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#there's also the fact that both groups have the kind of temperament that makes sensible people carefully edge away from them
eliduremaybe · 4 months
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One thing I like about the discworld is that the witches can generally be described as an argumentative and petty group of not officially qualified busybodies who generally try* to live a safe distance away from each other and avoid using magic wherever possible.
Whereas the wizards are an argumentative and petty group of officially qualified but extremely unqualified busybodies who all crowd together in a single establishment dedicated to magical academia, and who also avoid using magic wherever possible**
Don't know where I was going with this, but I Just Think It's Neat
*because there is nowhere on the disc that would count as a safe distance away from Granny Weatherwax when she's in a certain mood
**excluding the students of the High Energy Magic building who are statistical outliers adn shouldn't be counted***
***and a few other notable exceptions involving shopping trolleys and suchlike. Particularly the suchlike.
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Homestuck, page 2,178
Back in the present...
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Author commentary:
Homestuck's narrative text—which you may have already guessed is indistinguishable from my stream-of-consciousness bullshit in virtually any context, including these notes—bears examination sometimes. It contains many statements that aren't jokes exactly, just wise-assed things to say, as well as ways of saying things that could be said in a more sensible manner. Like, "But not too far into the present." What the hell does this actually mean? We're hopping back to the "present," but not so far back that we would have to officially begin calling it the future. In fact, going "far into the present" seems to be a preposterous concept, because the present is an exact point on a timeline. Falling short of the present, by a bit or a lot, is what we call the past. Exceeding it by a bit or a lot is what we call the future. Also none of this means anything, because Hivebent has made it pretty clear through its nonlinear presentation that there's no such thing as the present from our viewpoint. And to make this even less meaningful, no matter how far into Hivebent's "future" you go, it's still all taking place in the past, since it's explicitly presented as a long flashback in the greater story. The narration is always playing games with words to evocatively capture this stupid dance we're doing with ludicrous ideas and abstract concepts.
Her olive branch remark is both a callback to when Karkat said something similar to John about becoming friends, as well as a reference to the infamous bull penis cane wielded by CD in the Midnight Crew Intermission. Quite a one-two punch. Vriska here is under the laughable impression she is going to be the secret leader of the blue team, but what else is new. Half these people all think they're either going to be the leader, or on the other team. It would make a lot of sense for Vriska to be on the blue team, which is what makes it so great that she's not. But she is an excellent fly in the ointment—or spider, if you will. Dropping this hot mess into the red team, an othervvise fairly coherent group of friends with good chemistry, is a good recipe for drama. Vriska is subsequently used as that kind of ointment-containminating ingredient almost ceaselessly for the rest of this Act.
This appears to be the only time in the story Vriska psychically controls Karkat. There are definitely limitations to her powers. Higher bloods are immune. Everyone from Terezi and up can resist her powers. Probably Kanaya too, since it's hard to imagine her being controlled. (Though whether that's due to her blood or temperament is an open question.) Trolls lower on the hemospectrum are fair game. Tavros, Sollux…probably Nepeta too, but why would Vriska bother with her? Aradia has some resistance due to being an advanced psychic herself, in a way that Sollux is not at his lower moments (see: brain problems). So, is Vriska being truthful that she can control Karkat but just doesn't want to because his mind is unpalatable? Or is there something about his mind that makes it genuinely difficult to control, and that's just her cover story? Maybe all she can pull off are these little things. "Finger slips" as little demonstrations of power, without being able to take full control.
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retvenkos · 3 years
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It got deleted! Fire for the Marauders, Sherlock and SW (any era), guy preference, I'm a girl! I usually hate talking about myself and would rarely share but I'm kind and caring to people. Slytherin and proud. Bookworm who also likes movies. Hate chaos above all, I always have some kind of a schedule in my head. I analyze every detail and am a bit shy, I like being alone but don't mind people. Truly inexperienced in the romantic stuff. INTJ. A bit shy but would making jokes and sarcastic comment
Marauder Era:
I ship you with Remus Lupin!
Alright so you and Remus are the responsible friends of the group, actively bringing down the chaos levels (which, without you, would be insufferable). Together, the two of you bring some semblance of order to the Marauders lives, and trust me, it's much appreciated.
I have no doubt that the two of you met thanks to the bumbling idiot that is James Potter - you and James were paired together for a class in your first year, let's say astronomy, and he gets so behind in the class that the teacher has YOU get him back on track - something about a peer influence. Anyway, you march up to Gryffindor tower to find James and maybe,,,, I don't know,,,, get him to do his homework,,,, and he's hanging outside the portrait hole, making jokes with his friends. You try your best to be reasonable, and your just shy enough to not be rude or anything, but James and Sirius were infuriating first years and they didn't listen to you at all.
When you leave, defeated, Remus runs up after you and tells you he'll try to get James to do his Astronomy homework. You say thanks, and two weeks later, James seems to have taken whatever the brown haired boy said to heart, because he's doing his homework consistently. You decide it's high time you thank this guy for his service, and you start to write him a thank you letter (much less embarrassing than a verbal apology - this way you can't stutter over your words or anything) when you realize you don't know his name. Damn. So now you have to thank him in person, and you approach him before potions. You thank him and he's sheepish and humble about it. Then, before you leave, you make sure to ask him for his name - just in case. Remus Lupin. You tell him yours and that's the end of that.
You see him through the halls in your second and third years, and it isn't until your fourth year that the two of you have reason to speak to each other. You have Potions together, and your partners. For a whole two to three weeks the two of you are pleasant to each other but don't really talk much. Neither of you are great at starting conversations, and it isn't until you see James and Peter pull a very obvious prank on a Slytherin, and Remus cover for them that you actually have something to say to him. "You clearly just lied to the professor." "Me?" And you scoff, but all Remus says is "He doesn't know that, though. Will you keep my secret?" "Sure. Consider it part of my thanks for first year." And you don't think Remus would remember but he does.
After that, the two of you end up talking more, and your crush on the quiet, mischievous gryffindor grows. One time, you hear him arguing with Sirius, defending you, specifically, saying that not ALL slytherins are evil - you certainly aren't.
It's by fifth year that your crush is full blown, and when you have dada with the Gryffindors, you get a little sidetracked by Remus, and when a good friend of yours notices, they tease you mercilessly.
Meanwhile, the marauders are teasing Remus, because he too has a crush on you - one that makes him blush terrible and renders him tongue tied when you're nearby
One day you're walking to the quidditch pitch for the game, and your friend is teasing you terribly about your crush on Remus. You're digging your head into your scarf to hopefully hide your blush, when you run right into Remus. Your friend is quick to fall silent, but you're sure it's a little too late for that. He's no doubt heard.
But.... it's not? Or at the very least, Remus doesn't mention it, just apologizes with a bashful blush and keeps going.
Little do you know, Remus definitely heard it, and now Peter and Sirius are exasperated asking him why he didn't say anything when it was the perfect opportunity. He says it wasn't the right time! You were already thoroughly embarrassed. But now that he knows you like him back.... well, it bodes well for his confidence, which needs all the help it can get.
He approaches you one day in the library, days before the end of school. You're sitting at a table in the corner, actually relaxing for once, a favorite novel in front of you, and Remus hesitantly slides in across from you. For a long while, the two of you just read your own books, until you finish a chapter and look up at Remus. You say you have something for him - a letter, since school is ending soon. You start rambling about how you're going on a trip and it would be fun to write to eachother since you both appreciate history and you'll be going to a few museums and Remus smiles gently and says he'd love to write to you.
You smile, and Remus starts to tell you that he has the biggest crush on you, but he can't being himself to do it, so he talks about his summer plans, too.
When he gets back up to gryffindor tower he's kicking himself because he didn't tell you how he feels, but then he remembers your letter, and he decides to open it.
And in the letter, you tell him how you're almost certain that he heard your friends teasing that day before the quidditch match, when you bumped into him, but in case he didn't (or didn't believe it) you wanted to put the record straight - you like him, and you're terrible with words, so putting it in a letter is the best way you know how to tell him and not completely embarrass yourself.
And Remus runs back to the library to tell you that he got your letter and that he likes you - really likes you - back.
And hell yeah you write letters to eachother over the summer it's vvv sweet.
ANYWAY, you and Remus are a perfect match for each other I'm in love with the idea.
Sherlock:
I ship you with John Waston!
Okay, so both of you have such similar temperaments, I can really see the two of you working out.
You're both introverted, sarcastic, incredibly caring, detail oriented, and bookworms. While John isn't as scheduled as you are (how can you be with a friend like Sherlock Holmes?), he definitely sees the importance in routines and likes doing things in more practical and sensible ways.
Both of you are naturally curious, fairly versatile, and very determined, which makes for a good relationship since your traits and values match up.
I think that John would love the steadiness you being to his life - you are predictable and calm, and you're also independent and able to take care of yourself. John had a lot to worry about on the daily, so the fact that you are reliable is good for him. It allows for a lot of peace of mind.
John would be the one to bring you more in touch with your emotional side - he's a very emotional person, and also very mature. He would bring in a lot of interesting elements to the relationship - simultaneously bringing you out of your comfort zone while also validating your limits and respecting them. You would be an interesting couple to watch.
I love the idea of the two of your writing together for his blog - or you acting as a beta reader and helping him come up with names for each case. The two of you like to sneak in witty jokes and one of your favorite pastimes is seeing how many nonsensical things about Sherlock you can include.
Also! I imagine that your rational though process and your attention to detail is helpful in cases, sometimes, since Sherloxk can get so caught up in the moment and disregard certain elements that might have come in handy. Otherwise, you're great at remembering little things to put in the blog, which makes Sherlock smile.
And may I suggest..... watching movies with John Watson. For once, he is glad he doesn't have Sherlock talking in his ear, going on about the inaccuracies or about how ridiculous it all is. BUT, he finds himself telling you some of the things that Sherlock would say, and the two of you talk through the movie, chatting about what tropes you think are washed up, and what dynamics you love to death.
When you read, though, it's a different story and the two of you are quiet. John will make you a tea or coffee and you spend the day on the couch, just reading and enjoying the other's presence.
Star Wars:
I ship you with Commander Cody!
Alright, but we support clones on this blog, and commander Cody is one of the best clones.
First of all, both of you are very similar. Both of you are smart, determined, thoughtful and versatile people who would work well in sync with one another. You're not the most trusting of people, but one your loyalty is earned, it's earned for life and you would lay down your life for the other. You are both strong willed people, and yet you also carry a deep tenderness to you.
Cody absolutely loves how well read you are - he loves to listen to your stories (especially if they have a good, soft ending) and he loves the way you look at books - the little details you remember, the ideas that you hold onto. It's a great escape for him, listening to you talk about the novels you've read or listening to you read aloud. This world goes so fast and there's so much evil that he sees, so to hear something good - something slow that progresses to a happy ending - means the world to him. It's a little bit of softness he allows himself.
He also loves your shyness. He thinks it's cute, how someone so smart and strong - someone who by all means should have a healthy amount of confidence - is quiet and mostly goes under the radar. It's also a nice compliment to his more commanding presence.
You are both just humble enough to have great respect while also being just outgoing enough when you're in the right setting, and it's perfect. There's never confusion between the two of you over why you're more quiet in some places or more extroverted in others. You just understand the other.
You are also just so caring of others - Cody cared for his brothers more than anything in the world, and to find someone just as caring is good for him. He loves with his whole heart, and he's glad you do, too.
Oh, and the two of you together? The most sarcastic - the galaxy was unprepared for your combined energies, and it's been unstable ever since.
I also can't get enough of you together in the field - maybe you're a Jedi or a recruit pilot or something, but the two of you fighting together is peak. You're both smart and practical in your approach to things, and you're also very determined and ambitious - you would always have each others backs and you approach problems in the same way, so you work efficiently as well.
But, then again, the quiet moments the two of you share are pretty sweet - you force Cody into watching movies with you, and he actually gets really into them. He loves sci fi and fantasy, and he probably really likes silent films or foreign films too. Idk why, I just get the vibes.
Oh! And if you ever want a good laugh, ask Cody about the shenanigans that Obi-Wan pulls througho it the day. He gets so exasperated by all the little things that the Jedi pulls, and listening to him rant about them is very funny.
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personality-studies · 5 years
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What Each Myers-Briggs Type Is Like During Childhood
(Written by: Jhoon of Astroligion)
In the Myers-Briggs type theory, the dominant function is believed to be the first function to develop in the function stack of each personality type. This supposedly occurs around the age of 6 as part of the process known as differentiation where the cognitive preferences begin taking shape. Here is a look at what each MBTI personality is like during childhood growing up. 
ISFJ
ISFJ children are observant and ever busy gathering facts and storing them away for future reference. They are shy and modest in temperament and often do not call attention to what they do although they do desire praise and recognition for their efforts. They are very generous and kind to others and share freely with them. ISFJ kids remember what they are told and are very good with following step by step instructions. They like having a clear set of directions to follow and a defined role to play or list of tasks to complete which they will perform dutifully. ISFJ children are very obedient but they may get into arguments with siblings. They are highly sensitive to criticism especially when they’ve tried very hard to do their best. They may exhibit a lot of perfectionist behavior and can be quite hard on themselves. They are reluctant to change their routines or try new things. Their parent may have to encourage them to venture outside their comfort zones and be more exploratory and broaden their horizons.
INFJ
As a child, INFJs are likely to be unassuming and quiet yet able to acquire many friendships and interact with various types of people. INFJs are bound to be relatively well behaved and mature for their age and their parents may entrust them with responsibilities early on. As introverts, they probably spend much of their time reading or writing in a journal. They may have casual creative outlets such as writing short stories and poems, sketching and design work. Even though they maintain a very private world, they also make time for family and friends to bond and spend quality time with them. They cherish their friendships and are likely to have a special besty with whom they can really be their true selves. INFJs tend to project an image that changes according to who they’re engaging with. They may appear like chameleons due to their ability to mirror people.
ESFJ
ESFJ children are generally friendly and happy in temperament. They enjoy school because it satisfies their need for social interaction and engagement. They are likely to be active in class in also in extracurricular activities and after school clubs. They are usually very responsible and often the first to volunteer wherever needed. ESFJ kids love to talk and their mouths may sometimes get them in trouble but they otherwise keep themselves out of hot water. They hate being alone and prefer to work in groups or with others around to keep them company. They work best as part of a team and are more productive that way. They have a strong need to be liked and they may ingratiate themselves with their teachers and earn the status of teacher’s pet. ESFJ kids try to make others happy and seek positive feedback and affirmation from others in return. Criticism can be a difficult pill for them to swallow and so care should be taken so as not to crush their spirits when critiquing their performance.
ENFJ
ENFJ children desire lots of love and positive reinforcement from their parents. They need encouragement and constant reminders from the people whose opinions they value most. They can be deeply affected by criticism and they strive to be above reproach so as to avoid receiving it. In their youth, ENFJs may create a lofty ideal or standard in their minds that they desire to live up to. They may hold a very naive outlook and sometimes unrealistic expectations of people. They themselves are very kind and open-minded and so they may have great difficulty understanding the heartlessness and cruelty that exists in the world. ENFJ children are deeply empathetic and they are very receptive and responsive to the feelings of others. They bask in other people’s joy and commiserate with their suffering. They hate being judged and they try to refrain from judging others. They have a special capacity for seeing the humanity in even the worst people.
ISFP
ISFP kids are likely to be very shy and sensitive. They very dreamy and imaginative and may have trouble focusing in school or on tasks that are time consuming. Their feelings are easily hurt and may not take criticism well. If the ISFP feels unconditional love and acceptance, they are more likely to feel self-confident, and will be able to handle some criticism. At a young age, their use of logic may be very underdeveloped and they may have a tough time seeing things outside of their own perspective. The ISFP child is bound to be very easygoing and kind but can at times become moody and depressed without warning. They procrastinate and may be unreliable about completing tasks assigned to them in a timely manner. They are often fearful of making decisions because they think that they are final and unalterable, and they’re afraid of making the wrong choice.
INFP
INFPs as children may be very shy and reserved with strangers. They spend much of their time in their own world because their sensitive natures are easily overwhelmed by the energy of those around them both good and bad. They have trouble with criticism and tend to get defensive and sulk when they feel rejected or unloved. They have a tendency to internalize their pain and channel it into some creative outlet where they can escape to their imagination. They have trouble asserting themselves sometimes and they often have difficulty seeing things from other people’s perspective. They need lots of love and affection but they also want to reciprocate and they love to dote on animals and small babies. INFP children tend to move at their own pace and have little concept of time and schedules. They can be very messy and procrastinate about picking up after themselves.
ESFP
During their youth, ESFPs are very lively and dramatic. They are very energetic going from one thing to the next in an ongoing series of distractions. They are likely to be loud and fun and super friendly. They may be naively open-minded and willing to talk to anybody willing to listen to them. They like hands on activities and they learn best through experience and trying out out for themselves rather than just reading about it. ESFP children are likely to be very honest and forthright but well meaning. They have a short attention span but they are good at getting things done quickly and skillfully. When it comes to discipline, ESFP children learn best by example. They are great mimics, and are very likely to pick up on the behaviors of their parents and other important adults in their lives.
ENFP
In their youth, ENFPs pick up very easily on other’s vibe and attitude and they use this to side step conflicts or befriend people. This allows them to also manipulate parents and coax them into seeing things their way or get them to do what ENFP wants without realizing it. They have trouble accepting being told they can’t do something or the idea that they can’t have what they want.  Even as a child, ENFPs push boundaries believing anything is possible if they try hard enough. They derive self esteem from their abilities and will strive to do things for themselves. ENFPs want freedom to explore what really interests them and trying to restrict this will only stunt and disillusion them. They crave positive feedback for their ideas and with the emotional support of family and friends, can go on to realize many of their wild aspirations.
INTJ
Growing up, INTJs might be described as being bright, quiet and independent. They are highly observant and curious and may spend a vast amount of time on their own reading or engaging in their hobbies. They often get lost in thought and become inattentive and unaware of their surroundings and of people speaking to them. INTJ children are very reserved around people and get intimidated by group situations. In school, they can be excellent students but they dislike receiving too much direction or doing redundant work. They like being given an objective and just enough information to get started and they’ll go figure out the rest. Certain topics may be of special interest to them and INTJ kids are compelled to read and learn all they can about those things above and beyond what is required for class. INTJ children tend not to share what they feel but are very candid when asked.
ISTJ
ISTJ children are learn best from experience and they exhibit very practical sensibilities. They plan and follow through and they will take their time and be very meticulous about their work. They need specific instructions on what to do and don’t fare well when left to do their own thing or be creative. In school they are very diligent students who complete their assignments on time and they typically have great respect for their teachers and people who occupy positions of authority. ISTJs kids have excellent memories and they have a great capacity for rote learning and absorbing facts. They are most happy when they have a consistent and stable routine that allows them to stay busy and productive. The ISTJ child may have a narrow field of interests and prefer to develop extensive proficiency in a particular area rather than spread their focus across a variety of topics. They like to show off their knowledge and spout off statistics and data like a savant. They are also good with schedules and can be relied upon to fulfill their obligations and carry their responsibilities like a mature adult.
ESTJ
ESTJ children appreciate order and structure. They respect and look up to people they perceive as authority figures and desire to learn from them. Even in their youth, ESTJs are goal oriented. They plan and think things through, but they do so relatively quickly and decisively. They make up their minds fast because they rely mostly on facts and rarely change their minds afterwards. They are honest and fair and typically have a keen sense of justice even at a young age. They may even feel obliged to help enforce the rules. ESTJs are very studious and seek to acquire solid understanding of the facts surrounding an issue or topic of relevance. They want answers and they can devote a substantial amount of their time to find them. ESTJs children are direct and assertive in how they communicate and may sometimes say insensitive and inappropriate things and engage in physical aggression. Their tempers can flare up but the situation can be deescalated by speaking to them calmly and logically explaining the problem with their behavior.
ENTJ
As children, ENTJs exhibit strong reasoning skills and critical thinking ability. They think logically and are not receptive of things they deem insensible. They plan things out and they show initiative in recognizing things that need to be done. Their minds are often thinking ahead anticipating and planning for things not on other people’s radar. Their parents may not always understand the significance of what ENTJs spend their time on but odds are that it is something ambitious. ENTJ children are goal oriented. In school they are often active participants who may blurt out answers without thinking them through much. They are very intuitive and can seem like mind readers the way their fast minds work. Although they are not very detail-oriented, they can be very thorough when mastering a topic for which they are deeply interested in.
INTP
During childhood, INTPs are bound to be very inquisitive but struggle with shyness and may experience sometimes severe anxiety when entering new situations and meeting new people. Usually, friendships are initiated by others and INTPs may spend a lot of time fantasizing about the romantic crush they will never ask out. Their temperament is generally reserved when in groups but in one-on-one settings their unorthodox wit flows more freely. During their formative years, INTPs may be very cagey, selfish, hypersensitive to rejection and territorial about what they consider theirs. They may have immature outbursts and likely get into trouble for back-talk and questioning what adults tell them. They take issue with being coerced to do anything for which they don’t understand the reason. Many adults are bound to take the INTP’s questions as an affront to their authority and may feel they owe no explanation to the INTP child. “Because I said so” is one of the last things INTPs want to hear as an answer.
ISTP
In their youth, ISTPs are very quiet and shy. They may be very curious about their environment and interesting objects and devices. They probably take an interest in tactile activities like card games, model building and sports. They are likely to become very handy around the house due to their ability to fix and figure how things work. They may show less interest in abstract concepts and theories that produce nothing tangible for them. They may be aficionados of certain things and likely collect things like art and memorabilia that signify their special interests. ISTPs children do not care as much for gratuitous and glib praise but desire specific, sincere and meaningful feedback about what they do and what is good about it. ISTP children follow the rules but do not like being told explicitly what to do. They will do best with assignments in which they are told what the desired goal is and any rules that must be followed, and left to their own devices to achieve the goal. They work best alone and may have problems with groups assignments, and may reject these kinds of projects by not participating much.
ESTP
As a youth, ESTPs are likely to be unruly and rambunctious. They’re full of energy and their parents may have their work cut out for them when trying to rein them in. ESTP children are bound to be athletic and attracted to the world of sports. In school, they may struggle because of boredom and their lack of interest in abstract subject matter. ESTPs may have discipline issues and a tendency to be disruptive and act impulsively without thinking about the consequences. They push the limits and bend rules but at the same time, may also be very humorous and popular for their attention grabbing antics. Their persuasive abilities have probably allowed them to weasel themselves out of many a predicament and avoid or mitigate punishment.
ENTP
ENTP children are probably very talkative and hyperactive. They are never at a loss for words and they are often very amusing. They need explicitly defined rules and boundaries otherwise they will push and bend them at will. ENTPs can be argumentative and clash with their parents over many issues and may often appear like arrogant know-it-alls. In their early years, ENTPs are likely to be very inquisitive and ask countless questions at the risk of annoying their parents. They have hyperactive imaginations and they love to spitball ideas and talk about endless “what if” questions with their friends. They are humorous and likely crack up people up with their unorthodox stream of consciousness. In school, they are probably known for being outspoken with a tendency for saying brazen or inappropriate things.
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mikunology · 6 years
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Mikunology File #7: Kagamine Len
FINALLY A NEW POST
OK, so we did Rin. That means we gotta do Len now, right?
TBH, I really love Len as much as I love Rin, because in my book they’re equally interesting characters. And I really like writing Len because I feel he and Rin’s voices are the most vibrant in my mind next to maybe Luka and Meiko’s. So get ready for some ranting!
Look under the cut for the post! (WARNING: Lots of reading like always.)
Opposing Rin, Len is the second second-in-command in the main team and acts as their brains--at least most of the time. He composes the second half of the CV02 unit as CV02-L alongside Rin, and like I said in Rin’s post, tends to take part in the more actiony parts of the overarching plot I have going here. Though, Len tends to have his own problems that manage to branch off the usual antics that happen, as well as his role within Rin and Miku’s adventures. But that’s not to say he’s not important--in fact, Len may have just as big if not a bigger role in the plot than his sister.
Personality/Portrayal
Strangely enough, I think out of everyone I’ve elaborated the least about Len’s personality. Let’s fix that.
Len is definitely Rin’s mirror image in personality and temperament--instead of big, loud, and fiery, Len is quiet, minimal, and coolheaded. Len is sensitive, sensible, and much more analytical than his sister, and he prefers to take things slow and think things through; but of course, that never means he has no sense of fun. He tends to rely on his logic rather than his heart to tell him how to handle things, but really, the kid is probably the most emotional one in the entire group. He firmly acts as everyone else’s straight man--while Rin and Miku’s big personalities tend to have them up in the clouds, Len is the one reminding them to come back to earth every so often. But even while trying to be the responsible one, Len can be just as tricky as Rin and enjoys going around and causing havoc with her for the sheer fun of it, as long as they don’t go too far. He’s a kind and empathetic person despite appearing sarcastic and high-strung sometimes, and honestly, all he wants is for things to go as smoothly as possible for everyone.
Though, as less in-your-face he is compared to Rin, Len has his own varied set of flaws in order. The biggest one tends to be his crippling fear of failure, which, while it pushes him to do his best as a Vocaloid and as a fighter, he has a huge unhealthy habit of working himself to the very bone as to not disappoint. Len considers himself to be inferior to Rin, Luka and Miku in the voice department, and thus tries to make up for his dislike of his own singing by trying to be better constantly. He also has a strong desire to just be taken seriously instead of being just “the adorable shota”, and he occasionally becomes reckless or misguided in his attempts to actually seem cool or admirable once in a while even to his own family. However, it should be noted that both of these flaws of his have been countered by his siblings, as he doesn’t realize his own brand of adorkableness is what makes him who he is.
Abilities
I’m actually gonna skip this section as Len doesn’t really have any special powers that I haven’t already elaborated on in Miku and Rin’s posts. So, I’ll move on!
Equipment
Len has the least amount of equipment in the team, I think, but it’s mostly due to the fact that he prefers to use stuff he knows and can rely on rather than acquiring a million different gadgets he’d rarely use. Plus, after all, Len is more of a strategist than a battler. But I digress.
You can check Rin and Miku’s posts for info on his headphones and sleeves, since they all work the same, pretty much.
Road roller (aka “Josephine”). Len initially disapproved of Rin stealing an entire construction vehicle from a construction site, but what are you gonna do. Even so, he’s learned to drive the road roller quite well, actually being an even better driver than Rin (and, I mean, Len does usually drive the thing while Rin stands on the top and kicks ass). However, Len doesn’t think he’ll ever get used to using the mecha function.
Keytar. Len’s iconic instrument of choice, and the one he often is seen with at his concerts. Len is already an expert at using the guitar and the electronic piano (Gyari-P, anyone?) and so the instrument itself is easy for him to use and carry around. As of late, however, Gumi has given it a few upgrades, turning it into a laser gun sort of weapon on top of it.
Railgun. Ever since the team started getting into real trouble, Len also took the initiative to try and actually give himself a reliable arm, extra gadgets from Gumi and Meiko aside...which happens to be a railgun he acquired thanks to Lily and Iroha once Rin and Len officially became helpers of the police force. He doesn’t use it often, but he has a hiding place for it in case things get ugly.
Bonus Headcanons
Len is probably the best cook in the Crypton household.
Despite some of his songs giving off the impression that he’s a secret playboy, Len is utterly incompetent when it comes to romance and is an utter cheesy dork at it.
He does like bananas a lot, but he prefers them as smoothies.
He actually doesn’t care much about how many times he dies in the songs he sings. He prefers to see his songs as just him playing a character, so he doesn’t think much of it. It does bother him slightly when it gets excessive, however.
He really likes western food, like hamburgers and hot dogs.
Due to how much he overworks, he’s very prone to sudden malfunction and has freaked out his siblings more than once by bugging out because he refuses to sleep or eat. Thus, you could say he has the worst health out of the Cryptons.
He’s two milliseconds younger than Rin.
He has a big dumb puppy love crush on Luka, which he fails miserably at hiding. Rin teases him about it relentlessly.
Inspiration Songs
Some songs I’ve used to help characterize my version of Len include “Kagamine Len no Bousou”, “Hot Cocoa”, “Fire Flower”, “Cool Len’s Love Song” (this one is really my Len in a nutshell), “Mr. Android” (epilepsy warning on this one), and “Embarrassment-Hiding Adolescence”.
I’d also like to give a shoutout to the voice work by LenRinTwin, who does a lot of English voice acting dubs of Len! (many of which are admittedly shitposts but they’re good shitposts)
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wtfzodiacsigns · 7 years
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Zodiac Signs How Others See You
Capricorn:  You’re often seen as an irresistible force and an immovable object. People put you in charge because you’re decisive — you’re famous for having a great sense of realism. When others need a rational head in a crisis, they call on you. In personal relationships, some friends will stand in line to unload their problems on you; others avoid you because they think your outlook is too downbeat. Everyone agrees that it’s difficult to divert you from your course when you’ve set a goal. Some people feel that in order to find the real you they have to strip away layers of secrecy, but most understand that your aloofness stems from a deep sense of personal privacy. Aquarius:  You’re often regarded as slightly eccentric — not necessarily strange, but certainly an independent character, a kind of daredevil with an unusual way of looking at things. People consider you a pathfinder, a member of the real avant-garde. They think you have a wicked sense of humor, an ability to shock and amuse at the same time. They know you’re open to new ideas, especially when these ideas are yours. People are drawn to your friendliness and enthusiasm, but they withdraw quickly when you turn acid-tongued. Sometimes, because you need so much personal freedom, you give the impression of being uncaring or distant. Those around you may also become annoyed at your stubbornness.
Pisces:  Everyone thinks you are his or her special friend, that they have your undivided attention. You’re thought of as solicitous and concerned. You’re also known as a sparkling social presence — witty, vivacious, and always interested in new activities. People consider you artistic and somewhat bohemian, and are impressed by your physic sensibility. They value you as a confidant but, oddly, the more people lean on you, the weaker they think you are. Aries:  Your upbeat, magnetic personality pulls people toward you — you bring excitement into their lives. They envy your aggressiveness in meeting a challenge. Whatever the problem, you give the impression that you have an answer ready. You’re also admired for your honesty; you don’t gloss over difficulties. What people don’t like is your tendency toward bossiness and your deserved reputation for being sharp-tongued. They’re afraid to cross you in an argument because they know you can cut them to the quick. Taurus:  You’re thought of as a serene influence, someone to depend on, and you’re admired for your organized mind. Not many people realize that you’re sensitive and easily wounded. You are trusted as a tastemaker, and your artistic and esthetic opinion is welcomed. Because you have sound instincts about money, your financial advice is also sought. On the other hand, people resent your tendency to be dogmatic. Even if you’re right, others don’t understand why you have to be so unyielding. Gemini:  People like to be around you because you’re interesting and amusing. They admire you for your talent with words and sense of humor. Although you’re considered more of a cerebral type, friends trust your judgment about emotional matters. They also know you’ll jump in to help when asked. Only those closest to you know you can be moody and discouraged. When crossed you can be sarcastic, which makes some people think you’re arrogant. Cancer: Those in your circle think of you as a den mother/father — the one who tries to fix other people’s problems and make sure everyone is happy. They like your concern for their well-being and cherish your wise counsel. But why, even if they follow your advice, do they keep it a secret from you? Because they think you’re controlling and don’t want to be a puppet on your string. They also think you’re moody. One minute you seem to care about them, and the next you’re crabby and to be avoided at all costs. In your career, you’re viewed as someone who can quickly spot an opportunity for finantial gain. Leo:  You have a regal quality, a way of standing out in a crowd. The unique combination of the excitement you project, your sense of style, your way of speaking, and your laugh is what draws people to you. They’re also seduced by the fact that you think big, which feeds their own fantasies of success and power. They’re attracted to your energy and enthusiasm and your take-charge attitude. They assume you’ll take a leadership position. But some people dislike what they consider your king-sized ego. They think you hog the spotlight and that you’re performing even when you’re perfectly serious and sincere; they question your sincerity. Others regard you as a showoff who merely talks a big game. And there are those who think you have the temperament of a demanding, spoiled child. Virgo: You’re regarded as a real go-getter. People trust you to handle any job. They think of you as a person who can analyze almost any problem in a logical way. Others come to you when they want their own actions explained to them, or are feeling confused about relationships. You are valued for your ability to set priorities and to create order out of confusion. Because you’re both discriminating and truthful, people trust your judgment on books, theater, and clothes. However, you don’t wear your heart on your sleeve, and as a result others often perceive you as haughty and cold. Libra:  People feel important when they’re with you because you always seem to understand their point of view. You are considered warm and outgoing because you know how to draw people out, and you’re thought of as someone with an unparalleled ability to deal with the public. However, because you want others’ approval, you tend to go along with what they want — and this sometimes makes you look wimpy. To some people, you also appear vain and overly concerned with your appearance. Scorpio:  It’s probably your secretiveness that makes people so interested in finding out what you think. You’re often the guru in a group, the one with uncanny hunches about the future and piercing insights into other people’s motivations. Many believe that even your humor contains the barb of truth. People are aware of your reputation for sensuality and fantasize about you as a lover. You’re frequently viewed as over-controlling and too ambitious — even power-hungry — but also as someone who can be trusted, because you never make false promises. Sagittarius: People like your sense of humor and your buoyant presence. No matter what goes wrong, you’re ready with an upbeat explanation and forecast for the future. You’re also the first to volunteer help; colleagues and friends appreciate your willingness to do favors. People like your frankness, although sometimes they think you can be too frank and that you put your foot in your mouth too often. To some you seem fickle and undependable, perhaps a bit too detached emotionally. In general, you’re viewed as an unpredictable, independent spirit.
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x-rp-references-x · 5 years
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What Each Myers-Briggs Type Is Like During Childhood
In the Myers-Briggs type theory, the dominant function is believed to be the first function to develop in the function stack of each personality type. This supposedly occurs around the age of 6 as part of the process known as differentiation where the cognitive preferences begin taking shape. Here is a look at what each MBTI personality is like during childhood growing up.
INFJ
As a child, INFJs are likely to be unassuming and quiet yet able to acquire many friendships and interact with various types of people. INFJs are bound to be relatively well behaved and mature for their age and their parents may entrust them with responsibilities early on. As introverts, they probably spend much of their time reading or writing in a journal. They may have casual creative outlets such as writing short stories and poems, sketching and design work. Even though they maintain a very private world, they also make time for family and friends to bond and spend quality time with them. They cherish their friendships and are likely to have a special besty with whom they can really be their true selves. INFJs tend to project an image that changes according to who they’re engaging with. They may appear like chameleons due to their ability to mirror people.
INFP
INFPs as children may be very shy and reserved with strangers. They spend much of their time in their own world because their sensitive nature’s are easily overwhelmed by the energy of those around them both good and bad. They have trouble with criticism and tend to get defensive and sulk when they feel rejected or unloved. They have a tendency to internalize their pain and channel it into some creative outlet where they can escape to their imagination. They have trouble asserting themselves sometimes and they often have difficulty seeing things from other people’s perspective. They need lots of love and affection but they also want to reciprocate and they love to dote on animals and small babies. INFP children tend to move at their own pace and have little concept of time and schedules. They can be very messy and procrastinate about picking up after themselves.
INTJ
Growing up, INTJs might be described as being bright, quiet and independent. They are highly observant and curious and may spend a vast amount of time on their own reading or engaging in their hobbies. They often get lost in thought and become inattentive and unaware of their surroundings and of people speaking to them. INTJ children are very reserved around people and get intimidated by group situations. In school, they can be excellent students but they dislike receiving too much direction or doing redundant work. They like being given an objective and just enough information to get started and they’ll go figure out the rest. Certain topics may be of special interest to them and INTJ kids are compelled to read and learn all they can about those things above and beyond what is required for class. INTJ children tend not to share what they feel but are very candid when asked.
INTP
During childhood, INTPs are bound to be very inquisitive but struggle with shyness and may experience sometimes severe anxiety when entering new situations and meeting new people. Usually, friendships are initiated by others and INTPs may spend a lot of time fantasizing about the romantic crush they will never ask out. Their temperament is generally reserved when in groups but in one-on-one settings their unorthodox wit flows more freely. During their formative years, INTPs may be very cagey, selfish, hypersensitive to rejection and territorial about what they consider theirs. They may have immature outbursts and likely get into trouble for back-talk and questioning what adults tell them. They take issue with being coerced to do anything for which they don’t understand the reason. Many adults are bound to take the INTP’s questions as an affront to their authority and may feel they owe no explanation to the INTP child. “Because I said so” is one of the last things INTPs want to hear as an answer.
ENTJ
As children, ENTJs exhibit strong reasoning skills and critical thinking ability. They think logically and are not receptive of things they deem insensible. They plan things out and they show initiative in recognizing things that need to be done. Their minds are often thinking ahead anticipating and planning for things not on other people’s radar. Their parents may not always understand the significance of what ENTJs spend their time on but odds are that it is something ambitious. ENTJ children are goal oriented. In school they are often active participants who may blurt out answers without thinking them through much. They are very intuitive and can seem like mind readers the way their fast minds work. Although they are not very detail-oriented, they can be very thorough when mastering a topic for which they are deeply interested in.
ENTP
ENTP children are probably very talkative and hyperactive. They are never at a loss for words and they are often very amusing. They need explicitly defined rules and boundaries otherwise they will push and bend them at will. ENTPs can be argumentative and clash with their parents over many issues and may often appear like arrogant know-it-alls. In their early years, ENTPs are likely to be very inquisitive and ask countless questions at the risk of annoying their parents. They have hyperactive imaginations and they love to spitball ideas and talk about endless “what if” questions with their friends. They are humorous and likely crack up people up with their unorthodox stream of consciousness. In school, they are probably known for being outspoken with a tendency for saying brazen or inappropriate things.
ENFJ
ENFJ children desire lots of love and positive reinforcement from their parents. They need encouragement and constant reminders from the people whose opinions they value most. They can be deeply affected by criticism and they strive to be above reproach so as to avoid receiving it. In their youth, ENFJs may create a lofty ideal or standard in their minds that they desire to live up to. They may hold a very naive outlook and sometimes unrealistic expectations of people. They themselves are very kind and open-minded and so they may have great difficulty understanding the heartlessness and cruelty that exists in the world. ENFJ children are deeply empathetic and they are very receptive and responsive to the feelings of others. They bask in other people’s joy and commiserate with their suffering. They hate being judged and they try to refrain from judging others. They have a special capacity for seeing the humanity in even the worst people.
ENFP
In their youth, ENFPs pick up very easily on other’s vibe and attitude and they use this to side step conflicts or befriend people. This allows them to also manipulate parents and coax them into seeing things their way or get them to do what ENFP wants without realizing it. They have trouble accepting being told they can’t do something or the idea that they can’t have what they want.  Even as a child, ENFPs push boundaries believing anything is possible if they try hard enough. They derive self esteem from their abilities and will strive to do things for themselves. ENFPs want freedom to explore what really interests them and trying to restrict this will only stunt and disillusion them. They crave positive feedback for their ideas and with the emotional support of family and friends, can go on to realize many of their wild aspirations.
ESTJ
ESTJ children appreciate order and structure. They respect and look up to people they perceive as authority figures and desire to learn from them. Even in their youth, ESTJs are goal oriented. They plan and think things through, but they do so relatively quickly and decisively. They make up their minds fast because they rely mostly on facts and rarely change their minds afterwards. They are honest and fair and typically have a keen sense of justice even at a young age. They may even feel obliged to help enforce the rules. ESTJs are very studious and seek to acquire solid understanding of the facts surrounding an issue or topic of relevance. They want answers and they can devote a substantial amount of their time to find them. ESTJs children are direct and assertive in how they communicate and may sometimes say insensitive and inappropriate things and engage in physical aggression. Their tempers can flare up but the situation can be deescalated by speaking to them calmly and logically explaining the problem with their behavior.
ESFJ
ESFJ children are generally friendly and happy in temperament. They enjoy school because it satisfies their need for social interaction and engagement. They are likely to be active in class in also in extracurricular activities and after school clubs. They are usually very responsible and often the first to volunteer wherever needed. ESFJ kids love to talk and their mouths may sometimes get them in trouble but they otherwise keep themselves out of hot water. They hate being alone and prefer to work in groups or with others around to keep them company. They work best as part of a team and are more productive that way. They have a strong need to be liked and they may ingratiate themselves with their teachers and earn the status of teacher’s pet. ESFJ kids try to make others happy and seek positive feedback and affirmation from others in return. Criticism can be a difficult pill for them to swallow and so care should be taken so as not to crush their spirits when critiquing their performance.
ISTJ
ISTJ children are learn best from experience and they exhibit very practical sensibilities. They plan and follow through and they will take their time and be very meticulous about their work. They need specific instructions on what to do and don’t fare well when left to do their own thing or be creative. In school they are very diligent students who complete their assignments on time and they typically have great respect for their teachers and people who occupy positions of authority. ISTJs kids have excellent memories and they have a great capacity for rote learning and absorbing facts. They are most happy when they have a consistent and stable routine that allows them to stay busy and productive. The ISTJ child may have a narrow field of interests and prefer to develop extensive proficiency in a particular area rather than spread their focus across a variety of topics. They like to show off their knowledge and spout off statistics and data like a savant. They are also good with schedules and can be relied upon to fulfill their obligations and carry their responsibilities like a mature adult.
ISFJ
ISFJ children are observant and ever busy gathering facts and storing them away for future reference. They are shy and modest in temperament and often do not call attention to what they do although they do desire praise and recognition for their efforts. They are very generous and kind to others and share freely with them. ISFJ kids remember what they are told and are very good with following step by step instructions. They like having a clear set of directions to follow and a defined role to play or list of tasks to complete which they will perform dutifully. ISFJ children are very obedient but they may get into arguments with siblings. They are highly sensitive to criticism especially when they’ve tried very hard to do their best. They may exhibit a lot of perfectionist behavior and can be quite hard on themselves. They are reluctant to change their routines or try new things. Their parent may have to encourage them to venture outside their comfort zones and be more exploratory and broaden their horizons.
ESFP
During their youth, ESFPs are very lively and dramatic. They are very energetic going from one thing to the next in an ongoing series of distractions. They are likely to be loud and fun and super friendly. They may be naively open-minded and willing to talk to anybody willing to listen to them. They like hands on activities and they learn best through experience and trying out out for themselves rather than just reading about it. ESFP children are likely to be very honest and forthright but well meaning. They have a short attention span but they are good at getting things done quickly and skillfully. When it comes to discipline, ESFP children learn best by example. They are great mimics, and are very likely to pick up on the behaviors of their parents and other important adults in their lives.
ESTP
As a youth, ESTPs are likely to be unruly and rambunctious. They’re full of energy and their parents may have their work cut out for them when trying to rein them in. ESTP children are bound to be athletic and attracted to the world of sports. In school, they may struggle because of boredom and their lack of interest in abstract subject matter. ESTPs may have discipline issues and a tendency to be disruptive and act impulsively without thinking about the consequences. They push the limits and bend rules but at the same time, may also be very humorous and popular for their attention grabbing antics. Their persuasive abilities have probably allowed them to weasel themselves out of many a predicament and avoid or mitigate punishment.
ISFP
ISFP kids are likely to be very shy and sensitive. They very dreamy and imaginative and may have trouble focusing in school or on tasks that are time consuming. Their feelings are easily hurt and may not take criticism well. If the ISFP feels unconditional love and acceptance, they are more likely to feel self-confident, and will be able to handle some criticism. At a young age, their use of logic may be very underdeveloped and they may have a tough time seeing things outside of their own perspective. The ISFP child is bound to be very easygoing and kind but can at times become moody and depressed without warning. They procrastinate and may be unreliable about completing tasks assigned to them in a timely manner. They are often fearful of making decisions because they think that they are final and unalterable, and they’re afraid of making the wrong choice.
ISTP
In their youth, ISTPs are very quiet and shy. They may be very curious about their environment and interesting objects and devices. They probably take an interest in tactile activities like card games, model building and sports. They are likely to become very handy around the house due to their ability to fix and figure how things work. They may show less interest in abstract concepts and theories that produce nothing tangible for them. They may be aficionados of certain things and likely collect things like art and memorabilia that signify their special interests. ISTPs children do not care as much for gratuitous and glib praise but desire specific, sincere and meaningful feedback about what they do and what is good about it. ISTP children follow the rules but do not like being told explicitly what to do. They will do best with assignments in which they are told what the desired goal is and any rules that must be followed, and left to their own devices to achieve the goal. They work best alone and may have problems with groups assignments, and may reject these kinds of projects by not participating much.
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ateamymm · 5 years
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grim-bark-tier · 6 years
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Reality Bending Secrets Review
Reality Bending Secrets Review
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miilk-honey · 6 years
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Reality Bending Secrets Review
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29M9T4NUYR8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5Of9PSuhv0
What's therefore exciting regarding Reality Bending Secrets developed by David Orwell? How several times it's happened in your life that you needed something therefore badly, but failed to get it, no matter all the hard work you have put in. Well, there comes many times in our life when you try to induce things you love, but fails to urge it due to the wrong approach or uncertainty. Be it your health, love, relationship or wealth, sometimes no matter how abundant we strive, we tend to fail to induce the things we tend to wish. However what's a lot of disappointing is that we have a tendency to conjointly lose the boldness and self esteem with each failure and lose all the motivation to work onerous in life. It will not only have an effect on our mental strength, but also impacts our overall well being. But have you ever ever puzzled how you can reach your targets and will turn your dreams into reality with simply one program? Yes with the assistance of the Reality Bending Secret program, currently you can simply turn your dreams into reality while not abundant hassle or struggle. But do you recognize how does it work or who is the man behind this program? Let’s notice out here. What's Reality Bending Secret Program? Reality Bending Secret program is one of its kind program that facilitate users to realize all their dreams by turning them into reality. The simplest factor about this program is that it helps you produce the life you needed by making all of your dreams come true. Whether your dream is to become a wealthy man, to seek out a soul mate, or to urge a perfect trying body, this program assures that you simply get everything you need. All you wish to try to to is to pay 20 minutes of your day in the program to get the specified results. Not only it can carry your life, but it can conjointly make it turn upside down and can bring immense happiness to your life. DOWNLOAD NOW Already Determined? That's nice! Click the button on your right and take the action currently. Also, what you must perceive about the program is that it will not solely benefit folks to change their dream into reality, however additionally help successful individuals to become even more powerful just by following the program. It is additionally the perfect program for all those individuals who are trying for an effective and successful approach to climb the ladder of success. This Reality Bending Secret by David Orwell is undoubtedly the simplest program available in the market to assist individuals accomplish their dreams truly. How will this Reality Bending Secret program works? The Reality Bending Secret Program is one in every of its kind, innovative and hidden secret guaranteed to satisfy all of your needs in real life. Be it your relationship hassle or career downside, using the Reality Bending program tool will facilitate you alter your life fully and will offer it a right push so that you'll be able to achieve the specified results. The program has additionally received several positive reviews, ratings and feedback from individuals all over the globe. The program has additionally said to be benefitted many folks around the world. The good factor concerning this program is that it facilitate your reveal the hidden skills in your temperament and produce back the boldness in you with every success. Who is the author of the Reality Bending Secret Program? The man behind this program is David Orwell, who had faced several hardships and difficulties in life and lost all his confidence with time. Not many folks recognize this, but the struggles that David Orwell had faced in life created him create and style this Reality Bending Secret program, to form certain that no other individuals suffer from the difficulties that he had undergone. He was conjointly into a lower paying job to fulfill all his desires. Soon his life became even additional difficult and he was below the debt of $twenty,00zero. This is when his life utterly modified and he met his friend, who told him some secrets to turn all his dreams into reality. He used all those secrets to achieve his dreams and was surprised by the fact that every one his secrets luckily puzzled out and he started doing well in life. Thus he determined to share the secret with the planet additionally and designed this Reality Bending Secret Program, thus that alternative people will use it to fulfil their dreams. What else you get with the program? When you get this program, you don’t only get the most program, however you furthermore mght get the three other bonus guide with the program fully free. These are:     Visual Reality Board     Reality Idealization Workbook     twenty one Reality Calibrations These guides are specifically designed to make certain that you simply get enough motivation and steering to create your dream and to attain it actually. What are some other stuff you learn with the help of the Reality Bending Secret program? As we have a tendency to all grasp we have a tendency to get de-motivated and depressed each time we have a tendency to fail to realize our dreams. However with this reality bending secret program, now you'll easily boost your inner power, which help you to stay strong and provides you ability to overcome all of your failures. Not only this, you also get to be told many hidden secrets that can help you achieve all of your dreams while not a lot of trouble and problem.     The program additionally teaches you ways in which to create your dream and how to figure towards it to realize it.     Be it health, relationships, love or wealth, this program helps you in almost all aspects in life and help you get success in every task you perform. Advantages     The program teaches you a great many effective secrets that works best to help you achieve all your dreams.     This program provides you secret tools that you'll be able to use in real life to attain all your dreams with ease and without a lot of difficulty.     It brings back the arrogance in you, create you're feeling stronger, confident and motivated to figure towards your goal in life.     The program helps you become a successful person and provides you a strength to overcome all the challenges you face in life like a pro.     The program is terribly straightforward to follow and all the directions are given within the bit by bit format to make it straightforward for users to follow it.     The program is meant for both men and girls and individuals of all age groups.     It is tested and guarantees to produce success to the user and turn al their dreams into reality. Disadvantages     This program guarantees great result, however you furthermore may would like to place in some efforts to change all your dreams into reality.     You would like a operating PC and sensible web affiliation to download the program. You'll download the program from its official web site. Conclusion The Reality Bending Secret program is very recommended for all those individuals who are trying for ways to flip all their dreams into reality. The program is safe, reliable, and guarantees to supply nice results. It also comes with a hundred% money back guarantee and you'll be able to claim all your cash back, if you don’t get the required results.
0 notes
mixedtrxsh · 6 years
Text
Reality Bending Secrets Review
Reality Bending Secrets Review
Reality Bending Secrets Review
Reality Bending Secrets Review
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMoAJCmznoQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29M9T4NUYR8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5Of9PSuhv0
What is so exciting concerning Reality Bending Secrets developed by David Orwell? How several times it's happened in your life that you needed something therefore badly, however failed to get it, no matter all the exhausting work you have got place in. Well, there comes many times in our life when you are trying to urge things you're keen on, however fails to induce it thanks to the wrong approach or insecurity. Be it your health, love, relationship or wealth, sometimes irrespective of how much we attempt, we fail to urge the things we tend to need. However what's more disappointing is that we have a tendency to conjointly lose the boldness and self esteem with each failure and lose all the motivation to work hard in life. It will not only have an effect on our mental strength, however additionally impacts our overall well being. However have you ever questioned how you'll reach your targets and will flip your dreams into reality with just one program? Yes with the help of the Reality Bending Secret program, now you can easily flip your dreams into reality without a lot of bother or struggle. However do you recognize how does it work or who is the person behind this program? Let’s realize out here. What's Reality Bending Secret Program? Reality Bending Secret program is one amongst its kind program that facilitate users to attain all their dreams by turning them into reality. The simplest thing concerning this program is that it helps you create the life you wished by creating all your dreams come true. Whether your dream is to become a rich man, to find a soul mate, or to induce a excellent trying body, this program assures that you simply get everything you wish. All you wish to try to to is to spend 20 minutes of your day within the program to induce the specified results. Not only it will elevate your life, but it will conjointly make it turn upside down and can bring immense happiness to your life. DOWNLOAD NOW Already Decided? That's nice! Click the button on your right and take the action currently. Additionally, what you must understand concerning the program is that it does not only profit folks to change their dream into reality, but additionally facilitate successful folks to become even additional powerful simply by following the program. It is also the perfect program for all those folks who are wanting for an effective and successful manner to climb the ladder of success. This Reality Bending Secret by David Orwell is undoubtedly the simplest program accessible in the market to assist people accomplish their dreams in point of fact. How does this Reality Bending Secret program works? The Reality Bending Secret Program is one amongst its kind, innovative and hidden secret guaranteed to satisfy all your desires in real life. Be it your relationship bother or career downside, using the Reality Bending program tool will help you modify your life completely and can offer it a right push so that you'll be able to achieve the required results. The program has also received many positive reviews, ratings and feedback from people everywhere the world. The program has conjointly said to be benefitted several people around the globe. The sensible factor regarding this program is that it help you reveal the hidden talents in your temperament and produce back the confidence in you with each success. Who is the author of the Reality Bending Secret Program? The person behind this program is David Orwell, who had faced many hardships and difficulties in life and lost all his confidence with time. Not several people grasp this, however the struggles that David Orwell had faced in life made him produce and design this Reality Bending Secret program, to make sure that no different individuals suffer from the difficulties that he had skillful. He was conjointly into a lower paying job to meet all his desires. Soon his life became even additional difficult and he was below the debt of $twenty,00zero. This is when his life completely modified and he met his friend, who told him some secrets to flip all his dreams into reality. He used all those secrets to realize his dreams and was stunned by the very fact that each one his secrets luckily figured out and he started doing well in life. Thus he set to share the secret with the globe as well and designed this Reality Bending Secret Program, therefore that different individuals can use it to fulfil their dreams. What else you get with the program? When you purchase this program, you don’t only get the main program, but you furthermore may get the 3 alternative bonus guide with the program fully free. These are:     Visual Reality Board     Reality Idealization Workbook     21 Reality Calibrations These guides are specifically designed to create sure that you just get enough motivation and guidance to make your dream and to attain it truly. What are some other stuff you learn with the help of the Reality Bending Secret program? As we tend to all grasp we get de-motivated and depressed every time we tend to fail to achieve our dreams. However with this reality bending secret program, currently you'll be able to simply boost your inner power, which help you to stay sturdy and provides you ability to overcome all of your failures. Not only this, you also get to find out several hidden secrets that may help you achieve all of your dreams while not abundant bother and difficulty.     The program also teaches you ways in which to create your dream and the way to figure towards it to realize it.     Be it health, relationships, love or wealth, this program helps you in virtually all aspects in life and help you get success in each task you perform. Blessings     The program teaches you many effective secrets that works best to assist you achieve all your dreams.     This program provides you secret tools that you'll be able to use in real life to realize all your dreams with ease and without a lot of problem.     It brings back the boldness in you, make you feel stronger, assured and motivated to figure towards your goal in life.     The program helps you become a successful person and gives you a strength to overcome all the challenges you face in life sort of a pro.     The program is terribly straightforward to follow and all the instructions are given in the bit by bit format to form it simple for users to follow it.     The program is designed for both men and women and people of all age groups.     It is tested and guarantees to supply success to the user and turn al their dreams into reality. Disadvantages     This program guarantees great result, but you also need to place in some efforts to vary all your dreams into reality.     You would like a working PC and smart web affiliation to download the program. You'll be able to download the program from its official website. Conclusion The Reality Bending Secret program is extremely counseled for all those folks who are wanting for ways that to turn all their dreams into reality. The program is safe, reliable, and guarantees to provide great results. It conjointly comes with 100% cash back guarantee and you can claim all of your cash back, if you don’t get the desired results.
0 notes
mgdlnaesthetic · 6 years
Text
Reality Bending Secrets Review
Reality Bending Secrets Review
Reality Bending Secrets Review
Reality Bending Secrets Review
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMoAJCmznoQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29M9T4NUYR8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5Of9PSuhv0
What is so exciting concerning Reality Bending Secrets developed by David Orwell? How many times it has happened in your life that you wished one thing thus badly, but failed to get it, no matter all the arduous work you've got place in. Well, there comes several times in our life when you are trying to urge things you're keen on, however fails to get it due to the incorrect approach or uncertainty. Be it your health, love, relationship or wealth, generally irrespective of how much we tend to try, we have a tendency to fail to get the items we have a tendency to want. But what's more disappointing is that we additionally lose the boldness and self worth with each failure and lose all the motivation to figure hard in life. It will not only have an effect on our mental strength, but also impacts our overall well being. But have you ever ever questioned how you'll be able to reach your targets and will flip your dreams into reality with simply one program? Yes with the help of the Reality Bending Secret program, now you can simply flip your dreams into reality without much bother or struggle. But do you know how will it work or who is the person behind this program? Let’s realize out here. What is Reality Bending Secret Program? Reality Bending Secret program is one amongst its kind program that facilitate users to realize all their dreams by turning them into reality. The best thing concerning this program is that it helps you produce the life you wanted by creating all your dreams come true. Whether your dream is to become a rich man, to seek out a soul mate, or to get a perfect looking body, this program assures that you simply get everything you would like. All you need to do is to pay 20 minutes of your day within the program to induce the desired results. Not solely it will carry your life, but it can conjointly make it turn upside down and will bring immense happiness to your life. DOWNLOAD CURRENTLY Already Determined? That's great! Click the button on your right and take the action currently. Additionally, what you must perceive about the program is that it will not solely profit people to change their dream into reality, however also facilitate successful individuals to become even a lot of powerful just by following the program. It is additionally the proper program for all those individuals who are trying for an effective and successful method to climb the ladder of success. This Reality Bending Secret by David Orwell is undoubtedly the best program obtainable in the market to assist individuals accomplish their dreams in reality. How does this Reality Bending Secret program works? The Reality Bending Secret Program is one of its kind, innovative and hidden secret guaranteed to satisfy all of your needs in real life. Be it your relationship bother or career problem, using the Reality Bending program tool can help you alter your life completely and can provide it a right push so that you'll achieve the specified results. The program has conjointly received several positive reviews, ratings and feedback from people the world. The program has conjointly said to be benefitted several individuals around the globe. The smart factor regarding this program is that it help you reveal the hidden skills in your temperament and produce back the confidence in you with each success. Who is that the author of the Reality Bending Secret Program? The man behind this program is David Orwell, who had faced many hardships and difficulties in life and lost all his confidence with time. Not several individuals apprehend this, but the struggles that David Orwell had faced in life created him produce and style this Reality Bending Secret program, to create positive that no other individuals suffer from the difficulties that he had more established. He was additionally into a lower paying job to satisfy all his desires. Soon his life became even additional tough and he was below the debt of $20,00zero. This is when his life completely modified and he met his friend, who told him some secrets to turn all his dreams into reality. He used all those secrets to achieve his dreams and was stunned by the actual fact that all his secrets luckily found out and he started doing well in life. Thus he determined to share the secret with the planet yet and designed this Reality Bending Secret Program, thus that alternative individuals will use it to fulfil their dreams. What else you get with the program? When you get this program, you don’t only get the most program, however you furthermore mght get the three other bonus guide with the program absolutely free. These are:     Visual Reality Board     Reality Idealization Workbook     twenty one Reality Calibrations These guides are specifically designed to form positive that you simply get enough motivation and guidance to form your dream and to attain it actually. What are some other belongings you learn with the help of the Reality Bending Secret program? As we all recognize we get de-motivated and depressed every time we tend to fail to achieve our dreams. However with this reality bending secret program, currently you can simply boost your inner power, that facilitate your to remain robust and provides you ability to beat all your failures. Not only this, you also get to be told many hidden secrets which will help you achieve all your dreams without much bother and problem.     The program also teaches you ways to make your dream and the way to work towards it to realize it.     Be it health, relationships, love or wealth, this program helps you in nearly all aspects in life and help you get success in each task you perform. Benefits     The program teaches you many effective secrets that works best to assist you achieve all of your dreams.     This program provides you secret tools that you can use in real life to achieve all of your dreams with ease and without much problem.     It brings back the confidence in you, make you feel stronger, assured and motivated to work towards your goal in life.     The program helps you become a successful person and provides you a strength to overcome all the challenges you face in life like a professional.     The program is terribly easy to follow and all the directions are given within the grade by grade format to make it straightforward for users to follow it.     The program is designed for both men and women and people of all age groups.     It is tested and guarantees to provide success to the user and flip al their dreams into reality. Disadvantages     This program promises nice result, however you furthermore may need to put in some efforts to change all of your dreams into reality.     You would like a operating PC and sensible web affiliation to download the program. You can download the program from its official website. Conclusion The Reality Bending Secret program is very recommended for all those individuals who are trying for ways that to turn all their dreams into reality. The program is safe, reliable, and guarantees to produce great results. It conjointly comes with one hundred% cash back guarantee and you'll claim all of your money back, if you don’t get the desired results.
0 notes
verick-mage · 6 years
Text
Reality Bending Secrets Review
Reality Bending Secrets Review
Reality Bending Secrets Review
Reality Bending Secrets Review
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMoAJCmznoQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29M9T4NUYR8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5Of9PSuhv0
What's so exciting regarding Reality Bending Secrets developed by David Orwell? How several times it has happened in your life that you just wished something so badly, however failed to urge it, regardless of all the arduous work you've got place in. Well, there comes several times in our life when you are trying to induce things you're keen on, however fails to induce it due to the wrong approach or insecurity. Be it your health, love, relationship or wealth, sometimes irrespective of how abundant we have a tendency to try, we tend to fail to induce the items we tend to wish. But what is more disappointing is that we additionally lose the confidence and self worth with each failure and lose all the motivation to figure laborious in life. It will not only have an effect on our mental strength, but also impacts our overall well being. But have you ever questioned how you'll reach your targets and can turn your dreams into reality with simply one program? Yes with the help of the Reality Bending Secret program, now you'll simply turn your dreams into reality while not much bother or struggle. However do you know how will it work or who is the person behind this program? Let’s notice out here. What is Reality Bending Secret Program? Reality Bending Secret program is one of its kind program that help users to realize all their dreams by turning them into reality. The most effective issue regarding this program is that it helps you produce the life you wished by making all of your dreams come true. Whether your dream is to become a made man, to search out a soul mate, or to urge a excellent looking body, this program assures that you get everything you would like. All you need to try to to is to pay twenty minutes of your day in the program to induce the required results. Not solely it can carry your life, however it will also build it flip the wrong way up and will bring immense happiness to your life. DOWNLOAD NOW Already Set? That's great! Click the button on your right and take the action now. Additionally, what you need to perceive about the program is that it will not solely profit individuals to vary their dream into reality, but conjointly facilitate successful folks to become even more powerful simply by following the program. It is also the perfect program for all those individuals who are looking for an effective and successful method to climb the ladder of success. This Reality Bending Secret by David Orwell is undoubtedly the most effective program available within the market to help people accomplish their dreams actually. How does this Reality Bending Secret program works? The Reality Bending Secret Program is one amongst its kind, innovative and hidden secret guaranteed to satisfy all of your wishes in real life. Be it your relationship hassle or career drawback, using the Reality Bending program tool will help you modify your life fully and can provide it a right push so that you can achieve the required results. The program has additionally received many positive reviews, ratings and feedback from individuals all over the world. The program has additionally said to be benefitted many folks around the globe. The sensible factor about this program is that it facilitate your reveal the hidden abilities in your temperament and bring back the boldness in you with every success. Who is the author of the Reality Bending Secret Program? The man behind this program is David Orwell, who had faced several hardships and difficulties in life and lost all his confidence with time. Not several folks apprehend this, however the struggles that David Orwell had faced in life created him produce and design this Reality Bending Secret program, to make positive that no alternative people suffer from the difficulties that he had tried and true. He was additionally into a lower paying job to meet all his needs. Soon his life became even additional troublesome and he was beneath the debt of $20,00zero. This is when his life utterly changed and he met his friend, who told him some secrets to turn all his dreams into reality. He used all those secrets to attain his dreams and was shocked by the fact that each one his secrets luckily puzzled out and he started doing well in life. Thus he determined to share the secret with the planet further and designed this Reality Bending Secret Program, so that other individuals can use it to fulfil their dreams. What else you get with the program? When you purchase this program, you don’t solely get the main program, but you furthermore mght get the 3 alternative bonus guide with the program absolutely free. These are:     Visual Reality Board     Reality Idealization Workbook     21 Reality Calibrations These guides are specifically designed to create sure that you simply get enough motivation and steerage to form your dream and to achieve it in reality. What are another belongings you learn with the assistance of the Reality Bending Secret program? As we have a tendency to all know we tend to get de-motivated and depressed each time we tend to fail to attain our dreams. But with this reality bending secret program, currently you can easily boost your inner power, that help you to stay strong and provides you ability to beat all of your failures. Not only this, you furthermore may get to find out several hidden secrets that can help you achieve all of your dreams while not a lot of trouble and issue.     The program conjointly teaches you ways in which to form your dream and the way to figure towards it to attain it.     Be it health, relationships, love or wealth, this program helps you in virtually all aspects in life and facilitate your get success in every task you perform. Blessings     The program teaches you a lot effective secrets that works best to assist you achieve all of your dreams.     This program provides you secret tools that you'll be able to use in real life to realize all of your dreams with ease and while not abundant issue.     It brings back the boldness in you, build you're feeling stronger, confident and motivated to work towards your goal in life.     The program helps you become a successful person and gives you a strength to overcome all the challenges you face in life sort of a professional.     The program is terribly simple to follow and every one the directions are given within the grade by grade format to form it easy for users to follow it.     The program is intended for both men and women and folks of all age groups.     It is tested and guarantees to provide success to the user and flip al their dreams into reality. Disadvantages     This program promises nice result, but you also would like to place in some efforts to alter all of your dreams into reality.     You need a operating PC and sensible net connection to download the program. You'll be able to download the program from its official website. Conclusion The Reality Bending Secret program is very recommended for all those individuals who are trying for ways in which to flip all their dreams into reality. The program is safe, reliable, and guarantees to provide great results. It conjointly comes with 100p.c cash back guarantee and you'll claim all your cash back, if you don’t get the desired results.
0 notes
trendingnewsb · 7 years
Text
Is the world really better than ever?
The long read: The headlines have never been worse. But an increasingly influential group of thinkers insists that humankind has never had it so good and only our pessimism is holding us back
By the end of last year, anyone who had been paying even passing attention to the news headlines was highly likely to conclude that everything was terrible, and that the only attitude that made sense was one of profound pessimism tempered, perhaps, by cynical humour, on the principle that if the world is going to hell in a handbasket, one may as well try to enjoy the ride. Naturally, Brexit and the election of Donald Trump loomed largest for many. But you didnt need to be a remainer or a critic of Trumps to feel depressed by the carnage in Syria; by the deaths of thousands of migrants in the Mediterranean; by North Korean missile tests, the spread of the zika virus, or terror attacks in Nice, Belgium, Florida, Pakistan and elsewhere nor by the spectre of catastrophic climate change, lurking behind everything else. (And all thats before even considering the string of deaths of beloved celebrities that seemed like a calculated attempt, on 2016s part, to rub salt in the wound: in the space of a few months, David Bowie, Leonard Cohen, Prince, Muhammad Ali, Carrie Fisher and George Michael, to name only a handful, were all gone.) And few of the headlines so far in 2017 Grenfell tower, the Manchester and London attacks, Brexit chaos, and 24/7 Trump provide any reason to take a sunnier view.
Yet one group of increasingly prominent commentators has seemed uniquely immune to the gloom. In December, in an article headlined Never forget that we live in the best of times, the Times columnist Philip Collins provided an end-of-year summary of reasons to be cheerful: during 2016, he noted, the proportion of the worlds population living in extreme poverty had fallen below 10% for the first time; global carbon emissions from fossil fuels had failed to rise for the third year running; the death penalty had been ruled illegal in more than half of all countries and giant pandas had been removed from the endangered species list.
In the New York Times, Nicholas Kristof declared that by many measures, 2016 was the best year in the history of humanity, with falling global inequality, child mortality roughly half what it had been as recently as 1990, and 300,000 more people gaining access to electricity each day. Throughout 2016 and into 2017, alongside Collins at the Times, the author and former Northern Rock chairman Matt Ridley the title of whose book The Rational Optimist makes his inclinations plain kept up his weekly output of ebullient columns celebrating the promise of artificial intelligence, free trade and fracking. By the time the professional contrarian Brendan ONeill delivered his own version of the argument, in the Spectator (Nothing better sums up the aloofness of the chattering class than their blathering about 2016 being the worst year ever) the viewpoint was becoming sufficiently well-entrenched that ONeill seemed in danger of forfeiting his contrarianism.
The loose but growing collection of pundits, academics and thinktank operatives who endorse this stubbornly cheerful, handbasket-free account of our situation have occasionally been labelled the New Optimists, a name intended to evoke the rebellious scepticism of the New Atheists led by Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett and Sam Harris. And from their perspective, our prevailing mood of despair is irrational, and frankly a bit self-indulgent. They argue that it says more about us than it does about how things really are illustrating a certain tendency toward collective self-flagellation, and an unwillingness to believe in the power of human ingenuity. And that it is best explained as the result of various psychological biases that served a purpose on the prehistoric savannah but now, in a media-saturated era, constantly mislead us.
Once upon a time, it was of great survival value to be worried about everything that could go wrong, says Johan Norberg, a Swedish historian and self-declared New Optimist whose book Progress: Ten Reasons to Look Forward to the Future was published just before Trump won the presidency last year. This is what makes bad news especially compelling: in our evolutionary past, it was a very good thing that your attention could be easily seized by negative information, since it might well indicate an imminent risk to your own survival. (The cave-dweller who always assumed there was a lion behind the next rock would usually be wrong but hed be much more likely to survive and reproduce than one who always assumed the opposite.) But that was all before newspapers, television and the internet: in these hyper-connected times, our addiction to bad news just leads us to vacuum up depressing or enraging stories from across the globe, whether they threaten us or not, and therefore to conclude that things are much worse than they are.
Really good news, on the other hand, can be a lot harder to spot partly because it tends to occur gradually. Max Roser, an Oxford economist who spreads the New Optimist gospel via his Twitter feed, pointed out recently that a newspaper could legitimately have run the headline NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN EXTREME POVERTY FELL BY 137,000 SINCE YESTERDAY every day for the last 25 years. But none would have done so, because predictable daily events, by definition, arent newsworthy. And youll rarely see a headline about a bad event that failed to occur. But surely any judicious assessment of our situation ought to take into account all the wars, pandemics and natural disasters that might hypothetically have happened but didnt?
I used to be a pessimist myself, says Norberg, an urbane 43-year-old raised in Stockholm who is now a fellow at the libertarian Cato Institute in Washington DC. I used to long for the good old days. But then I started reading history, and asking myself, well, where would I have been in those good old days, in my ancestors northern Sweden? I probably wouldnt have been anywhere. Life expectancy was too short. They mixed tree bark in the bread, to make it last longer!
In his book, Norberg canters through 10 of the most important basic indicators of human flourishing food, sanitation, life expectancy, poverty, violence, the state of the environment, literacy, freedom, equality and the conditions of childhood. And he takes special pleasure in squelching the fantasies of anyone inclined to wish they had been born a couple of centuries back: it wasnt so long ago, he observes, that dogs gnawed at the abandoned corpses of plague victims in the streets of European cities. As recently as 1882, only 2% of homes in New York had running water; in 1900, worldwide life expectancy was a paltry 31, thanks both to early adult death and rampant child mortality. Today, by contrast, its 71 and those extra decades involve far less suffering, too. If it takes you 20 minutes to read this chapter, Norberg writes at one point, in his own variation on the New Optimists favourite refrain, almost another 2,000 people will have risen out of [extreme] poverty currently defined as living on less than $1.90 per day.
These barrages of upbeat statistics seem intended to have the effect of demolishing the usual intractable political disagreements about the state of the planet. The New Optimists invite us to forget our partisan biases and tribal loyalties; to dispense with our cherished theories about what is wrong with the world and what should be done about it, and breathe, instead, the refreshing air of objective fact. The data doesnt lie. Just look at the numbers!
But numbers, it turns out, can be as political as anything else.
The New Optimists are certainly right on the nostalgia front: nobody in their right mind should wish to have lived in a previous century. In a 2015 survey for YouGov, 65% of British people (and 81% of the French) said they thought the world was getting worse but judged according to numerous sensible metrics, theyre simply wrong. People are indeed rising out of extreme poverty at an extraordinary rate; child mortality really has plummeted; standards of literacy, sanitation and life expectancy have never been higher. The average European or American enjoys luxuries medieval potentates literally couldnt have imagined. The essential finding of Steven Pinkers 2011 book The Better Angels of Our Nature, a key reference text for the New Optimists, seems also to have been largely accepted: that we are living in historys most peaceful era, with violence of all kinds from deaths in war to schoolyard bullying in steep decline.
But the New Optimists arent primarily interested in persuading us that human life involves a lot less suffering than it did a few hundred years ago. (Even if youre a card-carrying pessimist, you probably didnt need convincing of that fact.) Nestled inside that essentially indisputable claim, there are several more controversial implications. For example: that since things have so clearly been improving, we have good reason to assume they will continue to improve. And further though this is a claim only sometimes made explicit in the work of the New Optimists that whatever weve been doing these past decades, its clearly working, and so the political and economic arrangements that have brought us here are the ones we ought to stick with. Optimism, after all, means more than just believing that things arent as bad as you imagined: it means having justified confidence that they will be getting even better soon. Rational optimism holds that the world will pull out of the current crisis, Ridley wrote after the financial crisis of 2007-8, because of the way that markets in goods, services and ideas allow human beings to exchange and specialise honestly for the betterment of all I am a rational optimist: rational, because I have arrived at optimism not through temperament or instinct, but by looking at the evidence.
Illustration by Pete Gamlen
If all this were really true, it would suggest that an overwhelming proportion of the energy we dedicate to debating the state of humanity all the political outrage, the warnings of imminent disaster, the exasperated op-ed columns, all our anxiety and guilt about the misery afflicting people all over the world is wasted. Or, worse, it might be counterproductive, insofar as a belief that things are irredeemably awful seems like a bad way to motivate people to make things better, and thus in danger of becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Here are the facts, wrote the American economist Julian Simon, whose vocal opposition to the gloomy predictions of environmentalists and population experts in the 1970s and 1980s set the stage for todays New Optimists. On average, people throughout the world have been living longer and eating better than ever before. Fewer people die of famine nowadays than in earlier centuries every single measure of material and environmental welfare in the United States has improved rather than deteriorated. This is also true of the world taken as a whole. All the long-run trends point in exactly the opposite direction from the projections of the doomsayers.
Those are the facts. So why arent we all New Optimists now?
Optimists have been telling doom-mongersto cheer up since at least 1710, when the philosopher Gottfried Leibniz concluded that ours must be the best of all possible worlds, on the grounds that God, being perfect and merciful, would hardly have created one of the more mediocre ones instead. But the most recent outbreak of positivity may be best understood as a reaction to the pessimism triggered by the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001. For one thing, those attacks were a textbook example of the kind of high-visibility bad news that activates our cognitive biases, convincing us that the world is becoming lethally dangerous when really it isnt: in reality, a slightly higher number of Americans were killed while riding motorcycles in 2001 than died in the World Trade Center and on the hijacked planes.
But the New Optimism is also a rejoinder to the kind of introspection that gained pace in the west after 9/11, and subsequently the Iraq war the feeling that, whether or not the new global insecurity was all our fault, it certainly demanded self-criticism and reflection, rather than simply a more strident assertion of the merits of our worldview. (The whole world hates us, and we deserve it, is how the French philosopher Pascal Bruckner derisively characterises this attitude.) On the contrary, the optimists insist, the data demonstrates that the global dominance of western power and ideas over the last two centuries has seen a transformative improvement in almost everyones quality of life. Matt Ridley likes to quote a predecessor of the contemporary optimists, the Whig historian Thomas Babington Macaulay: On what principle is it that, when we see nothing but improvement behind us, we are to expect nothing but deterioration before us?
The despondent self-criticism that frustrates the New Optimists is fuelled in part at least the way they see it by a kind of optical illusion in the way we think about progress. As Steven Pinker observes, whenever youre busy judging governments or economic systems for falling short of standards of decency, its all too easy to lose sight of how those standards themselves have altered over time. We are scandalised by reports of prisoners being tortured by the CIA but only thanks to the historically recent emergence of a general consensus that torture is beyond the pale. (In medieval England, it was a relatively unremarkable feature of the criminal justice system.) We can be appalled by the deaths of migrants in the Mediterranean only because we start from the position that unknown strangers from distant lands are worthy of moral consideration a notion that would probably have struck most of us as absurd had we been born in 1700. Yet the stronger this kind of consensus grows, the more unconscionable each violation of it will seem. And so, ironically enough, the outrage you feel when you read the headlines is actually evidence that this is a magnificent time to be alive. (A recent addition to the New Optimist bookshelf, The Moral Arc by Michael Shermer, binds this argument directly to the optimists faith in science: it is scientific progress, he argues, that is destined to make us ever more ethical.)
The nagging suspicion that this argument is somehow based on a sleight of hand it would seem to permit any outrage to be reinterpreted as evidence of our betterment may lead you to another objection: even if its true that everything really is so much better than ever, why assume things will continue to improve? Improvements in sanitation and life expectancy cant prevent rising sea levels destroying your country. And its dangerous, more generally, to predict future results by past performance: view things on a sufficiently long timescale, and it becomes impossible to tell whether the progress the New Optimists celebrate is evidence of historys steady upward trajectory, or just a blip.
Almost every advance Norberg champions in his book Progress, for example, took place in the last 200 years a fact that the optimists take as evidence of the unstoppable potency of modern civilisation, but which might just as easily be taken as evidence of how rare such periods of progress are. Humans have been around for 200,000 years; extrapolating from a 200-year stretch seems unwise. We risk making the mistake of the 19th-century British historian Henry Buckle, who confidently declared, in his book History of Civilization in England, that war would soon be a thing of the past. That this barbarous pursuit is, in the progress of society, steadily declining, must be evident, even to the most hasty reader of European history, he wrote. It was 1857; Buckle seemed confident that the recently concluded Crimean war would be one of the last.
But the real concern here is not that the steady progress of the last two centuries will gradually swing into reverse, plunging us back to the conditions of the past; its that the world we have created the very engine of all that progress is so complex, volatile and unpredictable that catastrophe might befall us at any moment. Steven Pinker may be absolutely correct that fewer and fewer people are resorting to violence to settle their disagreements, but (as he would concede) it only takes a single angry narcissist in possession of the nuclear codes to spark a global disaster. Digital technology has unquestionably helped fuel a worldwide surge in economic growth, but if cyberterrorists use it to bring down the planets financial infrastructure next month, that growth might rather swiftly become moot.
The point is that if something does go seriously wrong in our societies, its really hard to see where it stops, says David Runciman, professor of politics at Cambridge University, who takes a less sanguine view of the future, and who has debated New Optimists such as Ridley and Norberg. The thought that, say, the next financial crisis, in a world as interconnected and algorithmically driven as our world, could simply spiral out of control that is not an irrational thought. Which makes it quite hard to be blithely optimistic. When you live in a world where everything seems to be getting better, yet it could all collapse tomorrow, its perfectly rational to be freaked out.
Runciman raises a related and equally troubling thought about modern politics, in his book The Confidence Trap. Democracy seems to be doing well: the New Optimists note that there are now about 120 democracies among the worlds 193 countries, up from just 40 in 1972. But what if its the very strength of democracy and our complacency about its capacity to withstand almost anything that augurs its eventual collapse? Could it be that our real problem is not an excess of pessimism, as the New Optimists maintain, but a dangerous degree of overconfidence?
According to this argument, the people who voted for Trump and Brexit didnt really do so because they had concluded their system was broken, and needed to be replaced. On the contrary: they voted as they did precisely because they had grown too confident that the essential security provided by government would always be there for them, whatever incendiary choice they made at the ballot-box. People voted for Trump because they didnt believe him, Runciman has written. They wanted Trump to shake up a system that they also expected to shield them from the recklessness of a man like Trump. The problem with this pattern delivering electoral shocks because youre confident the system can withstand them is that theres no reason to assume it can continue indefinitely: at some point, the damage may not be repairable. The New Optimists describe a world in which human agency doesnt seem to matter, because there are these evolved forces that are moving us in the right direction, Runciman says. But human agency does still matter human beings still have the capacity to mess it all up. And it may be that our capacity to mess it up is growing.
The optimists arent unaware of such risks but it is a reliable feature of the optimistic mindset that one can usually find an upbeat interpretation of the same seemingly scary facts. Youre asking, Am I the man who falls out of a skyscraper, and as he passes the second storey, says, So far, so good? Matt Ridley says. And the answer is, well, actually, in the past, people have foreseen catastrophe just around the corner and been wrong about it so often that this a relevant fact to take into account. History does seem to bear Ridley out. Then again, of course it does: if a civilisation-ending catastrophe had in fact occurred, you presumably wouldnt be reading this now. People who predict imminent catastrophes are usually wrong. On the other hand, they need only be right once.
If there is a single momentthat signalled the birth of the New Optimism, it was fittingly, somehow a TED talk, delivered in 2006 by the Swedish statistician and self-styled edutainer Hans Rosling, who died earlier this year. Entitled The best stats youve ever seen, Roslings talk summarised the results of an ingenious study he had conducted among Swedish university students. Presenting them with pairs of countries Russia and Malaysia, Turkey and Sri Lanka, and so on he asked them to guess which scored better on various measures of health, such as child mortality rates. The students reliably got it wrong, basing their answers on the assumption that countries closer to their own, both geographically and ethnically, must be better off.
But in fact Rosling had picked the pairs to prove a point: Russia had twice Malaysias child mortality, and Turkey twice that of Sri Lanka. Part of the defeatist mindset of the modern west, the way Rosling saw it, was the deeply ingrained assumption that we are living through times that are as good as theyre ever going to be and that the future we are bequeathing, to future generations and especially to the world beyond Europe and north America, can only be a disheartening one. Rosling enjoyed observing that if you had run this experiment on chimpanzees by labelling a banana with the name of each country and inviting them to pick one, they would have performed better than the students, since they would be right half the time, thanks to chance. Well-educated European humans, by contrast, get things far wronger than chance. We are not merely ignorant of the facts; we are actively convinced of depressing facts that arent true.
Its exhilarating to watch The best stats youve ever seen today partly because of Roslings nerdy, high-energy stage performance, but also because it seems to shine the bracing light of objective fact on questions usually mired in angry partisanship. Far more than when he delivered the talk, we live now in the Age of the Take, in which a seemingly infinite supply of blog posts, opinion columns, books and TV talking heads compete to tell us how to feel about the news. Most of this opinionising focuses less on stacking up hard facts in favour of an argument than it does on declaring what attitude you ought to adopt: the typical take invites you to conclude, say, that Donald Trump is a fascist, or that he isnt, or that BBC presenters are overpaid, or that your yoga practice is an instance of cultural appropriation. (This shouldnt really come as a surprise: the internet economy is fuelled by attention, and its far easier to seize someones attention with emotionally charged argument than mere information plus you dont have to pay for the expensive reporting required to ferret out the facts.) The New Optimists promise something different: a way to feel about the state of the world based on the way it really is.
Illustration by Pete Gamlen
But after steeping yourself in their work, you begin to wonder if all their upbeat factoids really do speak for themselves. For a start, why assume that the correct comparison to be making is the one between the world as it was, say, 200 years ago, and the world as it is today? You might argue that comparing the present with the past is stacking the deck. Of course things are better than they were. But theyre surely nowhere near as good as they ought to be. To pick some obvious examples, humanity indisputably has the capacity to eliminate extreme poverty, end famines, or radically reduce human damage to the climate. But weve done none of these, and the fact that things arent as terrible as they were in 1800 is arguably beside the point.
Ironically, given their reliance on cognitive biases to explain our predilection for negativity, the New Optimists may be in the grip of one themselves: the anchoring bias, which describes our tendency to rely too heavily on certain pieces of information when making judgments. If you start from the fact that plague victims once languished in the streets of European cities, its natural to conclude that life these days is wonderful. But if you start from the position that we could have eliminated famines, or reversed global warming, the fact that such problems persist may provoke a different kind of judgment.
The argument that we should be feeling happier than we are because life on the planet as a whole is getting better, on average, also misunderstands a fundamental truth about how happiness works: our judgments of the world result from making specific comparisons that feel relevant to us, not on adopting what David Runciman refers to as the view from outer space. If people in your small American town are far less economically secure than they were in living memory, or if youre a young British person facing the prospect that you might never own a home, its not particularly consoling to be told that more and more Chinese people are entering the middle classes. At book readings in the US midwest, Ridley recalls, audience members frequently questioned his optimism on the grounds that their own lives didnt seem to be on an upward trajectory. Theyd say, You keep saying the worlds getting better, but it doesnt feel like that round here. And I would say, Yes, but this isnt the whole world! Are you not even a little bit cheered by the fact that really poor Africans are getting a bit less poor? There is a sense in which this is a fair point. But theres another sense in which its a completely irrelevant one.
At its heart, the New Optimism is an ideological argument: broadly speaking, its proponents are advocates for the power of free markets, and they intend their sunny picture of humanitys recent past and imminent future to vindicate their politics. This is a perfectly legitimate political argument to make but its still a political argument, not a straightforward, neutral reliance on objective facts. The claim that we are living in a golden age, and that our dominant mood of pessimism is unwarranted, is not an antidote to the Age of the Take, but a Take like any other and it makes just as much sense to adopt the opposite view. What I dislike, Runciman says, is this assumption that if you push back against their argument, what youre saying is that all these things are not worth valuing For people to feel deeply uneasy about the world we inhabit now, despite all these indicators pointing up, seems to me reasonable, given the relative instability of the evidence of this progress, and the [unpredictability] that overhangs it. Everything really is pretty fragile.
Johan Norberg, who launched his book Progress two months before the US presidential election, watched the results come in on a foggy morning in Stockholm, at a party organised by the American embassy. As Trumps victory became a certainty, the atmosphere turned from one of rumbling alarm to horrified disbelief. We were all Swedes in the media, politics, business and so on I think it would have been hard to find a single person there who had hoped for a Trump win so pretty soon the mood was going downhill dramatically, Norberg recalled. And whats more, they didnt have any alcohol, which didnt help, because everyone was saying: We need something strong here! But they had it more set up like a breakfast thing. He smiled. I think Americans dont really understand Swedes.
The populist surges of the last two years in the US and Britain powering the rise of Trump, the Brexit vote, and the unpredicted levels of support for Bernie Sanders and Jeremy Corbyn pose a complicated problem for the New Optimists. On the one hand, its easy enough to characterise such anger directed toward political establishments as a mistake, based on a failure to perceive how well things are going; or as a legitimate reaction to real, but localised and temporary bumps in the road, which neednt constitute any larger argument for pessimism. On the other hand, it is a curious view of the world that sees such political waves solely as responses, mistaken or otherwise, to the real situation. They are part of that real situation. Even if you think that Trump supporters, say, were wholly in error to perceive their situation negatively, the perception itself was real enough and they really did elect Trump, with all his potential for destabilisation. (The New Optimists, says David Runciman, think of politics as nothing more than an annoyance, because in their view the things that drive progress are not political. But the things that drive failure are political.) There is a point at which it stops being so relevant whether widespread pessimism and anxiety can be justified or not, and becomes more relevant simply that it is widespread.
Norberg is no Trump supporter, and the election result might have seemed like a setback to an author promoting a book painting humanitys immediate future as entirely rosy. In it, he does warn that progress isnt inevitable: There is a real risk of a nativist backlash, he writes. When we dont see the progress we have made, we begin to search for scapegoats for the problems that remain. But it is in the nature of the New Optimism that negative developments can be alchemised into reasons to be cheerful, and by the time we spoke, Norberg had an upbeat spin on the election, too.
I think it might be that in a couple of years time, well think it was a great thing that Trump won, he says. Because if hed lost, and Hillary had won, shed have been the most hated president of modern times, and then Trump and Bannon would have used that to build an alt-right media empire, create an avalanche of hatred, and then there might have been a more disciplined candidate the next time round a real fascist, rather than someone impersonating Trump may prove to have been the incompetent, self-absorbed person who ruins the populist brand in the United States. This sort of counterfactual argument suffers from not being falsifiable, and in any case, its a long way from a position of straightforward positivity about the direction in which the world is moving. But perhaps it is the one genuinely indisputable truth on which the New Optimists and the more pessimistically minded can agree: that whatever happens, things could always, in principle, have been worse.
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Is the world really better than ever?
The long read: The headlines have never been worse. But an increasingly influential group of thinkers insists that humankind has never had it so good and only our pessimism is holding us back
By the end of last year, anyone who had been paying even passing attention to the news headlines was highly likely to conclude that everything was terrible, and that the only attitude that made sense was one of profound pessimism tempered, perhaps, by cynical humour, on the principle that if the world is going to hell in a handbasket, one may as well try to enjoy the ride. Naturally, Brexit and the election of Donald Trump loomed largest for many. But you didnt need to be a remainer or a critic of Trumps to feel depressed by the carnage in Syria; by the deaths of thousands of migrants in the Mediterranean; by North Korean missile tests, the spread of the zika virus, or terror attacks in Nice, Belgium, Florida, Pakistan and elsewhere nor by the spectre of catastrophic climate change, lurking behind everything else. (And all thats before even considering the string of deaths of beloved celebrities that seemed like a calculated attempt, on 2016s part, to rub salt in the wound: in the space of a few months, David Bowie, Leonard Cohen, Prince, Muhammad Ali, Carrie Fisher and George Michael, to name only a handful, were all gone.) And few of the headlines so far in 2017 Grenfell tower, the Manchester and London attacks, Brexit chaos, and 24/7 Trump provide any reason to take a sunnier view.
Yet one group of increasingly prominent commentators has seemed uniquely immune to the gloom. In December, in an article headlined Never forget that we live in the best of times, the Times columnist Philip Collins provided an end-of-year summary of reasons to be cheerful: during 2016, he noted, the proportion of the worlds population living in extreme poverty had fallen below 10% for the first time; global carbon emissions from fossil fuels had failed to rise for the third year running; the death penalty had been ruled illegal in more than half of all countries and giant pandas had been removed from the endangered species list.
In the New York Times, Nicholas Kristof declared that by many measures, 2016 was the best year in the history of humanity, with falling global inequality, child mortality roughly half what it had been as recently as 1990, and 300,000 more people gaining access to electricity each day. Throughout 2016 and into 2017, alongside Collins at the Times, the author and former Northern Rock chairman Matt Ridley the title of whose book The Rational Optimist makes his inclinations plain kept up his weekly output of ebullient columns celebrating the promise of artificial intelligence, free trade and fracking. By the time the professional contrarian Brendan ONeill delivered his own version of the argument, in the Spectator (Nothing better sums up the aloofness of the chattering class than their blathering about 2016 being the worst year ever) the viewpoint was becoming sufficiently well-entrenched that ONeill seemed in danger of forfeiting his contrarianism.
The loose but growing collection of pundits, academics and thinktank operatives who endorse this stubbornly cheerful, handbasket-free account of our situation have occasionally been labelled the New Optimists, a name intended to evoke the rebellious scepticism of the New Atheists led by Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett and Sam Harris. And from their perspective, our prevailing mood of despair is irrational, and frankly a bit self-indulgent. They argue that it says more about us than it does about how things really are illustrating a certain tendency toward collective self-flagellation, and an unwillingness to believe in the power of human ingenuity. And that it is best explained as the result of various psychological biases that served a purpose on the prehistoric savannah but now, in a media-saturated era, constantly mislead us.
Once upon a time, it was of great survival value to be worried about everything that could go wrong, says Johan Norberg, a Swedish historian and self-declared New Optimist whose book Progress: Ten Reasons to Look Forward to the Future was published just before Trump won the presidency last year. This is what makes bad news especially compelling: in our evolutionary past, it was a very good thing that your attention could be easily seized by negative information, since it might well indicate an imminent risk to your own survival. (The cave-dweller who always assumed there was a lion behind the next rock would usually be wrong but hed be much more likely to survive and reproduce than one who always assumed the opposite.) But that was all before newspapers, television and the internet: in these hyper-connected times, our addiction to bad news just leads us to vacuum up depressing or enraging stories from across the globe, whether they threaten us or not, and therefore to conclude that things are much worse than they are.
Really good news, on the other hand, can be a lot harder to spot partly because it tends to occur gradually. Max Roser, an Oxford economist who spreads the New Optimist gospel via his Twitter feed, pointed out recently that a newspaper could legitimately have run the headline NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN EXTREME POVERTY FELL BY 137,000 SINCE YESTERDAY every day for the last 25 years. But none would have done so, because predictable daily events, by definition, arent newsworthy. And youll rarely see a headline about a bad event that failed to occur. But surely any judicious assessment of our situation ought to take into account all the wars, pandemics and natural disasters that might hypothetically have happened but didnt?
I used to be a pessimist myself, says Norberg, an urbane 43-year-old raised in Stockholm who is now a fellow at the libertarian Cato Institute in Washington DC. I used to long for the good old days. But then I started reading history, and asking myself, well, where would I have been in those good old days, in my ancestors northern Sweden? I probably wouldnt have been anywhere. Life expectancy was too short. They mixed tree bark in the bread, to make it last longer!
In his book, Norberg canters through 10 of the most important basic indicators of human flourishing food, sanitation, life expectancy, poverty, violence, the state of the environment, literacy, freedom, equality and the conditions of childhood. And he takes special pleasure in squelching the fantasies of anyone inclined to wish they had been born a couple of centuries back: it wasnt so long ago, he observes, that dogs gnawed at the abandoned corpses of plague victims in the streets of European cities. As recently as 1882, only 2% of homes in New York had running water; in 1900, worldwide life expectancy was a paltry 31, thanks both to early adult death and rampant child mortality. Today, by contrast, its 71 and those extra decades involve far less suffering, too. If it takes you 20 minutes to read this chapter, Norberg writes at one point, in his own variation on the New Optimists favourite refrain, almost another 2,000 people will have risen out of [extreme] poverty currently defined as living on less than $1.90 per day.
These barrages of upbeat statistics seem intended to have the effect of demolishing the usual intractable political disagreements about the state of the planet. The New Optimists invite us to forget our partisan biases and tribal loyalties; to dispense with our cherished theories about what is wrong with the world and what should be done about it, and breathe, instead, the refreshing air of objective fact. The data doesnt lie. Just look at the numbers!
But numbers, it turns out, can be as political as anything else.
The New Optimists are certainly right on the nostalgia front: nobody in their right mind should wish to have lived in a previous century. In a 2015 survey for YouGov, 65% of British people (and 81% of the French) said they thought the world was getting worse but judged according to numerous sensible metrics, theyre simply wrong. People are indeed rising out of extreme poverty at an extraordinary rate; child mortality really has plummeted; standards of literacy, sanitation and life expectancy have never been higher. The average European or American enjoys luxuries medieval potentates literally couldnt have imagined. The essential finding of Steven Pinkers 2011 book The Better Angels of Our Nature, a key reference text for the New Optimists, seems also to have been largely accepted: that we are living in historys most peaceful era, with violence of all kinds from deaths in war to schoolyard bullying in steep decline.
But the New Optimists arent primarily interested in persuading us that human life involves a lot less suffering than it did a few hundred years ago. (Even if youre a card-carrying pessimist, you probably didnt need convincing of that fact.) Nestled inside that essentially indisputable claim, there are several more controversial implications. For example: that since things have so clearly been improving, we have good reason to assume they will continue to improve. And further though this is a claim only sometimes made explicit in the work of the New Optimists that whatever weve been doing these past decades, its clearly working, and so the political and economic arrangements that have brought us here are the ones we ought to stick with. Optimism, after all, means more than just believing that things arent as bad as you imagined: it means having justified confidence that they will be getting even better soon. Rational optimism holds that the world will pull out of the current crisis, Ridley wrote after the financial crisis of 2007-8, because of the way that markets in goods, services and ideas allow human beings to exchange and specialise honestly for the betterment of all I am a rational optimist: rational, because I have arrived at optimism not through temperament or instinct, but by looking at the evidence.
Illustration by Pete Gamlen
If all this were really true, it would suggest that an overwhelming proportion of the energy we dedicate to debating the state of humanity all the political outrage, the warnings of imminent disaster, the exasperated op-ed columns, all our anxiety and guilt about the misery afflicting people all over the world is wasted. Or, worse, it might be counterproductive, insofar as a belief that things are irredeemably awful seems like a bad way to motivate people to make things better, and thus in danger of becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Here are the facts, wrote the American economist Julian Simon, whose vocal opposition to the gloomy predictions of environmentalists and population experts in the 1970s and 1980s set the stage for todays New Optimists. On average, people throughout the world have been living longer and eating better than ever before. Fewer people die of famine nowadays than in earlier centuries every single measure of material and environmental welfare in the United States has improved rather than deteriorated. This is also true of the world taken as a whole. All the long-run trends point in exactly the opposite direction from the projections of the doomsayers.
Those are the facts. So why arent we all New Optimists now?
Optimists have been telling doom-mongersto cheer up since at least 1710, when the philosopher Gottfried Leibniz concluded that ours must be the best of all possible worlds, on the grounds that God, being perfect and merciful, would hardly have created one of the more mediocre ones instead. But the most recent outbreak of positivity may be best understood as a reaction to the pessimism triggered by the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001. For one thing, those attacks were a textbook example of the kind of high-visibility bad news that activates our cognitive biases, convincing us that the world is becoming lethally dangerous when really it isnt: in reality, a slightly higher number of Americans were killed while riding motorcycles in 2001 than died in the World Trade Center and on the hijacked planes.
But the New Optimism is also a rejoinder to the kind of introspection that gained pace in the west after 9/11, and subsequently the Iraq war the feeling that, whether or not the new global insecurity was all our fault, it certainly demanded self-criticism and reflection, rather than simply a more strident assertion of the merits of our worldview. (The whole world hates us, and we deserve it, is how the French philosopher Pascal Bruckner derisively characterises this attitude.) On the contrary, the optimists insist, the data demonstrates that the global dominance of western power and ideas over the last two centuries has seen a transformative improvement in almost everyones quality of life. Matt Ridley likes to quote a predecessor of the contemporary optimists, the Whig historian Thomas Babington Macaulay: On what principle is it that, when we see nothing but improvement behind us, we are to expect nothing but deterioration before us?
The despondent self-criticism that frustrates the New Optimists is fuelled in part at least the way they see it by a kind of optical illusion in the way we think about progress. As Steven Pinker observes, whenever youre busy judging governments or economic systems for falling short of standards of decency, its all too easy to lose sight of how those standards themselves have altered over time. We are scandalised by reports of prisoners being tortured by the CIA but only thanks to the historically recent emergence of a general consensus that torture is beyond the pale. (In medieval England, it was a relatively unremarkable feature of the criminal justice system.) We can be appalled by the deaths of migrants in the Mediterranean only because we start from the position that unknown strangers from distant lands are worthy of moral consideration a notion that would probably have struck most of us as absurd had we been born in 1700. Yet the stronger this kind of consensus grows, the more unconscionable each violation of it will seem. And so, ironically enough, the outrage you feel when you read the headlines is actually evidence that this is a magnificent time to be alive. (A recent addition to the New Optimist bookshelf, The Moral Arc by Michael Shermer, binds this argument directly to the optimists faith in science: it is scientific progress, he argues, that is destined to make us ever more ethical.)
The nagging suspicion that this argument is somehow based on a sleight of hand it would seem to permit any outrage to be reinterpreted as evidence of our betterment may lead you to another objection: even if its true that everything really is so much better than ever, why assume things will continue to improve? Improvements in sanitation and life expectancy cant prevent rising sea levels destroying your country. And its dangerous, more generally, to predict future results by past performance: view things on a sufficiently long timescale, and it becomes impossible to tell whether the progress the New Optimists celebrate is evidence of historys steady upward trajectory, or just a blip.
Almost every advance Norberg champions in his book Progress, for example, took place in the last 200 years a fact that the optimists take as evidence of the unstoppable potency of modern civilisation, but which might just as easily be taken as evidence of how rare such periods of progress are. Humans have been around for 200,000 years; extrapolating from a 200-year stretch seems unwise. We risk making the mistake of the 19th-century British historian Henry Buckle, who confidently declared, in his book History of Civilization in England, that war would soon be a thing of the past. That this barbarous pursuit is, in the progress of society, steadily declining, must be evident, even to the most hasty reader of European history, he wrote. It was 1857; Buckle seemed confident that the recently concluded Crimean war would be one of the last.
But the real concern here is not that the steady progress of the last two centuries will gradually swing into reverse, plunging us back to the conditions of the past; its that the world we have created the very engine of all that progress is so complex, volatile and unpredictable that catastrophe might befall us at any moment. Steven Pinker may be absolutely correct that fewer and fewer people are resorting to violence to settle their disagreements, but (as he would concede) it only takes a single angry narcissist in possession of the nuclear codes to spark a global disaster. Digital technology has unquestionably helped fuel a worldwide surge in economic growth, but if cyberterrorists use it to bring down the planets financial infrastructure next month, that growth might rather swiftly become moot.
The point is that if something does go seriously wrong in our societies, its really hard to see where it stops, says David Runciman, professor of politics at Cambridge University, who takes a less sanguine view of the future, and who has debated New Optimists such as Ridley and Norberg. The thought that, say, the next financial crisis, in a world as interconnected and algorithmically driven as our world, could simply spiral out of control that is not an irrational thought. Which makes it quite hard to be blithely optimistic. When you live in a world where everything seems to be getting better, yet it could all collapse tomorrow, its perfectly rational to be freaked out.
Runciman raises a related and equally troubling thought about modern politics, in his book The Confidence Trap. Democracy seems to be doing well: the New Optimists note that there are now about 120 democracies among the worlds 193 countries, up from just 40 in 1972. But what if its the very strength of democracy and our complacency about its capacity to withstand almost anything that augurs its eventual collapse? Could it be that our real problem is not an excess of pessimism, as the New Optimists maintain, but a dangerous degree of overconfidence?
According to this argument, the people who voted for Trump and Brexit didnt really do so because they had concluded their system was broken, and needed to be replaced. On the contrary: they voted as they did precisely because they had grown too confident that the essential security provided by government would always be there for them, whatever incendiary choice they made at the ballot-box. People voted for Trump because they didnt believe him, Runciman has written. They wanted Trump to shake up a system that they also expected to shield them from the recklessness of a man like Trump. The problem with this pattern delivering electoral shocks because youre confident the system can withstand them is that theres no reason to assume it can continue indefinitely: at some point, the damage may not be repairable. The New Optimists describe a world in which human agency doesnt seem to matter, because there are these evolved forces that are moving us in the right direction, Runciman says. But human agency does still matter human beings still have the capacity to mess it all up. And it may be that our capacity to mess it up is growing.
The optimists arent unaware of such risks but it is a reliable feature of the optimistic mindset that one can usually find an upbeat interpretation of the same seemingly scary facts. Youre asking, Am I the man who falls out of a skyscraper, and as he passes the second storey, says, So far, so good? Matt Ridley says. And the answer is, well, actually, in the past, people have foreseen catastrophe just around the corner and been wrong about it so often that this a relevant fact to take into account. History does seem to bear Ridley out. Then again, of course it does: if a civilisation-ending catastrophe had in fact occurred, you presumably wouldnt be reading this now. People who predict imminent catastrophes are usually wrong. On the other hand, they need only be right once.
If there is a single momentthat signalled the birth of the New Optimism, it was fittingly, somehow a TED talk, delivered in 2006 by the Swedish statistician and self-styled edutainer Hans Rosling, who died earlier this year. Entitled The best stats youve ever seen, Roslings talk summarised the results of an ingenious study he had conducted among Swedish university students. Presenting them with pairs of countries Russia and Malaysia, Turkey and Sri Lanka, and so on he asked them to guess which scored better on various measures of health, such as child mortality rates. The students reliably got it wrong, basing their answers on the assumption that countries closer to their own, both geographically and ethnically, must be better off.
But in fact Rosling had picked the pairs to prove a point: Russia had twice Malaysias child mortality, and Turkey twice that of Sri Lanka. Part of the defeatist mindset of the modern west, the way Rosling saw it, was the deeply ingrained assumption that we are living through times that are as good as theyre ever going to be and that the future we are bequeathing, to future generations and especially to the world beyond Europe and north America, can only be a disheartening one. Rosling enjoyed observing that if you had run this experiment on chimpanzees by labelling a banana with the name of each country and inviting them to pick one, they would have performed better than the students, since they would be right half the time, thanks to chance. Well-educated European humans, by contrast, get things far wronger than chance. We are not merely ignorant of the facts; we are actively convinced of depressing facts that arent true.
Its exhilarating to watch The best stats youve ever seen today partly because of Roslings nerdy, high-energy stage performance, but also because it seems to shine the bracing light of objective fact on questions usually mired in angry partisanship. Far more than when he delivered the talk, we live now in the Age of the Take, in which a seemingly infinite supply of blog posts, opinion columns, books and TV talking heads compete to tell us how to feel about the news. Most of this opinionising focuses less on stacking up hard facts in favour of an argument than it does on declaring what attitude you ought to adopt: the typical take invites you to conclude, say, that Donald Trump is a fascist, or that he isnt, or that BBC presenters are overpaid, or that your yoga practice is an instance of cultural appropriation. (This shouldnt really come as a surprise: the internet economy is fuelled by attention, and its far easier to seize someones attention with emotionally charged argument than mere information plus you dont have to pay for the expensive reporting required to ferret out the facts.) The New Optimists promise something different: a way to feel about the state of the world based on the way it really is.
Illustration by Pete Gamlen
But after steeping yourself in their work, you begin to wonder if all their upbeat factoids really do speak for themselves. For a start, why assume that the correct comparison to be making is the one between the world as it was, say, 200 years ago, and the world as it is today? You might argue that comparing the present with the past is stacking the deck. Of course things are better than they were. But theyre surely nowhere near as good as they ought to be. To pick some obvious examples, humanity indisputably has the capacity to eliminate extreme poverty, end famines, or radically reduce human damage to the climate. But weve done none of these, and the fact that things arent as terrible as they were in 1800 is arguably beside the point.
Ironically, given their reliance on cognitive biases to explain our predilection for negativity, the New Optimists may be in the grip of one themselves: the anchoring bias, which describes our tendency to rely too heavily on certain pieces of information when making judgments. If you start from the fact that plague victims once languished in the streets of European cities, its natural to conclude that life these days is wonderful. But if you start from the position that we could have eliminated famines, or reversed global warming, the fact that such problems persist may provoke a different kind of judgment.
The argument that we should be feeling happier than we are because life on the planet as a whole is getting better, on average, also misunderstands a fundamental truth about how happiness works: our judgments of the world result from making specific comparisons that feel relevant to us, not on adopting what David Runciman refers to as the view from outer space. If people in your small American town are far less economically secure than they were in living memory, or if youre a young British person facing the prospect that you might never own a home, its not particularly consoling to be told that more and more Chinese people are entering the middle classes. At book readings in the US midwest, Ridley recalls, audience members frequently questioned his optimism on the grounds that their own lives didnt seem to be on an upward trajectory. Theyd say, You keep saying the worlds getting better, but it doesnt feel like that round here. And I would say, Yes, but this isnt the whole world! Are you not even a little bit cheered by the fact that really poor Africans are getting a bit less poor? There is a sense in which this is a fair point. But theres another sense in which its a completely irrelevant one.
At its heart, the New Optimism is an ideological argument: broadly speaking, its proponents are advocates for the power of free markets, and they intend their sunny picture of humanitys recent past and imminent future to vindicate their politics. This is a perfectly legitimate political argument to make but its still a political argument, not a straightforward, neutral reliance on objective facts. The claim that we are living in a golden age, and that our dominant mood of pessimism is unwarranted, is not an antidote to the Age of the Take, but a Take like any other and it makes just as much sense to adopt the opposite view. What I dislike, Runciman says, is this assumption that if you push back against their argument, what youre saying is that all these things are not worth valuing For people to feel deeply uneasy about the world we inhabit now, despite all these indicators pointing up, seems to me reasonable, given the relative instability of the evidence of this progress, and the [unpredictability] that overhangs it. Everything really is pretty fragile.
Johan Norberg, who launched his book Progress two months before the US presidential election, watched the results come in on a foggy morning in Stockholm, at a party organised by the American embassy. As Trumps victory became a certainty, the atmosphere turned from one of rumbling alarm to horrified disbelief. We were all Swedes in the media, politics, business and so on I think it would have been hard to find a single person there who had hoped for a Trump win so pretty soon the mood was going downhill dramatically, Norberg recalled. And whats more, they didnt have any alcohol, which didnt help, because everyone was saying: We need something strong here! But they had it more set up like a breakfast thing. He smiled. I think Americans dont really understand Swedes.
The populist surges of the last two years in the US and Britain powering the rise of Trump, the Brexit vote, and the unpredicted levels of support for Bernie Sanders and Jeremy Corbyn pose a complicated problem for the New Optimists. On the one hand, its easy enough to characterise such anger directed toward political establishments as a mistake, based on a failure to perceive how well things are going; or as a legitimate reaction to real, but localised and temporary bumps in the road, which neednt constitute any larger argument for pessimism. On the other hand, it is a curious view of the world that sees such political waves solely as responses, mistaken or otherwise, to the real situation. They are part of that real situation. Even if you think that Trump supporters, say, were wholly in error to perceive their situation negatively, the perception itself was real enough and they really did elect Trump, with all his potential for destabilisation. (The New Optimists, says David Runciman, think of politics as nothing more than an annoyance, because in their view the things that drive progress are not political. But the things that drive failure are political.) There is a point at which it stops being so relevant whether widespread pessimism and anxiety can be justified or not, and becomes more relevant simply that it is widespread.
Norberg is no Trump supporter, and the election result might have seemed like a setback to an author promoting a book painting humanitys immediate future as entirely rosy. In it, he does warn that progress isnt inevitable: There is a real risk of a nativist backlash, he writes. When we dont see the progress we have made, we begin to search for scapegoats for the problems that remain. But it is in the nature of the New Optimism that negative developments can be alchemised into reasons to be cheerful, and by the time we spoke, Norberg had an upbeat spin on the election, too.
I think it might be that in a couple of years time, well think it was a great thing that Trump won, he says. Because if hed lost, and Hillary had won, shed have been the most hated president of modern times, and then Trump and Bannon would have used that to build an alt-right media empire, create an avalanche of hatred, and then there might have been a more disciplined candidate the next time round a real fascist, rather than someone impersonating Trump may prove to have been the incompetent, self-absorbed person who ruins the populist brand in the United States. This sort of counterfactual argument suffers from not being falsifiable, and in any case, its a long way from a position of straightforward positivity about the direction in which the world is moving. But perhaps it is the one genuinely indisputable truth on which the New Optimists and the more pessimistically minded can agree: that whatever happens, things could always, in principle, have been worse.
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