given birth, Y/N. You’ve given us two beautiful baby boys. You’ve given Norah two baby brothers. You really can’t expect yourself to come out of that without any marks to prove it,” Johnny continued. “Is this why you’ve been sleeping with so many clothes on? Because you don’t want me to see your body?” Johnny asked you. His heart stung as he realised how you had been silently struggling.

You looked down towards the ground, finding the topic embarrassing to talk about. “You’re more than I could ever wish for. You’ve given me everything I’ve ever wanted in life and more.” Johnny paused and put his fingertips beneath your chin, slowly lifting your head, and making you look at him.

“I just look so different,” you sighed. Johnny traced his finger up and down your hand, “It’s different for all the right reasons,” Johnny smiled.

“You’re beautiful to me. You’ve made my dreams come true. I love you. I always have, and I always will,” Johnny smiled, pressing his warm lips against your forehead.

-

“But, why is mummy sad?” Norah asked, looking up at you. She sat on your thigh, her lips formed into a pout.

“Well, sometimes, mummies don’t feel the best after giving birth,” you explained as you sat huddled up with Johnny on the couch. “But, why?” Norah asked, desperate for an explanation.

“Because there’s so much love inside of mummy’s heart. For you, and for your brothers,” you explained. “And for dadda,” Norah was quick to point out. “And for dadda, too,” you smiled and looked at Johnny with a small smile.

“But sometimes, it’s hard to give out so much love, and still have some left for yourself,” you traced circles on Norah’s back as she looked up at you unwaveringly, nodding at your answer.

“I love you, momma. I’ll give you all of my love,” Norah said and hugged you tightly. You looked up at Johnny, amazed by Norah’s kind words.

“Thank you, my love,” you smiled and kissed your daughter's head, at last, feeling peace

#chris pontius #dave england #ehren danger #jackass #jackass x reader #johnny knoxville #preston lacy #ryan dunn #jackass imagine #wee man #johnny knoxville smut #jackass smut #johnny knoxville fanfic #johnny knoxville imagine #bam margera

[dwellordream]

“In the roughly organized armies of 16th century Europe, there was literally a woman with every man. They were partners in pillage. “When you recruit a regiment of German soldiers today, you do not only acquire 3,000 soldiers; along with these you will certainly find 4,000 women and children.” So observed Johann Jacob von Wallhausen in his 1615 treatise on war, Kriegskunst zu Fuss.

During the 16th and 17th centuries, great crowds of camp women were not unusual; they were the rule. Not mere camp followers, women were an essential element of military forces in the field, providing many services to the troops. In fact, the presence of these women helps explain the very existence of early modern European armies and the conduct of war.

The tasks performed by camp women did include prostitution, but also traditional women’s work like laundry, meal preparation and petty commerce, and even heavy camp labor—contemporary woodcuts often illustrate a soldier paired with a woman, who is usually bent under a heavier load than that borne by her male companion. The most important contribution of women in this era, however, was the seizing and managing of pillage. Without pillage, armies could not exist.

During the 16th and 17th centuries, European rulers, including Philip II of Spain and Louis XIII of France, commonly fielded armies they could not afford to pay or supply. Troops from the Spanish army of Flanders, for instance, charged in 1594 that they had not been paid for 100 months. Even when men did receive their pay, it was often insufficient to sustain them.

A 1574 document complained that whereas a frugal soldier would need 10 pattards per day just for food, he received only four. Although soldiers were supposed to be fighting to earn money, one observer of the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48) wrote, “If you will consider how their wages are paid, I suppose, you will rather think them Voluntaries, at least very generous, for doing the greatest part of their service for nothing.”

Some commanders even saw an advantage to paying troops irregularly. “To keep the troops together, it is a good thing to owe them something,” observed the great Spanish general Ambrosio Spinola. His harsh logic held that troops would be less likely to desert if they expected to receive back pay in the future. However, while underpaying troops might keep an army together, it practically guaranteed a breakdown in discipline, as troops turned to plunder as a form of compensation.

Troops with empty pockets and empty stomachs took matters into their own hands. Some responded by mutiny; the Spanish army of Flanders, commanded by such great generals as the dukes of Alva and Parma, suffered more than 45 mutinies between 1572 and 1607, including the horrendous 1576 Sack of Antwerp.

Most troops sought sustenance and compensation on campaign by pillaging the civilian communities that lay in their paths. “It is deplorable that our soldiers dedicate themselves to pillage rather than to honourable feats,” wrote Pierre de Brantôme of his experience during the French Religious Wars (1662–74). “But it is all due to their not being paid.”

Princes might issue high-sounding declarations condemning troops for abusing civilian populations, but the bitter reality was that if those same rulers actually eliminated such excesses, they would have had to disband their armies as unaffordable.

The practice of allowing soldiers to pillage permeated the era. It was accepted as a distasteful but practical necessity. “One finds enough soldiers when one gives them the freedom to live off the land, and allowing them to pillage supports them without pay,” concluded the annual register of current affairs, the Mercure François, in 1622.

French monarch Louis XIV (r. 1643–1715) offered the same observation in his memoirs for the year 1666: “Of late, some commanders are found who have made great armies subsist for a long time without giving them any pay other than the license of pillaging everywhere.”

Pillage and its associated savagery—beatings, torture, rape and murder—certainly warranted condemnation, even when inflicted on civilians loyal to the enemy. However, raiders made little distinction between friend and foe, even victimizing the loyal subjects of the government served by the soldiers.

One observer described shameful conduct by the Florentine Black Bands as they marched through friendly territory in 1527: “[They are] worse than Turks. In the Valdarno, they have sacked three Florentine villages, raped women and perpetrated other very cruel things.” Troops fielded by the Bourbon kings of France notoriously ravaged the French countryside during the first half of the 17th century.

Because pillage was officially outlawed—if actually tolerated—the take from plunder was not tallied in royal accounts, even though it constituted a high proportion of military personnel expenses. Consequently, the true size of the pillage economy will always remain more or less unknown. This is further compounded by the fact that pillage supported not only soldiers, but also the vast array of civilians who accompanied them in the field, including camp women, who mastered the brutal business of plundering.

A military force in the field during the early modern period did not resemble an army as we know it today. Soldiers constituted only part of a campaign community, in which they lived symbiotically with male and female noncombatants. Officers and soldiers employed servant boys. Teamsters hauled wagons and cannon using draught animals supplied by private contractors.

Entrepreneurs supplied bread to armies, sending their own staffs, including bakers, into the field. A large collection of other tradesmen—blacksmiths, wheelwrights, carpenters—served the community. Merchants and sutlers sold essentials and amenities to the troops.

Comprising such a varied multitude, a campaign community rivaled in complexity and size all but the largest towns of the day. A force of 25,000 soldiers with its accompanying supporters represented a larger population than that of contemporary Bordeaux, Strasbourg, or Turin. It is no exaggeration to describe military camps as cities on the march.

The campaign communities, moreover, formed a world apart, living according to their own rules, which were often quite hostile to civilian society—and vice versa. A mercenary principle drove enlistment; most common soldiers joined the ranks because they had few other options and hoped to fare better on campaign.

A German woodcut dating from the 1530s makes this point with a poem attached to an illustration of a would-be Landsknecht, the much-feared, heavily armed Germanic mercenary of the 16th century: A tailor complains, “I must sit long hours for little pay with which I can hardly survive,” so he decides to try his luck in “the open field to the sound of pipes and drums.”

The Englishman Sydnam Poyntz confessed a similar reason for enlisting in the 1620s: “My necessitie forced mee, my Money being growne short, to take the manes of a private soldier.” Women opted for camp life with much the same rationale.

This need to survive and a desire to prosper ensured that men and the women who joined them on campaigns would prey upon the unfortunate civilian communities that lay in their paths. Troops quartered in civilian homes abused their hosts; pillagers stole, raped and murdered. The result of such violence was a pervasive animosity toward armies that, in turn, inspired the campaign community to reject the civilian world, its mundane life and its standards of propriety.

Although common soldiers came from the peasantry and urban working classes themselves, they announced their separation from such origins by sporting distinctive and often outlandish apparel. Most extreme was the bizarre multicolored and slashed garb of Landsknechts, though soldiers of other nations adopted their own extreme fashions.

An early 17th century description of Spanish infantry claimed, “It is the finery, the plumes and the bright colors which give spirit and strength to a soldier so that he can with furious resolution overcome any difficulty or accomplish any valorous exploit.” These sons of the laboring classes transformed themselves from subservient sparrows to aggressive peacocks.

Campaign communities lived by codes that were libertine and brutal. Soldiers of the early modern era were known for drinking, gambling, wenching and fighting. The novelist Johann Jacob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen, who had fought in the Thirty Years’ War, summed up the soldiers’ lifestyle with its violence, suffering and poverty:

Their whole existence consisted of eating and drinking, going hungry and thirsty, whoring and sodomizing, gaming and dicing, guzzling and gorging, murdering and being murdered, killing and being killed, torturing and being tortured, terrifying and being terrified…pillaging and being pillaged.

Within this hard and hostile community, women performed a broad range of tasks. The most obvious, but by no means the most characteristic, employment was prostitution. The term “camp follower” is often regarded as synonymous with prostitute, and there is no question that prostitutes plied their trade with the troops.

Many military authorities favored having them in camp for reasons of public order and efficiency. Public order argued that soldiers who relied on camp prostitutes for sex would be less likely to trouble respectable women; according to Mathieu de la Simonne, writing in the 1620s, “It is good for the local inhabitants, it is said, because their wives, daughters and sisters will be more in security.” Efficiency justified bringing along a limited number of prostitutes to satisfy the men’s urges instead of dragging along a far greater number of wives who would encumber armies.

Over time, however, tolerance of camp prostitution declined. Rising rates of venereal disease led commanders to see prostitutes as dangers to health, and the strict moral codes brought about by the Reformation and Counter-Reformation advocated marriage and condemned prostitution outright. Frederick William, the great elector of Brandenburg, banned prostitutes from his army by an article of war in September 1656, as did Louis XIV from French forces in the 1680s.

The great majority of camp women belonged to two other categories: wives and so-called “whores”—the unmarried female partners of soldiers. These women were not prostitutes, as each accompanied a single man, yet contemporary accounts often refer to them as “whores,” and the officer in charge of keeping order among camp women on the march was known in German as a Hurenweibel, or whoremaster.

The nature of the relationship between a soldier and his whore is suggested by the German practice of “May marriages,” agreements to stay together for the campaign season, which traditionally began in May. Dionysius Klein, writing at the end of the 16th century, described such liaisons and their rationales:

German soldiers, no sooner an expedition arrives, saddle themselves with frivolous and loose women with whom they contract “May marriages,” whom they drag here and there just as millers do their sacks. The soldiers enhance the situation by pretending that in war they cannot get along without women; they are needed to take care of clothes, equipment and valuables; and in cases of illness, injury or any other personal harm, the women are needed to nurse and take care of them.

Wives and whores applied themselves to traditional and necessary women’s work. Laundering, for one, was almost exclusively a feminine chore that soldiers regarded as unmanly. In The Life of Courage: The Notorious Thief, Whore and Vagabond, Grimmelshausen has his female antiheroine, Courage, declare, “I refused to let [my husband] stay in the castle without me for fear he would be eaten up by lice, as there were no women to keep the men clean.”

Basic needlework also fell to women, who repaired clothes, stitched shirts and sewed linens. Nursing, too, was considered a particularly feminine talent. When Robert Venables, one of Cromwell’s favored generals during the English Civil Wars, was censured for including his wife and allowing some soldiers to bring their wives on his disastrous expedition to the West Indies in 1654–55, he replied that experience in the Irish wars had demonstrated “the necessity of having that sex with an army to attend upon and help the sick and wounded, which men are unfit for.” Cooking, although not narrowly defined as a woman’s task, also fell to camp women.

Such gender-defined work was so valuable to an army’s health and well-being that a certain number of useful women remained with regiments in the field even after most wives and whores were driven from camps in the late 17th century. From then until the French Revolution, a contingent of 15 to 20 women usually marched in the train of a French regiment, while the British brought along about six wives per 100 soldiers until the late 18th century.

Camp women also scrambled to earn whatever they could through petty commerce. Some became sutlers (vivandières in French), peddling food, liquor, tobacco and sundries to officers and men. And camp women could be extremely creative in garnering money by more extraordinary schemes.

During the occupation of Freiburg by the Swedes in the 1630s, one citizen complained of “the soldiers’ abominable wives,” who trespassed in local gardens, cut produce as soon as it appeared, and had the gall to sell what they did not consume in the Freiburg market.

Men with female partners enjoyed an advantage. Sir James Turner, in his Pallas Armata (1683), argued that during the 1624–25 Spanish siege of Breda, in the Netherlands, “The married Souldiers fared better, look’d more vigorously, and were able to do more duty than the Batchellors; and all the spite was done the poor women was to be called their husbands’ mules by those who would have been glad to have had such mules themselves.”

Turner’s use of the term “mules” points to the heavy labor these formidable women performed. An anonymous handwritten German manuscript of 1612 detailed the load carried by women on the march:

Seldom is one found who does not carry at least 50 or 60 pounds. [The] soldier…loads straw and wood on her, to say nothing of the fact that many of them carry one, two or three children on their back. Normally, however, aside from the clothing they are wearing, they carry for the man one pair of breeches, one pair of stockings, one pair of shoes.

And for themselves the same number of shoes and stockings, one jacket, two Hemmeter [shifts], one pan, one pot, one or two spoons, one sheet, one overcoat, one tent and three poles. They receive no wood for cooking in their billets, and so they pick it up on the way. And to add to their fatigue, they normally lead a small dog on a rope or even carry him in bad weather.

The presence of so many women in the train of the army constituted a sizable labor pool that field commanders were quick to exploit. They even participated, according to Wallhausen, in the hard physical labor of siege work: “The whores and the boys [of the camp] also helped in binding fascines, filling ditches, digging pits and mounting cannon in difficult places.”

The most important contribution made by camp women lay beyond their traditional women’s work, petty commercial ventures and taxing manual labor. First and foremost, they took part in pillaging, without which early modern forces could not have maintained themselves on campaign.

Grimmelshausen’s antiheroine Courage boasted, “No one could match me at foraging.” Peter Hagendorf, author of the only extant diary by a common soldier in the Thirty Years’ War, reported how wives, his own included, pillaged the fallen city of Magdeburg in 1631 even after the fires that would destroy the city had broken out:

A cry then came from throughout the city as houses all fell on each other. Many soldiers and their wives who were searching to steal something died. God indeed protected [my wife]. After an hour and a half, she came out of the city accompanied by an old holy woman, who helped her carry bedding. She also brought me a large tankard with four liters wine. In addition, she found two silver belts and clothes, which I was able to cash in for 12 thaler in Halerstadt.

But women did more than steal; there is good reason to believe they guarded the booty and held the money gained by selling it. In woodcuts showing Landsknechts and their women, the men carry the weapons, ready for battle, while women are often shown with fat purses.

Free from the immediate risks of fighting in the front rank, they held the money for their fighting men. The preceding description of May marriages confirms that women carried their men’s clothing and other personal items, including their “valuables.” A poem accompanying a 16th century woodcut claims that among a whore’s duties was guarding the plunder:

Do well with me, my pretty lass

And stay with me in the Landsknechts

You’ll wash my shirts

Carry my sacks and flasks

And if some booty should be mine

You shall keep it safe and fine

So when we put paid of this crew

We’ll sell the booty when we are through.

Among artisan couples in the civilian community, women were similarly entrusted with holding goods and managing funds. Masters’ wives regularly made sales and tended the till. If the business maintained a market stall, this was the wife’s preserve, for the husband was needed back at the shop. Pillage was a form of this early modern family economy.

Pillage was also the business of the army. Because the campaign community was based on mercenary principles, versus those of state service or patriotism, its members were easily seduced by greed. In his 1516 colloquy “Of a Soldier’s Life,” the great Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus confronted a soldier with the charge, “It was not the Love of your Country, but the Love of Booty that made you a Soldier,” to which the soldier replied, “I confess so, and I believe very few go into the Army with any better Design.”

He also admits, “The Hope of Booty made me valiant.” In fact, only a few common soldiers and their women profited, but it was just enough to tempt others in a kind of lottery psychology. When Erasmus inquires of his soldier, “Well, have you brought home a good Deal of Plunder then?” the soldier replies with a shrug, “Empty Pockets.”

The unintended consequence of such unrealistic hopes of riches was the survival of military forces on campaign. Before European states developed the capacity to maintain their armies in the field, it was pillage that sustained them. The fact that women were key agents in securing and managing pillage explains the need for great numbers of them in the campaign community, as well as the radical reduction in their numbers after 1650.

Ultimately, pillaging and the abuses inescapably associated with it imposed limits on the reliability, efficiency and size of armies. To overcome these limits, European states developed the political power and administrative means to command revenues and tap credit sufficient to maintain their armies.

Rulers curbed pillage by holding officers responsible for their soldiers’ conduct and by imposing and enforcing stricter codes of discipline, but such efforts would have been fruitless were it not for major improvements in military administration and logistics, which in turn required advances in the state’s ability to mobilize and disperse resources.

These critical military and political changes affected different countries at different times, but in general the transformation occurred during the latter half of the 17th century. With distinct national twists, they were the work of Louis XIV in France, Frederick William the Great Elector (1640–1688) in Brandenburg-Prussia and Peter the Great (1682–1725) in Russia.

These monarchs’ accomplishments demonstrate that war was the engine that drove state formation in Europe. Thus the history of camp women and their involvement in pillage merges with far greater issues—the rise of the modern army and the emergence of the modern state.”

- John A. Lynn, “Women in War.”

#military #warfare #history #renaissance #john a. lynn

[keep-tilting-at-windmills]

Harrow, A School-on-a-Hill:

In February 1572, John Lyon (a wealthy farmer of Preston near Harrow), secured a charter from Elizabeth I to found a free grammar school for the boys of the parish of Harrow; the charter including requirements that Lyon should send two scholars to Cambridge each year and two to Oxford; and also cunningly including a clause shifting responsibility for the upkeep and repair of the highway between Harrow and the centre of London (from Harrow to the place where Marble Arch now stands), away from the royal purse, to the School.

Lyon’s Orders, Statutes and Rules (often called his will), were drawn up in 1591, stating that the master of his new school was to be at least an M.A. (the usher a B.A.), and the school might also teach fee-paying foreigners (boys who lived outside the parish of Harrow), provided this did not adversely affect the children of the parish.

Texts were duly prescribed. No English was to be spoken above the First Form. There was to be no playtime except sometimes on fine Thursdays. Church attendance was compulsory. Parents were to provide paper, ink, pens, books, candles, and bows and arrows. And boys were to be punished with the rod; though only moderately, on pain of dismissal.

In 1615 a new building (the west wing of the present Old Schools) was ready. Rev William Lance was appointed master (his brother, Thomas, as usher). Rev Lance’s son became the first recorded pupil. And the school settled down to follow the pattern provided in the Statutes.

William Horne became Headmaster in 1669. He was the first of several Etonians to hold the office, and during his time a playing field was purchased, the school yard (known as Bill Yard) was levelled, and the Silver Arrow Archery Competition was established.

Not familiar with Harrow traditions? The Silver Arrow Competition became so popular, it started to attract crowds from London that were so large and unruly, they disrupted the running of the School. So much so that in 1771, Headmaster Benjamin Heath (another Eton master who joined Harrow), replaced the archery competition with an event that has become the biggest day of the School year - Speech Day!

Always time for one more Tradition:

That ruinously-expensive clause, slipped into the charter by Elizabeth I, meaning that Harrow owned the ten miles of road stretching from Bill Yard, at the junction of Church Hill and the High Street in Harrow-on-the-Hill, to Marble Arch in central London. Such clauses were not unusual at the time, as access to the city was important, both for the School and also for commercial as well as social traffic.

The road has long-since been sold off. But what would you do on finding yourself the owner of that ten miles stretch of road?

Here's what Harrow did – they turned the route into Long Ducker: a ten mile road race, run annually by the entire School to raise funds for charities, with parents and Old Harrovians as well as Beaks and other members of staff lining the route to hand out water and keep an eye on things. The full race for the older boys is all ten miles to Marble Arch, then turn round and run back to Bill Yard, though younger boys travel by coach to the Arch, then run back to School with the older contingent.

Harrovians completing the full twenty miles in under three hours are awarded the Long Ducker Tie.

[howieabel]

“The end of toleration in 1685 left a legacy of bitterness and instability in France, for it failed to destroy the Huguenots, while encouraging an arrogance and exclusiveness within the established Catholic Church. In the great French Revolution after 1789 this divide was one of the forces encouraging the extraordinary degree of revulsion against Catholic Church institutions, clergy and religious that produced the atrocities of the 1790s; beyond that it created the anticlericalism which has been so characteristic of the left in the politics of modern southern Europe. In the history of modern France, it is striking how the areas in the south that after 1572 formed the Protestant heartlands continued to form the backbone of anti-clerical, anti-monarchical voters for successive Republics, and even in the late twentieth century they were still delivering a reliable vote for French Socialism.” ― Diarmaid MacCulloch, The Reformation

[officialyourdailyinspiration]

The Prayers of John Knox by Angelo Valle

John Knox (1514-1572) was a Scottish priest turned bodyguard turned galley slave turned Reformer. He grew up in a time and place where the Gospel of the Lord Jesus was just beginning to rise again across the European landscape. Scotland herself had the message of salvation by grace alone through faith alone in Christ alone come upon her shores by the likes of Patrick Hamilton. Hamilton had visited Europe and heard this precious message. Sadly when he returned home, he soon became the first Protestant martyr within Scotland. He would not be the last to shed His blood for the sake of the Gospel.

Knox himself would become convinced of the Protestant Reformed faith, that need for salvation from the wrath of God through the shed blood of Christ which is made ours by faith alone. Knox love for this message was not piecemeal, but he found himself wholly committed. Historians have often likened him to the Old Testament prophets in the days of the ancient kings. Roland H. Bainton wrote, “John Knox felt toward [Scotland’s] idolaters as Elijah the priests of Baal.” Mark Galli also added, “Knox was a Hebrew Jeremiah set down on Scottish soil.”

The problem with being like the Old Testament prophets is that rarely do such individuals find themselves to be popular. The same is true today for those bold enough to stand firmly upon God’s word. Knox found himself ridiculed by many for his zeal for the cross of Christ and his disdain for every form of idolatry which contended with God’s Word particularly from the Church of Rome. Knox is beneficial for us today because he teaches us that ordinary flawed men and women, who are committed to Christ above all else can be used to change the world. Scotland was never the same after Knox. By the mercy of God, the message of the Gospel was faithfully proclaimed regularly at St. Giles Cathedral in Edinburgh. Knox even after his death was immortalized under these words: “Here lies one who never feared any flesh.”

What can we learn about this Scottish Reformer? One lesson we can learn about is the transformative power of prayer. One of the many works left behind from the pen of Knox includes a treatise on prayer. Knox was a man defined by prayer and speaks of the necessity of prayer in this way, “For if the fire may be without heat, or the burning lamp without light, then true faith may be without fervent prayer.” In other words, a prayerless Christian is a Christian in name alone.

As a pastor, he continued by warning his flock that “Our adversary, Satan, at all times compassing us about (1 Pet. 5), is never more busy than when we address and bend ourselves to prayer.” The storming of heaven by the saints of God in prayer is a mighty tool in the hand of God Knox taught. But this persistence in prayer always stirs our sin, and that great Tempter, the Devil. Nevertheless, a Christian is called to fervent prayer, for Christians have an enemy. Knox added one other reason why prayer is so crucial for the Christian, which provides us a window into his very heart. Knox wrote, “Let no man think himself unworthy to call and pray to God . . . but let him bring to God a sorrowful and repenting heart.” Knox knew himself to be a great sinner, but knew even more that Christ was a great savior. His own prayer is appended to this very work: “in us . . . rests nothing worthy of thy mercies, for all are found fruitless, even the princes with the prophets as withered trees, apt and meet to be burned in the fire of thy eternal displeasure. But, O Lord, behold thy own mercy and goodness . . . Let thy love overcome the severity of thy judgements.”

Knox was a man so aware of his limitations. When he was first elected to be a preacher, he was emotionally overwhelmed and ran from the room in tears. Yet this man would be fearless before the face of monarchs and bishops. Knox was not special in himself, but he served a mighty God. Knox wrote, “God gave his Holy Spirit to simple men in great abundance.” He knew this concerning himself. Let us conclude then with Douglas Bond’s observation, “Knox is a model for the ordinary Christian, especially the one who feels his own weakness but who nevertheless wants to serve Christ in a troubled world. Knox is eminently relevant to all Christians who have ever been forced to come face to face with their own littleness.” May your weakness lead you to the cross of Christ, where you can be made strong in Christ Jesus.

[thepastisalreadywritten]

SAINT OF THE DAY (April 30)

St. Pius V was born Michele Ghislieri on 17 January 1504 to poor parents of noble lineage in Bosco, near Alexandria, Lombardy.

He worked as a shepherd until the age of 14 when he encountered two Dominicans who recognized his intelligence and virtue. He joined the Dominicans and was ordained a priest at 24.

He taught philosophy and theology for 16 years during which he was elected prior of many houses.

He was known for his austere penances, his long hours of prayer and fasting, and the holiness of his speech.

He was elected Bishop of Sutri in 1556. He served as an inquisitor in Milan and Lombardi, then as inquisitor general of the Church and a cardinal in 1557.

He was known in this capacity as an able yet unflinching man who rigorously fought heresy and corruption wherever he encountered it.

He was elected pope on 7 January 1566, with the influential backing of his friend St. Charles Borromeo and took the name Pius V. 

He immediately put into action his vast program of reform by getting rid of many of the extravagant luxuries then prevalent in his court.

He gave the money usually invested in these luxuries to the poor whom he personally cared for, washing their feet, consoling those near death, and tending to lepers and the very sick.

He spent long hours before the Blessed Sacrament despite his heavy workload.

His pontificate was dedicated to applying the reforms of the Council of Trent, raising the standard of morality and reforming the clergy, and strongly supporting foreign missions.

The Catechism of the Council of Trent was completed during his reign. He revised the Roman Breviary and Missal, which remained in use until the reforms of Vatican II.

His six year pontificate saw him constantly at war with two massive enemy forces -- the Protestant heretics and the spread of their doctrines in the West, and the Turkish armies who were advancing from the East.

He encouraged efforts to battle Protestantism by education and preaching, and giving strong support to the newly formed Society of Jesus, founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola.

He excommunicated Queen Elizabeth I and supported Catholics who were oppressed and intimidated by Protestant princes, especially in Germany.

He worked hard to unite the Christian armies against the Turks. The most famous success of his papacy was the miraculous victory of the Christian fleet in the Battle of Lepanto on 7 October 1571.

The island of Malta was attacked by the Turkish fleet and nearly every man defending the fortress was killed in battle.

The Pope sent out a fleet to meet the enemy, requesting that each man on board pray the Rosary and receive communion.

Meanwhile, he called on all of Europe to recite the Rosary and ordered a 40 hour devotion in Rome during which time the battle took place.

The Christian fleet, vastly outnumbered by the Turks, inflicted an impossible defeat on the Turkish navy, demolishing the entire fleet.

In memory of the triumph, he declared the day the Feast of Our Lady of the Rosary because of her intercession in answering the mass recitation of the Rosary and obtaining the victory.

He has also been called ‘Pope of the Rosary’ for this reason.

Pope Pius V died seven months later on 1 May 1572 of a painful disease, uttering "O Lord, increase my sufferings and my patience!"

He is enshrined at Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome.

He was beatified by Pope Clement X on 1 May 1672 and was canonized by Pope Clement XI on 22 May 1712.

#Saint of the Day #Pope St. Pius V #Pope of the Rosary #Michele Ghislieri #Battle of Lepanto

[letsgethaunted]

Episode 70: The Dancing Plague of 1518 Photodump

Image 01: Strasbourg , France. 1572. Image 02: In July of 1518 a haunted woman begins to dance in the street. She dances for days days on end with no food or water until she collapses. Anyone who tries to help the woman becomes inflicted with the same uncontrollable urge to dance. A crowd of dancers forms in the street, unable to stop dancing. Image 03: The religious leaders of Strasbourg decide to enlist musicians to play music and aid the people suffering from this “Dancing Plague.” The hope is that the dancers will get it out of their system by dancing the plague out of their bodies. Image 04: This plan obviously backfires. People hear the music and then see the dancers, instantly becoming infected with Dancing Plague. Within weeks hundreds of people are dancing themselves to death. Image 05: St. Vitus is thought to be the culprit of the Dancing Plague. People believe the saint cursed the people of Strasbourg with Dancing Plague. Image 06: St. Vitus’ shrine in a grotto above Saverne. In a desperate move to please St. Vitus, dancers were tied to wagons and brought to this cave to pray to the Saint for mercy. It works! The dancers are cured. Image 07: 8 years after the Dancing Plague of 1518 a physician and alchemist named Paracelsus visits Strasbourg to find out the cause of the plague. He guesses that it’s just a medieval feminist protest. *eyeroll* Image 08: Another viable theory is the dancing was caused by Chorea- a movement disorder that causes involuntary muscle movements. But why would that be contagious? Image 09: Another theory blames the dancing on hallucinations from Ergot - a fungal disease on grain which causes hallucinations and other poison symptoms. However, the symptoms of ergotism make people very sick and would be too severe to allow any dancing while experiencing the illness. What do you think happened?

#The Dancing Plague of 1518 #Let's Get Haunted #Strasbourg #dancing plague #St. Vitus #Saverne #Paracelsus #Chorea #Ergot #ergotism #hallucinations #Instagram

[portraitsofsaints]

Pope Saint Pius  V1504-1572 Feast Day: April 30 (New), May 5 (Trad) Patronage: Bosco Marengo, Italy Pope from 1566-1572

Saint Pope Pius V, a Dominican, was a leader of the Catholic Reformation, especially by implementing the Council of Trent reforms. He established a Catechism, a missal, a seminary system, used a Tridentine approach to learning and preaching, had a residency requirement for Bishops and reformed women’s religious life. This formed the foundation of the Catholic Church for the next 500 years. In 1571, St. Pius V was instrumental in gathering a coalition of nations and petitioning prayers of Our Blessed Mother to save Europe from the Islamic Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Lepanto. He declared Mary as Our Lady of Victory because of this decisive battle. He died of natural causes. Prints, plaques & holy cards available for purchase here: (website)

#Pope Pius V #Pope saints #Catholic popes #Catholic faith #artist on tumblr

[blackbird-brewster]

Friday Fic Recs!

What I'm Reading:

Criminal Minds, JJ/Tara/Emily, WC: 87,394

Why I Love It: I read to my partner before bed each night and we finally finished [Part 1] ! I love Part 2 because it was my first time writing JJ/Tara and OH GOD IT MADE ME SHIP THEM SO HARD. Part 2 sort of happened on accident, actually! I had written an epilogue for Part 1 and it hinted that JJ/Tara/Emily had formed a throuple (vs Emily dating JJ and Tara). I thought 'Hmmm I think I want ot explore how we got to JJ/Tara dating each other...' and then Part 2 was born! (My partner and I both have covid currently, so reading my own fic is about the only thing I can comprehend cognitively right now)

What I'm Writing:

Criminal Minds, JJ/Tara, WC: 30,064+

A/N: Not sure how much more I have to go on Between You & Me. I know there's AT LEAST one more chapter before the story will be at a [;ace I'm happy with leaving it at, but who knows!

I'm also planning a few Tara/Rebecca one shots too, because I cannot stop thinking about them!

ICYMI: New Fics

Criminal Minds, Tara/Rebecca, WC: 1572

Criminal Minds, Tara/Rebecca, WC: 1792

Other Recommendations:

Past Friday Fic Recs: [Friday Fic Recs - Tumblr] || [CM Fic Recs - AO3 Collection]

Rec Lists: [JJ/Emily] || [Tara/Emily] || [CM Femslash]

My Fics: [Jemily] || [Temily] || [All]

#criminal minds #cm fanfiction #cm fanfic #tara lewis #jennifer jareau #emily prentiss #rebecca wilson #jemily #temily #jara #tebecca #je t'emily #friday fic rec #cm fic rec #my writing #AO3