ezra-earith

[ezra-earith]

Blood in Proto-Indo-European

PIE distinguished two roots for "blood", depending on whether it was found inside the body or outside. The former was *h₁ésh₂r̥, the latter *krewh₂-. The lexical distinction between the two is argued to indicate two distinct metaphorical sets, which have been preserved in various derivatives and extensions in the daughters.

The root *krewh₂- yielded words signifying aggression (e.g. in derivatives such as Latin crūdēlis (“cruel”), Sanskrit क्रूर (krūra, “cruel”) and Ancient Greek κρούω (kroúō, “to beat, whip, crush”)) and dying, seen metaphorically in terms for the hardening (or freezing) of "outside blood" (e.g. in derivatives such as Latin crusta (“crust”), Old Irish crúaid (“hard”), Latvian kreve (“coagulated blood”) and Ancient Greek κρύος (krúos, “cold”)). The semantic field was thus associated with wounding, death, and drying out/hardening of the body.

On the other hand, the root *h₁ésh₂r̥ has been associated with the notion of life-giving bodily fluid, and also with the patrilineal line in kinship terminology.

WIKTIONARY

#indo european #etymology #latin #ancient greek #sanskrit

[ezra-earith]

English

creed

From Latin crēdō (“I believe”), from Proto-Italic *krezdō, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱred dʰeh₁- (“to place one's heart, i.e., to trust, believe”), compound phrase of oblique case form of *ḱḗr (“heart”) and *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place, set”).

Creed is cognate with Old Irish cretim (“to believe”), Sanskrit श्रद्दधाति (śráddadhāti, “to have faith or faithfulness, to have belief or confidence, believe”), Avestan 𐬰𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬁‎ (zrazdā)

WIKTIONARY

#english #latin #sanskrit #indo european #etymology

[ezra-earith]

Ancient Greek

ᾰ̓ληθής • (alēthḗs)

(of things) true, real, genuine

(of people) truthful, honest

In form it would be from ἀ- (a-, “un-”) + *ληθής, from λῆθος (lêthos, “*concealment, forgetfulness”) +‎ -ής (-ḗs), thus "unconcealed", "unforgotten".

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂- (“to be concealed”) (whence λήθω (lḗthō), λανθάνω (lanthánō).

WIKTIONARY

#ancient greek #indo european #etymology #true #lingblr

[ezra-earith]

Latin

testis

witness; one who testifies or attests

For *terstis, from Proto-Italic *tristis, from Proto-Indo-European *tristh₂s ("a third party standing", after the two parties to a contract or dispute), from *tréyes (“three”) and *steh₂- (“to stand”).

WIKTIONARY

#latin language #italic languages #etymology #indo european #testis

[ezra-earith]

English

God

From Proto-Germanic *gudą, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰutós (“invoked, libated, poured as part of a liquid offering”), from *ǵʰew- (“pour, libate”) +‎ *-tós.

Cognate with Sanskrit: हुत (hutá, “offered in fire”)

WIKTIONARY

#english #etymology #indo european #god #linguistics

[ezra-earith]

#etymology #english #germanic #indo european #child

[ezra-earith]

Chinese

Beware that 要飯／要饭 (yàofàn, literally “to want rice”) is a phrase with the meaning "to be a beggar/loafer" which is insulting to others and should be avoided when asking a person whether they want rice.

WIKTIONARY

#chinese #chinese phrase #langblr

[ezra-earith]

Hebrew

בַּעַל זְבוּב

Ba'al Zvuv

Beelzebub, the lord of the flies, a Philistine god sometimes identified by Jews and Christians with Satan

From בַּעַל‎ (baʿal, “lord, master; Baal”) + זְבוּב‎ (zvuv, “fly”, the insect), appearing in the Hebrew Scriptures as the purported name of a deity worshipped by the Philistines in Ekron. It's likely this was not the god's actual name and instead was a polemic against the deity, possibly by associating the figure with defecation (hence flies).

WIKTIONARY

#hebrew #bible #semitic #mythology #etymology

[ezra-earith]

English

hear

From Old English hīeran, from Proto-West Germanic *hauʀijan, from Proto-Germanic *hauzijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ḱh₂owsyéti (“to be sharp-eared”), from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) + *h₂ows- (“ear”) + *-yéti (denominative suffix).

Cognate with Ancient Greek ᾰ̓κούω (akoúō).

WIKTIONARY

#english #germanic languages #ancient greek #indo european #etymology #hear

[ezra-earith]

Romanian

dușman

enemy

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish دشمن‎ (düşmen), from Persian دشمن‎ (došman), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dušmánas (“ill-dispositioned, perverse-minded”; equivalent to *duš- (“bad”) +‎ *mánah (“mind, thought”)), from Proto-Indo-European *dusménes.

Cognate with Ancient Greek δυσμενής (dusmenḗs, “hostile, enemy”), Sanskrit: दुर्मनास्  (durmanā́s, “ill-dispositioned”), दुर्मनस् (durmanas, “sad, melancholy”).

WIKTIONARY

#romanian #persian #indo european #turkish #etymology #enemy

[ezra-earith]

Finnish

orja /ˈorjɑ/

slave

From Proto-Finnic *orja (“slave, servant”), from Proto-Finno-Permic *orja, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *áryas ("Aryan": autonymic (self-identifying) ethnonym of the respective Indo-Iranian peoples, i.e. the Indo-Aryans and the Iranians).

Cognates include Estonian ori, Erzya уре (ure) and Udmurt вар (var).

WIKTIONARY

#finnish #indo iranian #indo european #etymology #aryan

[ezra-earith]

Hungarian

asszony [ˈɒsːoɲ]

woman; wife; lady

From Old Hungarian achscin, axsin, from Alanic [a Scythian language] *aχsina (mistress, lady); from Iranian *xšaiθnī-, a feminine formation from *xšāy- ("to rule").

Compare Ossetian ӕхсин (æxsin, “mistress, princess”).

WIKTIONARY

#hungarian #scythian #iranian #ossetian #etymology

[ezra-earith]

English

life

From Proto-Germanic *lībą (“life, body”), from *lībaną (“to remain, stay, be left”), from Proto-Indo-European *leyp-, *lip- (“to stick, glue”).

Cognate with North Frisian liff (“life, limb, person, livelihood”), West Frisian liif (“belly, abdomen”), German Leib (“body; womb”) and Leben (“life”)...

Related to belive.

WIKTIONARY

#english #germanic #indo european #etymology #life

[ezra-earith]

Modeh Ani (Hebrew: מודה אני; "I give thanks") is a Jewish prayer that observant Jews recite daily upon waking, while still in bed.

‏מוֹדֶה אֲנִי לְפָנֶיךָ מֶלֶךְ חַי וְקַיָּם. שֶׁהֶחֱזַרְתָּ בִּי נִשְׁמָתִי בְּחֶמְלָה. רַבָּה אֱמוּנָתֶךָ׃‎‎

modé 'aní l'fanékha mélekh kháy v'kayám; shehekhezárta bí nish'matí b'khemlá; rabá 'emunatékha.

I offer thanks to You, living and eternal King, for You have mercifully restored my soul within me; Your faithfulness is great.

WIKTIONARY

#hebrew #judaism #modeh ani #prayer #religion

[ezra-earith]

Hungarian

feleség • [ˈfɛlɛʃeːɡ]

wife

From fél (“half”) +‎ -ség (noun-forming suffix), from Proto-Uralic *pälä (“half; side”).

Cognates include Mansi па̄л (pāl, “half, side”), Udmurt пал (pal, “half, side”).

WIKTIONARY

#hungarian #uralic languages #etymology #wife #linguistics

[ezra-earith]

Finnish

vaimo

wife; (archaic) woman, especially an elderly one

From Proto-Finnic *vaimo (“spirit, soul”), from Proto-Uralic *wajŋe.

Cognates include Estonian vaim (“spirit”), Moksha вайме (vajme) and Erzya ойме (ojme, “spirit, soul”).

The semantic development to 'wife' is also shared by Karelian vaimo.

WIKTIONARY

#finnish language #suomi #uralic languages #etymology #wife

[ezra-earith]

Sanskrit

स्वर्ग • svargá

heaven, paradise

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *suHargás, from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂ul̥-gʷḿ̥-s, (“going to the sun”): *sóh₂wl̥ (“sun”) +‎ *gʷem- (“to step, arrive”) +‎ *-s.

WIKTIONARY

#sanskrit #indo-iranian #indo european #etymology #paradise