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bookofjin · 6 years

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Records of Jiankang, 1

This is (yet another) side project, translation of the beginning of the _Veritable Records of Jiankang _建康實錄, a chronicle of the city of Jiankang and the emperies that made their capitals there written in the mid 8th century (I did however skip the initial preface). There are several sections in small characters, some quite long. I have made these endnotes. Some kind of cross linking would be ideal, but there are limits to how much I want to fight with the tumblr post editor.

(The start might be a bit dull, it gets more exciting further down.)

True Records of Jiankang, Scroll 1

Taizu of Wu

Jiankang, originally Chu's Jinling estate. Qin changed it to Moling. Wu changed it to Jianye. Emperor Min of Jin, taboo Ye, changed it to Jiankang.

When Emperor Yuan was enthroned, he called it the Jiankang palace. For five eras kept it without changing. Because of that its history is lifted up as the affairs of the Southern courts.

Jianye, anciently in the territory of Jinling. Note: In the ''Rites of Zhou'' the wilderness of the Draught Ox and the Wu Girl. In the ''Book of Documents'' when Yu separated the Nine Provinces, says the Huai and the Sea forms Yang province, divided it to be the state of Yue, established it as Yang province, this regulates Yang province's division and border. [Note A]

In the past, King Tai of Zhou's eldest son Taibo and the second son Zhongyong when the youngest brother Jili was enthroned, both fled south of the Jiang. The hundred families followed and they ruled, titling themselves Gouwu. Taibo built the old city of Gouwu, located at Meiling's Pingxu, today 30 li east of Chang province's Wuxi county. The old Wu city is this. Taibo passed on without sons. The hundred families together established Zhongyong as Lord. From Zhongyong to Zhouzhang there were 4 generations, all lords in Wu.

When King Wu overcame Zhou#, because of that enfeoffed him. For that reason in the Spring and Autumn era its territory belonged to Wu. From Zhouzhang the successors were 18 generations. Then the King of Wu, Fuchai, was enthroned, he was without the Way. When he had been established for 23 years, in the Spring and Autumn's 22nd Year of Duke Ai of Lu [473 BC], Winter, 11th Month, he was wiped out by the King of Yue, Goujian, and his territory then belonged to Yue.

Note: the Book of Zhou's 4th Year of King Yuan [472 BC], enthroned the King of Yue, Goujian, for 4 years. At the end of the Spring and Autumn era, Yue had already wiped out Wu and exhaustively had the lands South of the Jiang. [Note B] 7 generations after Goujian, 143 years, King Wujiang of Yue was enthroned. His inaugural year was the 36th Year of King Xian of Zhou [333 BC].

Yue had hegemony over the Central States, it fought strongly with Qi and Chu. It was wiped out by King Wei of Chu, and its cites also belonged to Chu. Therefore because of the mountain's established title [?], [Chu] set up Jinling [“Golden Hill”] estate. Jinling of Chu is the present Shitou city. Some state the land was near the hill of the Huayang Golden Altar, and for that reason it was titled Jinling.

110 years after King Wei of Chu, in 24th Year of the First August of Qin [223 BC], Qin wiped out Chu and united the various lords. [Qin] divided Under Heaven to make 36 commanderies [Note C], and used Jinling as Zhang commandery. At the old Zhang commandery is now Wuxing commandery. From the Zhejiang and east was Kuaiji commandery.

13 Years after the destruction of Chu, in the First August's 36th Year [211 BC], the First August toured the east. He drove across from the Jiang, looked at the vapour and stated: “After 500 years, Jinling has the vapour of the Son of Heaven.” Because of that [they] bored the Zhong mound [?], cutting off Jinling's Long Hillock to thereby pass through the flow. Arriving at the present, this is the Qinhuai [river] [Note D]. They therefore changed Jinling estate to be Moling [“Fodder Hill”?] county. Qin's Moling county city was 60 li south-east of the present county city. North-east of Moling bridge is the old city [?].

Qin therefore abolished the various lords from the times of Zhou, and set up commanderies and counties to steward and protect. They used Moling to belong to Zhang commandery. In Emperor Wu of Han's 2nd Year of Yuanfeng [109 BC], he abolished Zhang commandery and set up Danyang commandery, but Moling county was not changed. For the first time released [?] Shun of Yu, and set up Inspectors of 12 provinces, to thereby lead the various commanderies Under Heaven, so that when the the Book of Yu is speaking of consulting the Twelve Shepherds, Yang province is one of them.

From when Han began to set up Yang province, the seat was not settled. [Note E] In the middle of Jin's Yongjia [307 – 313 AD], Wang Dun first made it to be Jiankang, and established and erected a provincial city. The present Jiangning county city is set up to be to its west, if glancing to the west then in the time of Wu fuses with the city [?], to the east then the transport canal, originating with Emperor Da of Wu, the present Xizhouqiao River [?] [Note F].

Wang Mang changed Danyang to be Xuanting commandery. At the beginning of Later Han, restored it to be Danyang commandery. The commandery seat was at Wanling, and it governed 17 counties. And Yang province during Han did not change, it governed 6 commanderies and there was 92 counties. [Note G]

[Note A] The Original Instruction Pack of the Spring and Autumn says:

The Draught Ox flows to be Yang province, dividing to be the state of Yue, established as Yang mountain.

It also says:

Its soil is wet and produces many willows, therefore it has the name. Its territory to the north occupies the Huai, to the east overlooks the Sea.

Yan Jie says:

The rivers and soil of the southern region are soft and harmonious, its sound is clear, raising up and yet cutting, can be said of Under Heaven, only Jinling and Luoxia and that is all.

[Note B] The King of Yue built and walled a town above the Jiang, now the Huai river for 1 li and a half destroys the Yue city[?]. Note: the walls built by Yue's Fan Li, the south-east corner is close to the old city's Wangguo Gate and bridge, the north-east is just at the residence [?] of Wu's General of the Serrated Gates, Lu Ji. For that reason, when Ji entered Jin and made the Rhapsody on the Cherished Past, which says: “Looking at the remains of the Eastern Wall's bend” it is precisely this wall. There is a Three Well ridge [?] 1 li to the south-east. Now the office chambers of the pottery officials are on the eastern side of the ridge.

[Note C] Note: In the Basic Annals of Qin, Weinan, Heshang, Zhongshan, Yingchuan, Sanchuan, Hedong, Nanyang, Nan, Jiujiang, Zhang, Kuaiji, Dang, Sishui, Xue, Dong, Langye, Qi, Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi, Liaodong, Dai, Julu, Handan, Shangdang, Pingyuan, Yunzhong, Taiyuan, Yanmen, Shang, Longxi, Beidi, Hanzhong, Ba, Shu, 36 commanderies.

[Note D] This Huai was originally named Longcang Bank. Its upper part has two springs. One issues from Hua Mountain, passing through Jurong and flowing south-west. One issues from Donglu Mountain, passing through Lishui and flowing north-west. On entering the border of Jiangning, the two springs combine. From the Fangshan Dam it pours out west [into] the Great Jiang. These two spring's dividing branches and crooked bends are not the achievements of the people, suspect they did not originate with the First August of Qin. In the transmitted judgements of the old and aged [?], west of Fangshan a canal to Jiang and earth mountain 30 li, this originates with the First August of Qin. He also bored rocks from Wei Mountain. To the west [they] then opened up breaches in this bank [pu浦] [?], later people because of that named it the Qinhuai [秦淮].

[Note E] Note: The Treatise of the Multitude Lands: Han's Yang province originally was governed at Liyang, later it was governed at Shouchun. At the end of Emperor Ling's [reign], the Inspector of Yang province at the time, Liu Yao, was pressured by Yuan Shu, and again moved it to Qu'e. End of quote.

[Note F] Note: In the Book of Jin, at the end of Xiaowu's Taiyuan [376 – 396], the King of Kuaji, Daozi, was Inspector of Yang province, seated at the Eastern Residence. At the time people called it the Eastern Office. Because of that they titled this city as the Western province [xizhou]. When the old transmittals speaks of the Eastern Office, it is Xizhou. The bridge [qiao] pressures the provincial city's south-eastern corner, because of that used it as the name for it.

[Note G] Note: When Former Han began setting up Danyang commandery, it was seated at Wanling. Yuqian, Jiangcheng, Chungu, Moling, Guzhang, Jurong, Jing, Shicheng, Hushu, Lingyang, Wuhu, You, Liyang, Weicheng, Danyang, Xi, 17 counties. Later Han kept it without changing, commanderies led by the province likewise relied on the old.

Taizu of Wu, upper part.

The Grand Founder [taizu], the Great [dai] August Emperor of the Sun clan, taboo Quan, was a native of Fuchun. His ancestors sprang from the descendants of King Wu of Zhou's younger brother of the same mother, Kangshu of Wei#. Duke Wu's son Hui's grandson Zeng'er [?] was a high minister of Wei#, because of that he used Sun [“grandson”] as the clan name. At the time of Spring and Autumn, Sun Wu was a commander of the King of Wu, Helü. Because of that his household was in Wu. The Emperor therefore was a descendant of Sun Wu.

His grandfather was Zhong, his father was Jian. [Note H] When Jian was born, his appearance was amazing and unusual. He served Han as General who Routs the Caitiffs and Grand Warden of Changsha. At the end of Emperor Ling's [reign], Dong Zhuo made chaos. Jian therefore raised troops from Changsha to punish Zhuo, and routed Zhuo's army at Yangxia.

After a long race he entered Luo, he repaired and sacrificed at Han's mounds and temples, and garrisoned the army south of the city. Examining a public well, he saw vapour of the five colours rising above it. He made people to enter the well, and obtained Han's transmitted seal of state. The writing said:

Obtained the instructions from Heaven, for a long time eternally glorious.

The circumference was 4 cun, above the handle intersected five dragons, of the dragons one corner was damaged. [Note I]

He later campaigned against Liu Biao in Jing province. He was killed by the Grand Warden of Jiangxia, Huang Zu's hidden troops in the Xian Mountains. His elder brother's son Ben in mouring for Jian turned back to bury [him] at Qu'e. He gathered his multitudes and returned to Yuan Shu in Huainan. [Note J] Jian begot four sons: Ce, Quan, Yi and Kuang. [Note K]

[Note H] Note: Treatise on Auspicious Omens: Zhong's home was in Fuchun. He lost his father early and as an infant lived with his mother. He was by nature extremely filial. There came a year of famine. He frugally used planting melons as his profession. Suddenly there was three juveniles coming to Zhong asking for melon. Zhong treated them greatly. The three persons said:

Below this mountain is good, [if you] can be buried [there], [you] will produce a Son of Heaven. If the Lord looks below the mountain for a hundred paces place [?], looks back and see us leaving, then [you] can be buried at the location.

Zhong left for thirty or forty paces and then turned and looked back. He saw the three people were also completely white cranes flying and leaving. Zhong recorded it, and after his death was buried in its ground. The ground was east of the county city. Above Zhong's tomb there often was an unusual light, clouds and vapours of the five colours, going up to the sky.

When Jian's mother was pregnant with Jian, she dreamt [her?] intestines set out and entwined around the main gates of Wu. She accordingly told a neighbouring matron. The matron said:

This dream, how [do you] know it is not a good omen?

[Note I] Note: Annals of Later Han states: Earlier, when the Yellow Gates Zhang Rang and others made chaos, they coerced the Son of Heaven to set out and flee. When left and right divided and scatted, the one who held the seal threw it into the well. The damage was from when Wang Mang pressured Yuan of Han's Empress and took it by force. [She] threw the seal to the ground and damaged it.

[Note J] Note: The Annals of Noble Heroes is not in agreement with this story. It states that Jian, in Han's 4th Year of Chuping, 7th Month [15 August – 14 September 193], punished Liu Biao. It has Biao's general Lü Guang pulling in troops to climb the mountain towards Jian. Jian searched the mountain to punish Guang. Guang's soldiers sent down rocks, hitting Jian, and so he died.

The Separate Biography states: Jian attacked Jing province. The Inspector, Liu Biao sent the Grand Warden of Jiangxia, Huang Zu, to resist defend between Chu and Deng. Zu sent generals and soldiers to shoot from concealment and kill Jian within the Xian Mountains. These two records differ like this.

Jian, courtesy name Wentai, as young was a county magistrate. At the age of 17, he and his father Zhong together transporting through Qiantang [to?] Pao village. It happened that the pirate Hu Yu was taking the things of the southern people [?], at the banks of Pao village he was dividing them. Jian looked at them and declared to his father, saying:

They can be captured!

Because of that he climbed the banks, and thereupon pointed and waved at the place [they were] dividing as if leading a section. The foreign [?] thieves saw and were greatly startled, [thinking there was?] about to be an army multitude, and thereupon scattered and left. Jian chased alone on a single horse, gathered the riches and returned.

[Note K] Note: The Forest of Treatises: Sun Jian begot five sons: Ce, Quan, Yi and Kuang were born by Ms. Wu, Ren by a commoner.

Sun Jian at the time was 17 years old. After the loss of his father, he went to see Zhang Hong, a native of Guangling, to consult on the generation's activities and affairs. [He] talked of wiping away the humiliation of the Former Lord by Huang Zu, [his] words were earnest and his thoughts proper, his tearful sobs flowed across. Hong in his heart was amazed by him, and helped him succeed in his affairs. Ce for that reason entrusted him with his mother and younger brothers, and went straight to Shouchun to see Yuan Shu, with tears running down he then said:

[My] Late Father formerly followed from Changsha to join in punishing Dong Zhuo. He and the Bright Commissioned Lord swore an oath join together on good terms at Nanyang. He was unfortunate and met with difficulty, the meritorious profession was not completed. Ce feels however the old mercy of [his] forefathers, and desires to rely himself on the bond, and wish the Bright Commissioned Lord would examine his deep sincerity.

Shu was considerably amazed by him, and used 1 000 people of his father's multitudes to pair with him, petitioned for him to be Han's Colonel who Breaks the Charge, and sent him to rout the Grand Warden of Lujiang, Lu Kang陸康. At the time it was Emperor Xian of Han's 1st Year of Xingping [194 AD]. Next year [195 AD], Winter, Shu used Ce as General who Ends to Bandits.

Earlier, Yuan Shu petitioned for Ce's mother's brother Wu Jing to be Grand Warden of Danyang. When Shu occupied Shouchun, the Inspector of Yang province, Liu Yao fled, crossed the Jiang, and thereupon expelled Jing. He fled to Liyang. Ce because of that consulted with Shu on conquering Yao, leading more than a thousand troops, several tens of cavalry, those of his guests and retainers who were happy to follow were several hundred people. In the 2nd Year of Xingping, 12th Month [18 January – 16 February 196], he issued from Shouyuang, by the time he arrived at Liyang, his multitudes was already five or six thousand.

He crossed at Hengjiang, and greatly routed Liu Yao at the Niuzhu encampment. He pursued and defeated Yao at Qu'e in a moving struggle over a thousand li. The commanderies and counties reverted to submission. Thereupon he routed Yan Baihu [“White Tiger Yan”] in Kuaiji. Baihu ran. The righteous gentleman Xu Zhao hid him. Cheng Pu requested to punish Zhao. Ce said:

To be righteous to a former lord, to be sincere to an old friend, this is the aspirations of a respected man.

He thereupon stayed over [?] with Zhao and pulled in the army to butcher Dongyi, when Baihu surrendered, he killed him. He changed and set up the officials and magistrates, and headquartered in Kuaiji. He routed Taishi Ci at Jingkou, and reappointed him. He used his mother's brother Wu Jing again act as Grand Warden of Danyang. To the south he punished Yuzhang and Luling, and settled them.

At the time Yuan Shu wanted to usurp the great title to the north of the Jiang. Ce therefore had Zhang Hong make a letter cutting ties with him. He himself acted as Grand Warden of Kuaiji, and he used Zhang Zhao, Zhang Hong and others as belly and heart and masters of planning. Thereupon he transferred the seasons' tallies, tributes and taxes to Han. Cao Cao therefore petitioned for Ce to be General who Punish the Rebels, enfeoffed as Marquis of Wu. Ce, although on the outside he was seen to receive office, on the inside he cherished plans for a three-way division.

When Yuan Shu was defeated and died, his private troops wanted Shu's family and subordinates to revert to the Grand Warden of Lujiang, Liu Xun. Ce had already settled [the lands] east of the Jiang [Jiangdong]. He thereupon pulled in the army to cross west with Zhou Yu. He attacked Wancheng and greatly routed Liu Xun in Lujiang. He captured Yuan Shu's travelling cart, hundred artisans, receptacles and things, and then returned. He used Li Shu as Grand Warden of Lujiang to defend Wan.

Earlier, the Inspector of Jing province, Liu Biao sent Huang Zu's son She to go and rescue Liu Xun. Ce moved and routed She at river of Xisai. Then he chased and killed his generals Liu Hu and Han Xi at Shaxian county, and turned back to settle Yuzhang, running off Hua Xin. He used his older brother's son Ben as acting Grand Warden of Zhuzhang, and kept Ben's younger brother Fu to command troops and stay at Nanchang. Ce spoke to Ben, saying:

Tong Zhi appointed himself Grand Warden of Luling. Older brother now occupies Yuzhang. This is to strangle his throat and defend his gates and households. [You] only must wait for his appearance to be change, and in that case order Guoyi [Sun Fu] to rely on troops and advance. In a single undertaking it can be settled.

Note: Tables and Transmittals of the Jiang: Afterwards Sun Ben heard of Tong Zhi's illness. Precisely as in Ce's plan, he pulled in Zhou Yu go up to Baqiu, on the outside appearing to be powerful [?]. Thereupon he and his younger brother Fu advanced to Luling and occupied it.

#jksl01

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