#Facial Action Coding System

[thelightbulb-consumer-insights]

Decoding Emotions: An Introduction to Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

Understanding Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

What is the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)?

The Facial Action Coding System (FACS) is a complex, anatomically-based method for objectively coding facial expressions. Begun by psychologists Paul Ekman and Wallace V. Friesen in the 1970s, FACS offers a codified approach for the identification and analysis of the individual facial muscle movements, action units (AUs), to which specific emotions or expressions are connected.

How Does FACS Work?

FACS is proceeded by identifying and coding specific facial muscle movements, the AUs, using a fine anatomical framework. Each action unit represents a facial muscle movement and is linked to an emotion or a facial expression. Using analysis of action units available, researchers are able to decode and interpret the emotions or expressions underlying a given a person’s facial expression.

Uses of FACS

Research in Psychology and Neuroscience

FACS is commonly employed in the psychology and neuroscience fields to analyze emotional expression, social interactions, and nonverbal communication. Facial expressions, evoked by stimuli, are objectively measured and analyzed with FACS, which provides a deeper understanding of emotional processes, empathy, and social cognition.

Clinical and Diagnostic Applications

FACS is used diagnostically in clinical settings in fields like psychiatry, psychology, and speech therapy. Thanks to FACS, clinicians can both evaluate and analyse facial expressions of patients, which is aiding in the diagnosis of mood disorders, autism spectrum disorders, and other conditions that affect emotional expression and communication.

Human-Computer Interaction and Technology

FACS has also made its way into human-computer interaction and technology (e.g., affective computing and facial recognition). Through the incorporation of FACS principles, researchers and developers will be able to design systems that can detect and react to the user’s emotional states depending upon their expressions.

Performing FACS Analysis

Training and Certification

FACS coding demands specific training and certification; that is why the accuracy and reliability of the facial expression analysis are guaranteed. The training programs normally include the anatomical basis of facial expressions, the learning of coding the system for action units, as well as the practice coding of the standardized video stimuli. Coding skills are measured critically and thoroughly in certification programs.

TheLightBulb.ai Provides The Best Ai based Facial action Coding Tools For Businesses.

Coding Facial Expressions

In order to structure facial expressions, coding is used FACS which involves the frame-by-frame scrutiny of the facial movements in video recordings or live observations conducted by researchers or coders. They qualitatively code action units corresponding to observed muscle movements and following the guidelines and reference materials recommended in the FACS manual. Coders have to be calibrated and reliability tested regularly to ensure that coding is consistent and correct.

Challenges and Considerations

Subjectivity and Interpretation

Although FACS coding follows a standardized framework, it faces interpretative and intercoder variability. The interpretation of slight facial movements and distinguishing between action units that seem alike necessitate the advanced level of professionalism and education to guarantee credibility and consistency in coding. Coders should stay alert to prevent bias in their interpretations.

Resource Intensity and Time

FACS analysis is labor-intensive and time-consuming in nature and requires specialized training, availability of video-recording equipments and frame-by-frame coding of facial expressions. The validity and reliability of findings depend on researchers to have enough time and money for training, data collection, and analysis.

Conclusion

The Facial Action Coding System (FACS) is a more systematic and uniform way of objectively analyzing facial expressions which give important information on the emotional expression, social interaction and nonverbal communication. Through the systematic coding of facial muscle movements, researchers are able to decode the emotions that are being instilled or the expressions that are being displayed thus making it possible to understand human behavior and cognition. Although it seems difficult to use, FACS allows the analysis of emotions and manipulations of affect and it is used in many fields such as psychology, neuroscience, clinical diagnosis, human-computer interaction, and it contributes to the progress of emotional research and affective computing technologies.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs):

1. What are the major advantages of applying FACS in research settings?

A.FACS has a number of advantages in research, that is, its ability to help interpret facial expression objectively and standardized from which deep analysis of emotional processes, social interactions and also non verbal communication can be achieved. Moreover, FACS is cross-culturally applicable, and it finds application in diverse fields including psychology, neuroscience, and human computer interaction.

2. How soon does one get to be a competent coder of facial expressions using FACS?

A.Mastering the FACS coding necessitates thorough training and thorough practicing. This may range from time basis factors including previous involvement, the level of training and the individual learning abilities. Normally, people have to undergo several weeks to months of practice and training before they can become proficient in FACS coding and get certified.

3. Is FACS able to determine deception or lying from the facial expressions?

A. Although FACS provides a standard process of facial expression analysis, it is necessary to mention that one facial expression does not reliably mean deception or lying. To detect deception based on the facial expressions alone is complicated and one has to take into account the contextual aspects, verbal cues, behavioral signals, etc.

Read more Facial Action Coding System Related Blogs:

Why Understanding Facial Action Coding System Matters in Emotional Analysis

What is the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)?

#facial action coding system #face coding #technology #ai #business

[memoriae-lectoris]

In fact, nowadays computers can surpass us in tasks we usually think are uniquely human.

For example, computers can detect emotions more effectively than humans. Paul Ekman, a famous psychologist, discovered micro-expressions: the minimal movements in your 40 facial muscles that lead to certain expressions. After many years of research, Ekman figured out which of 3,000 different micro-expressions is connected to which emotion. The result is his Facial Action Coding System.

This is how it works: If you put all this emotional data into a computer equipped with a camera, and point it at a human face, the computer can correctly detect the emotion 85 percent of the time. Whereas humans, even with training, got it right only 55 percent of the time!

#book: humans are underrated #AI #Facial Action Coding System #Paul Ekman #emotion #emotion recognition #meanwhile i suck at recognize it as an autistic girl

[garnet-xx-rose]

I totally get people’s uncomfortableness with Ramin hc the Phantom as autistic while seemingly being neurotypical (Or at least from what we know, that’s his personal journey if anything’s changed). I can empathize with the frustration of hc these villainous characters as neurodivergent.

I will say though, his portrayal as Erik has consistently stuck with me. His hands, his facial expressions, the way he moves and reacts to overstimulating situations. Like he is me. I too make puppy dog eyes and stim with my fingers. I too want to upstage everyone at an event and also not speak to anyone. I too am a sexy person of color with an angelic voice. I too want to make Christine Daaé my wife.

We see each other XD

I might be in the unpopular group of enjoying neurodivergent coded/canon anti-heroes and villains (Entrapta, Erik, Spinel). For me I don’t see their actions as tied to their “neurodivergence” but rather understandable retaliation against the way they’ve been marginalized. Like, I don’t know, I love the fantasy/fiction of neurodivergent people causing chaos for the people and system that’s thrown them away. How are we surprised that those who’ve been dehumanized don’t see value in the lives of others. Like why should they be the bigger person?

#phantom of the opera #poto #erik #erik/christine #poto 25 #ramin karimloo #totally get giving him the side eye for that tho #But I’m kinda like ‘you doing this too good?’ what’s going on there

[klevxander]

Watching Nimona for the 2nd time after reading tons of posts and the comic. A thread:

[SPOILERS AHEAD SO GO WATCH THE MOVIE ALREADY]

* Knowing how things play out in the end really captures just how ridiculous the title sequence mythologizes these kids and what fear really does to people

* originally when the squire comes up to Ballister I thought that he wanted a selfie with him and was nervous about it. The facial expressions show that he's confused about handing the "sword" off to him and Ballister's face in response just ahfhsjbd. Also I noticed immediately that Ballister could just /feel/ something was off.

* "Ballister, today the kingdom will see you for who you really are" was SUCH A DAMN TWOFACED COMMENT FROM THE DIRECTOR YOU EVIL EVIL SHITFUCK

* Nimona's face as they discover someone that has been shunned just as they were just MMMMMPH *chef's kiss*

* Nimona's expressions are wonderful and when they ask about Ballister keeping the arm just makes me giggle in the weirdest way. I need screenshots at some point because emotes at some point are going to become a must

* THE DRAMA AND ENERGY NIMONA BRINGS

* "This guy looks extremely punchable" "You're right. He is actually extremely punchable."

* I kinda love the transition from the comic to the movie from Blackheart to Boldheart. A villain on purpose to a villain by someone else's doing. The similarities and parallels and themes!!!!

* We just threw the murderer in jail. "Wanna get some lunch?" "Yeah! I love lunch!"

* Nimona the rat sneaking into the cell as the Director leaves Ballister

* "Wait. How did you get out?" "I know the code."

* Nimona's intro to the escape music. I love this beatboxing gremlin. And then just breaks stuff while following after Ballister who is trying to sneak out carefully. "He is a murderer!... of fun"

* "Something something something... we win!"

* The way Nimona lands in the hero pose and stands triumphantly while Ballister slides in on his face, defeated by the overwhelming everything that just happened

* "Metal"

* Nimona absolutely loves fucking with Ballister. Just messing with his head because he's just so gullible. Making the lair more evil lair-y with lights on strings and making tacos. THE HANDS AS NIMONA SAYS MEATBALL!!!

* Comic Ballister is definitely more clearly defined as a scientist, and the only reference we get to movie Ballister being scientific is just that he MAKES HIS OWN ARM. It's a little more understandable to see where he's coming from. He's a man of science. Science has reason and explanation and definition and Nimona... Does not. Not to say that any of his actions are necessarily forgivable, as he definitely hurts Nimona by being this way. Nimona gives him one question out of his million, and thankfully, he chooses the correct one. "Why are you helping me?"

* "You need the squire? Then let's go kill- Get him"

* The way Nimona Super Mario hops bouncing off the couch AND KEEPS TELEPORTING FOR COMEDIC EFFECT

* "rhinoperos"

* "Would you please unclench your mustache?"

* Nimona constantly questions all of Ballister's actions and tries to have him question things for himself. Question everything. Including the system.

* Something therapeutic for Ballister in the way Nimona portrays him.

* "He hates freestyle jazz"

* pizza rat pizza rat pizza rat

* The random commercial transition with Dragon Krisps

* "Easier to be a girl? You're hilarious" Nimona is all about expressing who they are and questioning the status quo. Questioning what everyone else wants you to be. What is normal? Fuck being normal. I'm Nimona.

* The wishing well story in the movie vs the witch in the hole in the comic.

* Ballister and his constant puppy dog eyes

* The squire has such Kuzco energy. "Ohhh nooo. Let me go ahead and pass this problem on to someone else."

* Nimona's slander on pineapple pizza. How dare

* Comparisons to other memes and media are EVERYWHERE. "There's an arrow in your (butt) leg!" Also, the arrow in the leg from comic to movie makes such a defined difference. "I'm not a people." That's right sweetheart. You're a Nimona. I also love this scene because of the character growth from Ballister and the recognition of said growth from Nimona. He's got these assumptions and expectations that are constantly breaking around Nimona and they just watch him make mistakes and learn and grow. And BECAUSE Nimona can SEE this growth and change, they decide to share something a little more personal about themselves.

* "Who'd protect Todd?" Bro. I know.

* The squire dabbing in Ballister's armor. Secondhand embarrassment at an all-time high.

* "ARM-CHOPPING IS NOT A LOVE LANGUAGE" and then because of his training and his love BALLISTER PROCEEDS TO DEFEND THE GUY WHO CHOPPED OFF HIS ARM

* The parallels, the comparisons, the brainwashing, the questioning of everything!!!!

* Ambrosius watching as the future he could have had being wiped away quite literally depicted by a billboard being painted over, as he sits in the car with the person who's fears caused the incident in the first place. AND THEN THE FREAKOUT ABOUT EVERYTHING that only happens in his mind as he just simply responds with, "I'm fine, Director."

* Another person already said this, but the "devil and angel" over Ballister and Ambrosius comparison is just wonderful. "Says the miscreant, whispering in his ear." Bitch who the fuck are you!? Look in a goddamn mirror and reflect for fucking 2 seconds!!!

* They give Ambrosius a chance to do the right thing and trust the man he supposedly loves. Instead, he asks the wrong question, escalates the situation, and ends up with his hair looking like a paintbrush, getting booped on the nose by a gorilla. Also DINGING THAT KNIGHT IN THE DINGDONG WITH ARMADILLO NIMONA THEN USING THE KNIGHT'S SHIELD THAT IS STILL ATTACHED TO THE POOR GUY!?!? "Sorry not sorry" "Of horse I do" The pure elatement and joy Nimona expresses while fighting the Institution. *chef's kisses everywhere*

* The confusion over what kind of otter Nimona takes form as a callback

* This movie subverts expectations CONSTANTLY jumping rope with drama and comedy.

* THE SEVERE TRAUMA THAT NIMONA HAS over saving the little girl's life and having her in turn raise a sword at Nimona. The parallel to Gloreth just broke them.

* "I don't know what's scarier. The fact that everyone in this kingdom wants to run a sword through my heart... or they sometimes, I just wanna let 'em."

* The way Nimona lights up when Ballister says that they are together. "You changed the way you see me."

* The director bases all of her fears on a myth and old papers and nightmares. Projecting her fears in a way that only hurts the people around her.

* The DRAMA that Nimona exudes after being STABBED in the form of Ambrosius. It's also not exactly explained in the movie, but in the comic, the reason Nimona apparently heals so fast is because every time they change forms, the old body (cells) dies and the new one takes its place. Which is why Nimona just questioned what the fuck Ballister was doing when bandaging their leg and being all worried about the arrow.

* "You didn't tell me you could breathe fire." "Ohhh" "Metal" love how he just accepts Nimona at this point. The board game, Nimona shape-shifting into the Director to spook Ballister and so many other bits from the comic, either being pulled directly or inspiring new ones. It's all just so good.

* "Nachos! And hold the olives. He's allergic"

There is so much to this movie. I love the stories it speaks for and that so many people connect to it. So many other conclusions to be drawn and analysis to be made. Definitely one of my new favorites.

#nimona #nimona comic #nimona movie #ballister boldheart #ambrosius goldenloin

[compneuropapers]

Interesting Papers for Week 31, 2023

Abnormal evidence accumulation underlies the positive memory deficit in depression. Cataldo, A. M., Scheuer, L., Maksimovskiy, A. L., Germine, L. T., & Dillon, D. G. (2023). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 152(1), 139–156.

Internal neural states influence the short-term effect of monocular deprivation in human adults. Chen, Y., Gao, Y., He, Z., Sun, Z., Mao, Y., Hess, R. F., … Zhou, J. (2023). eLife, 12, e83815.

Mesolimbic dopamine adapts the rate of learning from action. Coddington, L. T., Lindo, S. E., & Dudman, J. T. (2023). Nature, 614(7947), 294–302.

Sensorimotor feedback loops are selectively sensitive to reward. Codol, O., Kashefi, M., Forgaard, C. J., Galea, J. M., Pruszynski, J. A., & Gribble, P. L. (2023). eLife, 12, e81325.

Multiphasic value biases in fast-paced decisions. Corbett, E. A., Martinez-Rodriguez, L. A., Judd, C., O’Connell, R. G., & Kelly, S. P. (2023). eLife, 12, e67711.

Hippocampal–cortical coupling differentiates long-term memory processes. Dahal, P., Rauhala, O. J., Khodagholy, D., & Gelinas, J. N. (2023). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(7), e2207909120.

The visual encoding of graspable unfamiliar objects. Federico, G., Osiurak, F., Brandimonte, M. A., Salvatore, M., & Cavaliere, C. (2023). Psychological Research, 87(2), 452–461.

Complex economic decisions from simple neurocognitive processes: the role of interactive attention. He, L., & Bhatia, S. (2023). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 290(1992), 20221593.

Behavioral encoding across timescales by region-specific dopamine dynamics. Jørgensen, S. H., Ejdrup, A. L., Lycas, M. D., Posselt, L. P., Madsen, K. L., Tian, L., … Gether, U. (2023). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(7), e2215230120.

Olfactory receptor neurons generate multiple response motifs, increasing coding space dimensionality. Kim, B., Haney, S., Milan, A. P., Joshi, S., Aldworth, Z., Rulkov, N., … Stopfer, M. A. (2023). eLife, 12, e79152.

Local memory allocation recruits memory ensembles across brain regions. Lavi, A., Sehgal, M., de Sousa, A. F., Ter-Mkrtchyan, D., Sisan, F., Luchetti, A., … Silva, A. J. (2023). Neuron, 111(4), 470-480.e5.

D2/3 Agonist during Learning Potentiates Cued Risky Choice. Mortazavi, L., Hynes, T. J., Chernoff, C. S., Ramaiah, S., Brodie, H. G., Russell, B., … Winstanley, C. A. (2023). Journal of Neuroscience, 43(6), 979–992.

Coordinated drift of receptive fields in Hebbian/anti-Hebbian network models during noisy representation learning. Qin, S., Farashahi, S., Lipshutz, D., Sengupta, A. M., Chklovskii, D. B., & Pehlevan, C. (2023). Nature Neuroscience, 26(2), 339–349.

Distinct early and late neural mechanisms regulate feature-specific sensory adaptation in the human visual system. Rideaux, R., West, R. K., Rangelov, D., & Mattingley, J. B. (2023). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(6), e2216192120.

Single spikes drive sequential propagation and routing of activity in a cortical network. Riquelme, J. L., Hemberger, M., Laurent, G., & Gjorgjieva, J. (2023). eLife, 12, e79928.

Testing, explaining, and exploring models of facial expressions of emotions. Snoek, L., Jack, R. E., Schyns, P. G., Garrod, O. G. B., Mittenbühler, M., Chen, C., … Scholte, H. S. (2023). Science Advances, 9(6).

Distinct replay signatures for prospective decision-making and memory preservation. Wimmer, G. E., Liu, Y., McNamee, D. C., & Dolan, R. J. (2023). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(6), e2205211120.

A dopaminergic reward prediction error signal shapes maternal behavior in mice. Xie, Y., Huang, L., Corona, A., Pagliaro, A. H., & Shea, S. D. (2023). Neuron, 111(4), 557-570.e7.

A discipline-wide investigation of the replicability of Psychology papers over the past two decades. Youyou, W., Yang, Y., & Uzzi, B. (2023). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(6), e2208863120.

Development of dynamic attention: Time-based visual selection for objects in motion between 6–12 years of age. Zupan, Z., Blagrove, E. L., & Watson, D. G. (2023). Developmental Psychology, 59(2), 312–325.

#science #Neuroscience #computational neuroscience #Brain science #research #cognition #neurons #neurobiology #cognitive science #neural networks #neural computation #psychophysics #scientific publications

[influencermagazineuk]

The Taming of the Machine: Understanding and Preventing AI Exploits

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming our world, bringing forth incredible advancements in various fields. However, with great power comes great responsibility. As AI becomes more sophisticated, so too do the potential vulnerabilities that malicious actors can exploit. This article delves into the different ways AI can be exploited and explores strategies to mitigate these risks. Understanding the Exploits: Unveiling the Threats Here are some of the common ways AI can be exploited: - Data Poisoning: AI systems rely on data to learn and make decisions. Malicious actors can introduce biased or inaccurate data into the training process, causing the AI to make biased or incorrect decisions. Imagine a loan application AI system trained on biased data, leading to unfair rejections for certain demographic groups. - Model Hacking: Hackers can exploit vulnerabilities in the AI model itself, manipulating its outputs to achieve their goals. This could involve altering the code or manipulating the input data to force the AI system to deliver a desired outcome. For instance, a hacker might manipulate a facial recognition system to misidentify someone. - Adversarial Attacks: These attacks involve creating specially crafted inputs designed to confuse or mislead an AI system. Imagine creating an image that appears harmless to humans but triggers a self-driving car's emergency braking system due to its specific design. - Social Engineering: AI systems can be susceptible to social engineering tactics designed to manipulate them. This could involve tricking a chatbot into revealing sensitive information or persuading a virtual assistant to perform unauthorized actions. Building a Fortified Wall: Strategies to Mitigate AI Exploits Here are some key strategies to minimize the risk of AI exploits: - Data Quality and Security: Prioritize high-quality, unbiased data for training AI models. Implement robust data security measures to prevent manipulation or poisoning. - Model Testing and Monitoring: Rigorously test AI models for potential vulnerabilities before deployment. Continuously monitor deployed models for any unusual behavior that might indicate an exploit. - Explainable AI: Develop AI systems that can explain their reasoning and decision-making processes. This transparency allows humans to identify potential biases or errors in the system. - Security Awareness and Training: Educate everyone involved in the development and deployment of AI systems about the potential risks of exploits. Develop robust security protocols to safeguard systems and data. - Regulation and Oversight: As AI technology continues to evolve, regulations and oversight frameworks are crucial to ensure responsible development and deployment, minimizing the risk of malicious use. The Road Ahead: A Collaborative Effort Mitigating AI exploits requires a collaborative effort. Developers, researchers, policymakers, and the general public all have a role to play. By prioritizing data security, fostering transparency in AI models, and implementing robust security measures, we can harness the power of AI for good while minimizing the risks associated with exploits. The future of AI holds immense potential. By addressing the vulnerabilities and working together, we can ensure that AI continues to be a force for positive change in the world. Read the full article

[interest-articles]

Administration announces completion of 150-day actions tasked by President Biden’s landmark Executive Order on AI

White House Office of Management and Budget issues policy to mitigate risks and harness benefits of artificial intelligence

Vice President Kamala Harris announced today that the White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has completed the 150-day actions tasked by President Biden’s Executive Order on artificial intelligence (AI). These actions aim to strengthen AI safety and security, protect privacy, advance equity and civil rights, promote innovation and competition, and establish American leadership in the global AI landscape. The OMB’s government-wide policy addresses the risks associated with AI and outlines measures to ensure responsible AI innovation.

This milestone builds upon the Biden-Harris Administration’s commitment to leading in responsible AI development, as evidenced by the President’s Budget, which invests in the responsible integration of AI applications across federal agencies.

Address Risks from the Use of AI

The OMB’s policy directs federal agencies to implement concrete safeguards when using AI in ways that could impact Americans’ rights or safety. By December 1, 2024, agencies must adopt measures to reliably assess, test, and monitor the impacts of AI on the public. These safeguards include mitigating algorithmic discrimination, ensuring transparency in AI usage, and protecting individuals' rights.

For instance, travelers at airports will retain the ability to opt out of TSA facial recognition without delays or losing their place in line. In the Federal healthcare system, AI tools used for critical diagnostics decisions will have human oversight to verify results and prevent disparities in healthcare access. Additionally, AI systems used to detect fraud in government services will have human oversight, and affected individuals will have recourse for AI-related harms.

If agencies cannot adhere to these safeguards, they must discontinue using the AI system, unless justified by increased risks or critical agency operations.

Expand Transparency of AI Use

The policy requires federal agencies to improve public transparency regarding their use of AI. Agencies will release expanded annual inventories of their AI use cases, including those that impact rights or safety and the corresponding risk mitigation strategies. They will also report metrics about sensitive AI use cases that are withheld from the public inventory.

Any AI exempted by a waiver from complying with the policy will be publicly notified, along with justifications for the exemption. Furthermore, government-owned AI code, models, and data will be released to the public, as long as it does not pose risks to public safety or government operations.

Advance Responsible AI Innovation

The OMB’s policy aims to remove unnecessary barriers to responsible AI innovation within federal agencies. AI technology offers significant opportunities to address pressing challenges in various sectors. For example, AI can help in responding to natural disasters, advancing public health initiatives, and enhancing public safety.

The policy encourages agencies to responsibly experiment with generative AI, while ensuring adequate safeguards are in place. Agencies have already begun utilizing AI chatbots to improve customer experiences and are exploring other AI pilots.

Grow the AI Workforce

Building and deploying AI responsibly requires a skilled workforce. The OMB’s guidance directs agencies to expand and upskill their AI talent. The Biden-Harris Administration has committed to hiring 100 AI professionals by Summer 2024 as part of the National AI Talent Surge.

The Office of Personnel Management has issued guidance on pay and leave flexibilities for AI roles to improve retention and emphasize the importance of AI talent across the federal government. Additionally, the President’s Budget includes $5 million to expand the General Services Administration’s government-wide AI training program.

Strengthen AI Governance

To ensure accountability, leadership, and oversight in the use of AI, federal agencies are required to designate Chief AI Officers to coordinate AI efforts within their respective agencies. AI Governance Boards, chaired by the Deputy Secretary or equivalent, will be established to govern AI use across agencies. Several departments have already established these governance bodies, and all CFO Act agencies are required to do so by May 27, 2024.

The completion of the 150-day actions tasked by President Biden’s Executive Order on AI marks a significant milestone in the Biden-Harris Administration’s commitment to responsible AI development. The OMB’s government-wide policy addresses the risks associated with AI and provides guidelines for federal agencies to harness its benefits. Through concrete safeguards, increased transparency, responsible innovation, workforce development, and strengthened governance, the administration is leading by example in the safe and trustworthy use of AI.

These actions lay the foundation for managing risks and ensuring the responsible integration of AI across the federal government.

[aibyrdidini]

A Comparative Study: Rule-Based AI vs. Machine Learning-Based AI

Introduction:

Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems have revolutionized various industries by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence. There are two main types of AI systems: rule-based AI and AI based on machine learning. In this white paper, we will delve into the details of these two types of AI systems, their definitions, and applications in corporate AI, and provide snippets of Python code to demonstrate their implementation.

1. Rule-Based AI:

Definition: Rule-based AI, also known as expert systems, relies on manually programmed rules to make decisions or solve problems. These rules are created by human experts who possess domain knowledge and expertise. The system follows a set of predefined rules to determine its actions or outputs.

Applications in Corporate AI:

Rule-based AI finds extensive applications in corporate AI systems, such as:

1. Decision Support Systems: Rule-based AI is used to provide recommendations or make decisions based on predefined rules and business logic.

2. Fraud Detection: Rule-based AI systems can be employed to identify patterns of fraudulent activities and trigger alerts or take appropriate actions.

3. Customer Support: Rule-based AI can automate responses to frequently asked questions and provide instant support to customers.

Snippet Code (Rule-Based AI):

```python

# Rule-based AI example

def rule_based_ai(input):

if input == "question":

return "Answer to the question"

elif input == "greeting":

return "Hello, how can I assist you?"

else:

return "I'm sorry, I didn't understand your input."

# Usage example

user_input = input("Enter your input: ")

response = rule_based_ai(user_input)

print(response)

```

Explanation:

- The code defines a function called `rule_based_ai` that takes an input and returns a corresponding response based on predefined rules.

- The function checks the input against different conditions using `if-elif-else` statements.

- If the input matches any of the predefined conditions (e.g., "question" or "greeting"), the function returns the corresponding response.

- If the input does not match any condition, a default response is provided.

2. AI Based on Machine Learning:

Definition: AI based on machine learning involves training a system using examples or data, allowing it to learn patterns and make predictions or decisions. Machine learning algorithms analyze data, identify patterns, and create models that can be used to make predictions or classify new data.

Applications in Corporate AI:

AI based on machine learning is widely used in corporate AI applications, including:

1. Natural Language Processing: Machine learning algorithms can be trained to understand and process human language, enabling applications like sentiment analysis, chatbots, and language translation.

2. Image and Video Analysis: Machine learning models can be trained to recognize and classify objects in images and videos, enabling applications like facial recognition, object detection, and content moderation.

3. Predictive Analytics: Machine learning algorithms can analyze historical data to make predictions and forecasts, aiding in areas such as sales forecasting, demand prediction, and risk assessment.

Snippet Code (AI Based on Machine Learning):

```python

# AI based on machine learning example using scikit-learn

from sklearn import svm

# Training data

X = [[0, 0], [1, 1]]

y = [0, 1]

# Create a support vector machine classifier

clf = svm.SVC()

# Train the classifier

clf.fit(X, y)

# Predict new data

new_data = [[2, 2]]

prediction = clf.predict(new_data)

print(prediction)

```

Explanation:

- The code demonstrates the use of a machine learning algorithm (Support Vector Machines) from the scikit-learn library.

- The training data consists of two samples (`X`) with corresponding labels (`y`).

- The code creates a classifier (`clf`) using the `svm.SVC()` function.

- The classifier is trained using the `fit()` method, which takes the training data and labels as input.

- Once trained, the classifier can predict the label of new data (`new_data`) using the `predict()` method.

- The predicted label is printed as the output.

Conclusion:

This white paper provided an overview of rule-based AI and AI based on machine learning, their definitions, applications in corporate AI, and step-by-step explanations of Python code snippets for both types. These AI systems have distinct characteristics and find diverse applications across industries, enabling automation, decision-making, and pattern recognition. By understanding the fundamentals and implementation techniques, heterogeneous audiences can gain insights into the capabilities and potential of these AI systems.

#ML #AI-POWERED #AI DATA #AI AUTOMATION

[thelightbulb-consumer-insights]

Why Facial Action Coding System (FACS) Promotes Advancements in Emotional Intelligence

Before delving into its significance, let’s first understand what the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) entails. Developed by psychologists Paul Ekman and Wallace V. Friesen in the 1970s, FACS is a comprehensive method for systematically analyzing facial movements. It involves identifying and categorizing specific facial muscle movements, known as action units, to decipher the emotional expressions displayed by an individual.

#technology #sales #sales enablement tool #face coding #sales enablement #market insight tool #customer journey testing #sales enablement platform #ai #business

[zkteco-india]

Zkteco Turnstiles

Zkteco turnstiles are constructed with both security and aesthetics in mind. Offering cutting-edge features such as bi-directional access control and anti-tailgating detection, these turnstiles are also easy to integrate into different access control systems.

The basic tripod turnstile gate is an economical solution to many applications. Consisting of three rotating arms or bars mounted to a central pole and only accessible to one person at once, tripod turnstiles are durable enough to withstand heavy use in harsh environments as well as integration into access control systems to prevent unauthorised entry.

Tripod turnstile gates offer you flexibility when choosing which mode best meets your application, from one-way passage to two-way passage and customized LED indicators displaying status/direction information about passing status/direction to alarm systems that prompt user/administrators via sound, light or voice prompts. They’re ideal for office buildings, schools, hospitals and other facilities that need one- or two-way passageways for visitors or employees. Some models feature customizable LED indicators displaying passing status and direction information while some come equipped with alarm systems capable of alerting both user/administrators of passage or administration to take appropriate action on their use based on specific applications; such models come equipped with alarm systems capable of notifying user/administrators via sound/light/voice prompts to remind them to take necessary actions that ensure smooth passageway for users or administrators as needed.

Tripod turnstiles feature blocking bodies made from stainless steel sticks that unlock when an opening signal arrives. Additionally, this system can accept various identification methods including cards, fingerprints, bar code scanners and iris recognition equipment for identification as well as supporting multiple authorization methods (duel authentication/time restricted access/time self inspection/alarm prompt functions activated through emergency buttons/special cards to meet fire management requirements.) Furthermore, fault self inspection/alarm prompt functions can also be enabled to meet fire management needs.

Full-height turnstiles feature LED indicators and can be configured for free pass, controlled passage or locked mode operation depending on facility needs. Each turnstile supports up to 30 RFID, 25 fingerprint or 15 facial or vein authentications per minute for seamless security screening processes.

TS1000 Pro Series

The zkteco TS1000 Pro Series Turntiles provide a durable and dependable access control solution, improving member experiences while keeping access secure. Equipped with RFID and fingerprint readers to eliminate tailgating, they can be installed indoors or outdoors – providing access for everyone!

These bi-directional tripod turnstiles are easy to set up and use. Reprogramming options enable free passage for one person at a time or locking mechanisms and only unlocking when an authorization signal has been received, plus these units feature LED pictogram and directional indicators for user guidance.

With an incredible passing speed of 48 persons per minute, the TS1000 can easily integrate with existing access control systems and is guaranteed to increase member satisfaction through faster gym access times and greater member retention. Northern Arena credits TS1000’s reliability and efficiency as helping them meet membership growth targets.

OP1000 is an advanced optical turnstile with exceptional security capabilities. It replaces traditional physical barriers with active infrared beams to form an invisible electronic field between two pedestals and prevent unauthorized entry. Furthermore, this turnstile comes equipped with a modular reader installation plate to ensure compatibility with any third-party reader and deep learning & facial recognition systems such as SpeedFace V5L [TD]. Ideal for workplaces, schools, hospitals and airports.

TS1200

The TS1200 Series tripod turnstile from Zkteco provides medium security. This model offers numerous features, such as bi-directional access control system, anti-tailgating detection, LED direction indicator light and easy installation on various surfaces; additionally it can integrate with RFID or fingerprint readers.

The turnstile’s cabinet, lid, and barriers are constructed from SUS304 stainless steel which makes them both durable and resistant to rust and corrosion, helping ensure it will stand the test of time even in harsh environments. Furthermore, its easy cleaning eliminates any need for regular maintenance visits.

Once TS1200’s reader (RFID and/or fingerprint) recognizes a user’s valid access card or fingerprint, its tripod arms unlock to allow passage through. In case of emergency situations or power loss, these arms automatically drop down to prevent unwarranted entry while providing safe passageways out.

The LED indicator on the TS1200 makes access control simple and user-friendly; users know whether their request was granted or denied instantly, making use easy and seamless in any corporate environment. Furthermore, its integration with your preferred access control reader saves both time and money during installation.

FHT2400 Series

FHT2400 Series full height turnstiles provide maximum perimeter security. Constructed entirely of metal for outdoor use and featuring robust design for reliable operation, tailgating and climbing over barriers is eliminated as nine rotating steel metal barriers remain locked closed by default; when an access card or other form of identity verification successfully authenticated through its reader (RFID or biometric), the FHT2400’s barriers automatically unlock to allow passage through onto its secure side.

This model features LED indicators to give clear signals about the status of authentication processes, enabling individuals to pass without waiting. Furthermore, it works effectively across a temperature range between -28 and 60 degrees Celsius to ensure reliable performance and longevity.

FHT2400’s durable and reliable entry control solution, made of SUS304 stainless steel cabinet and barrier, can handle up to 30 RFID, 25 fingerprint, 15 face or vein authentications per minute for fast and accurate identification and access control. Furthermore, this model boasts high security levels with an estimated lifetime beyond 2 million cycles – perfect for protecting public buildings with strict requirements for access control as well as sensitive areas with stringent access control needs.

[mindbankai]

Securing Minds, Securing Data: Blockchain in Digital Banking

Security in digital banking is a paramount concern in the rapidly evolving landscape of financial technology. As financial institutions embrace digital transformation to meet the demands of a technologically advanced era, the need for robust security measures becomes critical to safeguard sensitive financial information, prevent fraud, and ensure the trust of customers.

Encryption and Secure Communication:

One of the foundational elements of security in digital banking is the use of encryption protocols to protect the confidentiality of data during transmission. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) are cryptographic protocols that encrypt communication between a user's device and the bank's servers, ensuring that sensitive information, such as login credentials and financial transactions, remains confidential and secure.

Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA):

Multi-Factor Authentication is a fundamental security measure in digital banking that adds an additional layer of protection beyond passwords. By requiring users to provide multiple forms of identification, such as passwords, PINs, or biometric data, MFA significantly reduces the risk of unauthorized access. This enhances the overall security posture of digital banking platforms and protects against identity theft.

Biometric Authentication:

The integration of biometric authentication, such as fingerprint scanning, facial recognition, and voice recognition, further fortifies digital banking security. Biometric data is unique to each individual, making it an effective and secure method for identity verification. Biometric authentication not only enhances security but also provides a convenient and user-friendly experience for customers.

Tokenization for Transaction Security:

Tokenization is a key security measure employed in digital banking for securing payment transactions. Instead of transmitting actual card details, tokenization replaces them with a unique token. Even if intercepted, the token is of no use to hackers. This method reduces the risk of card fraud and enhances the overall security of digital transactions.

Advanced Fraud Detection and AI:

Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays a pivotal role in digital banking security through advanced fraud detection mechanisms. AI algorithms analyze vast datasets in real-time to identify unusual patterns or behaviors that may indicate fraudulent activities. These systems can detect anomalies, such as unusual spending patterns or login attempts, and trigger alerts or preventive actions to mitigate potential risks.

Secure Mobile Banking Apps:

As mobile banking continues to gain popularity, ensuring the security of mobile applications is paramount. Banks implement secure coding practices, conduct regular security audits, and employ technologies like app shielding and runtime application self-protection (RASP) to safeguard mobile banking apps from threats such as malware, phishing, and unauthorized access.

Blockchain for Immutable Transaction Records:

The use of blockchain technology adds an extra layer of security to digital banking by providing an immutable and transparent ledger. Blockchain ensures that once a transaction is recorded, it cannot be altered or tampered with. This feature enhances the integrity of financial transactions and reduces the risk of fraud or unauthorized modifications to transaction records.

Customer Education and Awareness:

Security in digital banking is a collaborative effort that involves not only banks but also customers. Educating users about cybersecurity best practices, the importance of strong passwords, and the risks associated with phishing attacks contributes to creating a more secure digital banking environment. Regular communication and awareness campaigns help customers stay vigilant and informed.

Regulatory Compliance:

Digital banking security is heavily regulated to protect both financial institutions and customers. Compliance with industry standards and regulations, such as the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) and General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), ensures that banks adhere to security best practices and safeguard customer data.

In conclusion, security in digital banking is a multifaceted approach that combines technological advancements, regulatory compliance, and user education. As the financial industry continues to embrace digital innovation, staying ahead of emerging threats and implementing robust security measures are essential to maintaining the integrity and trustworthiness of digital banking platforms. A secure digital banking environment not only protects customers and financial institutions from potential risks but also fosters confidence in the ongoing evolution of digital financial services.For more details visit ouir website www.mindbank.ai

#big 5 personality #mental health tool #digital twin ai #big 5 personality traits #improve mental health #Digital Twin Artificial Intelligence #Digital Twin Human #Digital Twin AI #Improve Mental Health #AI Digital Banking #Digital Employee AI #Blockchain for Data Security #Blockchain Storage #Personal Digital Twin #Securing Data with Blockchain #Security in Digital Banking #Big 5 Personality Traits #Mental Health Tool #Mental Strength Tool #Big 5 Personality

[luxurytopis]

**Personalized Security Systems Redefining Safety and Elegance**

In the realm of luxury living, security is no longer just a necessity; it's a seamlessly integrated facet of the overall home experience. Here's a closer look at the personalized security systems that are reshaping the landscape of safety with a touch of sophistication:

1. **Biometric Access Controls:**

Bid farewell to traditional keys and swipe cards. Biometric access controls, utilizing fingerprints, retina scans, or facial recognition, grant exclusive access to authorized individuals. This not only enhances security but also adds a futuristic, James Bond-esque flair to the entry points of your home.

2. **Smart Surveillance Systems:**

Embracing artificial intelligence, smart surveillance systems don't merely record; they actively analyze and respond. Integrated with facial recognition, these systems can distinguish between familiar faces and potential threats, sending real-time alerts to homeowners or security personnel.

3. **Gesture-Based Security:**

Imagine securing your home with a simple wave or gesture. Gesture-based security systems utilize cutting-edge motion sensors and 3D cameras to recognize predefined gestures, adding a touch of sophistication and ease to the process of securing your property.

4. **Geo-Fencing Technology:**

Take control of your home's security even when you're away. Geo-fencing technology allows homeowners to set virtual boundaries, triggering alerts or adjusting security settings when a mobile device enters or exits the designated area. This level of personalization ensures that security measures align with your lifestyle.

5. **Voice-Activated Security Commands:**

Speak your security into action. Voice-activated security systems respond to personalized commands, allowing homeowners to arm/disarm alarms, lock/unlock doors, or even initiate emergency procedures using vocal cues. It's a hands-free approach to security that seamlessly integrates with daily life.

6. **Smart Safes and Storage:**

For safeguarding valuables, smart safes with biometric or PIN code access are becoming standard. These safes not only provide an added layer of security but also seamlessly integrate with home automation systems, allowing users to monitor access and receive alerts in real-time.

7. **Adaptive Lighting Systems:**

Enhance security through intelligent lighting. Adaptive lighting systems simulate presence by adjusting lighting based on occupancy patterns. Whether you're home or away, these systems create an illusion of activity, deterring potential intruders and ensuring your property remains secure.

In the ever-evolving landscape of luxury living, personalized security systems are not just about fortifying your home; they're about doing so with a touch of elegance and innovation. These systems seamlessly blend advanced technology with personalized features, offering a bespoke security experience that caters to the unique needs and preferences of the modern luxury homeowner.

#united states #homesecurity

[mariaislam123]

Identity Craft: Tailored ID Card Designs for Every Need

In a world where identification is crucial, the significance of an ID card cannot be overstated. These small plastic cards carry immense importance, representing an individual's identity and affiliations. However, beyond their functional purpose, ID cards also serve as visual markers, reflecting the essence of an individual or organization. Enter "Identity Craft," a pioneering service dedicated to crafting tailored ID card designs that go beyond the mundane, catering to the diverse needs of individuals and businesses alike.

The Evolution of ID Cards

ID cards have morphed from rudimentary documents to complex, high-tech essentials. Early versions featured basic info and a photo. Over time, security measures evolved, integrating holograms, barcodes, and embedded chips for authentication. Biometric data, like fingerprints or facial recognition, added another layer of identity verification. Digital IDs emerged, accessible via smartphones, reducing reliance on physical cards. These advancements in technology enhance security but also raise privacy concerns. As IDs continue to evolve, the balance between security, convenience, and privacy remains a challenge, shaping the future of identification methods.

Personalized Designs for Individuals

Tailored Aesthetics: Craft unique designs reflecting individual preferences, from minimalist elegance to vibrant, eclectic styles.

Customized Functionality: Integrate personalized features into designs, aligning with specific needs and habits for optimal usability.

Reflective Storytelling: Infuse designs with personal narratives, symbolizing experiences, passions, and aspirations.

Adaptive Innovation: Employ cutting-edge technology to create adaptive designs, evolving with individual growth and changing preferences.

Collaborative Creation: Engage individuals in the design process, ensuring their active involvement and satisfaction through co-creation and feedback loops.

Corporate Identity and Branding

Consistency: Corporate identity and branding should maintain uniformity across all platforms, including logo design, color schemes, and messaging, to create a cohesive and recognizable image.

Unique Value Proposition: Establishing a clear and distinctive identity helps differentiate a company from competitors, highlighting its unique values and offerings.

Audience Alignment: Understanding the target audience is crucial in crafting a brand identity that resonates with their preferences, values, and needs.

Brand Experience: A consistent brand experience across various touchpoints fosters customer loyalty and trust, enhancing the overall perception of the company.

Adaptability: While maintaining core elements, a brand should also be flexible enough to evolve with market trends and adapt to changing consumer expectations, ensuring relevance and longevity.

Enhanced Security Features

Biometric Authentication: Implementing biometric identifiers like fingerprint, facial recognition, or iris scanning offers highly secure access control by verifying unique physical characteristics.

Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): Utilizing MFA combines multiple verification methods, such as passwords, tokens, or SMS codes, significantly fortifying security by requiring more than one piece of evidence for access.

Encryption Protocols: Employing robust encryption algorithms like AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) ensures data confidentiality, preventing unauthorized access even if intercepted.

Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS): Implementing IDS monitors network traffic for suspicious activities or potential threats, swiftly identifying and responding to security breaches.

Regular Security Updates and Patch Management: Consistently updating software and promptly applying security patches mitigates vulnerabilities, reducing the risk of exploitation by attackers.

Eco-Friendly Practices

Eco-friendly practices encompass a range of actions aimed at reducing environmental impact. Implementing renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind power, minimizes reliance on fossil fuels and lowers carbon emissions. Adopting sustainable transportation methods like biking, carpooling, or using electric vehicles helps curb pollution. Waste reduction through recycling, composting, and opting for biodegradable products lessens landfill burdens. Conserving water by fixing leaks and employing efficient irrigation systems aids in preserving this precious resource. Cultivating eco-conscious habits like buying locally produced goods and reducing single-use plastics promotes sustainability. Ultimately, embracing these practices collectively contributes to preserving the planet's health and biodiversity while paving the way for a greener and more sustainable future.

Accessibility and Convenience

Universal Design: Implement features that cater to diverse needs, ensuring everyone, regardless of ability, can access and use your product or service.

User-Centric Approach: Prioritize user feedback and incorporate accessible design elements from the outset, fostering inclusivity from the ground up.

Clear Communication: Ensure information is presented in multiple formats (visual, auditory, etc.) to accommodate different learning styles and disabilities.

Tech Integration: Leverage technology like screen readers, voice commands, or adjustable font sizes to enhance accessibility across platforms and devices.

Continuous Evaluation: Regularly assess and refine accessibility features based on evolving user requirements and technological advancements, ensuring sustained convenience for all users.

Community Engagement and Social Impact

Community engagement involves fostering connections and collaboration within localities, encouraging active participation, and addressing communal needs. It encompasses various initiatives designed to involve residents, organizations, and stakeholders in shaping their shared environment positively. Social impact refers to the tangible and intangible effects of these engagements, measuring the extent of change, improvement, or transformation within a community. This impact can manifest through enhanced social cohesion, increased access to resources, improved education, or sustainable development. Effective community engagement initiatives often aim to create lasting social impact by empowering individuals, promoting inclusivity, and addressing systemic issues. Together, these efforts create a ripple effect, inspiring collective action and fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility toward building a stronger, more resilient society.

Future Innovations and Expansion

AI-Powered Healthcare: Expect advancements in AI-driven diagnostics, personalized treatment plans, and virtual healthcare assistants, revolutionizing patient care and improving medical outcomes.

Green Technology Revolution: Innovation will focus on sustainable energy solutions, such as advanced solar technology, carbon capture, and eco-friendly materials, aiming to combat climate change and create a more environmentally conscious world.

Space Exploration and Colonization: With private companies investing in space travel, anticipate developments in asteroid mining, lunar colonies, and Mars missions, expanding humanity's reach beyond Earth.

Augmented Reality Integration: AR will become integral in various industries, enhancing education, gaming, shopping experiences, and remote work, blurring the lines between the digital and physical worlds.

Blockchain Advancements: Blockchain technology will evolve beyond cryptocurrencies, influencing sectors like finance, supply chain, and voting systems, ensuring greater security, transparency, and efficiency.

Conclusion

Identity Craft represents a paradigm shift in the realm of ID card design and production. By merging functionality with aesthetics, security with sustainability, and personalization with professionalism, they redefine the significance of identification cards. Whether for individuals seeking a unique representation or businesses aiming for brand cohesion, Identity Craft offers a tailored solution for every identification need, revolutionizing the way we perceive and utilize ID cards.

#IDCardDesign #ProfessionalDesigns #CustomID #StandOut #GraphicDesignService #Fotoworkz

[sophie-zadeh]

Behaviour Analysis: What is Six Channel Analysis System (SCAnS)?

This year I gained certifications in Six Channel Analysis System (SCAnS™) and Facial Action Coding System (FACS), two scientific systems that can be useful in analysing human behaviour. This article focuses on explaining SCAnS™, while a separate article focuses on FACS.

What is the Six Channel Analysis System (SCAnS™)?

Developed by the Emotional Intelligence Academy (EIA), SCAnS™ is a behaviour analysis methodology used to code human behaviour. The Six Channel Analysis System helps to discern potential deception by identifying clusters of behavioural points of interest across multiple communication channels. The six channels are:

Face

Body

Voice

Linguistic Content

Interactional Style

Psychophysiology

Academically peer-reviewed and tested in counter-terrorism contexts, SCAnS™ is considered the gold standard in behaviour analysis. It’s used in the security sector for screening by airports, national intelligence and global diplomacy. It’s also used by law enforcement, military, recruitment and negotiation, and by behaviour analysts, such as myself, for deception detection on private or criminal cases.

Six Channel Analysis System (SCAnS) Development 

Body Language Myths

Six Channel Analysis System development began in 2008 to combat widespread myths surrounding lie detection and credibility assessment. Unfortunately, these body language myths are still common among body language ‘experts’ and law enforcement professionals. Part of my work involves dispelling these myths, which have filtered down to the general public. When believed, these myths can be damaging within all types of relationships. Common myths include eye direction, nose and ear touching and gaze avoidance.

Since 2008, SCAnS™ has been reviewed, tested and implemented in various settings. This year (2023), the SCAnS™ training programme was rolled out as a pilot programme for behaviour analysts to gain certification. I completed the pilot programme and can share my experience about the process, in case you’re interested in gaining the certification too.

How Six Channel Analysis System (SCAnS) Works

The Six Channel Analysis System utilises 27 behavioural indicators, known as Points of Interest (PIns), that fall into one of the six communication channels (face, body, voice, linguistic content, interactional style and psychophysiology). EIA claims the 27 PIns are evidence-based, with five or more peer-reviewed research papers connecting the behaviours to deception.

SCAnS™ coders observe behaviour, usually from video, identifying PIns. Clusters of three or more PIns, from two or more communication channels that occur within a seven-second timeframe are documented as potential indicators of deception. Coders hypothesise and document meaning and areas to dig deeper, concluding the report with potential areas of deception and suggestions for further lines of inquiry. 

Contrary to popular belief, this kind of behaviour analysis is not typically used in courts as evidence of deception, and, in many countries, it isn’t permitted in court. Instead, such analyses are most useful for criminal investigations, pre-trail, as they help guide investigations to uncover the truth.

Studying Six Channel Analysis System (SCAnS)

Bear in mind that I completed the SCAnS™ training pilot programme, so changes may have been made since. I had also completed an MSc in Communication, Behaviour and Credibility Analysis, with EIA and Manchester Metropolitan University, so had (somewhat) learned the basics of SCAnS™.

Since I had completed the MSc, my training included a one-day virtual group training refresher and an hour of private virtual coaching. It appears the general training now available from EIA includes a two-day virtual group training and a passive online element that sets the foundations before the live training. 

I’m assuming the two-day training is more robust because I felt that the one-day ‘refresher’ training didn’t go far enough. It was a pilot programme, so knowing EIA, I trust our feedback was considered to improve training. 

There were, without doubt, many elements that I hadn’t learned on the MSc programme, that were assumed we would know. I believe this was also the experience of my peers. Even though I’ve been working in the field for years, and am more knowledgeable about behavioural indicators than some others on the MSc, there were knowledge gaps. It was challenging, and I did wonder how others with less knowledge could pass when I wasn’t sure whether I would pass. I did, I passed at 86%, but I’m very pedantic and put a tonne of effort into it.

I searched for answers to fill my understanding via books and research papers, finding no explanations in some cases. This was somewhat concerning for me, given the behavioural indicators are science-based. I’m not saying they aren’t, but I did struggle to find evidence in some cases. I was particularly looking for information on the shoulder shrug and eye closures. 

The Six Channel Analysis System (SCAnS) Assessment

To gain certification, trainees code four videos of individuals using SCAnS™ methodology. These are real-life investigations and you’ll probably recognise the individuals or may have memories of the cases from news reports.

Like with Facial Action Coding System (FACS), and CatFACS, there’s a requirement to gain 70% accuracy with coding. EIA assesses your coding against certified coders' results. Unlike the FACS test, where results are automatically calculated with instant grading, SCAnS™ is marked manually. Therefore, an additional remarking fee is charged if you fail to reach 70% accuracy the first time round. You can resubmit as many times as you need to. 

Key Benefit of Six Channel Analysis System (SCAnS)

Where SCAnS™ excels, is in its cross-channel analysis. Most behaviour analysis systems focus on just one communication channel, for example, statement analysis, body language or facial expression. My primary area of investigation was initially body language and facial expression. However, around 2016, I studied and gained certification in statement analysis, adding this to the mix.

I wanted to see how much information statement analysis could glean in comparison to body language and facial expression. What I found interesting, were the claims purporting that statement analysis was the only way to detect deception and other means did not work. I found that statement analysis did not glean more information than other means, it simply added information. It makes common sense that more channels will provide more information. Views that a single channel is the way to go are close-minded, a mentality that doesn’t bode well for behaviour analysis, where open-mindedness is key to not going down a rabbit hole of false belief.

Wrapping Up Six Channel Analysis System (SCAnS)

Like FACS, SCAnS™ is viewed as a gold standard in behaviour analysis, each used for different purposes, with science-based methodology. Both offer a comprehensive, unobtrusive and more objective methodology, and both can be difficult to master with time-intensive training and coding. I’m okay with this though, because it takes effort to be good at anything. I hate to think about behaviour analysts practising without rigorous training–and yet, unfortunately, they are out there.

All methodologies such as FACS and SCAnS™ are open to subjectivity and bias; however, The rigorous assessment with its 70% agreement pass mark mitigates reliability issues.

Like with my FACS article, I hope I haven’t discouraged you with my honest experience. I’m thrilled I’m certified as a SCAnS™ coder and would do it all again if I needed to. I encourage you to persist in attaining certification too. Let me know how you go and whether you need any help.

#behaviour analysis

[thxnews]

UK Faces Oversight Void in Biometrics and Surveillance

  The Looming Void in Biometrics Oversight

A new report has raised concerns about a significant gap in the UK's government plans to oversee biometrics and surveillance. The report, produced independently, warns that the UK's decision to eliminate existing safeguards in this field without providing suitable replacements could result in a lack of proper oversight at a time when advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and related technologies necessitate increased vigilance.   The Impact of Abolishing Oversight The Centre for Research into Information Surveillance and Privacy (CRISP) has published a report that assesses the potential consequences of abolishing the roles of the Biometrics and Surveillance Camera Commissioner (BSCC) and the requirement for the government to publish a surveillance camera code of practice. Currently, the BSCC oversees police use of DNA and fingerprints in England and Wales and is also responsible for encouraging the proper use of public space surveillance cameras. However, it is expected that both roles will be eliminated when the government's Data Protection and Digital Information Bill becomes law in Spring 2024. The 67-page report, commissioned by the BSCC following discussions with the Home Office, acknowledges that the government has made arrangements for the transfer and continuation of the BSCC's quasi-judicial functions related to police applications to retain DNA profiles and fingerprints of individuals arrested but not convicted of serious crimes, as well as reviewing National Security Determinations (NSDs) allowing police to retain biometrics on national security grounds.  

Critical Gaps in Oversight

The report highlights areas where the government has not made specific plans to retain other crucial BSCC oversight functions. These include reviewing how police handle DNA samples, DNA profiles, and fingerprints, maintaining an up-to-date surveillance camera code of practice, setting technical and governance standards for public body surveillance systems, providing guidance on technical and procurement matters for future surveillance systems, and submitting reports to the Home Secretary and Parliament on public surveillance and biometrics matters. The loss of the surveillance camera code is particularly concerning. The code is highly regarded among security and surveillance practitioners, and its elimination could lead to a lack of oversight and regulation. Experts in the field, including Alex Carmichael from the Security Systems and Alarms Inspection Board, emphasize the importance of maintaining oversight to address emerging technologies and ethical implications, particularly concerning facial recognition technology.   A Concerned Commissioner The current Biometrics and Surveillance Camera Commissioner, Professor Fraser Sampson, has expressed his concerns. He warns that without government action, there will be a worrying void in overseeing and regulating essential areas of public life. He stresses the need for proper oversight and regulation to protect citizens' privacy and rights while harnessing the potential benefits of technology.  

The Loss of the Surveillance Camera Code

The planned loss of the surveillance camera code, the sole legal instrument that governs public space surveillance in the UK, exemplifies what will be forfeited without action. The police, local authorities, and the surveillance industry have widely respected and used the code for over a decade. It guides facial recognition deployment and inclusion on watchlists and promotes consistency in local police policies on facial recognition. Despite its importance, there are no plans to replace the surveillance camera code. This decision has raised concerns among senior police officers and academics. They argue that treating public space surveillance solely as a data protection issue overlooks broader concerns about surveillance technologies and their potential for misuse. These technologies can operate in ways that may not raise significant data protection concerns but still carry risks related to government power and citizen privacy.   Inadequate Arguments for Change The report's authors, surveillance experts Professors Pete Fussey and William Webster, challenge the government's claims that other entities duplicate non-judicial BSCC functions, thus negating the need for replacement. They argue that these claims do not hold up to scrutiny, especially the notion that the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) can seamlessly assume many BSCC functions. This perspective fails to acknowledge the full scope of surveillance-related concerns.  

Timing Matters

The report also questions the timing of the planned changes. At a time when surveillance technology is rapidly evolving, especially in biometrics, and public concerns about surveillance and AI are on the rise, rolling back oversight could exacerbate debates around surveillance. Removing oversight at this specific time might further divide the debate, making it harder for surveillance users to gain trust and legitimacy within the communities they serve. In conclusion, the report highlights the critical need for robust oversight and regulation in the field of biometrics and surveillance, especially with the rapid advancements in technology. The potential loss of oversight and safeguards is a matter of concern, and addressing these issues is crucial for the protection of citizens' privacy and rights.   Sources: THX News & Biometrics and Surveillance Camera Commissioner. Read the full article

#BiometricsOversight #DataProtectionChallenges #GovernmentSafeguards #OversightandRegulationConcerns #PublicSpaceSurveillance #SurveillanceCameraCode #SurveillanceRegulation #SurveillanceTechnologyAdvancements #SurveillanceTechnologyRisks #UKPrivacyConcerns

[interest-articles]

Administration announces completion of 150-day actions tasked by President Biden’s landmark Executive Order on AI

White House Office of Management and Budget issues government-wide policy to mitigate risks and harness benefits of AI

Today, Vice President Kamala Harris announced that the White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has completed the 150-day actions tasked by President Biden’s Executive Order on artificial intelligence (AI). The OMB’s government-wide policy aims to address the risks associated with AI while maximizing its potential benefits. This comprehensive policy is a significant step towards strengthening AI safety and security, protecting privacy, advancing equity and civil rights, promoting innovation and competition, and establishing American leadership in the global AI landscape.

Under the guidance of the Executive Order, federal agencies have successfully completed all 150-day actions, building on their previous success in accomplishing the 90-day actions. The Biden-Harris Administration is committed to ensuring responsible AI innovation and maintaining America's position at the forefront of AI development.

Address Risks from the Use of AI

The OMB’s policy directs federal agencies to implement concrete safeguards when using AI in a manner that could impact Americans’ rights or safety. By December 1, 2024, agencies will be required to assess, test, and monitor the impacts of AI on the public, mitigate algorithmic discrimination, and provide transparency in the government's use of AI. These safeguards apply to various domains, including health, education, employment, and housing.

The policy ensures that travelers can opt out of TSA facial recognition at airports without delays. It also mandates human oversight in critical healthcare diagnostics decisions to avoid disparities in access. Additionally, agencies must provide human oversight in AI systems used to detect fraud in government services, allowing affected individuals to seek remedies for AI-related harms.

If agencies cannot apply these safeguards, they must cease using the AI system unless justified by increased risks or critical operational needs.

To protect the federal workforce, agencies are encouraged to consult with federal employee unions and adopt principles from the Department of Labor to mitigate potential AI harms to employees. The Department of Labor is actively engaging with employees and labor unions to develop these principles.

Expand Transparency of AI Use

The policy emphasizes the need for improved public transparency in the use of AI by federal agencies. Agencies are required to release expanded annual inventories of their AI use cases, including those that impact rights or safety and how they address relevant risks. Metrics about AI use cases withheld from the public inventory due to sensitivity must also be reported.

Agencies must notify the public of any AI exempted from compliance with the OMB policy and provide justifications for the exemptions. Additionally, government-owned AI code, models, and data must be released, ensuring it does not pose risks to the public or government operations.

OMB has released detailed draft instructions to agencies outlining the contents of this public reporting.

Advance Responsible AI Innovation

The OMB’s policy aims to remove unnecessary barriers to responsible AI innovation within federal agencies. AI technology presents opportunities to address pressing challenges, such as the climate crisis, public health, and public safety. For example, AI is used by the Federal Emergency Management Agency to assess structural damage after hurricanes and by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to predict disease spread and detect opioid misuse.

The policy encourages agencies to responsibly experiment with generative AI, ensuring adequate safeguards are in place. Many agencies have already started implementing AI chatbots to enhance customer experiences and other AI pilots.

Grow the AI Workforce

The policy highlights the importance of building and upskilling AI talent within federal agencies. The Biden-Harris Administration has committed to hiring 100 AI professionals by Summer 2024 as part of the National AI Talent Surge. The Office of Personnel Management has issued guidance on pay and leave flexibilities for AI roles to improve retention and emphasize the significance of AI talent across the federal government.

The President’s Budget for Fiscal Year 2025 includes an additional $5 million to expand the General Services Administration’s government-wide AI training program.

Strengthen AI Governance

To ensure accountability, leadership, and oversight in the use of AI, federal agencies are required to designate Chief AI Officers who will coordinate AI usage. AI Governance Boards, chaired by the Deputy Secretary or equivalent, will be established to govern the use of AI across agencies. Several departments, including Defense, Veterans Affairs, Housing and Urban Development, and State, have already established these governance bodies, with all CFO Act agencies required to do so by May 27, 2024.

The completion of the 150-day actions tasked by President Biden’s Executive Order on AI marks a significant milestone in the Biden-Harris Administration's commitment to responsible AI innovation. The OMB’s government-wide policy addresses the risks associated with AI while promoting transparency, accountability, and the growth of the AI workforce. By leading by example, the Administration aims to establish the United States as a global model for the safe, secure, and trustworthy use of AI.

With a clear baseline for managing risks and advancing responsible AI innovation, the federal government is positioning itself as a leader in the AI landscape.