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#royal engagement 1947
philibetexcerpts · 11 months
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“As Philip was marrying a future monarch, the engagement ring he chose needed to be a significant piece. His mother Princess Alice came to his rescue and gave him one of the tiaras that she had received as a wedding present half a century earlier. It was a diamond-and-aquamarine tiara given to Alice by Tsar Nicholas I and Tsarina Alexandra of Russia. Alexandra was Alice’s aunt; Nicholas was a first cousin of the groom, Prince Andrew.
The tiara was dismantled to make the three-carat solitaire with five smaller diamonds on either side set in platinum. Philip designed it himself with jeweller Philip Antrobus.”
Prince Philip Revealed by Ingrid Seward
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sophiebernadotte · 3 months
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Maybe I need to learn Swedish and immerse myself in all things SRF. Are they generally messy or boring?
Depends on how you define things. I would say they're boring 95% of the time, but then when there's a scandal, it's a scandal
Here are a few highlights:
In 1914, Gustaf V gave a speech to the people in which he opposed the government's politics & called for stronger Armed Forces (side note but it's a well-known fact that Gustaf was very worried about the growing tensions "on the continent" & I mean, the dude was right to be concerned). This led to a political crisis & the last political influence the monarch had was stripped. It's unclear who actually wrote the speech; some speculate it was Victoria since it was very well known that she was unhappy about the fact that she, as Queen, didn't have any real power.
In 1936, a woman named Anna wanted to file for divorce from her husband, Kurt. The reason? Her motivation was that her husband had cheated on her with King Gustaf V. This was during a time when homosexuality was illegal & divorce papers were open to the public, so even the hint that the monarch himself might engage in "homosexual acts"? Unthinkable! Long story short, the Court tried to come to an agreement with Anna & Kurt, but the couple continued to blackmail the Court for more & more money. In 1947, Kurt published a book about the "injustices" he had faced, but the majority of the copies of the book were bought by police. In 1951, after Gustaf V had died, Kurt wrote to the Chancellor of Justice to complain, upon which the Chancellor started an investigation. The investigation found that Kurt's "accusations were largely unfounded, but it was also clear that the Royal Court paid out large sums and took other measures with the apparent aim of silencing him." One year later, the Prosecutor-General charged Kurt & he was sentenced to 8 years in prison for extortion of the Royal Court. The whole thing is now nicknamed The Haijby Affair (after Kurt & Anna's last name) & has even been made into a movie.
In 1945, Prince Carl Johan asked for permission to marry the divorced journalist Kerstin Wijkman. They had met in 1939 & the prince fell head-over-heels for Kerstin, who couldn't give a sh*t about him at first. Gustaf V denied his grandson's request & the Royal Court tried to prevent the wedding from taking place by revoking Wijkmark's passport. When that didn't work, they started pressuring the US embassy, which meant that Carl Johan's cousin Folke Bernadotte was dragged into the whole thing. In the end, the two got married in 1946 & that meant that the Prince from then on was known as Carl Johan Bernadotte.
In the late 1950s, Princess Birgitta did something as controversial (for Swedish royal standards) as continuing her education with upper secondary studies. She studied at the School of Sport and Health Sciences for two years, where she met hockey & football player Sven Tumba. They denied it then, but rumours of a romance between the two swirled. However, decades later, they both wrote about the romance (which lasted for about a year) in their memoirs & Princess Birgitta was interviewed in a documentary about Tumba. Among other things, she reminisced about one time when the tabloids rang the doorbell & she had to hide in the wardrobe for about 10 minutes before Tumba had managed to chase them away.
We have Carl Gustaf's younger years... That man loved & still loves to party. This caused concern during his time as Crown Prince & then at the beginning of his time as monarch. He was seen by many as an immature womanizer of a party prince who, therefore, was unfit to rule. The Social Democrat-led government famously threatened with "We're one penstroke away from a Republic!" (which, if you ask me, was more PR than an actual threat, but then again, this was like 10-20 years before I was born, so...)
Speaking of Carl Gustaf, in 1989, he made the Norwegians angry by criticising their PM & the fact that they allowed seal hunting. He commented: "If Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland cannot take care of the seal problem, how will she be able to take care of the Norwegian people?"
Then there was the praising of Sultan Hassanal Bolikiah in 2004 during a state visit to Brunei (which to be fair, he just did his job & repeated what the Foreign Office told him to say).
In 2008, he caused a national outcry because not only did Prince Carl Philip shoot an elk during the annual royal hunt, but the monarch also decided to voice his opinion on the very sensitive topic of wolf hunting (no, seriously, it's an incredibly sensitive topic & not one to bring up during family dinners). Apart from getting in trouble with the public, Carl Gustaf also got in trouble with his patronage, WWF.
Do I even need to bring up 2010 & "Have you ever visited a strip or sex club?" which caused him to hit a record low in popularity. At least it gave us this iconic meme.
Honourary mention goes to when Prince Daniel (then only Daniel Westling) needed kidney surgery, so Crown Princess Victoria called her "brothers", Crown Prince Haakon & Crown Prince Frederik & was like "Hey, can you guys help me with a thing? Oh yeah, nothing big, just tricking all of the Nordic press so my fiancée can get surgery in peace." So, to cause a distraction, the three went on a trip to the Arctic while Daniel was admitted to the hospital. However... he was spotted by someone; a journalist called up the Court & was like, "I know, I will publish this; just give me a comment." Their ruse was up, so instead of pretending everything was fine & distracting the press so they couldn't publish about what was happening in Stockholm, Victoria spoke about how difficult it was & that she (obviously) was worried but that Haakon & Frederik were very supportive of her & a big help during that trip.
In 2013, just like in 2023, he got into trouble for "not wanting Victoria as heir". During an interview, the reporter asked if he was still upset about the constitutional change, to which he answered: "Of course. I think it's simple. A constitutional law that works retrospectively, that's weird."
In 2014, Princess Madeleine's apartment was renovated. What was supposed to cost 2.5 million SEK ended up costing 6.8 million SEK. Then, in 2018-2019 renovation works started again, which ended up costing around 5 million SEK. A wall between Madeleine's apartment & the apartment next door was going to be taken down & the family wanted a walk-in closet, a new bedroom, a bathroom & a wardrobe (different one from the named walk-in closet, so two wardrobes were on the wishlist). This ended up creating an argument between the National Property Board & the Royal Court, where the former thought Madeleine had "too high standards". The Royal Family didn't end up paying from their own pockets & this story has now become known as the time the Swedish taxpayers paid for Madeleine's walk-in closet.
If you're still reading, thank you & I hope you enjoyed all of this tea!
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royally-obsessed · 11 months
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on this day in 1947
The Engagement of Elizabeth and Philip
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9th July 1947: Princess Elizabeth and her fiance, Philip Mountbatten, acknowledge the cheering crowds from the balcony at Buckingham Palace after the announcement of their engagement.
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A series of portraits released by the royal family in the state apartments at Buckingham Palace to mark the engagement of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten, 9th July 1947.
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mydaddywiki · 4 months
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Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
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Physique: Average Build Height: 6' 0"
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (born Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, later Philip Mountbatten; 10 June 1921 – 9 April 2021), was the husband of Queen Elizabeth II. As such, he was the consort of the British monarch from Elizabeth's accession on 6 February 1952 until his death in 2021, making him the longest-serving royal consort in history. He served with distinction in the Royal Navy in the British Mediterranean and Pacific fleets. Philip left active military service when Elizabeth ascended the throne in 1952, having reached the rank of commander.
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Considered a handsome man in his youth, Philip was a sports enthusiast who helped develop the equestrian event of carriage driving. He was a patron, president, or member of over 780 organizations, including the World Wide Fund for Nature, and served as chairman of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award, a youth awards programme for people aged 14 to 24.
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He married Elizabeth on 20 November 1947 and together they had four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward. Philip is the longest-lived male member of the British royal family. He retired from his royal duties on 2 August 2017, aged 96, having completed 22,219 solo engagements and 5,493 speeches since 1952. Philip died in 2021 at Windsor Castle, at the age of 99.
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scotianostra · 1 month
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The Scottish actor Alex McCrindle passed away on Aoril 20th 1990.
Born on 3rd August 1911 in Glasgow, Alex McCrindle started work at the age of 10 years, probably like many of us, delivering milk. At 15, he left school and got a job in a timber merchants’ office. He started his acting career playing heroes in plays put on by the Boys Brigade. Later, after moving to Glasgow and getting a job as a manager of a hardware firm, he joined the Glasgow Clarion Players. A pioneer Scottish theatre group with strong links to the Communist Party, this was a predecessor of Glasgow Unity and Glasgow Citizens.
McCrindle went to lectures on drama at Glasgow University and had become so engaged in theatrical matters that he had to choose to give up his hardware career. He was lucky to be able to become an indentured apprentice at Queen Theatre in London He finished up as an electrician but became immersed in the world of theatre and actors along the way.
He eventually became a formable actor himself. In the period 1937-9, he appeared in a dozen plays on the first broadcasts of television, including `Juneo and the Paycock’, before the medium was closed down for the duration of the war, sometimes being credited as Alex McCringle or Alex McGrindle, as well as in his own name. he was also in the cast of the classic Hitchcock film, `The 39 steps’, although he was more proud of his nationwide tour of `Six men of Dorset’, about the Tolpuddle Martyrs, in 1937
McCrindle began a history of the actors’ union, Equity, but was unable to finish it due to being called up for the Royal Navy during the Second World War. He produced the first ever play performed on board a RN ship during war, `Androcles and the Lion’, transmitted over the Tannoy!
He starred in the British BBC radio show `Dick Barton Special Agent’ from 1946-51, which ran for 700 episodes and had 15 million listeners. Alex played the role of Jock Anderson one of Dick Barton’s key henchmen and was widely loved for the role and enormously popular in it. In 1947, he was producer of the childrens TV programme `Larry the Lamb’.
Although he also branched out very successfully into scriptwriting, McCrindle was effectively blacklisted because of his Communist and Equity activities for much of the important years of his career, especially from the late 1940s to the end of the 1950s. In the 1950s, he appeared – often uncredited to escape the blacklist – in a string of small budget movies as a character actor. But, in the main, blacklisting resulted in him devoting more time to building up Equity and securing improved pay and conditions for Actors, to meet this objective he was sent by his union to found Scottish Equity, which only had 15 members before he began his work. He worked at this full-time for the next seven years, leaving the union in a flouring position north of the border. In this period, he only worked in British television and then only twice during the early 1960s.
In the later stage of his career, he began to secure significant parts in films and TV programmes from `The Saint’ in 1965, and then through many other projects, with increasingly more significant parts, to `All Creatures Great and Small’ and `Taggart’ and then, in the 1977 first `Star Wars’ movie in which he played a rebel general.
George Lucas, short of capital, offered the actors on the movie "points" in lieu of salary. Big stars such as Alec Guinness, could afford to indulge in some capitalist speculation and take "points" and, in the event, the film proved to be the best move Guinness ever made financially. "Hollywood thought Darth Vader was a tough nut," one luvvie has recalled, "but they hadn’t met Alex."! He campaigned through Equity for bonuses for all actors in Star Wars, among them R2-D2 (who was played, or operated inside, by Birmingham-born Kenny Baker), who also took a working wage and contributed to the success of Star Wars.
Alex had a great love of Scottish poetry and regularly read it aloud to audiences. He produced and read his own selection of 37 poems by William Soutar (Glasgow, Scotsoun, 1989) and raised money for Brownsbank Cottage., the former of the great Scottish writer, Hugh MacDiarmid, now a home for "writers in residence"
He was married twice, the first was Sandy, the second wife, Honor Arundel, the Communist children’s author and Daily Worker film critic. (See entry for Honor Arundel.) The home of McCrindle and Arundel in the fifties was always a hub of Party activity and organisation, as the writer Doris Lessing notes in her autobiography. Alex became close friends with Paul Strand, the famous photographer, and was a major asset to Strand in his `Tir a Mhurain’ photography project. He went onto become Strand’s agent in Scotland, negotiating with Compton Mackenzie and visiting the School of Scottish Studies in order to help set up the project.
In the 1980s, with US screenings no longer debarred to him, he appeared in dozens of major roles on television mini-series, including "Reilly: The Ace of Spies" and in film such as `Eye of the Needle’. As late as 1987 he played the role of a jailer in `Comrades’, the film about the Tolpuddle Martyrs.
Alex McCrindle’s obituary in the Times was headlined "Communist stalwart" and stated that he remained committed to an "unrelenting Marxism which lost nothing of its purity and uncompromising severity". His daughter Jean also became involved in politics and an award for drama was named after him. Alex McCrindle died on April 20, 1990 in Edinburgh.
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george-the-good · 8 months
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King George VI and Queen Elizabeth at the opening of a new reservoir at Staines, November 7, 1947
ROYAL OPENING OF STAINES RESERVOIR (British Pathé)
After the King delivers his speech, sounds of people chatting can be heard, including the King - you can hear him asking questions and commenting on the reservoir. (the microphone must have been left on!)
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SPEECH
I am very glad, Mr. Chairman, to be here today with the Queen to open this new reservoir, and thank-you for your kind words of welcome. I would like to take this opportunity, as one who lives in London, to pay my sincere tribute to the magnificent work of the Metropolitan Water Board in maintaining London's water supply during the war. No matter what damage the enemy did to your vast and intricate system, none of my people in London was ever deprived of the supply of pure water which is so essential in a great city. That is a record of which the board have every right to be proud, and I thank and congratulate all those who played a part in it.
I wish the board every success in the important work on which they are engaged, and of which this great new reservoir is the latest, but by no means the last, completed project. It is with real pleasure that I now open this reservoir. I name it the King George VI reservoir.
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frnwhcom · 3 months
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The Life and Times of Queen Elizabeth II: An Era of Transition and the Future of the British Monarchy
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Queen Elizabeth II, the longest-reigning British monarch in history, ascended to the throne on February 6, 1952, and her reign lasted until her death on September 8, 2022. Born Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor on April 21, 1926, her life and reign encapsulated a period of extraordinary change both within the United Kingdom and across the globe. Her tenure saw the transformation of the British Empire into the Commonwealth, the end of the Cold War, the dawn of the digital age, and significant shifts in social norms and values. As the figurehead of the UK and 15 other Commonwealth realms, her consistent presence provided a sense of continuity amidst these vast changes. Early Life and Ascension Elizabeth was not born as the direct heir apparent to the throne; her destiny changed with the abdication of her uncle, King Edward VIII, in 1936, which made her father the king and her the next in line. Educated privately at home and serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service during World War II, Elizabeth's early life was a blend of royal duty and service to her country. Her marriage to Philip Mountbatten in 1947 was a union that lasted 73 years, until his death in 2021, and played a central role in her life and reign. Together, they had four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward, whose lives and activities have also been closely followed by the public. Reign and Legacy Throughout her reign, Queen Elizabeth II navigated the monarchy through times of both turbulence and triumph. She worked with 15 UK Prime Ministers, from Winston Churchill to Liz Truss, and met with numerous world leaders, influencing diplomatic relations through her engagements. Her reign was marked by a dedication to public service, with countless engagements, state visits, and ceremonial duties performed with unwavering commitment. Elizabeth's ability to adapt the monarchy to the times without sacrificing its traditions was among her most notable achievements. She embraced television and the internet to connect with the public, including the annual Christmas broadcast, which became a significant aspect of her communication with the Commonwealth and the world. Death and Transition The death of Queen Elizabeth II marked the end of an era and the beginning of a new chapter for the British monarchy. Her son, Charles, succeeded her as King Charles III, bringing to the throne a different perspective shaped by years of advocacy on environmental, social, and architectural issues. The Future Monarchy King Charles III faces the challenge of leading a monarchy in a modern, more questioning world. With debates surrounding the monarchy's funding, its role in society, and the relevance of the Commonwealth in the 21st century, his reign is poised to be one of adaptation and potential transformation. Charles has indicated a desire to streamline the monarchy and focus on sustainability and social issues, which could redefine the royal family's role in British society and beyond. The transition also raises questions about the monarchy's place in the UK and its relevance to younger generations. While the monarchy has historically enjoyed strong support, changing demographics and societal values suggest that its future role may need to evolve. The life and times of Queen Elizabeth II represented a bridge between centuries, embodying tradition while facing forward. As the British monarchy enters a new era under King Charles III, it stands at a crossroads between its historical legacy and the demands of a changing world. How this institution adapts will likely define its relevance and survival in the years to come, continuing a story that has fascinated and engaged people around the globe for more than a millennium. Read the full article
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coffeewithcutcaffeine · 4 months
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13, 17, 22, 23, 24, 30 for trystan from the oc royal asks <3
My darling Lizzie! Thank you so much for sending these my way, I had so much fun trying to come up with the perfect and craft Trystan's world a bit after a long time! I apologise for my belated reply, but I hope it will be somehow worth it still. 🥰️❤️️
13. Is there a famous ancestor they look up to? One they would rather not speak about?
The Tornović dynasty, from which Trystan comes, has held power in Drakovia since the 18th century, with the only exception being the Communist regime in the country from 1947-1989. However, his ancestors were not the brave and fearsome warlords of medieval times, but rather modern rulers who focused on reforms. Trystan tries to remain impartial towards the history of his country and never glorify any historical figure, but he does admire King Antonije II, a ruler of the House of Tornović and the son of Queen Catalina. During his reign, Drakovia's industry and infrastructure experienced significant improvement. Trystan also admires his uncle, Crown Prince Milan (King Maksim’s elder brother who died in battle during the civil war of 1989-1993), who is celebrated to this day for his bravery and valour.
The only “ancestors” whom he struggles to talk about are, ironically, his own parents as he is fully aware that his family exemplifies the destructive consequences of individuals who become too hungry for power. Trystan eventually becomes one of the most vocal critics of the current political regime in Drakovia and has a difficult time coming to terms with the fact that his own family could commit such atrocities, considering they were fighting for independence and freedom from an oppressive regime just thirty-five years ago. Living in a reality where the two people who gave life to him are known as the creators of yet another dictatorship is incredibly challenging and takes a toll on him emotionally.
17. Does your OC dislike living in the public eye? Or do they believe it’s part of the job?
My reply for this one can be found here! ❤️️
22. Your OC has a day engagement. What do they wear?
Ahhh, you are absolutely spoiling me with these questions regarding Trystan’s closet! Do expect very elaborate and detailed replies though skdskfhskdfsk there is so much on my mind when it comes to these HCs! ❤️️
For his day engagements, Trystan always makes sure he looks sharp by selecting pieces that stand out and reflect his individuality. While he was still living in Drakovia, the protocol for more casual day engagements was less strict and, during personal engagements, the young prince had the freedom to dress however he pleased. In exile, he no longer has to adhere to any protocols, but Trystan still enjoys showcasing his prestige and wealth through his clothing (you can take the boy out of Drakovia but cannot take Drakovia out of the boy).
His style is heavily inspired by the Balkans — despite having a heavy heart towards his own country in certain ways, he takes great pride in being a Balkan and, as a result, his overall demeanour and personal style always reflect this influence and pride. That means that he follows the latest fashion trends and loves wearing custom-made Italian suits but will always add that special splurge of oomph that, especially in the States, makes him stand out. There is a great variety of colours present in his closet (come on, don’t make Drakovians all gloomy and drenched in darkness — Eastern Europeans love colours and getting all flashy!), as well as bolder cuts, patterns, and fabrics like silk, satin, brocade, damask. His darker complexion and general appearance allow him to dress more “extravagantly” and look great in it. (I might be drifting slightly towards stereotypes here but… eh, Trystan looks hot as hell in it.)
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He is a big fan of well-fitting silk shirts, and the bolder the colour or pattern (but never both at the same time), the better. To avoid overdoing the overall look, he typically pairs a bold shirt with a black suit or dark jeans and a black leather jacket — Trystan aims to be flashy but not over-the-top. He also sometimes enjoys wearing bolder suits but always ensures that he still maintains an elegant appearance.
Trystan also never shies away from accessories! He owns a lot of watches and golden jewellery (very rarely does he wear silver) and prefers wearing larger rings, bracelets, and chains. His jewellery pieces often have sentimental meaning to him, either as family heirlooms (such as his grandfather’s signet ring that he wears often) or simply because they hold personal importance. Since Drakovia, like the rest of the Balkans, is a strongly religious country, Trystan always wears a pendant with religious symbolism around his neck — the pendants usually depict the Virgin Mary or the typical Orthodox Cross. Although Trystan himself is not religious, he still holds it dear as it reminds him of home. High-quality leather belts are also essential.
Last but not least, smelling good is also a vital accessory that complements Trystan’s outfit! While his choice of fragrance may vary depending on the occasion and mood, he does have a preferred signature style. He enjoys wearing strong and aromatic perfumes, particularly Arabian perfumes for men — over the years, he has discovered a weakness for the scent of oud oil, which has a rich, warm, and woody aroma with sweet and smoky notes. He also appreciates these fragrances for their heavier undertones that exude a powerful and aromatic scent. When he walks by and his scent lingers in the air, people can quickly associate it with him.
23. Your OC has a state occasion. What do they wear?
As a Drakovian royal, Trystan is assigned several ceremonial attires by the royal protocol to be worn at specific state occasions. These attires represent different aspects such as social status, military rank, or cultural and historical references that are closely associated with the role of the Prince and the Heir to the Drakovian throne. While some of these attires have been updated to reflect the country’s contemporary culture over the years, others have remained unchanged for centuries due to their significant symbolic meaning.
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The first one is the typical military royal uniform worn by members of royal houses throughout Europe. Members of the Drakovian Royal family who are granted titles and duties by the crown are allowed to wear their military uniforms during ceremonial events of a general or international nature. These uniforms indicate their rank within the various branches they serve — in particular, Trystan is granted permission to wear the Drakovian Air Force (known as Drakovsko vazduhoplovstvo in Drakovian) uniform, complete with the garter sash, DAF pilot wings, and honorary medals for military achievements. According to Drakovian customs, the heir to the Drakovian throne must undergo professional flying training in the Drakovian Air Force, as they serve within the Air Forces under martial law. Trystan spent over four years training as a search and rescue pilot and achieved the rank of squadron leader. However, when he was sentenced to exile, Trystan was stripped of this rank and is now prohibited from wearing the uniform in the States.
Another attire reserved for state occasions is very unique to Drakovian culture: the hussar uniform, known as husar in Drakovian. This uniform is worn during ceremonial events of national significance that have close ties to historical events commemorated in Drakovia (examples of such events include, among others, the annual cavalry parade celebrating the Independence of the Kingdom of Drakovia and the commemoration of the founding of the Drakovian Despotate). The hussar uniform, which was the standard military royal uniform worn by Drakovian rulers from the 16th to the 19th centuries, is still worn today in a style that closely resembles its historical counterparts for ceremonial purposes.
The hussar uniform consists of:
A shako. It is a tall, cylindrical military cap that typically has a visor and may be tapered at the top. The front of the shako is decorated with an ornamental plate or badge, and it features traditional braiding to indicate rank. Additionally, a large black feather is attached to the top of the shako.
A black scarf. It is worn tightly wrapped around the neck.
A dolman. It is a short jacket with a tight cut, adorned with golden passementerie on the front. The Tornović dynasty, to which Trystan belongs, wears dark green dolmans, which is the traditional colour associated with this dynasty (the dolman, as the upper part of the attire, is traditionally in the colours of the dynasty to symbolise loyalty to the family one carries in one’s heart). Underneath, they wear a tightly fitted embroidered shirt that goes up to the waist. This intricate attire reflects cultural values related to romantic military patriotism.
A pelisse. It is a short and tightly fitting jacket, with heavily trimmed fur cuffs and collar. It is worn sideways over the left shoulder and held in place by a chain. This tradition comes from a historical custom that had a practical purpose as it allowed the right arm to remain flexible for swiftly drawing out the sabre, while the pelisse could be wrapped around the left arm for defence in case of an attack. The colour and embroidery of the pelisse traditionally match the dolman.
Breeches. These are trousers that reach down to the ankles. The breeches are snug-fitting but made of a stretchy fabric to ensure comfort while horseback riding. They are adorned with golden embroidery and made of red fabric. The colour red traditionally represents the kingdom, and the colours of the kingdom are used for the lower part of the attire to symbolise a strong connection to the country by having one’s feet deeply rooted in the native soil.
Additional accessories required for the standard attire include a golden braided belt, a sabre belt with a dragon buckle (as the dragon symbolizes Drakovia), and knee-high cavalry boots made of black calf leather with golden spurs. The sabre is an important component of the uniform, serving ceremonial purposes — unlike the modern-day military royal uniforms (where members of the royal family salute), traditions connected to wearing the hussar uniform require raising the sabre with the right hand as the standard greeting.
The hussar uniform is also worn during the coronation, except that the short dolman is replaced by a longer embroidered jacket. At one point during the ceremony, the pelisse is removed and replaced by a coronation mantle made of cloth of gold.
(Note aside: I was desperate to come up with a ceremonial attire that would have stronger ties to the region and its cultural heritage. The hussar uniform is closely associated with Hungary, but historical accounts suggest that the hussars originated from bands of Serbian warriors who crossed into southern Hungary after the Ottoman conquest of Serbia in the late 14th century. Regent-Governor John Hunyadi then created mounted units inspired by the Ottomans from these men. Initially, they fought in small bands but were later reorganised into larger, trained formations during the reign of King Matthias Corvinus, who was the son of Hunyadi. Since my HC for Drakovia draws heavily from Serbia, incorporating this nod to these famous warriors and their origins felt appropriate.)
The final traditional (and less formal) attire worn by Trystan for state occasions is a classic tuxedo. This is specifically reserved for events without any ceremonial aspects, typically for culturally significant occasions like the premiere of an opera or delegations of lesser importance.
At the same time, it is important to mention that many Drakovian holidays are closely tied to the regional culture of the country, and Eastern European countries are famous for a wide variety of folk costumes that differ from region to region! Each region within a single country has specific elements in their folk costumes that characterise them, such as embroidery patterns, specific cuts, or a choice of colours. Trystan would absolutely wear the folk costume of the capital of Drakovia during many holidays. Here are some references to various folk costumes together with their country of origin to give you an idea of what the traditional folk costumes in Drakovia might look like.
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24. Does your OC enjoy ceremonial ornaments such as orders, tiaras, uniforms, and crowns? If not, why? If so, why?
Back in his childhood, Trystan enjoyed wearing various uniforms and crowns. Through his optimistic perspective, he saw them as visual symbols of his role which brought him a sense of fulfillment. However, after spending almost a decade in exile, Trystan’s perception drastically changes. He now believes that the royal jewels are excessive, diamonds and precious stones stained with the blood of his own family. He also realises that the lavish display of wealth does not define the qualities of a good servant of the people — instead, the Royal Family should actively demonstrate their dedication to their subjects through their actions.
The military orders he received for his achievements in the Drakovian Air Force are the only ceremonial ornaments that hold true importance and meaning for him. His military service will always be a source of pride, and each accomplishment was earned through rigorous training and skilful execution in fighter aircraft. He felt genuine sorrow when his ranks were stripped away from him during his exile, and he is delighted to have these acknowledgements restored upon his return to Drakovia.
He also loves wearing the hussar uniform for the sheer beauty and badassery of it!
30. How does the press characterize your OC? Are they a darling or a devil?
In his homeland of Drakovia, a significant part of Trystan’s public image is connected to his conformity with the system because the official Drakovian press, which operates according to the kingdom’s propaganda and censorship regulations, lacks independence (although a few independent online media outlets still exist). Throughout his childhood and youth, Trystan was consistently portrayed as a paragon of virtue, the obedient and admirable Heir to the Throne deserving of the highest level of respect and admiration. However, as he began openly expressing his criticism towards his parents’ regime, the press gradually started distorting his image. They would purposefully alter his words or portray him as a confused young man going through a temporary phase of recklessness. Following the trial for Juliana’s death and his subsequent exile to the United States, the official press rarely mentions Trystan’s persona. If he does make a rare appearance, he is often portrayed as an enemy of the kingdom.
When it comes to the US press, the portrayal of him largely depends on the type of media. Gossip magazines primarily focus on his love for extravagant parties and luxurious lifestyle, often describing him as “half Bruce Wayne, half Loki, with a dash of Christian Grey”. On the other hand, more serious journalism tends to cautiously commend his occasional political activism and bold statements — an investigative journalist once even uncovered his funding of a political civic initiative led by prominent Drakovians in exile. This revelation caused him significant trouble and nearly landed him in serious trouble so, as a result, he generally tries to maintain his “bad boy” persona in the gossip columns and takes extensive precautions to conceal his involvement in more serious activities.
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In her “accession” photographs, shot in 1952 by Dorothy Wilding, HM Queen Elizabeth II is pictured with the Girls of Great Britain and Ireland Tiara upon her head – a jewel that you might recognize because Her Majesty is seen wearing it on the front of every Bank of England banknote.
Originally the property of Queen Mary, Duchess of York, Princess of Wales and finally Queen Consort of King George V, the Girls of Great Britain and Ireland Tiara was crafted by Garrard in 1893 to be given as a wedding present from the Girls of Great Britain and Ireland committee.
Designed to be transformable, allowing it to be worn as either a necklace or coronet, over the years, Queen Mary requested that Garrard add diamonds, remove pearls, and separate the bandeau from the base so that she could wear it as a headband.
In 1947, Queen Mary gave the tiara to Princess Elizabeth as a wedding present. In 1969, now Queen Elizabeth II, she asked for the bandeau and tiara to be reunited, as it remains today.
Worn frequently by Her Late Majesty The Queen, the Girls of Great Britain and Ireland Tiara is an ongoing source of inspiration for Garrard’s designers, with the repeated pattern of diamonds encircling the base reflected in the round and geometric Windsor motif, which is a signature of the Albemarle and Fanfare jewellery collections.
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The Queen’s love of brooches is legendary, and in Bob Thomas’ intimate portrait of Her Majesty at the Royal Windsor Horse Show, she is pictured wearing the Cullinan V Heart Brooch, one of several important brooches commissioned from Garrard by the Royal Family.
Showcasing the 18.80-carat heart shape Cullinan V diamond, the fifth-largest gem to be cut from the 3,106-carat Cullinan Diamond – the largest gem-quality rough diamond ever discovered – the diamond was given to Queen Mary in 1911 as a gift from the South African government.
It was originally worn by Queen Mary as part of the suite of jewellery made by Garrard for her to wear at the Delhi Durbar in 1911.
When Queen Mary died in 1953, the Cullinan V Brooch was passed to her granddaughter, Her Late Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, who was photographed wearing it throughout her reign.
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The Sapphire and Diamond cluster ring worn by Catherine, Princess of Wales, formerly Duchess of Cambridge, in the 2013 portrait by her father Michael Middleton is among Garrard’s best-known creations.
Set with a magnificent 12-carat oval Ceylon sapphire, encircled by a cluster of diamonds set in 18 carat white gold, the ring was personally chosen by Lady Diana Spencer for her engagement to Prince Charles.
It became instantly famous after it was prominently showcased in an engagement shoot in 1981 that took place in the grounds of Buckingham Palace.
A new chapter in the story of Princess Diana’s engagement ring was written when, in 2010, William, Prince of Wales, formerly Duke of Cambridge, chose to propose to Catherine Middleton with the same engagement ring his father had given to Diana.
As this royal jewel, passed down through generations, takes on new meaning and sentiment upon Princess of Wales’ hand, we continue to honour this history-defining design in the 1735 collection.
Garrard’s iconic cluster setting also features prominently in the Jewelled Vault, where each one-of-a-kind creation is designed around an exceptional central stone.
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A page from the scrapbook of Princess Victoria of Wales, daughter of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra, shows photographs of Alexandra, dating from 1901, wearing a diamond crown that is much smaller than a traditional royal crown.
Crafted by Garrard in 1871 at the request of Queen Victoria, the miniature crown was designed to be worn over Queen Victoria widow’s cap.
Set with more than 1,000 diamonds and featuring alternating crosses and fleur-de-lis motifs, Garrard created the crown so that the arches could be removed.
Queen Victoria wore the Small Diamond Crown for the first time at the opening of Parliament in 1871 and frequently thereafter for state occasions.
After Queen Victoria’s death, the crown was worn by Queen Alexandra, who in turn passed it to her daughter-in-law, Queen Mary.
Today, Queen Victoria’s Small Diamond Crown is housed at the Jewel House at the Tower of London, where it is on display.
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Both King George VI and HM The Queen are pictured wearing the Imperial State Crown in the Life Through a Royal Lens exhibition.
The 10th iteration of this historic jewel, the crown was crafted by Garrard in 1937 for King George VI and adjusted for The Queen ahead of her coronation in 1953.
Some of the most historic gems in the royal collection reside in this Crown Jewel, including, at the front of the crown, the Cullinan II, the second largest diamond cut from the 3,106-carat Cullinan Diamond – the largest gem-quality rough diamond ever discovered.
Above it, mounted on a diamond Maltese cross, is the Black Prince Ruby, which is not a ruby at all.
In the 16th century, it was discovered that this blood-red semi-polished stone is, in fact, a spinel, a gem that is often referred to as “the great imposter” after it was discovered that some of the most famous “rubies” seen in crown jewels around the world are, indeed, spinels.
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A big moment in Garrard’s history was the recutting of the Koh-i-Noor Diamond.
This sizeable white diamond was first displayed to the public at the Great Exhibition of 1851.
In 1852, Prince Albert, who was instrumental in the creation of the Exhibition, commission Garrard to recut the diamond.
The intensely demanding cutting process lasted eight weeks and was overseen by The Duke of Wellington.
Garrard worked to create more facets to enhance its beauty; consequently, the diamond emerged as a dazzling brilliant weighing 105.6 carats.
In 1911, the Koh-i-Noor was set into Queen Mary’s Crown, newly created by Garrard for the Coronation.
Today, the fabled Koh-i-Noor Diamond (which is now only worn by a woman – if a man wears it, he will supposedly be cursed) is set at the centre of The Queen Mother’s Crown created by Garrard in 1937.
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In a black-and-white photograph taken at the Delhi Durbar in 1911, held to mark the coronation of King George V and Queen Mary as Emperor and Empress of India, Queen Mary is pictured wearing the magnificent Delhi Durbar Suite.
Created by Garrard at the request of the Queen, who wanted a suite of jewels that perfectly captured the majesty of the occasion, the suite included an emerald and diamond tiara, earrings, a brooch, a stomacher, and a spectacular necklace.
Designed by Garrard in a striking circlet style, the Delhi Durbar necklace is set with eight large cabochon emeralds known collectively as the Cambridge Emeralds, with a pendant suspended beneath set with a ninth Cambridge Emerald.
In 1912, Garrard made slight alterations to the necklace, making the emerald pendant detachable and adding a second removable pendant showcasing the 8.80-carat marquise cut Cullinan VII diamond.
Queen Mary regularly wore the necklace and the other jewels in the parure for the rest of her life, after which they became the property of Her Late Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, who inherited the Delhi Durbar Necklace in 1953 and had worn it on many occasions.
The Delhi Durbar Tiara, meanwhile, was given by Her Late Majesty The Queen to Camilla, Queen Consort, after her marriage to His Majesty King Charles III.
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Commissioned by Queen Mary in 1919, the Fringe Tiara was crafted by Garrard in the fashionable Russian style reminiscent of a kokoshnik and designed to be convertible so that it could be worn as either a tiara or a necklace.
Queen Mary gave the tiara to her daughter-in-law, Queen Elizabeth, later the Queen Mother, who was pictured wearing it in Cecil Beaton’s whimsical portrait.
Queen Elizabeth in turn loaned it to her daughter, Her Late Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, then Princess Elizabeth, to wear for her wedding to Philip Mountbatten in 1947 as her “something borrowed.”
In 1974, the Queen Mother loaned the Fringe tiara for another royal wedding, that of her granddaughter Princess Anne.
Most recently, it was worn by Princess Beatrice on the occasion of her wedding to Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi in 2020.
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Originally created by Garrard in 1870 for Florence, Lady Poltimore, the 2nd Baron of Poltimore, the Poltimore Tiara was not publicly known until it was acquired by Princess Margaret prior to her engagement to Antony Armstrong-Jones in 1959.
Featuring elegant diamond scrolls evocative of flora – an enduring source of inspiration during the Victorian era in which it was made – it quickly became one of the Princess’s most prized possessions.
In the ensuing years, both Margaret and the towering jewel were regularly in the spotlight, including, most famously, the photograph on show as part of the Life Through a Royal Lens exhibition featuring the Princess wearing the Poltimore Tiara in the bathtub.
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redundant2 · 2 years
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Prince and Princess Michael of Kent to retire from public life
Now, The Telegraph understands that Prince Michael and his wife, Marie-Christine, 77, are stepping down from public life altogether, with an official announcement expected in the coming days.
It is thought the move will coincide with Prince Michael’s 80th birthday on July 4.
A spokesman for the couple refused to comment.
According to the official Royal family website, Prince Michael is “involved in around 100 charities and organisations, including being patron for a large number of these”.
Although classified as a “non-working” royal, each year he undertakes more than 200 public engagements for the not-for-profit sector – funded by his own household, rather than the taxpayer. 
As a five-year-old, he was a page boy at the Queen’s 1947 wedding to the Duke of Edinburgh. He is often seen at the monarch’s side at family events, alongside his siblings, Princess Alexandra and the Duke of Kent.
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philibetexcerpts · 11 months
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Princess Elizabeth and Lt. Philip Mountbatten’s official portraits following the announcement of their engagement, by Dorothy Wilding.
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sundayjeff8 · 2 years
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Royal Engagement Rings - An Maximum Guide to Getting Your True Noble Match
Three rings have got been inherited. By left to best, the rings are usually: The Queen Single mother's Art Deco engagement ring, Princess Margaret's perpetuity ring (D-shaped) in addition to Queen Elizabeth's circle engagement ring. Of which first D-shaped style is by Cartier from 1902 and the second a new sapphire surrounded by four diamonds. But what regarding the third? The third design was a new wedding gift coming from QEII to Knight in shining armor Phillip in 1947. It was revolutionary in the time mainly because it broke away from tradition and blended gold with bright; one of the features which would be observed period and time once more in subsequent Royal wedding rings. Royal Engagement Rings consist of various sorts of jewelry based in traditions passed along from Queen At the the Second. Princess or queen Elizabeth's wedding diamond ring has a diamond coated band with the bed of platinum and two tiny diamonds because the primary focal point. The particular sapphire surrounded by simply four diamonds is usually worth about $160, 000. The Full Mother's Art Deco ring consist of 2 stones; a diamond set in the center and a diamonds sapphire set about the side. The Queen Mother's Engagement Ring: The royal engagement ring, invented by Royal jeweller Garrard within 1780 is manufactured up of four diamonds and some sort of central sapphire ornamented by smaller expensive diamonds. This style is usually most often known to as typically the "wedding ring" since it was used as a wedding band. It was developed that the sapphire would be a sign of eternity as well as the diamond represents your ex love. The a couple of smaller diamonds had been meant to represent the girl children. With extensive knowledge of the matters plus the right thought, sourcing the correct part is not definitely that hard. Right now there are a couple of on-line shops that is an expert in antique plus other jewellery parts.
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Jewelers have usually been appreciated as they help folks with work connected to jewelry and if you're seeking for a particular part, they can help find and buy many at unbelievable costs. In Great Britain, a sparkly cubic engagement engagement ring is as frequent as it is rare in the United States. Customarily, in England, young couples pick a ring for and give it for the girl by slipping this onto her ring finger on National Marital life Day? March 20 th. This tradition became popular with the Royal Family, after King George MIRE met Queen Elizabeth while they were college classmates from Trinity College. Inside 1938 Queen At the (Duchess of York) married Prince Albert who was not really expected to come to be king because the big brother Edward in addition to their father California king George VI equally survived the abdication crisis following Ruler Edward VIII? t decision to get married to Wallis Simpson, who was twice their first wife Duchess of Windsor). Both the were wed on Mar 20th of that 12 months and for decades afterward she dressed in what was called the? Fairy? or perhaps? Swan? tiara. The particular diamond-and-sapphire tiara, made for Queen Alexandra by Cartier throughout 1908 and worn by her until 1917, was provided to Queen At the as a wedding offer from her dad. This describes Queen Elizabeth as wearing a tiara in March 20th 38.
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silkgreen3 · 2 years
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Royal Engagement Rings - An Best Guide to Getting Your True Noble Match
Three rings include been inherited. Coming from left to best, the rings are usually: The Queen Mother's Art Deco engagement ring, Princess Margaret's eternity ring (D-shaped) plus Queen Elizabeth's circle engagement ring. Of which first D-shaped design and style is by Audemars from 1902 and even the second the sapphire between four diamonds. But you may be wondering what regarding the third? The next design was a new wedding gift through QEII to Knight in shining armor Phillip in 1947. It had been revolutionary at the time because it broke away from tradition and blended gold with whitened; among the features which usually would be seen period and time again in subsequent Noble wedding rings. Royal Engagement Rings consist of various sorts of jewelry based in traditions passed straight down from Queen Elizabeth the Second. California king Elizabeth's wedding diamond ring provides a diamond coated band with the bed of platinum and two tiny diamonds since the main focal point. The particular sapphire surrounded by simply four diamonds will be worth about $160, 000. The Queen Mother's Art Decoration ring consists of two stones; a precious stone set in the center and a precious stone sapphire set upon the side. The Queen Mother's Gemstone: The royal engagement ring, invented by Noble jeweller Garrard throughout 1780 is manufactured up of 4 diamonds and the central sapphire bounded by smaller expensive diamonds. This style is most often referenced to as the particular "wedding ring" since it was used as a wedding band. It was invented how the sapphire would certainly be a symbol of eternity along with the diamond represents the woman love. The 2 smaller diamonds were designed to represent the woman children. With substantial familiarity with the subject areas along with the right thought, sourcing the proper item is not actually that hard. Presently there are a couple of on-line shops that has specialized in antique plus other jewellery pieces. Jewelers have usually been appreciated while they help men and women with work associated to jewelry and if you're looking for a particular item, they can help find and buy several at unbelievable rates. In the uk, a gleaming cubic engagement engagement ring is as popular as it is usually rare in the us. Usually, in England, young couples pick a ring for and give it towards the girl by slipping this onto her finger on National Relationship Day? March 20 th. This tradition grew to become popular with typically the Royal Family, after King George MIRE met Queen Elizabeth while they were college classmates at Trinity College.
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Inside 1938 Queen Elizabeth (Duchess of York) married Prince Albert who was certainly not expected to come to be king because the big brother Edward and even their father California king George VI equally survived the démission crisis following Full Edward VIII? h decision to get married to Wallis Simpson, who else was twice his first wife Duchess of Windsor). Both were wed on Walk 20th of that 12 months and for yrs afterward she put on what was referred to as the? Fairy? or perhaps? Swan? tiara. The diamond-and-sapphire tiara, developed for Queen Alexandra by Cartier within 1908 and donned by her right up until 1917, was presented to Queen At the being a wedding offer from her father. This describes Full Elizabeth as putting on a tiara upon March 20th 1938.
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creditwind3 · 2 years
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Royal Engagement Rings - An Ultimate Guide to Acquiring Your True Noble Match
Three rings include been inherited. From left to right, the rings are: The Queen Single mother's Art Deco band, Princess Margaret's everlasting ring (D-shaped) and even Queen Elizabeth's group engagement ring. That will first D-shaped design and style is by Cartier from 1902 and the second the sapphire between several diamonds. But you may be wondering what regarding the third? The third design was some sort of wedding gift from QEII to Emporer Phillip in 1947. It was revolutionary at the time because it broke away coming from tradition and blended gold with whitened; one of many features which in turn would be observed time and time once more in subsequent Noble wedding rings.
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Royal Engagement Rings consist of various sorts of jewelry based about traditions passed down from Queen Elizabeth the Second. Full Elizabeth's wedding ring provides a diamond coated band with a new bed of platinum and two little diamonds as the major focal point. The sapphire surrounded simply by four diamonds is usually worth about $160, 000. The California king Mother's Art Deco ring consists of 2 stones; a diamond set in the middle and a diamonds sapphire set upon the side. The particular Queen Mother's Gemstone: The royal gemstone, invented by Noble jeweller Garrard inside 1780 is made up of several diamonds and a new central sapphire ornamented by smaller expensive diamonds. This style is most often called to as the particular "wedding ring" as it was used as a wedding band. It was invented how the sapphire would certainly be a mark of eternity along with the diamond represents the girl love. The two smaller diamonds had been intended to represent your ex children. With considerable familiarity with the topics along with the right concept, sourcing the best item is not actually that hard. Right now there are a couple of online shops that is an expert in antique plus other jewellery bits. Jewelers have usually been appreciated while they help folks with work connected to jewelry plus if you're looking for a certain piece, they can give you an ideabout14964 and buy some at unbelievable prices. In the uk, a gleaming cubic engagement band is as frequent as it is definitely rare in the us. Traditionally, in England, young couples pick a ring for and give it towards the girl by slipping this onto her ring finger on National Marital life Day? March 20 th. This tradition grew to become popular with the Royal Family, following King George MIRE met Queen Elizabeth while they had been college classmates in Trinity College.
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Within 1938 Queen Elizabeth (Duchess of York) married Prince Albert who was not really expected to become king because their older brother Edward and their father Full George VI equally survived the démission crisis following Ruler Edward VIII? s decision to get married to Wallis Simpson, who was twice their first wife Duchess of Windsor). The two were wed on Mar 20th of these 12 months and for many years afterward she put on what was named the? Fairy? or perhaps? Swan? tiara. The particular diamond-and-sapphire tiara, produced for Queen Alexandra by Cartier throughout 1908 and donned by her right up until 1917, was provided to Queen At the being a wedding found from her daddy. This describes Full Elizabeth as wearing a tiara on March 20th 38.
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notemist3 · 2 years
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Royal Engagement Rings - An Best Guide to Finding Your True Noble Match
Three rings include been inherited. Through left to best suited, the rings are usually: The Queen Single mother's Art Deco diamond ring, Princess Margaret's perpetuity ring (D-shaped) and Queen Elizabeth's round engagement ring. That first D-shaped style is by Cartier from 1902 and even the second a new sapphire between four diamonds. But you may be wondering what regarding the third? The third design was the wedding gift from QEII to Emporer Phillip in 1947. It had been revolutionary at the time mainly because it broke away by tradition and combined gold with whitened; one of the features which would be observed time and time once again in subsequent Royal wedding rings. Royal Engagement Rings consist of various sorts of jewelry based on traditions passed down from Queen At the the Second. California king Elizabeth's wedding diamond ring provides a diamond encrusted band with a new bed of platinum and two tiny diamonds as the main focal point. Typically the sapphire surrounded by simply four diamonds is worth about $160, 000. The California king Mother's Art Deco ring comprises of two stones; a precious stone set in the middle and a diamond sapphire set on the side. Typically the Queen Mother's Engagement Ring: The royal gemstone, invented by Noble jeweller Garrard within 1780 is produced up of 4 diamonds and the central sapphire bounded by smaller gemstones. This style will be most often referenced to as the "wedding ring" because it was used as a wedding ring. It was created the sapphire would likely be a mark of eternity as well as the diamond represents your ex love. The 2 smaller diamonds have been meant to represent the woman children. With considerable knowledge of the subject areas as well as the right idea, sourcing the correct piece is not definitely that hard. Right now there are a several online shops that has specialized in antique plus other jewellery pieces. Jewelers have always been appreciated as they help folks with work associated to jewelry in addition to if you're searching for a certain item, they can help find and buy several at unbelievable prices. In the uk, a shiny cubic engagement band is as common as it is rare in the us. Usually, in England, young couples pick a band for and give it for the female by slipping that onto her ring finger on National Matrimony Day? March 20 th. This tradition grew to be popular with the Royal Family, right after King George MIRE met Queen Elizabeth while they had been college classmates with Trinity College.
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Throughout 1938 Queen At the (Duchess of York) married Prince Albert who was not really expected to come to be king because the older brother Edward plus their father Ruler George VI equally survived the renonciation crisis following King Edward VIII? h decision to get married Wallis Simpson, who else was twice his / her first wife Duchess of Windsor). The two were wed on Mar 20th of the season and for many years afterward she dressed in what was named the? Fairy? or even? Swan? tiara. The diamond-and-sapphire tiara, made for Queen Alexandra by Cartier inside 1908 and worn by her until 1917, was offered to Queen Elizabeth being a wedding found from her dad. This describes Queen Elizabeth as wearing a tiara about March 20th 1938.
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valkyries-things · 2 months
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MARIA KARAÐORÐEVIĆ // QUEEN OF YUGOSLAVIA
“She was Queen of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes from 1922 to 1929 and Queen of Yugoslavia from 1929 to 1934 as the wife of King Alexander I. She was the mother of Peter II, the last reigning Yugoslav monarch. She established good relations with the Orthodox clergy and engaged in charity. She participated in the work of the local peasantry at the royal estate, and could be seen working in the field dressed in traditional folk costume. She founded schools for the children of the local farmers, scholarships for the benefit of poor families. During the war, Maria provided relief help for Yugoslav prisoners of war in Nazi custody through the Red Cross in Britain. After the war, her citizenship was revoked, and the royal property was confiscated by the Yugoslav communist regime in 1947, but she was posthumously rehabilitated in 2014.”
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