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coinandcandle · 1 year

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The Wheel of the Year: A Comprehensive Guide.

The Wheel of the Year is a popular concept in neo-pagan circles and for beginner witches, but how much do you really know about it?

If you're doing research on the Wheel of the Year (WotY) you should know that it is mostly made up by Gerald Gardner and a few others based on a proposed wheel of the year from Jacob Grimm (a mythologist, folklorist, and scholar) in the mid-1800s. The holidays are set on solstices, equinoxes, and at the mid-points of these celestial events throughout the year.

The holidays aren't fake, per se, but some of their names and traditions are, at least in the context of the WoTY.

I urge you to research these holidays in their own original context and learn about their cultural relevance.

A Short History

The WoTY holidays are based on actual holidays, many of them with their original (or close to their original) names such as Samhain, Bealtaine, Lughnasadh, and Imbolc which were celebrated by the Celts, specifically the Irish. The spelling of these holidays varies depending on where they were celebrated.

Lughnasadh is often wrongly conflated with the English holiday Lammas, another name that the Wiccans call the holiday. Lammas, however, is a holiday in its own right just as Lughnasadh is.

Yule was celebrated by Germanic people (and later Anglo-Saxons) and went by the name Old Norse jól or Old English geol. We don't know exactly when it was celebrated but it was eventually assimilated into the Christian holidays and it would be rescheduled to around that time as well after the Christianization of Norway.

Ostara is the name given to the spring equinox, named after the Anglo-Saxon goddess Eostre (who is a can of worms in and of herself whether she existed pre-Christianization or not). Ostara is another name coined by Jacob Grimm in his book Teutonic Mythology.

Litha takes place on the summer solstice and is conflated too often with Midsummer, a holiday celebrated widely (though very differently) around the world. The name comes from a book by Bede which describes a 12-month lunisolar Saxon calendar. Aidan Kelly, who named the holiday along with Mabon and Ostara, writes about this in his post "About Naming Ostara, Litha, and Mabon".

Mabon is made up, named after a Welsh god, but the date is that of the Autumnal equinox which was actually celebrated or at least observed by various cultures.

So what now?

No one is saying that you can't celebrate these holidays, but if you're going to do so then it's only respectful to learn about their history and original cultural context. You can add your own traditions to these holidays and incorporate them into your life and into your craft, but keep in mind where they originate and be respectful of their history.

Also, if you don't want to celebrate the Wiccan versions of the holiday, consider calling them by their other/original names; Mabon being the fall or autumnal equinox, Ostara being the spring or vernal equinox, and Litha being the summer solstice.

How do I research them?

Honestly, Wikipedia is a great place to start, it gives you a general idea and a bunch of sources and references at the end of each post. If you're looking for research tips check out my post on witchy research tips!

To my fellow occultists and witches: If you have anything to add to this feel free to comment or reblog with your info.

Edit: If you're looking for an Irish-accurate Wheel of the Year, check out this post by @fiagai-cnuasaitheoir !

#wheel of the year #wicca #pagan #witchcraft #beginner witchcraft #woty holidays

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0mega-x · 8 months

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Some nations and their birth/death date

- Britannia : born around 800BCE (beginning of British Iron Age); died around 500CE, but she had been getting weaker ever since Rome's forces left.

- Rome : born in 753BCE (Rome's fonding); died in 476CE, for obvious reasons

- Gaul (celtic) : born around 700BCE (between the Halstatt and La Tène cultures); died not long after the Gallic wars in 52BCE

- Germania : born around 750BCE (Nordic Iron Age) died not long after Rome's fall

- Frankish Kingdom/Empire: died in 843 (Treaty of Verdun), son of Germania

- Burgundian Kingdom/State: died in 1482 (end of the Burgundian War of Succession), daughter of Germania

- Frisian Kingdom: died 1523 (end or Frisian Freedom after a failed Frisian rebellion), son of Germania (and is either the biological or the adopted father of the Low Countries (or at least the Netherlands))

- France: born shortly before the Gallic Wars, son of Gaul

- England: born around 500 CE (first Anglo-Saxon kingdoms), he would fully become his "own" in 927 with the Kingdom of England, son of Britannia

- Spain: born somewhere during the Roman era, son of Rome

- Portugal: same as Spain, but earlier, son of Rome

- Netherlands: born shortly before the Roman conquest of Gaul (Belgae), son of idk who yet

- HRE: born in 486CE, when the Franks beat the Soissons Domain; died 1806 for obvious reasons, son of the Frankish Kingdom

- Middle Francia/Lotharingia: born in 843CE (Treaty of Verdun); died either 958CE (division of the Kingdom of Lotharingia) or 1190CE (Lower Lotharingia lost its territorial authority), daughter of the Frankish Kingdom

- Austrasia & Neustria: born in 511CE, died in 751CE, those boys were literally twins and they started the tradition of ✨️fratricide✨️ in the family (later carried on by France killing HRE), sons of the Frankish Kingdom

- Prussia: born 1226CE (creation of the State of the Teutonic Order)/born 1th century CE if we consider him an Old Prussian (Baltic tribe), son of how do I know

- Germany: born...1806(Confederation of the Rhine), 1815(German Confederation), 1866 (North German Confederation) or 1871 (Proclamation of the Reich)

Or he's HRE according to some... I don't know he's complicated...

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nightbringer24 · 10 months

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So here is my collection of books from Osprey Publishing based around the Middle Ages, in this case 1000's to 1500's. 15 in total, which is the majority of my collection. Although I do think one is missing.

Going from top to bottom-

Top row: Castagnaro 1387

Campaldino 1289

European Medieval Tactics (2)

Forces of the Hanseatic League

Towton 1461

Tewkesbury 1471

Middle row- Teutonic Knight vs Lithuanian Warrior

Mongol Warrior vs European Knight

Otterburn 1388

Bosworth 1485

Longbowman vs Crossbowman

Lewes and Evesham 1264-65

Bottom row- Viking Warrior vs Anglo-Saxon Warrior

Viking Warrior vs Frankish Warrior

Shrewsbury 1403

Knights at Tournament

Medieval Indian Armies (1)

Medieval European Armies

So... yeah. Nerd I am, and a self-avowed armchair Medievalist. But it's such an interesting topic, especially the military side of it especially since there really is a lot more to the Medieval period than what people think.

#osprey publishing #history #middle ages #armchair medievalist

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schoolofholywitchery · 1 month

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🌿Correspondences for Ostara (Spring Equinox)🌿

🌿Other Names: Eostre, Eostre’s Day, Spring Equinox, Vernal Equinox, Alban Eiber, Bacchanalia, Lady Day

🌿Dates: March 19 – 22nd

🌿Colors: Pink, Yellow, Grass Green, All Pastels, Robin’s Egg Blue

🌿Altar Items: Eggs, Rabbits, Potted plants, Seeds, Maiden goddesses, Flowers, Quartz crystals, Cocoons, Bees, Baskets, Lambs, New Moon

🌿Activities: Conception, Egg painting, Gardening/planting a garden, Actualizing potential

🌿Spell Work: Manifestation, Healing, Energizing, Rededications, Removing obstacles, Restoring balance, Love attraction, Abundance, Home blessings, Spring cleaning

🌿Animals: Rabbits, Snakes, Chicks, Birds

🌿Stones: Aquamarine, Amethyst, Rose quartz, Moon stone, Bloodstone, Red jasper

🌿Foods: Eggs, Honey, Sprouts, Fresh fruits, Sweet breads, Seeds, Poppy Seed Cake, Banana bread, Chocolate, Sweet Wine, Milk and other dairy foods

🌿Herbs: Celandine, Cinquefoil, Jasmine, Rose, Tansy, Viole, Acorn, Crocus, Daffodil, Dogwood, Honeysuckle, Iris, Lily, Strawberry

🌿Trees: Birch, Ash, Alder

🌿Meaning: Balance, New Life/Rebirth, Goddes and God in Youth, Non-Celtic End of Winter, Light Overtaking Darkness, Fertility, Balance, New Beginnings, New Love, Growth,

🌿Ritual Oils: Lotus, Magnolia, Ginger

🌿Incense: Jasmine, Light scented florals

🌿Mythical Creatures: Mermaid, Dragons, Unicorn

🌿Goddesses: Aphrodite (Greek), Athena (Greek), Cybele (Roman), Eostre (Teutonic), Eriu (Irish), Gaia (Greek), Hear/Juno (Greco-Roman), Iris (Greek), Lady of the Lake (Welsh-Cornish), Madhusri (Hindu), Melusine (Franco-Scottish), Moon Mother (Native American), Ova (Greek-Etruscan), Renpet (Egyptian), Salamaona (Middle Eastern), Vesta (Greco-Roman), Anna Fearina (Roman), Astarte (Canaanite), Coatlicue (Aztec), Doda (Siberian), Erce (Slavic), Flidais (Irish), Garbhog (Irish), Ishtar (Babylonian), Isis (Egyptian), Libera (Roman), Ma-Ku (Chinese), Minerva (Roman), The Muses (Greek), Persephone (Greco-Roman), Rheda (Anglo-Saxon), Vesna (Slavic), Venus (Roman), Freya (Norse), Rati (Hindu)

#SpringEquinox #Ostara #Spring #pagan #Witchcraft #Witch

#springequinox #ostara #spring #pagan #witchcraft #witch #witchery

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realcatalina · 1 year

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Geography in 1500-introduction

It is no surprise people don’t get political situation in Europe at beginning 16th century. We are not taught how geography affected the political situation, and course of history. Yeah on ocasion you get some map, but doesn’t really give you good picture. Often the very important towns or geographical features are missing! Or you don’t know certain places had same ruler.

So I’ve decided to change that and show you how actually things were. I will be doing series of post about Geography/Political situation in 1500, focused mainly on Europe and Northern Africa,

For these posts I will often use map by reddit user Yetkinler:

Looks like complicated mess? Because it was! Actually it was even more complicated that this. It is closest to the actual political-geographical state of Europe that I could find and Yetkinler did truly great job.

However it is literally impossible to depict HRE 100% correct on map of this scale. It was even more complicated than this!

Link(i use the map which is 4 years old): https://pholder.com/u/yetkinler/

(Tumblr won’t allow the map to upload HD, so if you want to get closer look, you have to download it from the link, not from here).

Unfortunately he/she is no longer active on reddit, but I’d still like to give them my thanks.

I will be using Yetkinler’s map, adjusting it to make certain things more obvious.

Also bit of note here about geographical maps in general. Earth is 3D sphere. Trying to recreate continental shapes, and sizes of countries in 2D is never 100% correct. Further from equator, the more distorted things are. I recommend you check the link bellow, where you can move around the countries and see how big they are in comparison to each other!

https://www.thetruesize.com/

It’s mindblowing. Or look up google Earth. It’s wonderful tool.

But back to historical geography, and political situation in Europe. There were several types of goverments. Main ones:

Monarchies, Republics, Confederacies and Teocracies

Hereditary monarchies

Elective monarchies-Holy Roman Empire’s Emperor was elected, but you’d be surprised how many countries technically(in priciple but not in practise) speaking had elective monarchy or nobles had right to chose ruler if ‘need be’.

Republics-Venice for example

Confederacies-for example Swizerland and Livonia

(A confederate government is a group of states, nations or territories that are joined together by a central government that has limited powers of authority.)

Theocratic elective monarchy-Papacy

But teocratic goverment was not exclusive for Papacy. There were also independed archbishopric and bishopric titles, sometimes they were vassals of other rulers or part of confederation.

Holy Orders(military orders) also sometimes had level of idenpendence. Teutonic Knights were vassals of Polish Crown, but other orders were independent.

Same as with republics, some were idependent and others were vassals and only semi-independent.

Another term you should know is primogeniture and partition.

Primogeniture is when eldest legitimate child(usually son) inherites everything, leaving his siblings with nothing. Partition means that highest titles of the monarch gets divided between sons. So each gains their own indipendent land.

It used to be very prominent in Europe’s history but by 1500 it was no longer in fashion. However in 15th century one such partion was very important and imo changed course of Europe forever.

But then there are things which don’t make much sense. Why is Poland a Kingdom, and Lithuania is Grand Duchy, despite being much larger?

Mostly the answer is tradition, country’s history and nobody bothered to change it.

Historically, there was something called ‘petty kingdom’. Good example were Anglo-saxon Kingdoms in England:

Those were petty Kingdoms-which later got replaced by larger Kingdom of England. Problem is, not all larger kingdom lasted. Irish didn’t, and around 1500, still (Petty) Kingdom of Desmond still existed. It wasn’t that much larger than its neighbours, who didn’t style themselves as Kings.

In Iberia, when Navarre was established(first as Pamplona), it was still high times of petty kingdoms, and independent Castile nor Aragon didn’t exist as independent kingdoms.

When they later did, they stopped Navarre from expanding and themselves grew much larger. But at beginning they weren’t that different in size.

That is why Navarre was Kingdom despite being smaller than many duchies, princedoms etc.

Less comprehesible is de jure part of kingdom, and how it affected whetever or not you should call the realm Crown or Kingdom. Because many kindgoms technically speaking should be officially called Crowns instead.

However nowadays people don’t know there was difference and call both kingdoms. Personally I don’t mind either, but I’d like you to know what the difference was.

The issue mostly is whetever or not all their parts were officially de jure part of kingdom. Oficial part.

Idk if you’ve ever played Crusader Kings(game), but in it you can play as any ruler in Europe and conquer land. Your newly gained land, doesn’t become de jure part of your kingdom instantly, but in the game it takes 100 years, to make it official part of your kingdom-

In real life, there were territories owned by kingdoms for over 900 years-which still weren’t officially de jure part of the kingdom, just part of/under the Crown. Even though they had same language, same culture, and literally nothing which would explain why the shift wouldn’t officially happen. No reason at all for Moravia to not be official part of Bohemia. I live here, I don’t get it!

(But it might explain why twice in our history we were shortly not part of Bohemia and rest of the country was not up in arms about it, screaming-this is our land! Give it back!)

Crown instead of Kingdom was also used if the monarch had multiple kingdom titles, usually with first or main one being used. So Ferdinand’s realm was under Crown of Aragon, yet made of several kindgoms. So if you wanted to nitpick or be precise you could refer to one or the other.

‘Crown of Aragon was large and consisted of several kingdoms, but of course Kingdom of Aragon was closest to its rulers heart’. Here you can tell the difference.

But even with this there were exceptions, times when for some reason the term Crown was not used, even though countries were part of personal union(had same ruler). We don’t use Crown of Denmark-but instead Kalmar union.

Union of two crowns could be complicated. Some never got shared name. However instead of Castile-Aragon, they started to call it Spain, refering to it dozens of years of before officially it became Spain. Probably because it was easier in speech.

Usually ducal unions-such as Ferrara-Modena only have - in between. Some people nowadays use &, but I don’t like it(for no reason other than personal preference).

If you still don’t get something in this post, write to me, preferably in messages, because in comments I cannot reply as lenghtly as I’d like to.

I will start with Christendom, but later I’d like to do muslim states too. Silk road, naval trade roads imo have been discussed enough. But I’d like to include trade roads across Sahara, because of how much it affected N. African states.

I’ll see if I’ll eventually do Abyssinia too.

I hope you’ve enjoyed it and if you’d have preferences as to which country/region I should start with, write me in the comments.

#Geography in 1500 #historical geography

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mali-umkin · 5 months

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"As is well known, through their [Matthew Arnold and Ernest Renan, fathers of the Celtic renaissance in the 19th century] offices, the Celt underwent a kind of intellectual "processing" where he was made wholly other to modern industrial and utilitarian life. Both men were ostensibly dealing with the characteristics of the races of Europe in their works, yet in their racial distinctions between Anglo Saxon, Slav, Teuton and Celt, for instance, they also created a profound racial mythology."

Laurie Patton, Alexander Carmichael, "Carmina Gadelica", and the Nature of Ethnographic Representation

#Celtic #celtic cultures #ethnography #scotland #ireland #wales

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konstskvaller · 9 months

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Karfunkelfee roughly translates as Carbuncle Fairy, an ambiguous figure from fairy tales who may be good or evil. As Kiefer explained in an interview with Tim Marlow, the word Karfunkel has two meanings; it is firstly a precious stone but also associated with ergot, a fungus that that grows on wheat and other crops turning them black. Human poisoning due to the consumption of bread made from ergot-infected grain was common in Europe in the Middle-Ages. Interestingly, ergot is known in German as ‘the tooth of the wolf’ and may be connected to the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowolf.

This would certainly be of interest to Kiefer, who since the 1970’s has made art that alluded to Teutonic myths, Wagner, and the Black Forest; an artist celebrating German history whilst acknowledging the guilt of its fatal collision with Jewish history that culminated in the Holocaust.

thepaintingofmelancholia

#anselm kiefer #karfunkelfee

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grandhotelabyss · 11 months

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Lol at the idea of commissioning Pariah to do the writing, (who incidentally also used to be in those dismal leftie fb groups years ago) if Salomé didn’t exist we would have to invent them. I confess I’ve never been completely convinced by either the left-libs freaking out about Lana as conservative chanteuse or the far right seeing in her a harbinger of some kind of youthful populist-reactionary turn. She reminds me of a kind of girl (and guy, although there were way less of them) I remember from high school who wanted to be counterculture, but didn’t do politics and wasn’t really interested in pissing off their parents in any way other than the normal way that all teenagers invariably do just by being teenagers.* Yeah there was a conservative leaning there, and even a bit of racism, but I think it was mostly a mix of aesthetics and cultural inertia- America is after all an ambiently conservative nation. It seems very odd to me that that type of person ever got radicalized enough to start throwing around the race science stuff the way Anna and Dasha did, but then they’re probably hardly representative specimens, and my memories of that type are all from before left-activist rhetoric became so completely inescapable during the Trump era

*A part of me is tempted to say that this is on a slightly higher register the role Paglia fulfills as well (this is the purpose of Camille) I’m sure the context of the original quote is nonsense, but I’ve always thought (I think?) Naomi Wolff was onto something when she described her as Phyllis Schlafy for the nipple-pierced set. There’s something of the sense while you’re actually reading or listening that this is some hot, revolutionary, stuff but then if you actually think about it you’re circuitously being persuaded via decadent aesthetics to have your parents or grandparents sexual/racial etc mores (this is not entirely serious and I know I’m doing injury to her program by describing this way, but I think it’s also the appeal of her aside from the imperious declaration of this and that.)

I think Oscar Wilde invented Salomé. I discovered her more recently, find a leftist phase hard to imagine.

Back in the '90s and early '00s, the religious right had enough power to allow the counterculture to be a broad political anti-church that included secular libertarians (e.g., Kurt Loder and Kennedy on MTV) or libertarian-ish figures like Paglia. As long as you weren't a Bible-thumper, nobody asked you what you thought about taxes. "Fiscally conservative, socially liberal" was like "I listen to everything but rap and country." Things were just politicized in a different way than they are now. I don't think everybody should have to be deeply politically engaged.

The racial thing with Anna and Dasha is because they're children of immigrants. (I'm allowed to say this because I'm one too.) I don't say "white" immigrants, either; I don't even say "non-black" immigrants, because I've graded the composition essays of Somali students here in Minneapolis, and they're also capable of sounding like Steve Sailer. The "critical race theory" idea—I think Baldwin was the first major writer to make the point—of immigrants defining themselves against African Americans is just true; I've seen it again and again.

On the other hand, Paglia was liberal on race, if in an aestheticized way that earned her a rebuke from bell hooks. Whenever she did talk about race, she took a romantic pan-POC (to include Italians and Jews) and anti-WASP stance. She blamed the feminism she despised on an almost racial Anglo-Saxon female frigidity. (There's a reason she became friends with Edward Said.) This seems less absurd when you read an early feminist tract like Olive Schreiner's Woman and Labour and find that it sounds like a Nazi pamphlet, heralding feminism as the rebirth, after industrialism caused a small setback in white women's estate, of the always-independent Teutonic sisterhood, this as against the immemorial slavery of women practiced by the "darker races" (presumably, again, to include Italians and Jews). But there are even strains of this kind of thing in Wollstonecraft and Fuller, too. Some have even wondered why Gilman's famous wallpaper is yellow.

As with Paglia, my own thinking about gender and sexuality ranges beyond the bounds of liberalism in either direction or all directions, while I can't say the same for race. I think it's irresponsible, to say the least, for humanists and artists to indulge anything like biological racism. Gender and sexuality are endlessly fascinating and unsolvable riddles, whereas I've never been able to get intellectually interested in race; masculine and feminine are cosmic forces, but "black" and "white" are the flimsy contrivances of the pirate and the sociologist.

#camille paglia #anna khachiyan #dasha nekrasova #red scare #american politics

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anarchotolkienist · 2 years

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Question, since I don't know too much about Scotland: are the Highlanders and Lowlanders two different ethnic groups speaking their own languages, or two regional groups of ethnic Scottish people who just happen to have two different local languages? I mean, I know that legally people from the Highlands and Lowlands are Scottish, but as I started to learn about Highlandism, I got myself confused as to what precisely is the relationship between the peoples of the Lowlands and Highlands :(

I mean, if we want to talk about ethnogenesis, there's obviously not like a hard genetic line between them, because people intermarry and intermingle and humans, but if we want to talk about cultural origins/descent in a way which is not relevant to the current day (and again, also NOT ETHNIC, strictly) we can draw a distinction something like this - Lowlanders in Scotland speak/spoke Scots and have a distinct culture largely based around it, and this languge develops out of Anglo-Saxon, as spoken by the Angles. The Gaels/Highlanders, however, have a cultural origin together with the Gaels in Ireland, and therefore out of the insular Celts, who lived on the Islands of the North Atlantic before the Saxons came (and of course the Celts themselves had integrated the previous peoples who lived on these isles when they arrived). The old folkloric explanation being as the followers of Fearghas Mòr, son of the King of Dáil Riata in modern Ulster, who led some of his people to settle. The modern explanation, and the one that I hold truck with, is that the languge and culture co-evolved in one cultural zone on both sides of the Irish sea, but it's not 100% certain.

However, none of that stuff really matters, because these groups would not necessarily conceive of themselves as different and talk about their origins as such without ideological/material reasons to do so, i.e. undergoing ethnogenesis (becoming an ethnic group). In Scotland this seems to occur shortly after the Norman Conquest and the Davidan Reforms, when Gaelic quickly retreats from the Lowlands (except for the glens of Galloway, where Gaelic clings on for another few hundred years) in favour of Anglo-speaking merchants and french-speaking nobles and establishes itself north and west of the Highland Line, where it would be more or less stable for another 700 years, untill the Clearances. The first historical account of Scotland, by John of Fordrun in the 12th century, already makes a clear distinction between the Wood-Scots, and the coastal Scots, as he calls them, who he says are fundamentally different in every way, and hate eachother (supposedly, mixing up the two was the greatest insult you could make to either side) - in clothing, in languge, in manners, in civilisation, in social organisation and so on and so on. Interestingly he says that the Wood-scots (the savage Gael) still speaks 'Scottish' (he means Gaelic) whereas the coast-scots speak 'Inglis' (he means Scots). Clearly, ethnogenesis has already happened here, and the stage is set for the next millennium, as the Lowlanders try and solve their Highland Problem through every weapon available in the colonisers handbook - direct settlement in the Plantation period, divide-and-conquer, full-scale occupation, fundamental otherisation/dehumanisation, invasions and destabilisation and eventually genocide. The first few chapters of Mi-rún mór nan Gall have really good information on the medieval context, where it seems the two ethnic groups first appear if you're interested. I want to be clear though that there is no such thing as 'ethnicity' that exists independently of our thoughts about it, but it is an ideological construction that is created by people - a lot of the Lowlanders who would make much hay of their Teutonic blood and descent in the middle ages and forwards would have been the great-grandchildren of Gaelic speakers. It's culture, not blood, that matters on this sort of scale.

I hope that sort of answered your question?

#i really do recommend Mí-rùn Mòr nan Gall for this

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interlagosed · 2 years

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I need to ask this before tsor ends because I've been reading it without knowing how to pronounce the places 😂😂. I think I only pronounce correctly Anglosax so please I need a list of the rest of the places and how you pronounce them please 🙏🙏

OH I LOVE THIS QUESTION.

Hiberia - EITHER HI-bee-ree-ah OR ee-beyr-ee-ya. Both are fine. In Anglo, it's the former. In Hiberian, it's the latter.

Thameside - this is admittedly my laziest name HAHA though Teuton is also pretty fucking lazy. I mean, really, all the country names are lazy. But yeah it's just Tems-side.

Navar - Nuh-Vaar.

Teuton - Tyoo-Tawn.

Saalitzsch - Saal-Litch.

Galla - CONTROVERSIAL!!! Ga-ya. So Gallian is Ga-yuhn.

Lumis - Loo-mee.

Seuloger - Suhl-lo-dzay/jay.

I'm sure I've forgotten some others, lmk if i have!

#hibi answers #tsor

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ladybrythwensinclair · 2 years

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Hail Freyr

Hail to the Father of the Ingvaeones Hail to the Hero of the Vanir Hail to the Beloved of Gerda Bless and walk with us this day ~*~*~*~*~ There’s some debate if the collection of Germanic tribes that are known as the ‘Sons of Ingvi’ or the ‘Friends of Ingvi’ should go by the old Roman ‘Ingaevones’ or the modern ‘Ingvaeones’. Things that scholars in academia are still hashing out. Among those tribes were the Saxons, Cimbri, Teutons, and Chauci (as per the Roman records). Yes, the Saxons I am speaking of are the ones who went off to later be known as the Anglo-Saxons and be major influences upon the development of what later was known as England. The Ingaevones hit my lineage twice through the descendants of the Saxons and the Teutons. It’s pretty cool genealogy. This is but one of many reasons why Freyr has a special place in my heart and life. ♥

#heathenry #prayer #Frey #Freyr #Ing #Ingvi

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blackenedmagic · 2 years

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These are the styles and regnal names of historic and current monarchs of sovereign countries in Latin. Hereunder, I will explain the meaning and significance of each.

Augustus — Imperator Caesar divi Iulii filius Augustus

A citizen of ancient Rome was often known by many names throughout their lifetime. The Romans had a system of personal nomenclature known as tria nomina (literally, "three names") comprising a given name (praenomen), a hereditary name (nomen gentilicium), and a cognomen, which originally served as a nickname but later became a hereditary name as an augmentation of the nomen. Perhaps history's most famous Roman, the consul Julius Caesar, was known as Gaius Iulius Caesar:

Gaius was his personal name;

Iulius indicated his belonging to the gens Julia, a ruling-class patrician family; and

Caesar indicated he belonged in specific to the most prestigious branch of the gens Julia, the Julii Caesares.

Caesar's ally and later enemy Pompey the Great was known as Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. Again,

Gnaeus was his personal name;

Pompeius indicated his belonging to the gens Pompeia, conversely a lower-class plebeian family; but

Magnus was a cognomen Pompey earned for his military and political prowess in tribute to Alexander of Macedon, who was known and beloved in the Latin world as Magnus Alexander ("Alexander the Great").

Like his peers, Octavian was known by many names. At birth, he was Gaius Octavius, his nomen by virtue of his birth into the gens Octavia. Later, he took on the name of his granduncle and adoptive father, becoming Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus. Octavianus is the adjectival form of his nomen.

In 27 BC, following his victory against Mark Antony in the Battle of Actium, Octavian was acclaimed by the Senate as Princeps Civitatis ("first citizen"). Befitting his elevated status, he adopted a new name: Imperator Caesar divi Iulii filius Augustus.

In place of a praenomen, he adopted the military honorific imperator, meaning "commander." Roman militants who won the respect of their legionaries were acclaimed by the latter as imperator after a major victory. Julius Caesar was himself acclaimed imperator twice in his lifetime, once by his troops after a victory in Spain and once more by the Senate. In choosing to always be known as imperator, Octavian desired to associate the Senate and People of Rome with perennial victory. If you're very clever, you'll have noticed imperator is the root from which we derive the word "emperor," and princeps the root wherefrom "prince" comes.

Caesar, of course, reflects Octavian's status as an adopted member of the Julii Caesares.

Divi Iulii filius means "son of the divine Julius." After becoming ruler of the Roman state, Octavian took great measures to lionize and canonize the man unto whom he owed his legacy. The Roman imperial cult, the theory of divine right in its infancy, began with the canonization of Julius Caesar as himself a god. This move allowed Octavian to proclaim divinely sanctioned authority to govern as sole ruler of Rome.

Augustus, the name by which Octavian is most commonly known, was originally an obscure religious title in the republican era before being elevated as the honorific that signaled control of the Roman Empire. Thereon, a Roman became emperor when the Senate granted them the title augustus.

William the Conqueror — Rex Anglorum

William, Duke of Normandy, conquered the Kingdom of England in 1066, changing the British cultural and political landscape from predominantly Anglo-Saxon to predominantly Norman French. Everything from the kingdom's legal system to its language evolved dramatically. We have largely the Normans to thank for a heavily Greco-Latinate lexicon to supplement the Teutonic base from which Old English arose.

The Duke of Normandy acceded to the throne simply as Rex Anglorum ("King of the English"), a title first used by the Anglo-Saxon king Æthelstan in 927.

Elizabeth II — Elizabeth Secunda, Dei Gratia Britanniarum Regnorumque Suorum Ceterorum Regina, Consortionis Populorum Princeps, Fidei Defensor

The above is one of two official variations of the style of the British sovereign, the English and the Latin. As a matter of both personal style and convenience, however, this title is abbreviated by the Queen herself when signing her name simply as "Elizabeth R." Citations for court cases are customarily truncated to "R. v. Doe." During the era of direct rule over India by the British Empire, the sovereign would style themselves by their regnal name and "R. I.," meaning rex imperator (if male) or regina imperatrix (if female), respectively translating to "king-emperor" and "queen-empress." This titulature reflects the status of the king or queen regnant of the United Kingdom simultaneously serving as the emperor or empress regnant of India. Since after cession of India from the United Kingdom, of course, this title is no longer in use.

When offered the title "Emperor of the British Isles," George III refused. In addition to being king of Great Britain and Ireland, George was also, by virtue of heredity, prince-elector of Hanover, a state of the Holy Roman Empire. Should he have assumed the reign of British emperor, George III would have been an emperor who, in his capacity as an elector, swore fealty to an emperor.

Elizabeth Secunda means "Elizabeth, the second of her name," as Elizabeth Windsor is the second English queen of the same name since Elizabeth Tudor, known as Elizabeth I or the "Virgin Queen." But wait—wasn't Elizabeth Windsor's mother also a queen? Yes, she was. And wasn't she called Queen Elizabeth? She was, indeed. But that Elizabeth was queen in virtue of marriage to the king, George VI, the father of Elizabeth II. The difference is Elizabeth's mother, Elizabeth, was queen consort and thus accorded the title because she was the spouse of a reigning king. Elizabeth II, however, is a queen regnant, meaning she rules by her own right. Therefore, unless there were two Elizabeths previous to her, she could not have been styled "Elizabeth III."

Dei Gratia means "by the Grace of God." This title reflects the theory of divine right, a political and religious idea that legitimates the unfettered authority of a monarch by claiming the sovereignty of the same comes not from any earthly power but from God. In her capacity as queen, Elizabeth II answers to God in her duties, not the public. Needless to say, this doctrine has been wielded with impunity by absolute rulers to legitimize tyranny.

Britanniarum Regnum is the Latin name of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. Suorum Ceterorum means "his or her other realms," denoting the queen's status as not only sovereign of the United Kingdom but of 14 other Commonwealth realms and various dependencies of the U.K. Consortionis Populorum Princeps means "Head of the Commonwealth [of Nations]".

The title Fidei Defensor ("Defender of the Faith") was first conferred upon a British monarch, specifically King James IV of Scotland, by Pope Julius II in 1507, well before England broke communion with Rome in 1530 during the reign of Henry VIII. That the style of the British sovereign retains this title today means it survived the conversion of the liturgy of an entire realm from Latin to Anglican and the personal and later real union of the English, Scottish, and Irish crowns. Its presence also means the United Kingdom ranks among the only sovereign countries remaining that practice full-on caesaropapism, where the head of state (Caesar) is also the high priest (summus pontifex).

Francis — Franciscus, Episcopus Romanus, Vicarius Christi, Successor principis apostolorum, Caput Universalis Ecclesiae, Pontifex Maximus Ecclesiae Universalis, Patriarcha Occidentis, Primas Italiae, Archiepiscopus et metropolitanus provinciae ecclesiasticae Romanae, Princeps sui iuris Civitatis Vaticanae, Servus servorum Dei

The first thing to notice about Pope Francis' official list of titles is the absence of "pope." That's because, since at least the third century, "pope" referred to any kind of bishop.

Now, of course, "the pope" almost always denotes the bishop of Rome (Episcopus Romanus), the head of the Catholic Church (Caput Universalis Ecclesiae) and its high priest (Pontifex Maximus). Vicarius Christi is "Vicar of Christ," referring to the pope's primary mission as the earthly representative of God begotten of flesh.

As of 2006, Patriarcha Occidentis is obsolete. It means "patriarch of the West," in contradistinction to the ecumenical patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church, the archbishop of Constantinople, New Rome. Any inclusion of this title has been meant to explicitly acknowledge the break of communion between the Greek East and the Latin West since 1054.

Primas Italiae ("primate of Italy") and Archiepiscopus et metropolitanus provinciae ecclesiasticae Romanae ("archbishop and metropolitan of the Roman Province") reflect the Roman pontiff's status as an archbishop.

Princeps sui iuris Civitatis Vaticanae indicates the pope's role as ruler of the Vatican City State. Because of its use to identify the Roman emperor, princeps or primus ("first, foremost") is the standard Latin translation for "head of state." Perhaps the most interesting part of papal titulature is sui iuris, meaning "of one's own right." This term is used almost exclusively by the Catholic Church to denote churches with varying degrees of autonomy from Rome. In the context of the papal style, therefore, sui iuris probably refers to the pope's own autonomy in jurisdiction over the Vatican, its boundaries, its laws, and its politics.

The final item in the papal style is Servus servorum Dei ("servant of the servants of God"). This title was first used by Pope Gregory I as a sort of humble-brag in contrast to his eastern counterpart, John the Faster, assuming the more overtly preeminent "ecumenical patriarch" title.

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