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genadelikesships1233 · 2 months

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Motaz posted a picture of a little girl.

She couldn't have been more than 10 years old.

She had a her scalp open, her arm was blown off and she had ash all over her face.

Her eyes were so empty and seeing this little baby, thinking about, if her mother was still alive, was she the only one left in her family, what was her favourite colour, who was her friends? Are they still alive?

Sometimes i wish i was ignorant. To the horror that truly happens to people.

I wish that i could snap my fingers and stop it.

But i cant. What i can only do now, is try and do my part, saving Gaza.

Saving them and everyone else.

I will pray that it works, i will pray that it does something.

There are thousands of stories i cant tell about the horrific deaths of children in Gaza.

I cant bare to tell you all of them but all i cant share is their names.

Thats the least i can do for them.

0 years old

Didn't reach their first birthday

Abd al-Jawad Mizar Jamal Hoso (0 years old)

Abdel Khaleq Fadi Khaled Al Baba (0 years old)

Abdel Rahim Ahmed Abdel Rahim Awad (0 years old)

Abdel Rahman Ahmed Essam Salah (0 years old)

Abdel Rahman Samir Salama Saad (0 years old)

Abdel Raouf Ibrahim Abdel Raouf Al-Farra (0 years old)

Abdul Karim Abdullah Omar Shehab (0 years old)

Abdul Karim Kamel Zidane Al-Hawajri (0 years old)

Abdullah Ahmed Khalil Zorob (0 years old)

Abdullah Amir Abdullah Al Khor (0 years old)

Abdullah Muhammad Abdul Hamid Muhanna (0 years old)

Adam Magdy Jaber Al-Dahdouh (0 years old)

Adam Muhammad Fouad Al Agha (0 years old)

Adam Muhammad Samir Abu Ajwa (0 years old)

Ahmed Moamen Ahmed Daloul (0 years old)

Ahmed Mohamed Amin Nofal (0 years old)

Ahmed Muhammad Yasser Dardouna (0 years old)

Ahmed Saeed Ahmed Fouda (0 years old)

Ahmed Shadi Talal Al-Haddad (0 years old)

Ahmed Talaat Ali Barhoum (0 years old)

Aisha Jihad Jalal Shaheen (0 years old)

Alia Abdel Nour Sami Al-Souri (0 years old)

Alma Adnan Jamal Al-Qatrawi (0 years old)

Alma Moamen Muhammad Hamdan (0 years old)

Alma Qais Abdul Karim Al-Zahrani (0 years old)

Alyan Abdul Rahman Alyan Al-Ashqar (0 years old)

Amal Mahmoud Mohamed Saleha (0 years old)

Amal Muhammad Ahmed Al-Bayouk (0 years old)

Amir Mahmoud Zuhdi Al-Masry (0 years old)

Anas Abdul Aziz Muhammad Zahir (0 years old)

Anas Abdullah Bahaa Al-Din Sukayk (0 years old)

Anas Tariq Muhammad Al-Hasanat (0 years old)

Anisa Mahmoud Ahmed Ali (0 years old)

Anwar Muhammad Ahmed Al Hindi (0 years old)

Aseed Hussein Muhammad Abu Hamad (0 years old)

Aseel Amir Ali Al-Ashi (0 years old)

Aseel Muhammad Jumah Dhair (0 years old)

Aws Muhammad Hussein Al-Aleel (0 years old)

Ayat Abdul Aziz Omar Farwaneh (0 years old)

Ayla Uday Abdel Jawad Abu Ras (0 years old)

Badr Yasser Rafiq Abu Habib (0 years old)

Bahaa Mustafa Jamal Musa (0 years old)

Basil Muhammad Hossam Abu Jasser (0 years old)

Bilal Khaled Muhammad Sobh (0 years old)

Bilal Muhammad Kamal Hamdan (0 years old)

Celine Abdel Hadi Adel Daher (0 years old)

Celine Ihab Ayman Al-Bahtiti (0 years old)

Daughter of Dina Abdel Hakim Ayoub Natat (0 years old)

Daughter of Zainab Muhammad Al-Abd Nawas (0 years old)

Diaa Ahmed Abdel Ati Saleh Musa (0 years old)

Diaa Majed Ahmed Kishko (0 years old)

Elena Momen Riad Al-Rifi (0 years old)

Eliana Muhammad Nabil Mekheimer (0 years old)

Ella Muhammad Salem Al-Drimli (0 years old)

Essam Mohammed Essam Farag (0 years old)

Etaf Hassan Riyadh (0 years old)

Ezzat Asaad Ezzat Saq Allah (0 years old)

Fadl Maysara Muhammad Abu Hasira (0 years old)

Fahd Uday Imad Al-Ajez (0 years old)

Farah Hammam Youssef Bahr (0 years old)

Farah Hossam Abdel Karim Hanoun (0 years old)

Farah Suleiman Raed Abu Shabab (0 years old)

Fatima Louay, Rafiq Al-Sultan (0 years old)

Fatima Moatasem Amin Nofal (0 years old)

Fatima Muhammad Rizq Al-Wawi (0 years old)

Fatima Saleh Yasser Al-Hout (0 years old)

Fayrouz Fadi Hamada Abu Salima (0 years old)

Firas Muhammad Abdel Aziz Tamraz (0 years old)

George Sobhi George Al-Souri (0 years old)

Ghaith Khattab Omar Al-Bahloul (0 years old)

Ghaith Yasser Nabil Nofal (0 years old)

Ghazal Asaad Maher Abu Lashin (0 years old)

Ghazal Mahmoud Saeed Al-Haddad (0 years old)

Hala Yasser Hamed Al-Sanwar (0 years old)

Hamza Muhammad Abdel Hamid Ashour (0 years old)

Hassan Hamza Hassan Al-Amsi (0 years old)

Hassan Muhammad Hassan Abu Daqqa (0 years old)

Haya Sharif Bakr Al-Batniji (0 years old)

Hind Khaled Ahmed Jahjouh (0 years old)

Hoda Mustafa Hatem Abu Seif (0 years old)

Hoor Muhammad Ibrahim Al-Mamlouk (0 years old)

Hoor Omar Mahmoud Al-Azaib (0 years old)

Hoor Rashad Saeed Habib (0 years old)

Hoor Yassin Ahmed Sheikh Al-Eid (0 years old)

Ibrahim Ahmed Nasser Shaqura (0 years old)

Ibrahim Al-Muatasem Walid Al-Quqa (0 years old)

Ibrahim Ammar Saad Al-Qara (0 years old)

Iman Muhammad Abdel Fattah Al-Hinnawi (0 years old)

Ismail Ahmed Ismail Farhat (0 years old)

Issa Mahmoud Muhammad Qarmout (0 years old)

Iyad Abdel Rahman Jihad Muheisen (0 years old)

Jamal Muhammad Jamal Al-Maghari (0 years old)

Jannah Hisham Muhammad Hamouda (0 years old)

Jannat Naji Abdel Rahman Abu Hammad (0 years old)

Jihad Muhammad Raafat Al-Dalis (0 years old)

Joan Ali Nasr Amer (0 years old)

Joel Atallah Ibrahim Al-Amsh (0 years old)

Joud Bahaa Al-Din Haider Al-Nadim (0 years old)

Juri Ammar Ibrahim Al-Jarousha (0 years old)

Juri Ayed Ismail Al-Najjar (0 years old)

Juri Darwish Hamed Abu Khatla (0 years old)

Juri Ramadan Muhammad Miqdad (0 years old)

Karim Muhammad Fayez Al-Madhoun (0 years old)

Karima Muhammad Majid Al-Ghoul (0 years old)

Kenan Amin Marwan Abu Shakyan (0 years old)

Khaled Bilal Muhammad Abu Al-Amrain (0 years old)

Khaled Fadi Khaled Al Baba (0 years old)

Lana Yasser Nassif Hegazy (0 years old)

Lana Youssef Emad Loulou (0 years old)

Layan Muhammad Youssef Hussein (0 years old)

Layan Rami Anwar Faisal (0 years old)

Louay Mahmoud Saleh Al-Ajrami (0 years old)

Maha Fadi Khaled Al Baba (0 years old)

Mahmoud Eid Muhammad Nabhan (0 years old)

Mahmoud Fadi Khaled Al-Baba (0 years old)

Mahmoud Youssef Muhammad Abu Shawish (0 years old)

Mai Hatem Asaad Qita (0 years old)

Malak Abdul Rahman Ayesh Darwish (0 years old)

Malak Abdul Salam Ali Abu Saif (0 years old)

Malak Mahmoud Atef Halawa (0 years old)

Malik Mahdi Ahmed Shalouf (0 years old)

Malik Muhammad Shafiq Abu Al-Kass (0 years old)

Malik Sami Mohamed Maghari (0 years old)

Manal Moamen Majed Abu Al-Awf (0 years old)

Marah Hammam Youssef Bahr (0 years old)

Maria Ahmed Salah Kurdieh (0 years old)

Maria Khaled Zakaria Al-Shanti (0 years old)

Maria Yasser Kamal Al-Masry (0 years old)

Maryam Ahmed Mahmoud Saidam (0 years old)

Maryam Ahmed Ziad Ashour (0 years old)

Maryam Noureddine Wael Daban (0 years old)

Masa Jalal Moin Al-Harkali (0 years old)

Masa Muhammad Youssef Nasr (0 years old)

Maymouna Saher Saeed Al-Sayed (0 years old)

Mecca Ahmed Eid Abu Sharkh (0 years old)

Mian Yahya Yusuf Al-Astal (0 years old)

Mira Abdel Rahman Fathi Radwan (0 years old)

Moamen Ahmed Mahfouz Salah (0 years old)

Moamen Essam Hussein Saleha (0 years old)

Moamen Ibrahim Sabry Abu Shamas (0 years old)

Moatasem Billah Moaz Hammad Hammad (0 years old)

Moatasem Kanaan Farid El Gamal (0 years old)

Moaz Abdel Fattah Khaled Al-Zuhairi (0 years old)

Moaz Hani Muhammad Al-Aidi (0 years old)

Moaz Muhammad Jawad Al-Wadiya (0 years old)

Muhammad Abdel Samad Maher Mohsen (0 years old)

Muhammad Ahmed Salem Al-Qanou (0 years old)

Muhammad Al-Jabari Saed Misbah Al-Khor (0 years old)

Muhammad Amr Muhammad Maghari (0 years old)

Muhammad Basil Mahmoud Al-Khayyat (0 years old)

Muhammad Fadi Jihad Radwan (0 years old)

Muhammad Hamed Nidal Aliwa (0 years old)

Muhammad Hani Muhammad Al-Zahar (0 years old)

Muhammad Hussein Muhammad Abu Hamad (0 years old)

Muhammad Ihab El-Din Khaled Awaida (0 years old)

Muhammad Mahmoud Dhifallah Al-Nadaiyat (0 years old)

Muhammad Mamdouh Muhammad Abu Jazar (0 years old)

Muhammad Mustafa Khalil Tammos (0 years old)

Muhammad Nidal Hisham Atallah (0 years old)

Muhammad Nour al-Din Yahya al-Akkad (0 years old)

Muhammad Omar Mustafa Shehab (0 years old)

Muhammad Saeed Adel Abu Al-Rous (0 years old)

Muhammad Saleh Mahmoud Al-Dairi (0 years old)

Muhammad Taher Ahmed Abu Younis (0 years old)

Muhammad Tamer Musleh Al-Qanou (0 years old)

Murad Eid Youssef Abu Saifan (0 years old)

Musk Abdul Hay Sami Al-Halabi (0 years old)

Musk Mahmoud Ibrahim Hegazy (0 years old)

Musk Muhammad Khalil Gouda (0 years old)

Mustafa Hani Essam Saqallah (0 years old)

Nabil Bilal Nabil Al-Aidi (0 years old)

Najwa Ahmed Fathi Radwan (0 years old)

Najwa Mahmoud Fathi Radwan (0 years old)

Nasr Alaa Nasr Jarghoun (0 years old)

Nasr Yahya Nasr Al-Rakhawy (0 years old)

Nisreen Muhammad Muhammad Al-Najjar (0 years old)

Nour Ahmed Zakaria Al-Derini (0 years old)

Nour Youssef Bassam Abu Hasira (0 years old)

Nourz Ahmed Shaaban Halasa (0 years old)

Obaida Bilal Youssef Abu Muailiq (0 years old)

Omar Ahmed Abdel Nasser Shamlakh (0 years old)

Omar Ismail Omar Sharaf (0 years old)

Omar Jihad Omar Al-Bahtini (0 years old)

Omar Youssef Salah al-Din Abu Jadallah (0 years old)

Osama Muhammad Adeeb Aslim (0 years old)

Qais Ali Nabil Al-Aidi (0 years old)

Qais Muhammad Ramadan Abaid (0 years old)

Raafat Ibrahim Raafat Al-Azami (0 years old)

Raafat Khalil Raafat Anan (0 years old)

Raed Ihab Raed Salman Alai (0 years old)

Raed Khaled Raed Rajab (0 years old)

Rafif Mahmoud Aref Al-Faqawi (0 years old)

Rafif Walid Sabri Al-Nabahin (0 years old)

Raghad Ahmed Odeh Abu Khattab (0 years old)

Rakan Hossam Hussein Musa (0 years old)

Ratel Yasser Jumaa Abu Al-Fitah (0 years old)

Rayan Abdel Rahim Jamal Al-Qatrawi (0 years old)

Rayan Abdullah Zakaria Al-Astal (0 years old)

Retal Khalil Yahya Al-Batsh (0 years old)

Rima Muhammad Sabry Al-Buraim (0 years old)

Rose Abdul Aziz Muhammad Al-Ghoul (0 years old)

Saba Ahmed Ali Al-Qazzaz (0 years old)

Saba Muhammad Imad Shalaq (0 years old)

Salam Wael Ahmed Al-Astal (0 years old)

Salama Muhammad Marwan Abu Atiwi (0 years old)

Salma Amr Abdullah Nassar (0 years old)

Salma Ibrahim in the name of Shaaban (0 years old)

Sama Ibrahim Majid Al-Wadiya (0 years old)

Samira Osama Youssef Al-Zahhar (0 years old)

Sanad Ahmed Mahmoud Abu Al-Omrain (0 years old)

Sanad Bilal Nabil Amara (0 years old)

Sanad Yassin Mustafa Al-Zinati (0 years old)

Sarah Abdel Rahman Mohamed Hammad (0 years old)

Sarah Fathi Abdel Karim Al-Farra (0 years old)

Sarah Mahmoud Fayez Ahl (0 years old)

September Omar Kamel Abu Rahma (0 years old)

Sewar Khaled Saber Abu Qashlan (0 years old)

Sewar Mounir Harb Dawas (0 years old)

Sewar Suleiman Daoud Halas (0 years old)

Shaima Saeed Nabil Al-Laham (0 years old)

Sham Ahmed Fawzi Al-Qufaidi (0 years old)

Sham Muhammad Saleh Al-Sawalha (0 years old)

Sham Raif Mahmoud Khalil (0 years old)

Sila Muhammad Suleiman Abu Amsha (0 years old)

Sobhi Hamdan Sobhi Hassouna (0 years old)

Sobhi Ramzi Subhi Al-Ajl (0 years old)

Son of Anwar Ahmed Muhammad Darwish (0 years old)

Son of Israa Jamal Salem Abu Mathkur (0 years old)

Son of Nabila Nasr Muhammad Nofal (0 years old)

Son of Rahima Saadi Muhammad Shaheen (0 years old)

Sondos Muhammad Hammad Abu Baraka (0 years old)

Sondos Muhammad Subhi Samara (0 years old)

Suzan Iyad Muhammad Al-Ashi (0 years old)

Tahani Ezz El-Din Ahmed Zoroub (0 years old)

Tala Muhammad Rafiq Abu Ghali (0 years old)

Tariq Ziyad Humaidan Abu Omra (0 years old)

Tasneem Ramzi Odeh Qaraman (0 years old)

Tayem Samer Suleiman Jaarour (0 years old)

Tia Mamdouh Muhammad Abu Jazar (0 years old)

Toleen Ibrahim Jihad Al-Maghari (0 years old)

Toleen Muhammad Tawfiq Al-Taaban (0 years old)

Tuqa Musa Khalil Abu Nuseira (0 years old)

Uday Muhammad Rafiq Al-Sultan (0 years old)

Uday Muhammad Saadi Abu Hamada (0 years old)

Watan Muhammad Abd al-Rahim al-Madhoun (0 years old)

Watin Ahmed Khaled Al-Saidi (0 years old)

Watin Baraa Abd al-Rahman al-Hawar (0 years old)

Watin Yahya Khaled Abu Hilal (0 years old)

Yasmine Ramez Abdel Razzaq El Masry (0 years old)

Yassin Adel Musa Zanoun (0 years old)

Youmna Omar Riad Al-Rifi (0 years old)

Younis Wissam Abdullah Afaneh (0 years old)

Youssef Ahmed Jamal Musa (0 years old)

Youssef Haitham Youssef Abu Mahdi (0 years old)

Zaid Khaled Juma Al-Bahbahani (0 years old)

Zein al-Din Suleiman Moin al-Najjar (0 years old)

Zein Amer Ibrahim Al-Jarousha (0 years old)

Zeina Ahmed Mohamed Shatat (0 years old)

1 year old

Killed before they could take their first steps

Abdel Rahman Iyad Abdel Rahman Abu Jalal (1 year old)

Abdul Rahman Abdul Aziz Yahya Al Balawi (1 year old)

Abdullah Ibrahim Khaled Al-Dali (1 year old)

Abdullah Khalil Abdullah Abu Hayya (1 year old)

Abeer Ibrahim Khalil Meema (1 year old)

Adam Bakr Nasr Al-Sarhi (1 year old)

Adam Ezzat Muhammad Warsh Agha (1 year old)

Adam Shawkat Mahmoud Al-Rantisi (1 year old)

Adi Adam Jamal Abu Al-Naga (1 year old)

Ahmed Amin Ahmed Abdel-Al Muharram (1 year old)

Ahmed Mahmoud Ayman Al-Jayeh (1 year old)

Ahmed Mohammed Mohammed Khalifa (1 year old)

Ahmed Mustafa Ahmed Sheikh Al-Eid (1 year old)

Ahmed Nazir Shawqi Shaaban (1 year old)

Ahmed Thaer Sobhi Ghareeb (1 year old)

Ahmed Yasser Ahmed Abu Halhoul (1 year old)

Akram Muhammad Moin Al-Harkali (1 year old)

Al-Baraa Muhammad Samir Abu Taima (1 year old)

Ali Tariq Mahmoud Radwan (1 year old)

Alma Khaled Kamal Rashwan (1 year old)

Alyan Muhammad Alyan Al-Bayouk (1 year old)

Amir Iyad Saeed Al-Naffar (1 year old)

Amir Muhammad Mustafa Othman (1 year old)

Amir Omar Zakaria Al-Astal (1 year old)

Amir Rifaat Omar Abu Shab (1 year old)

Amira Ibrahim Salah Abu Awad (1 year old)

Amira Muhammad Samir Abu Ajwa (1 year old)

Amna Shawqi Rajab Iqdih (1 year old)

Anas Muhammad Mahmoud Al-Derawi (1 year old)

Aseel Ahmed Mahmoud Radwan (1 year old)

Aseel Iyad Nabil Omran (1 year old)

Aseel Muhannad Amin Al Agha (1 year old)

Asia Hassan Hamdi Al-Hinnawi (1 year old)

Atef Mohamed Atef Muammar (1 year old)

Atta Mohieddin Atta Darwish (1 year old)

Aya Ahmed Nawaf Al-Najjar (1 year old)

Aya Muhammad Hussein Ashour (1 year old)

Ayla Ahmed Ali Obaid (1 year old)

Ayla Saeed Saleh Abuelaish (1 year old)

Ayman Ahmed Ramadan Al-Masry (1 year old)

Ayman Muhannad Ayman Ismail (1 year old)

Badr al-Din Badr Muhammad al-Amrain (1 year old)

Baraa Mahmoud Nasser Shehadeh (1 year old)

Baraa of Muhammad Walid Abu Shuaib (1 year old)

Basma Muhammad Ibrahim Abu Sharia (1 year old)

Bilsan Noman Suleiman Haboush (1 year old)

Carmel Hamid Khaled Al-Bayaa (1 year old)

Celine Ismail Muhammad Al-Mutawq (1 year old)

Celine Saed Hassan Al Khatib (1 year old)

Dahab Muhammad Zaki Al-Akhras (1 year old)

Dana Muhammad Tayseer Abu Shammala (1 year old)

Daniel Abdullah Dunian Mansour (1 year old)

Dilla Jihad Hamada Al-Bakri (1 year old)

Dima Muhammad Khaled Ghanem (1 year old)

Eileen Maher Asaad Al-Akhras (1 year old)

Elaf Khalil Yahya Al-Batsh (1 year old)

Elaine Muhammad Sami Abu Naja (1 year old)

Ezz Abdel Aziz Ezz Hegazy (1 year old)

Ezz El-Din Suhaib Ezz El-Din Al-Haddad (1 year old)

Fatima Hamza Subhi Al-Ajl (1 year old)

Fawaz Ibrahim Fawaz Musleh (1 year old)

Firas Adel Nabil Al-Qishawi (1 year old)

Ghaith Iyad Muhammad Abu Draiqa (1 year old)

Ghana Omar Hassan Abu Jazar (1 year old)

Habiba Shehdeh Hassan Dhahir (1 year old)

Habiba Suleiman Sami Abu Naja (1 year old)

Hala Ahmed Atef Al Badrasawy (1 year old)

Hala Hossam Jamil Al-Zaanin (1 year old)

Hamsa Bilal Khalil Zoroub (1 year old)

Hamza Alaa Ibrahim Abu Zuhair (1 year old)

Hamza Ihab Jamil Al-Baz (1 year old)

Hamza Muhammad Zaki Awaida (1 year old)

Hamza Omar Hatem Al-Sadoudi (1 year old)

Hassan Hossam Hassan Al-Ghafir (1 year old)

Hazem Rajab Hazem Abu Saif (1 year old)

Heidi Mohamed Alaa El-Din Ahmed (1 year old)

Hoda Ahmed Jamal Jarad (1 year old)

Hoda Muhammad Ali Al-Louh (1 year old)

Hoor Abdul Shafi Muslim Mahani (1 year old)

Hoor Mustafa Muhammad Al-Naqib (1 year old)

Hossam Ismail Jumah Abu Zari’an (1 year old)

Ibrahim Abdullah Musa Zorob (1 year old)

Ibrahim Mahmoud Ibrahim Salem (1 year old)

Imad Abdel Qader Imad Al-Bayouk (1 year old)

Imad Iyad Imad Al-Arair (1 year old)

Iman Muhammad Ishaq Al-Sayyid Ahmed (1 year old)

Ismail Ali Ismail Hamad (1 year old)

Jamil Ali Jamil Eid (1 year old)

Jihad Abdul Rahman Jihad Muhaisen (1 year old)

Jinan Hamed Nasser Al-Astal (1 year old)

Joud Alaa Muhammad Al-Hassi (1 year old)

Joud Saleh Khamis Nasrallah (1 year old)

Julia Fawzi Saeed Al-Kurd (1 year old)

Juliet Sobhi George Al-Souri (1 year old)

Jumana Nabil Saeed Al-Qanfud (1 year old)

Juri Muhammad Mansour Abdel Gawad (1 year old)

Karam Ibrahim Muhammad Al-Souri (1 year old)

Karim Mahmoud Jamil Al-Dahdouh (1 year old)

Kenan Ibrahim Rami Al-Naji (1 year old)

Kenan Saqr Nasr Al-Sarhi (1 year old)

Kenan Tamer Khalil Ghariz (1 year old)

Kenzi Fadi Salem Al Nabih (1 year old)

Khaled Omar Sami Miqdad (1 year old)

Khalil Ibrahim Fawzi Al-Nafar (1 year old)

Khalil Musab Khalil Al-Ashqar (1 year old)

Khamis Hassan Khamis Abu Tahoun (1 year old)

Lama Mahmoud Muhammad Muslim (1 year old)

Lana Ezz El-Din Ahmed Zoroub (1 year old)

Lana Tariq Ziad Al-Hour (1 year old)

Layan Mohamed Ismail Salah (1 year old)

Lian Muhammad Abdel Jawad Abu Ras (1 year old)

Louay Ihab Subhi Al-Ajl (1 year old)

Mahmoud Basil Mahmoud Al-Khayyat (1 year old)

Mahmoud Basil Ramadan Abed (1 year old)

Mahmoud Mohieddin Mahmoud Al-Sebaei (1 year old)

Mahmoud Muhammad Ahmed Abu Oreiban (1 year old)

Majd Ahmed Salem Al-Qanou (1 year old)

Majd Muhammad Amin Al-Dahdouh (1 year old)

Majid Amjad Majid Al-Ghoul (1 year old)

Maria Ahmed Ali Bustan (1 year old)

Maria Moataz Mazen Aslan (1 year old)

Maria Zaid Nafez Abu Taima (1 year old)

Marwa Hamza Nasser Al-Astal (1 year old)

Marwan Radwan Marwan Al-Masry (1 year old)

Maryam Alaa Abdel Qader Abu Joudeh (1 year old)

Maryam Muhammad Kamel Mohsen (1 year old)

Masa Abdullah Mufid Hegazy (1 year old)

Masa Ayman Samir Moussa (1 year old)

Masa Marwan Mahmoud Hamad (1 year old)

Masa Muhammad Adnan Al-Habashi (1 year old)

Masa Muhammad Hassan Ashour (1 year old)

Mayar Musab Muhammad Daloul (1 year old)

Mayas Moaz Amin Nofal (1 year old)

Mays Bahaa El-Din Khaled Aweida (1 year old)

Mecca Imad Tawfiq Al-Farra (1 year old)

Menat Allah Mahmoud Nayef Abu Shammala (1 year old)

Menat Allah Mattar Ahmed Aliwa (1 year old)

Menna Mahmoud Ismail Hamad (1 year old)

Mian Muhammad Riad Abu Haddayd (1 year old)

Mihraman Suleiman Moin Al-Najjar (1 year old)

Mira Youssef Ibrahim Musleh (1 year old)

Moamen Ihab Saadallah Al-Helou (1 year old)

Mohamed Hossam Mahmoud Hamad (1 year old)

Muhammad Abdullah Yaqoub Al-Hawar (1 year old)

Muhammad Ahmed Ibrahim Al-Jarousha (1 year old)

Muhammad Ahmed Suhail Al-Kahlot (1 year old)

Muhammad Fathi Suleiman Al-Jarjawi (1 year old)

Muhammad Iyad Ziyad Abu Mohsen (1 year old)

Muhammad Mansour Nasr al-Din Abu Nimah (1 year old)

Muhammad Muhammad Talal Al-Gharabli (1 year old)

Muhammad Omar Salem Al-Shawi (1 year old)

Muhammad Shadi Samir Qarqaz (1 year old)

Muhannad Hani Khaled Abu Al-Naga (1 year old)

Munir Fadi Munir Shabat (1 year old)

Musa Ahmed Musa El-Zanati (1 year old)

Musk Ahmed Abdullah Yassin (1 year old)

Musk Ali Hassan Al-Rantisi (1 year old)

Mustafa Musa Azmi Al-Jamal (1 year old)

Najwa Sameh Hani Al-Madhoun (1 year old)

Naya Attia Awad Muslim (1 year old)

Neema Abdullah Castro Abu Ashayba (1 year old)

Nevin Khaled Saleh Hassouna (1 year old)

Nevin Muhammad Yahya Al-Akkad (1 year old)

Nisreen Muhammad Shaaban Afana (1 year old)

Noman Salamah Noman Mushtaha (1 year old)

Nour Hamdan Muhammad Al-Buhaisi (1 year old)

Noura Saeed Atallah Al-Ajili (1 year old)

Nusayba Samer Salem Salem (1 year old)

Obaida Mahmoud Abdel Karim Haniyeh (1 year old)

Omar Hossam Hassan Al-Ghafir (1 year old)

Osama Mahmoud Muhammad Labad (1 year old)

Owais Amer Yahya Al-Balaawi (1 year old)

Qusay Muhammad Hamza Abu Hilal (1 year old)

Ramez Muhammad Ramez Awad (1 year old)

Rana Majd Ramzi Almuqayad (1 year old)

Revan Ezz El-Din Ahmed Al-Saeeda (1 year old)

Rima Hamed Kamal Abu Aoun (1 year old)

Rivana Walid Sabri Al-Nabahin (1 year old)

Rizq Muhammad Gharib Gharib (1 year old)

Rosa Khalil Ibrahim Khader (1 year old)

Rowad Bashir Jamil Abu Saeed (1 year old)

Saad Mahmoud Ayman Labad (1 year old)

Sabreen Fahd Mahmoud Bashir (1 year old)

Saeed Sameh Muhammad Abu Khousa (1 year old)

Saeed Zaid Saeed Zaqoul (1 year old)

Safa Suleiman Salman Al-Najjar (1 year old)

Sahar Ahmed Omar Abu Sultan (1 year old)

Saja Moayed Subhi Samara (1 year old)

Saja Musa Muhammad Al-Aidi (1 year old)

Sajid Ismail Hamdan Totah (1 year old)

Salah al-Din Osama Khalil Abu Laila (1 year old)

Sally Hassan Marzouk Al-Kahlot (1 year old)

Salma Hisham Mahmoud Joyfel (1 year old)

Salma Muhammad Muhammad Ali (1 year old)

Samar Majid Suhail Al-Nahhal (1 year old)

Sanad Muhammad Fathi Abu Ajwa (1 year old)

Sanad Shadi Sharif Al-Sarhi (1 year old)

Sarah Khaled Jihad Abu Jabbara (1 year old)

Sarah Mahmoud Samir Akl (1 year old)

Sarah Majd Abdel Latif Al-Hajj (1 year old)

Sarah Muhammad Yahya Jabr (1 year old)

Sarah Musa Hamdi Akhil (1 year old)

Sawsan Mustafa Mahmoud Barbakh (1 year old)

Sewar Ehab Ahmed Arif (1 year old)

Sewar Fouad Mahmoud Tabasi (1 year old)

Sewar Ibrahim Abdel Raouf Al-Farra (1 year old)

Sewar Rami Muhammad Fadl Hassouna (1 year old)

Shaaban Khaled Shaaban Ziadeh (1 year old)

Sham Abdul Karim Ibrahim Al-Hato (1 year old)

Sham Ahmed Isbitan Abu Sido (1 year old)

Sham Muhammad Ziyad Abu Namous (1 year old)

Sham Tamer Hosni Azzam (1 year old)

Sharif Muhammad Sharif Ghazal (1 year old)

Sidra Muhammad Saadi Qashta (1 year old)

Siham Ibrahim Abdel Karim Al-Kahlot (1 year old)

Sila Ahmed Hussein Madi (1 year old)

Sila Dhafer Ahmed Abu Younis (1 year old)

Siraj Abdullah Ayesh Darwish (1 year old)

Siraj Mahdi Jawad Ali (1 year old)

Taim Allah Muhammad Abdul Karim Jumah (1 year old)

Tamim Nidal Ismail Abu Ajami (1 year old)

Tayem Ahmed Samir Al-Fasih (1 year old)

Tuqa Salem Muhammad Abu Maarouf (1 year old)

Uday Mahmoud Fouad Hana (1 year old)

Waad Ahmed Ibrahim Al-Masaraei (1 year old)

Wadih Ahmed Wadih Hamdan (1 year old)

Wateen Muhammad Khurshid Saeed Saq Allah (1 year old)

Yahya Gohar Yahya Al-Balaawi (1 year old)

Yamen Sami Saber Abu Wadi (1 year old)

Yaqin Badr Eid Abu Jabal (1 year old)

Yaqut Anas Hassan Dhahir (1 year old)

Yara Muhammad Fayez Al-Hassani (1 year old)

Yasser Saleh Yasser Al-Hout (1 year old)

Yazan Ahmed Ibrahim Bardawil (1 year old)

Youmna Moeen Abdel Mohsen Al-Hasanat (1 year old)

Youssef Ayman Marzouk Sammour (1 year old)

Youssef Saleh Ibrahim Aslim (1 year old)

Zaher Adi Hamada Al-Bakri (1 year old)

Zakaria Ahmed Muhammad Abu Jahjouh (1 year old)

Zeina Hazem Abdel Hamid Muhanna (1 year old)

Zuhair Ramadan Mahmoud Al-Dahouk (1 year old)

2 years old

Weren't able to voice their first words

Abd al-Rahman Baraa Abd al-Rahman al-Hawar (2 years old)

Abdel Hamid Mohamed Abdel Hamid Ashour (2 years old)

Abdel Nasser Ahmed Abdel Nasser Shamlakh (2 years old)

Abdel Nour Amin Marwan Abu Shakyan (2 years old)

Abdel Rahman Abdel Nasser Daoud Al-Halisi (2 years old)

Abdel Rahman Ahmed Fathi Radwan (2 years old)

Abdul Aziz Amr Abdul Aziz Abu Amr (2 years old)

Abdul Aziz Kamal Mansour Sobh (2 years old)

Abdul Rahman Alaa Imad Al-Ajl (2 years old)

Abdul Rahman Ayman Sabry Barhoum (2 years old)

Abdullah Nour El-Din Shaker Abdel-Al (2 years old)

Abdullah Rami Suleiman Hamdan (2 years old)

Adam Abdel Karim Kamel Abu Rahma (2 years old)

Adam Hossam Amin Hassouna (2 years old)

Ahmed Abdel Rahman Abdel Nasser Awad (2 years old)

Ahmed Ahmed Musa Sheikh Al-Eid (2 years old)

Ahmed Ezz El-Din Ibrahim Abu Amer (2 years old)

Ahmed Imad Farag Al-Zatma (2 years old)

Ahmed Mamdouh Salem Hajji (2 years old)

Ahmed Muhammad Saleh Abu Wardah (2 years old)

Ahmed Odeh Muhammad Hussein (2 years old)

Akram Saleh Saeed Abu Shamalah (2 years old)

Al-Moataz Ahmed Karam Muhammad Al-Ghaleed (2 years old)

Al-Shaima Ali Hisham Al-Qarinawi (2 years old)

Ali Ahmed Mahmoud Al-Ran (2 years old)

Alina Khaled Saeed Al-Ramlawi (2 years old)

Amal Hamada Othman Al-Najjar (2 years old)

Amal Muhammad Iyad Badawi (2 years old)

Amani Omar Imad Al-Arair (2 years old)

Amer Bilal Hassan Al Tatar (2 years old)

Amer Salem Sami Al-Adini (2 years old)

Amina Muhammad Salem Al Nabih (2 years old)

Amir Ahmed Abdel Jawad Abu Ras (2 years old)

Amir Ahmed Khader Qanan (2 years old)

Amir Saeed Atta Abu Safra (2 years old)

Anas Hamed Fayez Ahl (2 years old)

Anas Hatem Hussein Al-Khatib (2 years old)

Anas Muhammad Fahmy Al-Najjar (2 years old)

Anas Osama Nafez Al-Maghari (2 years old)

Anya Ahmed Zakaria Barakat (2 years old)

Aseel Muhammad Khader Abu Touha (2 years old)

Ayatollah Salem Odeh Abu Rawida (2 years old)

Baraa Iyad Ibrahim Zorob (2 years old)

Baraa Muhammad Adeeb Aslim (2 years old)

Basma Saadi Muhammad Abu Hamada (2 years old)

Batoul Abdel Fattah Khaled Al-Zuhairi (2 years old)

Batoul Ismail Ibrahim Abu Zuhair (2 years old)

Bilsan Ahmed Fawzi Abu Nimah (2 years old)

Canada Naji Hatem El Nadeem (2 years old)

Eileen Jihad Hamada Al-Bakri (2 years old)

Elaf Hussein Ahmed Al-Astal (2 years old)

Elaine Muhammad Fayez Abu Odeh (2 years old)

Essam Ihab Muhammad Abu Youssef (2 years old)

Ezz El-Din Abdel-Rahman Fathi Radwan (2 years old)

Fadl Muhammad Fadl Al-Agha (2 years old)

Farah Muhammad Jumah Abu Deeb (2 years old)

Faryal Muhammad Ahmed Musa (2 years old)

Fatima Muhammad Abdel Hakim Asfour (2 years old)

Fatima Numan Suleiman Haboush (2 years old)

Fayrouza Mahdi Ahmed Shalouf (2 years old)

Quds Fouad Mustafa Allawh (2 years old)

Ghaith Khaled Radwan Shabat (2 years old)

Ghanem Mahmoud Ghanem Abu Kamil (2 years old)

Hala Abdul Rahman Muhammad Al Khalidi (2 years old)

Hammad Muhammad Hammad Abu Baraka (2 years old)

Hani Ahmed Rabhi Netil (2 years old)

Hanzada Ahmed Mahmoud Al-Masry (2 years old)

Hatem Ahmed Hatem Al-Hassi (2 years old)

Haya Fadi Ayman Abu Ghalioun (2 years old)

Hisham Abdo Fayez Al-Banna (2 years old)

Hoor Hossam Fawzi Al-Bawab (2 years old)

Imad al-Din Hazem Muhammad al-Bardawil (2 years old)

Imad Saleh Maher Farwaneh (2 years old)

Iman Khalil Ahmed Shaheen (2 years old)

Iman Muhammad Ali Abu Nada (2 years old)

Iman Muhammad Farid Qandil (2 years old)

Islam Hazem Khalil Zaqout (2 years old)

Islam Ihsan Osama Al-Gazzar (2 years old)

Islam Rami Zuhair Arafat (2 years old)

Ismail Hassan Nayef Abu Shammala (2 years old)

Iyad Muhammad Hassan Maarouf (2 years old)

Iyad Muhammad Shaaban Abu Sharifa (2 years old)

Izz al-Din Muhannad Izz Afaneh (2 years old)

Jaber Abdul Jaber Nimr Abu Khousa (2 years old)

Jad Youssef Awad Shaaban (2 years old)

Jana Hassan Mahmoud Al-Najjar (2 years old)

Jihad Ibrahim Jihad Al-Maghari (2 years old)

Jihad Khaled Jihad Abu Amer (2 years old)

Jinan Ibrahim Kamal Rashwan (2 years old)

Judy Abdullah Dunian Mansour (2 years old)

Judy Hussein Fayek Abu Eida (2 years old)

Julia Abdel Rahim Saadi Mansour (2 years old)

Julia Amjad Jamil Abu Hussein (2 years old)

Julia Muhammad Mahmoud Abu Assi (2 years old)

Jumana Naji Abdel Rahman Abu Hammad (2 years old)

Juri Muhammad Arif Shalayil (2 years old)

Karam Ahmed Mahmoud Al-Riyati (2 years old)

Karam Hossam Musa Abu Ishaq (2 years old)

Karam Muhammad Abd al-Rahim al-Madhoun (2 years old)

Karam Mustafa Jamil Eid (2 years old)

Karim Mahmoud Majed Mushtaha (2 years old)

Karim Mahmoud Moeen Ayyash (2 years old)

Kenan Dia Munther Hassan (2 years old)

Kenan Khalil Ibrahim Khadr (2 years old)

Kenan Muhammad Mahmoud Farhat (2 years old)

Kenzi Muhammad Samir Al-Bahnasawy (2 years old)

Khaled Ahmed Bashir Shamlakh (2 years old)

Khalil Moaz Khalil Ayyash (2 years old)

Kinda Ahmed Mahmoud Al-Riyati (2 years old)

Kinda Khamis Nasser Al-Tahrawi (2 years old)

Laila Muhammad Hisham Thari (2 years old)

Lama Bilal Abdul Rahman Al-Hawar (2 years old)

Lamar Ali Mahmoud Qeshta (2 years old)

Lana Omar Kamel Jundi (2 years old)

Lara Ayoub Zafer Al-Helou (2 years old)

Layan Muhammad Sayed Al-Aker (2 years old)

Linda Musab Taher Al-Suwerki (2 years old)

Lyar Jamal Al-Din Khaled Abu Saeed (2 years old)

Lynn Ghassan Mahmoud Al-Qanou (2 years old)

Mahmoud Muhammad Awad Al-Araj (2 years old)

Mai Taher Ahmed Abu Younis (2 years old)

Malak Abdul Rahman Muhammad Hammad (2 years old)

Malak Gomaa Abdel Fattah El Shaarawy (2 years old)

Malak Mahmoud Ibrahim Salem (2 years old)

Malak Moses Nahed Al-Fasih (2 years old)

Malak Muhammad Majid Al-Daqs (2 years old)

Malak Muhammad Youssef Al-Saidi (2 years old)

Malik Aqeel Nazmi Qalja (2 years old)

Malik Karam Rafiq Hamdouna (2 years old)

Malik Mahmoud Atef Halawa (2 years old)

Malik Muhammad Mahmoud Abu Ayada (2 years old)

Marah Ahmed Ramzi Attouh (2 years old)

Maria Muhammad Kamel Abu Hujair (2 years old)

Maria Muhammad Sabri Al-Braym (2 years old)

Maryam Khaled Raed Rajab (2 years old)

Maryam Tamer Fathi Al-Nabahin (2 years old)

Masa Louay Ibrahim Khader (2 years old)

Masa Thaer Wael Al-Majayda (2 years old)

Mila Muhammad Rafiq Abu Ghali (2 years old)

Mira Abdullah Mounir Ghabayen (2 years old)

Moatasem Billah Youssef Fathi Akl (2 years old)

Moataz Radwan Marwan Al-Masry (2 years old)

Moaz Walid Abdel Haq Al Mahlawi (2 years old)

Mona Ahmed Mahmoud Kashko (2 years old)

Muhammad Ahmed Jabr Abu Musa (2 years old)

Muhammad Ahmed Shukri Hammad (2 years old)

Muhammad Fadi Dhiyab Musa (2 years old)

Muhammad Hamdan Ibrahim Al-Maqadma (2 years old)

Muhammad Hassan Muhammad Al-Akhras (2 years old)

Muhammad Ihab Awad Al-Muqayd (2 years old)

Muhammad Lafi Muhammad Abu Malih (2 years old)

Muhammad Mahmoud Youssef Al-Hassi (2 years old)

Muhammad Mahmoud Youssef Hussein (2 years old)

Muhammad Munir Harb Dawas (2 years old)

Muhammad Rajab Muhammad Al-Naqib (2 years old)

Muhammad Ramzi Sobhi Al-Ajl (2 years old)

Muhammad Yassin Ahmed Sheikh Al-Eid (2 years old)

Muhannad Zaki Musa Asalia (2 years old)

Musk Abdel Karim Mounir Ghabayen (2 years old)

Mustafa Islam Ali Abu Singer (2 years old)

Mustafa Mohamed Omar Jalambo (2 years old)

Nabil Iyad Nabil Omran (2 years old)

Nabil Yasser Nabil Nofal (2 years old)

Nadine Muhammad Amin Matar (2 years old)

Naji Imad Jamil Abu Assi (2 years old)

Neema Issam Farag Al-Fafsous (2 years old)

Negma Saher Saeed Al-Sayed (2 years old)

Nesma Anwar Abdel Latif Fayyad (2 years old)

Nesma Mahmoud Abdel Karim Salman (2 years old)

Nesma Samer Maher Al-Muqayed (2 years old)

Nevin Muhammad Raed Al-Saati (2 years old)

Nour Amr Muhammad Maghari (2 years old)

Nour Asim Nabil Abu Shammala (2 years old)

Obaida Raafat Alaa El-Din Ahmed (2 years old)

Omar Ahmed Ziad Ashour (2 years old)

Omar Ali Muhammad Qazi (2 years old)

Omar Bashir Ahmed Abu Sharia (2 years old)

Omar Thaer Munther Al-Hanafi (2 years old)

Omneya Yahya Khaled Al-Wakhiri (2 years old)

Osama Abdel Aziz Ahmed Salem Daoud (2 years old)

Qusay Mansour Adham Al-Falouji (2 years old)

Rafif Mazen Muhammad Maarouf (2 years old)

Rafifan Nouri Rafifan Tanboura (2 years old)

Rafiq Muhammad Rafiq Al-Sultan (2 years old)

Raghad Hani Khaled Abu Al-Naga (2 years old)

Rajab Ahmed Hatem Al-Hassi (2 years old)

Rakan Shadi Atallah Al-Aidi (2 years old)

Ramadan musk Abdul Karim Al-Ashi (2 years old)

Razan Alaa Muhammad Jasser Al-Qatati (2 years old)

Rehab Essam Hussein Saleha (2 years old)

Retal Ahmed Essam Salah (2 years old)

Rima Imad Abdel Majeed Aslim (2 years old)

Roaa Salim Yassin Al-Astal (2 years old)

Sabah Abdul Latif Youssef Abu Saad (2 years old)

Safa Bilal Muhammad Al-Ramlawi (2 years old)

Salah Ezz El-Din Al-Qassam Musa Ashour (2 years old)

Saleh Mahmoud Youssef Abu Nasser (2 years old)

Salim Youssef Nabil Abu Saif (2 years old)

Salma Hassan Khaled Abu Shuqair (2 years old)

Salma Muhammad Khader Al-Azaib (2 years old)

Salma Muhammad Khalil Abu Al-Ala (2 years old)

Sama Muhammad Zuhair Al-Sharafa (2 years old)

Samira Sultan Naeem Al Qaraan (2 years old)

Sarah Abdullah Atta Al-Hamayda (2 years old)

Sarah Muhammad Jamal Al-Maghari (2 years old)

Selina Ibrahim Muhammad Al-Nouri (2 years old)

Sham Ahmed Shamekh Jarad (2 years old)

Sham Muhammad Abdel Nasser Al-Masry (2 years old)

Sham Rabie Jumah Abu Jazar (2 years old)

Siham Nidal Ismail Abu Ajami (2 years old)

Sila Mahmoud Hassan Al Khawaja (2 years old)

Siraj Muhammad Fathi Akl (2 years old)

Sondos Ramez Nabil Shaqoura (2 years old)

Suhaib Saeed Misbah Madi (2 years old)

Suleiman Abdullah Shaaban Eid (2 years old)

Tala Ahmed Hassan Al-Khatib (2 years old)

Talal Osama Talal Al-Shafi’i (2 years old)

Talin Muhannad Amin Al-Agha (2 years old)

Tayem Samed Muhammad Al-Akkad (2 years old)

Tia Mustafa Muhammad Al-Hanafi (2 years old)

Toleen Ahmed Zaki Al-Sharafa (2 years old)

Toleen Muhammad Khaled Al-Bayaa (2 years old)

Wafa Karam Muhammad Bakr (2 years old)

Walid Khaled Juma Al-Behbahani (2 years old)

Ward Ahmed Fawzi Al-Qufaidi (2 years old)

Ward Hamto Ahmed Al-Satri (2 years old)

Ward Muhammad Hussein Al-Aal (2 years old)

Waseem Mohamed Ramadan Eid (2 years old)

Watin Ahmed Ibrahim Samaan (2 years old)

Watin Muhammad Salem Al-Hashash (2 years old)

Yacoub Ahmed Yacoub Ayyash (2 years old)

Yara Muhammad Ezzat Abdel Latif (2 years old)

Yazid Ahmed Atef Al-Kurd (2 years old)

Yousry Muhammad Abdel Qader Al-Siksek (2 years old)

Youssef Abdullah Muhammad Abdul Hadi (2 years old)

Youssef Muhammad Jibril Jibril (2 years old)

Zaid Hilal Muhammad Abu Al-Amrain (2 years old)

Zain Muhammad Ziyad Al-Hur (2 years old)

Zain Ziyad Ahmed Al-Muqayd (2 years old)

Zakaria Abdullah Zakaria Al-Astal (2 years old)

Zakaria Ezzedine Suleiman Haboush (2 years old)

Zein al-Din Muhammad Maher al-Kahlot (2 years old)

Zeina Ahmed Nizar Shehadeh (2 years old)

Zeina Ashraf Essam Eid (2 years old)

Zeina Muhammad Mahmoud Hamad (2 years old)

Zeina Ziad Adel Nashbat (2 years old)

Zuhair Abdel Fattah Zuhair Al-Kurd (2 years old)

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1533-secrets-from-history · 10 months

Text

Mistakes in Magnificent century part II

Relationships

1. Suleiman and Hurrem

In the show, they talked about their love a lot, but what they failed about was showing it. It seemed like Hurrem was hopelessly in love with a man of a giant ego, who would bed and even fall for every second woman. Well, that's a huge lie, Suleiman was strictly monogamous to Hurrem, only two concubines were recorded to be sent to him they were gifted by the provincial governor,but they were set to marry by government officials after hurrem threw a tantrum. No more concubines were ever sent to him and Suleiman remained loyal to her ever since. Above that, the abusive relationship depicted in the show is pure drama, Suleiman never banished Hürrem, never asked her to kill herself to test loyalty etc. Their relationship was sensual and mutually convenient as we can see in their letters. However, my personal opinion is that Hurrem's love is a little bit exaggerated in the show, She was ready to kill herself and her children if Suleiman had died. However, I have never had the impression that Hurrem actually loved Suleiman that much, she definitely loved him,but even if the feeling was so big that it exceeded her own life, the love of her children was without a doubt greater, so in my opinion, if Suleiman truly fell ill in near death state, Hürrem's first instinct would have been to secure well being of her children.

2.Ayşe Hafsa Sultan and her in-laws.

In MC, Hafsa clearly prefers Mahidevran over Hürrem,however in real life she understood her own and concubines position did not take sides in their hidden rivalry, as the manager of harem customs demanded that she would treat them according to their ranks, however can be deduced that Hafsa could not help,but have warm feelings towards Hürrem. We don't know the reasons, perhaps she liked her personality, enjoyed her company, respected her as the mother of 6 grandchildren or just loved her because she and her son loved each other so much. But one thing is clear, she was tolerating Hürrem more than any mother in law ever would, especially in her position. Their "special" relationship can be indicated by events of 1526. The provincial governor sent two concubines, one for Hafsa and one for Suleiman, Hafsa did an absolutely natural thing to prepare concubine for Suleiman and even gift her own one to him, that caused Hürrem to throw a tantrum and Hafsa, seeing Hürrem in that state, felt sorry for what she had done, sent concubines back and set them to marry other governors. That particular event gives us two assumptions: 1. Hafsa loved Hürrem enough to feel sorry for doing nothing wrong,just fulfilling her duties. 2. Hurrem's jealousy was not something new for them and she had likely done that before.

3.Hurrem and Mahidevran

First thing I would like to underline is that Mahidevran was never the only woman in Suleiman's life nor was she Haseki Sultan, so at first she would feel no threat from young Hürrem, However, things have changed after 1521, all other children of Suleiman died, Mahidevran became the mother of oldest prince and Hürrem was called to Suleiman again, that could have been humiliating for Mahidevran, because traditions were broken for a woman of inferior rank and now she was clear threat as not juts mother of other prince,but favourite of padişah. All those could cause tense between two women,but never in the history of them Living under the same room have Mahidevran beaten her, kalfas and aghas of harem would not let this occur and even if it did, punishment would have been recorded, so the story told by Venetian ambassador Andrea Navagero is either straight up dramatic lie or juts an exaggeration of tiny conflict that could have occured between two women. Otherwise, they were quite polite to one another and never showed hostility,when they met each other.

4. Relationship between sisters-in-law.

Most of Suleiman's sisters were portrayed against Hürrem for dramatic purposes,which to some extent was interesting but eventually grew boring.

It seems that out of all sisters Hatice was closest to Mahidevran, Şah was closest to Hürrem, beyhan had a very neutral attitude and probably respected both as their ranks demanded, while Fatma had no known interaction with Mahi- devran,but her relationship with Hürrem was stained.

As I have already said, Hatice had a close relationship with Mahidevran and regularly exchanged letters. In one of her letters mahidevran asks Hatice's well being and sends gratitude for the sincere kindness, friendship and compassion she and her husband showed to Mustafa and herself. Which means Hatice could have been either low key supportive to Mustafa or she was just a kind aunt to him. However, no tension between her and Hürrem was recorded, some even say she was great friends with her,but there is no proof for it. Either way, the fact that Hatice's and Hürrem's relationship was rather calm, we can assume that the support Mahidevran thanked her for was not her taking sides,but just expressing compassion towards the eldest nephew.

Second sisters Fatma, had no recorded interaction with Mahidevran,However she indeed had hostility towards Hürrem and Mihrimah, caused by their involvement in execution of her husband Kara Ahmed Paşa( who according to rumors became grand Vizier by Fatma's influence, but while possible, it's not proven). She was finally banished for her intrigues.

Beyhan did not have much of a relationship with either of them, she married quite early so did not spend much time in Manisa, where she could meet Mahidevran and due to the execution of her husband early in Süleiman's reign, she spent most of her life in voluntary exile.

Şah was really close to Hürrem,it is not known if the reason for the good bond was their mutual interest in charity and architecture or they shared some other political views. What is her close relationship with Hürrem, Süleyman and Mihrimah.

5. Gülfem and Hürrem

Before I go to specifically Hürrem and Gulfem, I would like to make a short summary of what the relationship between Gulfem and Suleiman was.

Gülfem was not Süleiman's concubine,but a high ranking harem manager,either promoted cariye or childhood friend of one of Süleiman's sisters. Indication of their close, platonic relationship is the fact that Suleiman entrusted Hürrem to her and she did not have a problem with it, which she would have if Gülfem was indeed a previous concubine. The relationship between her and Padişah was so close that she wrote openly and unofficially in her letters to him.

As for Hürrem, she was supervisor and mentor turned into closest friend Hürrem or perhaps any other Sultan had. In early days in harem, Gülfem was a double agent,who not only instructed Hürrem,but was also responsible for telling Suleiman about Hürrem's doing, in one such letters, Gülfem says that Hürrem had spent all the money,but when she sent agha to learn what the problem was Hürrem rejected him, latter she herself asked her about the problem and she surrendered, perhaps she had some fear and respect towards her. In later years, Gülfem constantly complains how tired she is to be a double agent and asks Suleiman to release her from such an obligation, which could indicate that Gulfem got closer to Hürrem . After that Gulfem indeed stopped telling Suleiman about her doings, so Hürrem either did nothing wrong anymore or Gulfem persuaded Suleiman to release her. The friendship of two women grew so much that Hürrem even mentioned in her greetings along with herself and her children.

6. Hatice and Ibrahim.

Long story short, they were never married, however it was theorised they were,when the Magnificent century was shot. Hatice was married twice first to Kapudan Iskender Pasha, then Çoban Mehmed paşa. İbrahim was married to a noblewoman for political purposes as an answer to raised aggression of people and high ranking officials after his assignation as grand Vizier.

7. İbrahim and Mustafa

In the tv show, Ibrahim's relationship with Mustafa is something like father and son's. However, in real life their relationship was far less heart warming. Mustafa was jealous of Ibrahim's closeness to Suleiman and once he expresses it openly, when Suleiman gifted İbrahim a luxurious saddle, who has to give it to Mustafa. Although, there are records of their units against common enemies, there is no indication of love between those two.

8. Handan and Safiye

Remember how the show depicted long lasting hatred between those two, that was always ending in Safiye dominating Handan even when she was Valide(particularly, in this scene)

In real life however, they tolerated one another and even created an alliance against Halime. Safiye definitely thought Handan to be easygoing. That's why she chose to support her son, thus remaining in power even after his accession, at least so she thought, however that "easygoing one" showed her true colours and banished that hell of a mother-in-law for good.

9. Kösem and "her children".

The exact number of Kösem's children is disputable, what we know for sure is that she was the mother of Murad, Ibrahim,Ayşe, Fatma and Kasım. The sources naming her children vary in numbers from 6 to 11. Other than those named, Hanzade sultan was almost certainly her daughter, historians also side to her, when it comes to identifying the mother of Şehzade Mehmed,who despite mixed opinions was almost certainly hers. However, sources list the birth of Mehmed, Gevherhan, Fatma, Ayşe and Hanzade to be between 1605-1608 and no birth of twins is recorded, so either one of them was born on different year and Kösem gave birth five times in a row or some of the children listed here were not hers. Gevherhan,in one of the letters, is named as full sister of Ahmed's eldest son, so in that case she was daughter of Mahfiruz. However, as there were no concubines listed as "mother of XX sultan or XY prince", so those children were either Kösem's or Mahfiruze's.

Osman, Bayazid and Burnaz Atike were not her children and despite her attempts to get close to Osman, Ahmed made it impossible, so the whole adopting young prince is just a dramatic exaggeration. Burnaz Atike was very close to Turhan Hatice, who was raised in her court and she likely supported her in rebelion.

10. Nurbanu and her in-laws.

In a TV show, the relationship between Nurbanu and her dear in-laws is more than a little bit intense.

However, in real life her relationship with Hürrem was more than just peaceful, based on the fact that Hürrem named the girl herself(Afife Nurbanu that means "victorious Queen of light") and she could have been Mehmed's concubine first and after his death and Selim's appointment as governor of Manisa she was gifted to him, we can assume that Hürrem chose Nurbanu as pillar of her princes and heir of her legacy. Considering, Nurbanu received letters from capital and was at least sometimes informed about the major events , she never fell from her favour.

In the show, Nurbanu has a very conflicting relationship with Mihrimah, however, there is not single recorded instance of Mihrimah having any conflict with Nurbanu, she even helped her sister in law to negotiate with France. Two women effectively shared the position of de facto Valide and Selim's advisors between 1566 to 1574. While Mihrimah was leading the old palace harem and fulfilling duties of regular Valide sultan, Nurbanu was arranging Topkapi affairs and party of supporters, something that was established during Hurrem's tenure.

Everyone was acknowledging Mihrimah's influence and ambassadors were trying to win her favour, while Nurbanu was working on peace treaty between Venice and Ottoman empire, she also started constructing Atik Valide mosque,while she was still Haseki and was at times reffered as "Atik Valide","Valide of shehzade" or "Future Valide", so her power was also established, not only that Nurbanu outranked Mihrimah and was closer to political affairs.

Rivalry between two women could be some misunderstanding. It was Mihrimah's daughter Ayse humashah, who might have had some dislike towards Nurbanu. She was one who raised Safiye and gifted it to Murad, so Nurbanu's disapproval of her, could threaten her future power. Or it could have been nothing personal,but Humashah's bond with Safiye, if they were friends, she would support her even against Valide sultan. However, if there was some conflict between those two is unknown. If there was any kind of conflict between two women Mihrimah would oppose or at least discourage such demonstration of power.

Nurbanu's relationship with her daughter-in-law is discussed here:

Bonus fact:

Those three musketeers of Manisa, were not actually three musketeers of Manisa.

Gazanfer was present there,but he was loyal to Selim and later served as chief Eunuch of Safiye Sultan, so his connection to Nurbanu was nothing significant.

Çanfeda on the other hand, was a close friend and second in command of Nurbanu,but not in Manisa, Çanfeda remained in the old palace during Selim's tenure as governor, she was summoned to be first harem stewardess of Topkapi palace, so their renowned friendship started during their youth, when they were newly enslaved.

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catdotjpeg · 5 months

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On 26 October, the Palestinian Ministry of Health released the list of names of Palestinians killed since 7 October. Among them, from the Agha family, are:

Amin Jabbara Faluji (61) and his wife Sanaa Jihad Muhammad (52);

their sons Moamen Amin Jabbara (27), a lawyer, Mamun Amin Jabbara (21), and Wasim Amin Jabbara (19);

and their son Muhannad Amin Jabbara (30), a lawyer, his wife Hind Abdel Hamid Abdel Jawad (27), and their children Talin Muhannad Amin (2) and Asil Muhannad Amin (1);

Hatim Saeed Ghanem (61) and his children Saji Hatim Saeed (28), a lawyer, and Sajid Hatim Saeed (21), a college student;

Fadi Sa’di Wasfi (39);

Khamis Yunus Khamis (38) and his children Yunus Khamis Yunus (13), Ahmed Khamis Yunus (11), Baraa Khamis Yunus (8), and Nur Khamis Yunus (6);

and his brother Muhammad Yunus Khamis (35), a lawyer, and his children Yunus Muhammad Yunus (9) and Hala Muhammad Yunus (3);

Hamad Abdul Hamid Muhammad (34);

Nisreen Shaaban Raafat (32);

Sa’id Iyad Sa’id (28);

Muhammad (Shadi) Tamim Faluji (22);

Asaad Naeem Othman (16);

Sama Samer Jabbara (15) and her brother Yahya Samer Jabbara (11);

Abrar Saleh Yousef (14);

Ibrahim Amin Muhammad (43) and his daughters Maria Ibrahim Amin (7) and Arwa Ibrahim Amin (10);

Jihad Wajih Abu Zaid (36), his wife Rawaa Samir Ahmed (31), and their twin daughters Hala Jihad Wajih (6) and Hiba Jihad Wajih (6);

Amna Radwan Hashem (74) and her grandsons Samir Jamil Samir (6) and Muhammad Jamil Samir (4);

Samira Jamil Mustafa (71) and her husband Ismail (74);

Muhammad Fadl Nayef (38) and his son Fadl Muhammad Fadl (1);

Mumtaz Ramadan Muhammad (51), his wife Ramah Awni Hamdan (41), and their sons Ramadan Mumtaz Ramadan (18) and Ahmed Mumtaz Ramadan (15);

Ramah’s mother Samiya Abdel Rahim Isaeed (64) and Ramah’s brothers Hamdan Awni Hamdan (42), an accountant; Muhammad Awni Hamdan (40); Ramadan Awni Hamdan (31); and Waleed Awni Hamdan (26), a civil engineer;

Hamdi Izwaid Hamdi (36);

Muhammad Fouad Rawai (35);

Lubna Tala Musa (34), her husband Samer Muhammad, and their children;

Samar Riyad Khaled (22) and her baby Amal;

Abdullah Najey Antar Shaker (36);

Abdullah’s sister Sumaya Najey Antar Shaker (31) and her son Hassan Imad Suleiman (8);

Hassan’s grandmother Madiha Arwaei Ayoub (81);

Hala Arafat Suleiman (9);

Haneen Anwar Misbah (27) and her son Suleiman Omar Suleiman (3);

Amr Jawdat Kamel (49);

Hilal Asaad Saleh (58);

and Walid, an engineer working in media, described as "clear and honest, never doing anything in a half-hearted or forced manner."

Most of the al-Agha family lived in Khan Younis.

You can read more about the human lives lost in Palestine on the Martyrs of Gaza Twitter account and here.

#palestine #martyrs of palestine

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magnificentcenturyfics · 8 months

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Woah!!! A MC fanfiction account! I love your Suleiman x Hurrem work I’ve seen! About massage and love and horniness, so fun and hot! Can you maybe do Suleiman x Ibrahim, or (ah, my ot3) Suleiman x Ibrahim x Hurrem? With first — a night of violin playing, maybe poetry, and kisses — hands, in obedience and hidden need, or lips, because, well some things can’t stay hidden forever. And if second — I would live literally absolutely anything, I have yet seen one (1) work about it, but oh, Ibrahim and Hurrem “teaming up” on Suleiman, again, with laughter and kisses and banter. I really want something happy right now. (Sorry, English is not my native language, so my descriptions suck)

*sigh* Ask and you shall receive.

I am very sorry for the relative lack of main action here. A porn with plot, except the plot only starts and to be honest, there's not that much porn here either (I mean, enough for an explicit rating, but still). Also, is it dubious consent if you are just as hammered as your target? Anyway, an Ibrahim/Süleyman oneshot where Ibrahim is willing to anything, and I mean ANYTHING to defeat Hürrem...

***

Two uninterrupted days and nights with sultan. Knocking Mahidevran off her Thursday throne. Numerous gifts, including ones made by Süleyman himself. Exhalted love poems Ibrahim found whenever he stole a glance at sultan’s work table before Süleyman managed to hide them. And, lest he forgot, two children in two years; at this rate, a prince might already be on its way.

Hürrem needed to be stopped.

Of course, that was more easily said than done. Valide sultan would have him throw pliable young bodies under the sultan untill he likes one better than the one Hürrem has, but Ibrahim knew that would never happen. So what if they are beautiful? So is Hürrem. So what if they are personable? So is Hürrem (at least to the sultan, she was an enormous bitch to everyone else). So what if they are clever? If Süleyman wanted clever, he would never fall madly in love with Mahidevran, let alone Hürrem. They needed something more, something that Hürrem had, but no other woman that Süleyman had ever been with did – the sheer, unbridled audacity, and in a way that would register as endearing rather than insulting to His Majesty at that. Ibrahim would wear his eyes and shoes down before he found such a woman at harem or a slave market, and in the meantime Hürrem grew more powerful and dangerous with every night she spent with Süleyman.

Well, he supposed, if you want something done, you have to do it yourself.

And sure, it won’t be easy on him. The entire time he considered this plan, he was thinking of Hatice. But let’s face it, he wasn’t ever going to get Hatice – and if that was the case, he was ready to sacrifice himself for the greater good.

He found the perfect opportunity to strike one night. They just finished working and in the usual case, Süleyman would call for Hürrem or simply go to sleep, too tired to perform. Ibrahim wanted to make sure he did neither this time. So, as Süleyman got up from the table, Ibrahim said in as casual a tone as possible. „I would like to spend one night with you sometimes.“

Süleyman shot him an expression that told him in no uncertain terms that what he said was just plain weird (as if Ibrahim didn’t know).

„In conversation, I mean! You know I sleep alone every night, Your Majesty, and the loneliness can be truly crushing.“

„We’ll find you a wife, then.“

Ibrahim laughed; he decided to treat it as a joke despite nothing in Süleyman’s expression indicating such a thing.

Luckily, Süleyman decided not to follow up on that. Instead, he cast a longing glance at the door, then turned back to Ibrahim. „Would one night truly satisfy you?“

„I can bring wine, Your Majesty. Kamran agha, a former servant of yours from Manisa, if you remember him... Well, he owns a vineyard in Cephalonia, and he gifted me a bottle, so that I might tell all of my friends about its quality.“ Well, there went the stuff he wanted to serve at his wedding... Which he wasn’t having anytime soon, so what gives.

Süleyman’s face brightened. „Why didn’t you start with that?! Go to your room, Ibrahim, and bring that wine at once!“

He didn’t start with that because, frankly, he didn’t think this trough very well.

A few minutes later, Ibrahim was filling Süleyman’s cups with the generosity of a man who always has more wine (he didn’t, but the pretense was necessary to maintain at the moment). Wine always made Süleyman more cheerful, chattier and, at least untill the alcohol-induced impotency kicked in, sluttier; under normal circumstances, it took the form of bawdy songs and jokes, but Ibrahim knew he could go further if he really wanted to, and in the absence of a pretty concubine (who hopefully was smart enough to not spread the news of the vices His Majesty partook in)... Who’s to say?

They sat on the terrace, sharing gossip about pashas with only a thin veneer of „well, sultan simply must have up-to-date knowledge of the activities of his high officials, no?“. A staggeringly short amount of time later, half of the bottle was gone, and sultan leaned towards Ibrahim in an intimate gesture that Ibrahim’s tipsy brain wanted to use several times as a segway to a kiss. Only then did he manage to find a good conversation topic for his purposes. „They say – Majesty I am not saying it’s true, I don’t think it is, it’s certainly slander of your most faithful official besides me – ahem, I mean, they say Bostanci Mehmet pasha likes young boys.“

Süleyman looked like he was thinking, but considering the stage of his drunkenness (which continued to get more severe as Ibrahim kept filling his cup and he continued to sip it eagerly) that was unlikely to actually be the case. „Why?“

„What?“

„Why are they saying it?“

„Well, he has a lot of very handsome men in his service, and isn’t married, and people say a healthy man can’t go that long without... Ahem...“

„He has no concubines, then?“

„Noone knows! He certainly doesn’t brag about it. Or he could seek out the services of prostitutes...“

„Of what gender?“

Ibrahim’s face lit up. „Ahhh! You see, that is a very good question, Your Majesty! I myself felt tempted, a couple of times...“

Süleyman lifted his eyebrows. „Have you?“

„I never went trough with it, but a man cannot help but wonder. Have you ever?“

„What? Consider sodomy? Hardly.“

„B-because... You see, there is one man, and one man only...“

„A prostitute?“

„No! Oh, Allah...“

Ibrahim’s alcohol-blunted judgement took this for an ideal opportunity to strike. He leaned in closer and pressed a kiss on Süleyman’s lips, but they, sadly, remained unresponsive. Instead, when he pulled out of it, Süleyman’s face was confused and a little offended. „What are you doing?!“

„Sire, I...“

„Have you ever kissed anyone?! Because that’s not how you do it!“

„Well, sire, I have, but it was solely in a professional setting, so to speak, and obviously prostitutes...“

His drunken idiocy was mercifully stopped by Süleyman’s kiss. The experience was undescribable; Süleyman truly could kiss like noone. Years of practice, he supposed, but the passion obvious in every brush of his lips still flattered Ibrahim immensely. He nonetheless wasn’t prepared for Süleyman’s tongue that surreptitiously slipped in between his lips like some small animal under a fence. His hand flew onto Süleyman’s cheek as if of its own will, at which point Süleyman deepened the kiss even further. Eventually, they had to break it up, and as they did, Ibrahim saw Süleyman’s eyes blazing in victory. Ibrahim, afraid of Süleyman coming to his senses, climbed onto his lap and started kissing him in the same manner Süleyman previously kissed Ibrahim. A startled noise escaped the hasodabaşi when Süleyman grabbed his ass with the lustfulness of, well, tipsy sultan Süleyman. Sultan was at least able to think straight (pun not intended) enough to part his lips from Ibrahim’s and murmur. “Let’s go inside.”

Ibrahim readily jumped from his lap and followed him inside the chamber, where Süleyman’s expression unfortunately grew embarrassed. His returning sanity was confirmed by what he said next. “Pargali… It’s getting late. We should be in bed by now.”

Ibrahim was gripped with desperation; a scheme failing was one thing, but what if Süleyman decides that he doesn’t need a man whom he had kissed in his vicinity, because of the shame if not the temptation? With this thought, he dropped to his knees and started kissing Süleyman’s hands desperately. “Sire, please, don’t send me away just yet… I can serve you in a manner no man or a woman had served you before, devote myself to you so completely as if your needs were my needs and your body was my own. No sultan has ever had a servant as faithful as I aim to be to you. Had I not saved your life several times? Had I not put my body between you and the assassin’s knife? I have no…”

“Thank you, Ibrahim, that’s quite enough.” said Süleyman in an almost amused tone. “Go back a little, please. What do you mean by service, exactly?”

“Whatever you ask for, Your Majesty! All of my body is yours – my hands, lips… Just everything.”

Süleyman turned his gaze from Ibrahim’s face, thinking, before eventually opening his mouth again with an intrigued expression. “All of it, you say?”

“Indeed!”

“And if I ask you to not question my orders or say anything to anyone…”

“Your secrets are safe with me, my sultan. Have they not always been?”

“Undress, then.”

Ibrahim happily obliged, though he was somewhat worried of what comes next. No matter. If the things get though, he’ll just think of Hürrem’s face when she learns Ibrahim has entered a direct competition with her. She can never be sultan’s bitch quite like-

“So!”

Süleyman’s voice tore Ibrahim away from his revelry. Only then did he realize Süleyman was already naked as well. He braced himself for truly anything Süleyman could ask of him in situation… Well, except what Süleyman actually did ask for.

“Are you ready to serve?”

“I am!”

“No, you’re not.”

Ibrahim winced. “Come again?”

Süleyman sighed and came to Ibrahim, kissing him once again. Ibrahim kissed him back with great pleasure, slowly realizing just how good he can feel – and he felt even better with his hand stroking Ibrahim’s privates. Pargali gave off a moan of pleasure, slightly trembling when Süleyman stepped away, then further and further…

Walking backwards, Süleyman walked into the bedframe, swearing upon hitting it. He fixed his gaze on Ibrahim’s erect penis, then turned around and laid his hands on the bed, ending up on all fours in technical terms, though not in spirit. “You said you would do anything and that all of your body belongs to me, correct?”

“Yes, sire.”

“Well then.”

“I… I don’t understand.”

“Your penis is also part of your body, if I am not mistaken.”

“Yes, but… What am I supposed to do with it?” He knew it. He could at least tell from Süleyman’s stance. His eyes saw, but his mind boggled too much to admit it.

“Ibrahim, you dense clown. There’s a small bottle of rose oil in the bath. I sincerely hope I do not need to spell it out for you any more than that…”

Ibrahim slowed started blinking again as Süleyman turned back towards him with a stern expression. “But… Why? You’re the sultan of the whole world, kalif of islam…”

“Ibrahim I swear, stop mentioning religion in this of all moments…”

“What I am saying is – why?! Of all the things I might offer to you, why this?!”

“Curiosity, my dear. There’s nothing more to it. I’ve penetrated before, I know how it feels. But to be penetrated… Well, that’s something I can only experience with you.”

Ibrahim’s eyes lit up in excitement. Even in his wildest dreams he could not imagine this night going as well as it did. “It would be an honour for me to show you, then.”

---

When Ibrahim walked away from sultan’s chambers in the morning, he met Hürrem in those red dress of hers that must’ve driven Süleyman mad whenever he was about to spend a night with her. He gave her a smirk, but walked away from her before she could say anything. The image of what her reaction might be had she known of the last night made him almost giddy.

Fuck Hürrem sultan.

And fuck Hatice.

From now on, he and Süleyman needed noone else. And should he still doubt it, Ibrahim was ready was ready to fight for this truth with the same tenacity Hürrem fought for her own supremacy in sultan’s bedchamber.

The game was now well and truly on.

#magnificent century #ibrahim pasha #sultan süleyman

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venicepearl · 2 years

Photo

Portrait of Sultan-Agha Khanum. 17th-century Italian painting based on the engraving of 1596 by Johann Theodor de Bry.

Sultan-Agha Khanum (Persian: سلطان آقا خانم) was a Safavid queen consort of Circassian origin, as the second wife of Safavid king Tahmasp I (r. 1524–1576). She married Tahmasp I sometime before 1548, and was the sister of the Safavid-Circassian noble Shamkhal Sultan, as well as the mother of princess Pari Khan Khanum and prince Suleiman Mirza (b. 28 March 1554, Nakhchivan).

#Sultan-Agha Khanum #Sfavid Dynasty #Johann Theodor de Bry #XVI century #people #portrait #paintings #art #arte

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reallifesultanas · 3 years

Text

The myths around Kösem Sultan's execution / A Köszem szultána halála körüli legendák

One of the most frequently discussed topics about the Sultanate of Women is the brutal execution of Kösem Sultan. Usually, the casual people think that she was assassinated by her son-in-law Turhan Hatice Sultan during a long power struggle. We have plenty of accounts of the events, but there are quite a few of them that are contemporary. In this post, I would like to summarize what we know, who were the characters of the events, and what might have happened that night. In the comments section or in Tellonyme, I look forward to everyone's opinion and comment about the topic so that we can discuss it! :) If you don't know Kösem Sultan, you can read her biography HERE.

What do we know for sure?

- After Ibrahim's dethronement and execution, Kösem Sultan became a regent to her grandson Mehmed IV. - Turhan, Mehmed’s mother, and Kösem Sultan were on different sides during the political games. - Kösem Sultan was killed by her enemies on September 2, 1651. - Turhan Hatice became the new regent, Kösem Sultan's executioners were not punished, but her supporters were soon killed.

Backstory

Kösem Sultan came to power for the second time in February 1640. Along with her crazy son, Ibrahim I, she began to rule the Ottoman Empire as regent. Everyone loved her, she had a huge experience in rule, she did a lot of charity. Everything seemed perfect, but her son, Ibrahim, soon came under the influence of bad advisers. Cinci Hoca was a religious leader in occult sciences who took advantage of the Sultan’s mental problems and seriously influenced him. As a result, the Sultan executed his Grand Vizier in 1644 and exiled his mother. He originally intended to send his mother to the island of Rhodes, but eventually, his concubines persuaded him to send her only to another palace. Kösem Sultan spent the next few years there in exile, but during that time she corresponded regularly with the statesmen and tried to keep everything under control. She probably wrote her well-known letter to Hezarpare Ahmed Pasha here, saying, "In the end, he will not leave you or me alive and we will lose control of the state again, thereby destroying our society." The situation deteriorated to the point that in 1647 Kösem Sultan and the new Grand Vizier, Salih Pasha and Seyhülislam Abdürrahim Efendi tried to dethrone Ibrahim but they failed. The next year, both the Janissaries and the Ulema joined the rebellion, and on August 8, 1648, the mad sultan was easily dethroned and imprisoned and his followers were removed from positions.

Ibrahim was succeeded by his son, Mehmed, who was barely 6 years old, andso he needed a regent. The statesmen asked Kösem Sultan for the honorary task. The position of regent was usually held by teachers, pashas, or mothers (in the case of Mehmed II, the Grand Vizier was regent; in Ahmed I, his mother and teacher; in Murad IV, and Ibrahim's case their mother), so Kösem Sultan was the first grandmother to become regent. According to the most accepted opinions, this happened because Mehmed’s mother, Turhan Hatice, was not even 25 years old at the time, too young and inexperienced to run the empire. Anyhow Kösem Sultan started her third regency and she constantly disregarded Mehmed’s mother, Turhan. Because of Turhan’s youth, she might truly would not have been the best regent, yet she had every right to control the harem. Kösem Sultan, however, did not allow this to the young woman either. So Turhan, in vain was the mother of the reigning sultan, all her duties were ruled by Kösem Sultan. Kösem Sultan gained more and more enemies both in the divan and the harem, so both places split into two sides: Kösem Sultan and her supporters and Turhan Sultan and her supporters.

Two opposite sides and characters

Kösem Sultan and her supporters

Kösem Sultan ruled the empire as a regent for decades, and when she was not a regent, she followed events as valide sultan. Earlier in her life, she worked together with most of the pashas. During her first regency, she said that she, as the representative of the ruler, intended to be there at the divan meetings in person. This was not allowed by the pashas and so she was forced to accept. During her third regency, however, she was not bowing before anyone’s will. She had lost all her sons, buried at least one daughter, sacrificed her whole life for the empire, so then she refused to compromise on anything anymore. She wished to rule the empire as an absolute monarch. And in the divan she dismissed everyone who disagreed with her. More and more people began to debate her right for ruling. One of her well-known divan speeches happed around this time. Kösem Sultan accused the Grand Vizier Sofu Ahmed Pasha of wanting to kill her, then she continued: “Thank God I survived four rulers and I ruled for a long time myself. The world will neither collapse nor reform with my death.”

Kösem Sultan went too far. She didn't just change the pashas she did not like but replaced them with Janissary officers. The Janissaries have served her with allegiance since the first regency of Kösem Sultan. Back then, in 1623, she went against everyone and gave the Janissaries a huge amount of money after Murad IV's accession to the throne. Although there were rebellions and disagreements, basically the Janissaries - but at least some of their corps - were loyal to Kösem Sultan. Representation of the Janissaries has been a thing for centuries, but to make Janissaries — or simply soldiers — vizieres was too much. Pashas learnt a lot and bore a lot to reach the highest possible positions and they were aware of how to be good veziers. This was their only aim and Kösem put Janissary officers there instead of educated statesmen. Everyone in the divan felt that Kösem Sultan wanted to build a military rule so that she could lead the empire in a way she liked. Thus, by 1651, only a few corps of Janissaries were actually on the side of Kösem in political terms. Although the people still loved her for her generous charity, in political terms their support did not mean much.

In addition to the growing tension with the pashas, Kösem Sultan had a rival in the harem also. Although most sources treat it as a fact that the relationship of Kösem Sultan and Turhan was terrible, there is no evidence to that effect. The relationship between the two of them only began to deteriorate over time, but in general, it can be said that Kösem Sultan just did not care about Turhan at all. She certainly looked down on her and didn't think much about Turhan. Kösem Sultan, although she had her own harem staff, did not have the most influential eunuch. Moreover, some said most of her servants also found her unworthy after realizing the way she treated Turhan. Perhaps it is no coincidence that so many sources mention a servant named Meleki Hatun, who famously switched sides and betrayed Kösem Sultan and began to strengthen Turhan’s side.

Turhan Hatice Sultan and her supporters

Turhan Hatice had more allies and so was in a better position in the harem than Kösem Sultan. She received help from an influential eunuch, Suleiman Agha. Suleiman aga was the leader of the harem agas, an ambitious eunuch with great power and contact system, with significant political influence. The harem was actually torn in two, thanks to the supporters of Kösem Sultan and Turhan Hatice. Both sides had their own chief eunuchs, which caused immense chaos within the harem, people did not know whose instructions to follow. And although the title of Valide Sultan belonged to Turhan Hatice as the mother of the sultan, the vernacular referred to her only as “small valide,” while Kösem Sultan was called “big valide”. Suleiman Agha's support, however, was worth its weight in gold. The eunuch looked primarily at his own interests throughout his life, and he had a great understanding of how to exploit and influence people. This is precisely why the possibility arises that it was Suleiman who set Turhan up and turned her against Kösem Sultan. Perhaps it was Suleiman who - hoping for his own rise from the young valide - persuaded her to take what was her right. In addition, Suleiman Agha was very liked by the young sultan, becoming a kind of father figure for the boy. Of course, it is not my intention to underestimate the role of Turhan in the events, but at the same time, I feel that the role of Suleiman Agha is actually underrated and I would like to make that clear. I’m not saying Turhan was a naive girl led by the evil Suleiman Agha, I just think that without Suleiman’s support and incitement, Turhan probably wouldn’t have, or much later, confronted Kösem Sultan.

In addition to Suleiman, three other major eunuchs also sided with Turhan: Hoca Reyhan Agha, Lala Hajji Ibrahim Agha, and Ali Agha. Hoca Reyhan Agha was closest to Turhan as his associate and religious leader, but Lala Hajji Aga was also a long-term partner in Turhan’s life. In addition to the eunuchs, we must also mention Meleki Hatun, whose legend is well known. According to this, she was the one who betrayed the plan of Kösem Sultan to Turhan, thus saving the little Sultan Mehmed from death and dethronement. However, the reality is probably less romantic. It is unlikely that a previously insignificant, never-ever mentioned servant like Meleki would have known about Kösem Sultan's plans and so could betray her. Certainly, Meleki was given a bigger role in the legend than she actually had. Maybe Meleki has agreed to be a scapegoat, testifying against Kösem Sultan if she gets goods in return. Given what a huge fortune Meleki gained after Kösem Sultan’s death, we can’t rule out this option either. Even if Meleki brought supporters for Turhan within the harem, she could have had quite a bit of an impact on the whole event. In addition to Turhan, the key figure was Suleiman Agha, who also had a close relationship with the divan, so he could easily connect members of the divan who were dissatisfied with Kösem Sultan. The most influential supporter was none other than the Grand Vizier, Siyavuş Pasha, but practically the entire divan turned against Kösem Sultan so far. It should also be mentioned that although most formations of the Janissaries were impartial or were on Kösem Sultan's side, the Sipahies tended to the group of Turhan and her supporters.

What led to the tragic night?

Before turning to the immediate causes, we need to jump back a bit in time to better understand Kösem Sultan's behavior. As is well known, Ibrahim I was succeeded by his son, Mehmed, barely 6 years old, who needed a regent. The statesmen asked Kösem Sultan for the honorary task. However, the request was rather strange. Why is that? The regent position was usually held by teachers, pashas, or mothers, and Kösem Sultan was none. Moreover, Kösem Sultan rejected the request for the first time on the grounds that she no longer has the strength to rule further.

Why did Kösem Sultan take on the task? Did she really want to retire?

To understand Kösem Sultan's thoughts, we need to jump a little further back in time. Kösem Sultan was in exile for years during Ibrahim's reign. From her exile, she repeatedly attempted a coup against her own son. From one of her surviving letters in exile, it is clear that she was part of the coup that eventually dethroned her son. Outwardly, however, she showed a very different picture. After Ibrahim was shut down, they wanted to put his son, Mehmed, on the throne. Kösem Sultan then met with the statesmen at Topkapi Palace to discuss with them what Ibrahim's fate should be. They negotiated for hours, but Kösem Sultan all along refused to give Ibrahim's eldest son to the statemen. The statesmen had to publicly convince Kösem Sultan for hours. Kösem Sultan who had previously done everything to dethrone her son is now standing by his son. Why? Of course, we will never know exactly what happened in her mind. However, it seems probable, that Kösem Sultan wanted to keep the image of a loving mother in front of the soldiers and the people. If she would just agree to Ibrahim's dethronement and Mehmed's enthronement that would be strange from a loving mother. Therefore, she held a sham debate with the pashas not to lose the sympathy of the people, but at the same time to keep the empire safe. Kösem Sultan was an experienced politician who was able to rule for years, and her loving and caring mother image was essential to that. Thus, with Kösem Sultan's consent, Sultan Ibrahim was eventually closed up and Mehmed has proclaimed their new sultan. Perhaps the first rejection of regency in 1648 was also part of a play like this. Kösem Sultan maybe felt the people expect this of her, so she offered to retire, while maybe in the background she had already agreed with the pashas.

And why did the members of the divan let Kösem Sultan to be the regent? After all, any of the members of the divan or even Mehmed's teacher could have applied for the task. And that would give huge power to them. So why did they give this opportunity to Kösem Sultan?

Ibrahim I was executed on August 18, 1648. Some say Kösem Sultan gave her consent to the execution but it cannot be ruled out that the execution took place behind her back. As I mentioned above, the mother of the dethroned or assassinated sultans has traditionally retreated to the Old Palace, where they lived their remaining years politically inactive. In her case, however, this did not happen. This raises the possibility that Kösem Sultan was unaware of Ibrahim’s execution and the pashas tried to reconcile the shattered woman with this gesture. Maybe Kösem gave her consent, knew what will happen, but still in the end she couldn't bear the pain. Either way, after the execution Kösem Sultan has changed. She turned against the pashas with whom she had always cooperated before. Whichever version is true, we can clearly see that the Kösem Sultan who became a regent to Mehmed IV, was no longer the same woman who had previously been considered the beloved mother of the empire.

But who ordered the execution of Ibrahim? Do we know? No, we do not know. Actually any of the statesmen could do it, but either Suleiman Agha or Turhan Sultan could make the little sultan to sign the fetwa petition and then send it to the Seyhülislam to authorize. Anyhow, the fetwa was authorized with full right, as Ibrahim was very harmful to the empire.

The murder

As can be seen from the above summary, Kösem Sultan was trying to build an absolute monarchy in which no one but a few Janissary corpses supported her, so a huge team gathered against her. According to the well-known version, over time, the strife between Kösem Sultan and the statesmen escalated to the point that, with the support of Turhan Hatice, the statesmen tried to remove her from her position. Kösem Sultan in response to this planned to dethrone Sultan Mehmed and put her other grandson on the throne instead. To do this, she wanted to let the Janissaries into the palace so that they could carry out the coup at night, which is why she left the gate to the harem open for the night. However, Kösem Sultan's plan was revealed to her enemies. According to some it was a servant named Meleki Hatun, who betrayed Kösem and told her plans to Turhan. Thus, as soon as the men of Kösem Sultan opened the gate on September 2, 1651, the men of Turhan Hatice, led by Chief Eunuch Suleiman Agha, closed it and sent an execution squad to the residence of Kösem Sultan. When she heard knocking on her door Kösem Sultan thought that her own allies had come, so she shouted at them, “Have you come?”. However, instead of the voice of the Janissaries, she heard the voice of the eunuch Suleiman Agha, which made her panic and flee. It’s not exactly known if she did get out of her apartment and if yes then how because the descriptions don’t match. Some said she hid in a closet inside her apartment, others said she tried to get to the Janissaries, but she couldn’t get through the closed gate, so she finally hid in the room next to the gate.

The execution squad, which consisted of several eunuchs (Suleiman Agha, Hoca Reyhan Agha, Lala Hajji Ibrahim Agha, and Ali Agha, as well as some unknown eunuchs) continued the search. Kösem Sultan hid in a closet from which the edge of her dress protruded, revealing her hiding place. When they found her, she threw money at her executioners, trying to pay them off, but she had no chance against Turhan's loyal men. Legend has it that while the men tried to capture and strangle the valide sultan they ripped out her diamond earrings - which she had received from Sultan Ahmed - from her ears; torn apart her clothes as they tried to take away the precious ornaments from her. Kösem Sultan beyond her sixties fought very hard but in the end, the eunuchs overcame her. Some say she was strangled with her own hair, others said with a curtain. She survived the first strangulation attempt but did not survive the second.

However, there are several points in the story above that raise doubts:

- Kösem Sultan's problem was not Mehmed but was the pashas, Turhan and Suleiman Agha. Then why didn't she get rid of them? Wouldn’t it have been easier and more logical to kill these people than to dethrone one child sultan for the benefit of another child? Of course, we can justify this with the fact that Kösem Sultan was no longer sane, so let’s not even look for logic in her actions. However, it may also raise the possibility that perhaps Kösem Sultan was completely or at least partially innocent throughout the series of events. She may not have planned anything with the Janissaries, the whole plan was only invented by Turhan and her men to legitimize their own actions. However, it contradicts that the Janissaries were indeed preparing to gather on the tragic night, and it is unlikely that Turhan and her team could successfully cheat the Janissaries without Kösem Sultan realizing it. It is possible that Kösem Sultan was indeed prepared for a minor coup, but it was perhaps not directed against Mehmed. Kösem Sultan had to realize that besides the pashas, Suleiman Aga was behind the "rebellious" behavior of Turhan and Mehmed. I think Kösem Sultan planned a smaller coup in which she would have got rid of the eunuchs and servants she didn’t like and would have scared Mehmed and Turhan. This would have ensured her own power and that neither Turhan nor Mehmed would question her anymore.

- Why was Kösem Sultan killed in such a strange way? After all, the lawful, usual method of execution was by an execution squad with Seyhülislam fetwa and silk/bow string. (It is important to note, however, that female members of the dynasty have not been executed before, women have typically been punished only with exile.) Kösem Sultan in contrast was killed by inexperienced eunuchs, with a kind of fake fetwa, and by her own hair or a curtain. The question arises that perhaps the execution of Kösem Sultan was not even planned. If the execution would be planned, executioners could clearly kill her after a legal fetwa. About the fetwa... There was, of course, a fetwa, but the temporality is somewhat disturbed by the fact that the Seyhülislam was replaced by one of Turhan's trusted men just when the execution took place. Precisely because of this, and because of the unusual brutality of the execution, there is a possibility that perhaps the execution of Kösem Sultan was not originally planned, only things slipped out of control, and in the heat of the moment, the Eunuchs executed Kösem Sultan. In retrospect, to legalize the events, they produced a fetwa with the new Seyhülislam.

- But then who and why did finally decide that Kösem Sultan should die? Turhan was not present at the events, and since the murder was not planned in advance - based on the fetwa and executioners - I would remove her from the list of suspects. Of course, it cannot be ruled out that Turhan Hatice Sultan and Suleiman Agha talked about this possibility also. It is more probable, however, that they originally merely wanted to scare Kösem Sultan, to show her that she had been exposed, that time had passed over her. In my opinion, Turhan hoped that Kösem Sultan would admit her defeat and simply retire to the Old Palace. It would have been too risky to kill a venerate and beloved valide, especially knowing that none of the female members of the dynasty had ever been executed before. They probably wanted to resign her, but so far there was nothing to lose for Kösem Sultan. The only thing that still made her vivid was power, so she certainly objected to the idea of forced retreat. When Suleiman Agha realized that Kösem Sultan was not listening to them, perhaps out of fear, he decided they had to kill her. After all, if the enraged Kösem Sultan had come out of the palace, Suleiman and the other eunuchs would have found themselves headless at once. Although there is no evidence of it, my personal opinion is that Suleiman may have wanted this from the first minute, as he knew full well that Kösem Sultan would never retire. Either way, the eunuchs eventually defeated and executed the elderly valide in a way that could not be called professional at all.

- Can we completely rule out that Kösem Sultan was executed with a truly legal fetwa and by an execution squad? Unfortunately, this cannot be ruled out either. The English ambassador, for example, reported that an execution squad had killed Kösem Sultan after a fetwa requested by the young sultan. He said that the execution happened in front of Mehmed eyes. We must admit though that the English ambassador was not among the best-informed ones. It is likely that everyone at the time believed that the fetwa was pre-issued. Only later, after historians’ research, it became very possible that the fetwa was presumably made after the execution of Kösem Sultan. It is not seems reasonable that Kösem Sultan would have been executed before the eyes of her 10-year-old grandson, Mehmed. Turhan tried very hard to protect her son, unlikely to have exposed him to such a trauma. Mustafa Naima agrees with the English ambassador that the execution was planned in advance, but he said it was not the eunuchs but an execution squad that killed Kösem Sultan. However, then why was the execution brutal? Why wasn't there a silk/bow string? Why was it performed by unfit eunuchs?

The aftermath of the murder

To prevent any resistance, during the night, Turhan Hatice and her men removed all statesmen who would have endangered them. The first man to be appointed that night was Ebu Said Efendi, the new Seyhülislam. He was the one who eventually issued the fetwa for the execution of Kösem Sultan (in retrospect). Turhan then sent a message to all statesmen and soldiers to immediately go to an audience where they would take allegiance to Sultan Mehmed. Most, out of fear or out of sincere feelings, immediately approached the Sultan, and those who did not, the new Seyhülislam issued a fetwa for them. Thus it became lawful to execute the supporters of Kösem Sultan, since they did not appear before the Sultan either. And the rebellious Janissaries were thus stigmatized as traitors and were legally executed. For commoners, they became the scapegoat for the death of Kösem Sultan. After the murder, Kösem Sultan was transported to the Old Palace, where her body was prepared for the funeral. She received an imperial funeral, and the people of Istanbul voluntarily held 3-day mourning, closing all shops and stores. Kösem Sultan has always been popular among the people, but interestingly the same people did not turn against Turhan because of the death of Kösem Sultan, in fact, Turhan became as loved and revered valide sultan just as Kösem Sultan was.

What happened to the real culprits? Turhan and Mehmed escaped, of course, but it is questionable whether they had any part in the murder at all. It is true that a rebellion in 1656 seriously shook their power, but in the end, they did not lose it. The main reasons for this were the weak Grand Veziers, the resurgent Celali rebellion, and the war with the Venetians. Due to the war people of the capital did not get enough grain, the soldiers were not properly paid, but ordinary people were also increasingly dissatisfied, especially angered by the extreme wealth of those close to the Sultan. Eventually, under the leadership of the Janissaries and Spahis, the people revolted on the fourth of March 1656. During the rebellion, several of those close to the sultan were brutally executed, the whole capital was ravaged. The mob hung all 31 people on trees next to the Blue Mosque. Among them was Meleki Hatun, whom the sultan especially loved. Although the capital has been shaken by riots in the past, such a rebellion has never happened before. Not only did the soldiers revolt, but the people also stood by the soldiers as one. Everyone closed their shops, a general strike took place during the rebellion.

Suleiman Agha was no longer in power when the rebellion took place and perhaps this held his head on his neck. After the assassination of Kösem Sultan, he became the chief black eunuch, but he could only enjoy the position until July 1652. Suleiman continued to stretch beyond his blanket, trying to change political issues that had nothing to do with him. Turhan Hatice also began to realize that Suleiman was not on their side at all, but only on his own. Of particular interest is that Lala Ibrahim Agha convinced Turhan of this, who himself took part in the execution of Kösem Sultan. Lala Ibrahim Agha was Turhan’s personal eunuch and he never longed (or wisely didn’t show her) for a higher position. Turhan was thus finally dismissed Suleiman Agha in 1652 and exiled him to Egypt. The refined eunuch even invented himself in exile, growing into an influential figure who became one of the main figures in Cairo’s local politics. He died in 1676/7.

Epilogue

We will probably never know exactly what led to the execution and how it took place. Nor was my aim with the post to present a perfect solution in the manner as Hercule Poirot usually does. I merely wished to shed light on the fact that the generally known and accepted theory should be regarded with some healthy doubts. The fact that it is the most generally accepted theory, does not mean it is the most thorough. There are plenty of question marks, dubious information which makes it clear that this whole situation was more complicated than two women fighting for domination over the harem.

Kösem Sultan was the sultana who broke the highest, who could have been at the top for a long time, but from the great heights, she finally fell down and became the only murdered valide sultana ever. Kösem Sultan had several titles during her life: Naib-i Sultanat (regent of the Ottoman Empire), Umin al-Mu'minin (mother of all muslims), Büyük Valide Sultan (great Valide Sultan), Valide-i Sehide (martyred mother), Valide-i Maktule (murdered mother), Valide-i Muazzama (magnificent mother).

Used sources: M. Kocaaslan - IV. Mehmed Saltanatında Topkapı Sarayı Haremi: İktidar, Sınırlar ve Mimari; L. Peirce - The Imperial Harem; Ö. Kumrular - Kösem Sultan: iktidar, hırs, entrika; C. Finkel - Osman’s Dream: the History of the Ottoman Empire; M. P. Pedani - Relazioni inedite; N. Sakaoğlu - Bu Mülkün Kadın Sultanları; G. Börekçi - Factions and Favorites at the Courts of Sultan Ahmed I and His Immediate Predecessors; F. Davis - The Palace of Topkapi in Istanbul; Faroqhi - The Ottoman Empire and the World; C. Imber - The Ottoman Empire 1300-1650; F. Suraiya, K. Fleet - The Cambridge History of Turkey 1453-1603; F. Suraiya - The Cambridge History of Turkey, The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603–1839; Ö. Düzbakar - Charitable Women And Their Pious Foundations In The Ottoman; G. Junne - The black eunuchs of the Ottoman Empire, Networks of Power in the Court of the Sultan.

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A Nők szultánátusának egyik legtöbbször tárgyalt témája Köszem szultána brutális kivégzése. Általában a laikusok elintézik annyival, hogy Köszem szultánát menye, Turhan Hatice gyilkoltatta meg hosszas hatalmi harc lezárásaként. Rengeteg beszámoló áll rendelkezésünkre az eseményekről, ám meglehetősen kevés van köztük, mely konkrétan korabeli lenne. Ebben az írásban szeretném összegezni, hogy mit tudunk, kik voltak a szereplők az eseményekben és hogy mi történhetett azon a bizonyos éjjelen. A kommentszekcióban várom mindenki véleményét, megjegyzését a témáról, hogy meg tudjuk vitatni a posztot! :) Aki nem ismerné Köszem szultánát, az ITT tudja elolvasni életrajzát.

Mit tudunk biztosan?

- Köszem I. Ibrahim trónfosztása és kivégzése után régens lett unokája IV. Mehmed mellett. - Turhan, Mehmed anyja és Köszem külöböző oldalon álltak a politikai játszmák során. - Köszemet 1651. szeptember 2-án meggyilkolták ellenségei. - Turhan Hatice lett az új régens, Köszem gyilkosai nem lettek megbüntetve, támogatóitól azonban rövidesen megszabadultak.

Előzmények

Köszem szultána 1640 februárjában másodjára került hatalomra. Zavart elméjú fia, I. Ibrahim mellett régensként kezdte irányítani az Oszmán Birodalmat. Köszemet mindenki szerette, az uralkodásban hatalmas tapasztalata volt, rengeteget jótékonykodott. Minden tökéletesnek tűnt, azonban fia, Ibrahim hamarosan rossz emberek befolyása alá került. Cinci Hoca okkult tudományokkal foglalkozó vallási vezető volt, aki kihasználta a szultán mentális problémáit és komolyan befolyásolta őt. Ennek az lett az eredménye, hogy a szultán 1644-ben a nagyvezírét kivégeztette, édesanyját pedig száműzte. Eredetileg Rodosz szigetére szándékozta küldeni anyját, de végül ágyasai meggyőzték, hogy csak egy másik palotába küldje. Köszem elkövetkezendő éveit ott töltötte száműzetésben, ám ezalatt az idő alatt is rendszeresen levelezett az államférfiakkal és igyekezett kézben tartani mindent. Valószínűleg itt írta meg jól ismert levelét is Hezarpare Ahmed Pasának, mely így szólt: “Végül sem titeket, sem engem nem hagyna életben és újra elveszítenénk az uralmat az állam felett, ezzel pedig lerombolnánk társadalmunkat.” Odáig fajult a helyzet, hogy 1647-ben Köszem szultána és az új nagyvezír, Salih Pasa és a Seyhülislam Abdürrahim Efendi megpróbálták trónfosztani Ibrahimot, azonban lebuktak. A következő évben a janicsárok és az ulema is csatlakozott a lázadáshoz és 1648 augusztus 8-án könnyűszerrel trónfosztották és bebörtönözték az őrült szultánt, követőit pedig eltávolították a pozíciókból.

Ibrahimot a trónon fia, az alig 6 éves Mehmed követte, aki mellett szükség volt egy régensre. Az államférfiak Köszemet kérték fel a megtisztelő feladatra. A régensi pozíciót általában tanítók, pasák vagy édesanyák látták el (II. Mehmed esetében a nagyvezír volt régens, I. Ahmednél anyja és tanítója, IV. Muradnál és I. Ibrahimnál anyjuk), így Köszem volt az első nagymama, akiből régens lehetett. Erre a legelfogadottabb vélemények szerint azért kerülhetett sor, mert Mehmed édesanyja, Turhan Hatice még 25 éves sem volt ekkor, túl fiatal és tapasztalatlan volt a birodalom irányításához. Köszem tehát belekezdett harmadik régensségébe és folyamatosan semmibe vette Mehmed édesanyját, Turhant. Turhan fiatalsága okán talán tényleg nem lett volna jó régens, ugyanakkor a hárem irányításához minden joga megvolt. Köszem viszont ezt sem engedte meg a fiatal nőnek. Turhan tehát hiába volt a regnáló szultán anyja, minden feladatkörét Köszem uralta. Emellett Köszem a divánban is egyre több ellenségre tett szert, így a hárem és a divan is két oldalra szakadt: Köszem támogatóira és Turhan támogatóira.

Két, szemben álló oldal és a szereplők

Köszem oldala

Köszem évtizedeken át uralta régensként a birodalmat, amikor pedig nem régens volt, valideként követte figyelemmel az eseményeket. Életének korábbi szakaszában a legtöbb pasa mellette állt, ami nem volt elmondható harmadik régensségéről. Köszem első régenssége alatt is jelezte, hogy ő, mint az uralkodó reprezentálása ott kíván lenni a divan gyűléseken személyesen. Ezt akkor a pasák nem engedték meg neki, amit ő kénytelen-kelletlen el is fogadott. Harmadik régenssége során azonban szó sem lehetett arról, hogy meghajoljon bárki akarata előtt. Elveszítette összes fiát, legalább egy lányát is eltemette már, egész életét a birodalomnak áldozta, nem volt hajlandó többé bármiben is kompromisszumot kötni. Gyakorlatilag egyeduralkodóként kívánta irányítani a birodalmat. A divanban pedig aki nem értett vele egyet, azt eltiporta és menesztette. Köszem jogát az uralkodáshoz egyre többen kezdték el vitatni, egyik ilyen divan vita során hangzott el a jól ismert beszéde is. Ekkor Köszem megvádolta a nagyvezír Sofu Ahmed Pasát azzal, hogy meg akarta őt öletni, majd így folytatta: “Istennek hála négy uralkodót segítettem és én magam is hosszú ideig uralkodtam. A világ nem fog sem összeomlani sem megreformálódni a halálommal.”

Köszem azonban nem elégedett meg a pasák megalázásával, tanácsaik el nem fogadásával. Még csak nem is neki tetsző más pasákra cserélte le őket, hanem janicsárokat kezdett vezíri rangra emelni. A janicsárok Köszem első régenssége óta hűséggel szolgálták az asszonyt, amiért az mindenkivel szembe menve 1623-ban hatalmas trónralépési jussot adott a janicsároknak IV. Murad trónralépése után. Bár voltak lázadások és egyet nem értések, alapvetően a janicsárok - de legalábbis néhány hadtestük - hűségesek voltak Köszemhez. A janicsárok képviselete évszázadok óta működött, azonban az, hogy janicsárokat - vagy egyszerűen katonákat - tegyenek vezírré a kitanult államférfiak helyett, több volt a soknál. Mindenki úgy érezte a divanban, hogy Köszem egy katonai uralmat kíván kiépíteni, hogy a neki tetsző módon vezethesse a birodalmat. Így Köszem oldalán 1651-re tulajdonképpen csak a janicsárok néhány hadteste állt politikai értelemben. Bár a nép továbbra is szerette őt bőkezű jótékonykodása miatt, politikai értelemben az ő támogatásuk nem jelentett sokat.

Amellett, hogy a pasákkal egyre nőtt a feszültség, Köszem a háremben is riválisra akadt. Bár a legtöbb forrás tényként kezeli, hogy Köszem és menye, Turhan viszonya tragikus volt, nincs erre utaló bizonyíték. Kettejük viszonya csak az idő előrehaladtával kezdett megromlani, általánosan azonban inkább az mondható el, hogy Köszem egyáltalán nem foglalkozott menyével. Mindenbizonnyal lenézte és nem tartotta sokra Turhant, így komolyan sem vette a nőt. Köszemnek bár megvolt a saját hárem személyzete, a legbefolyásosabb eunuch nem volt a kezében. Mindemellett egyesek szerint szolgálói nagyrésze is méltatlannak találta, ahogy Köszem Turhannal bánt. Talán nem véletlen, hogy oly sok forrás említi a Meleki Hatun nevű szolgálót, aki híresen oldalt váltott és Köszemet elárulva Turhan oldalát kezdte erősíteni.

Turhan Hatice oldala

Turhan Hatice a háremben jobban állt, mint Köszem. Segítséget kapott egy befolyásos eunuchtól, Szulejmán agától. Szulejmán aga volt a hárem agák vezetője, aki nagy hatalommal és kapcsolatrendszerrel rendelkező, ambíciózus eunuch volt, jelentős politikai befolyással. A hárem tulajdonképpen két oldalra szakadt, Köszem és Turhan Hatice támogatóira. Mind a két oldalnak megvolt a saját főeunuchja, ami hatalmas káoszt okozott a háremen belül, az emberek nem tudták, kinek az utasításait kövessék. És bár a valide szultána titulus a szultán anyjaként Turhan Haticét illette meg, a köznyelv csak “kis valide”-ként hivatkozott rá, míg Köszem volt a “nagy valide”. Szulejmán Aga támogatása ugyanakkor aranyat ért. Az eunuch első sorban a saját érdekeit nézte egész élete során, azonban remekül értett ahhoz, hogyan használjon ki és vezessen meg embereket. Épp emiatt felmerül annak a lehetősége is, hogy Szulejmán volt az, aki Turhant felbújtotta és Köszem ellen hangolta. Talán Szulejmán volt az, aki saját felemelkedését remélve a fiatal validétől, meggyőzte arról, hogy vegye el ami a saját jussa. Emellett Szulejmán Aga az ifjú szultánnal is megkedveltette magát, egyfajta apafigurává vált a fiú számára. Természetesen nem célom alábecsülni Turhan szerepét az eseményekben, ugyanakkor úgy érzem, hogy Szulejmán Aga szerepe ténylegesen alábecsült és ezt szeretném mindneképpen érzékeltetni. Nem azt mondom, hogy Turhan egy naíva volt, akit megvezetett a csúf, rossz Szulejmán Aga, csupán azt gondolom, hogy Szulejmán támogatása és felbújtása nélkül, Turhan valószínűleg nem, vagy sokkal később szállt volna szembe Köszemmel.

Szulejmán mellett három másik jelentősebb eunuch is Turhan oldalán állt, Hoca Reyhan Aga, Lala Hajji Ibrahim Aga és Ali Aga. Hoca Reyhan Aga állt legközelebb Turhanhoz, mint társalkodója és vallási vezetője, de Lala Hajji Aga is hosszútávú partner volt Turhan életében. Az eunuchok mellett meg kell említenünk Meleki Hatunt is, akinek legendája jól ismert. Eszerint ő volt az, aki Köszem tervét elárulta Turhannak, ezzel megmentve a kis Mehmed szultánt a haláltól és trónfosztástól. A valóság azonban valószínűleg kevésbé romantikus. Valószínűtlen, hogy egy korábban sosem említett, jelentéktelen szolgáló, mint Meleki tudott volna Köszem terveiről és el tudta volna árulni. Minden bizonnyal Melekit csupán oldalváltása miatt ruházták fel nagyobb szereppel, mint ami valójában volt. Talán Meleki elvállalta, hogy lesz bűnbak, tanúskodik Köszem ellen, ha cserébe javakat kap. Legalábbis tekintettel arra, hogy Meleki milyen hatalmas vagyonra tett szert Köszem halála után, nem zárhatjuk ki ezt az opciót sem. Meleki ha a háremen belül hozott is támogatókat Turhan számára, az egész eseményre meglehetősen kevés ráhatása lehetett. A kulcs figura Turhan mellett Szulejmán aga volt, akinek komoly kapcsolata volt a divánnal is, így könnyedén tudta csapatukhoz kapcsolni a divan Köszemmel elégedetlen tagjait is. A legbefolyásosabb támogató nem volt más, mint a Nagyvezír, Siyavuş Pasa, de gyakorlatilag szinte a teljes divan Köszem ellen fordult eddigre. Azt is meg kell említeni, hogy bár a jancsiárok legtöbb alakulata pártatlan vagy Köszem párti volt, a szpáhik inkább húztak a Turhan támogatói csoport felé.

Mi vezetett a tragikus éjszakához?

Mielőtt a közvetlen okokra rátérnék, kicsit vissza kell ugranunk az időben, hogy jobban megérthessük Köszem viselkedését. Mint ismert, trónfosztása után, I. Ibrahimot a trónon fia, az alig 6 éves Mehmed követte, aki mellett szükség volt egy régensre. Az államférfiak Köszemet kérték fel a megtisztelő feladatra. Ugyanakkor a felkérés meglehetősen furcsa volt. Miért is? A régensi pozíciót általában tanítók, pasák vagy édesanyák látták el, Köszem pedig egyik sem volt. Sőt, Köszem a felkérést először elutasította arra hivatkozva, hogy már nincs ereje tovább uralkodni.

Miért vállalta el Köszem mégis a feladatot? Valóban vissza akart vonulni?

Ahhoz, hogy megértsük Köszem gondolatait, még egy kicsit visszább kell ugranunk az időben. Köszem Ibrahim uralkodása során száműzetésben volt éveken át. Száműzetéséből pedig többször kísérelt meg puccsot saját fia ellen. Egyik száműzetésben írt levele alapján egyértelmű, hogy részese volt a puccsnak, mely végül fiát trónfosztotta. Kifelé azonban egészen más képet mutatott. Miután Ibrahimot elzárták, trónra szerették volna léptetni fiát, Mehmedet. Köszem szultána ekkor találkozott a Topkapi Palotában az államférfiakkal, hogy megvitassa velük mi legyen Ibrahim sorsa. Órákon át tárgyaltak, Köszem azonban végig megtagadta, hogy kiadja Ibrahim legidősebb fiát, Mehmedet. Így pedig nem lehetett őt kikiáltani szultánnak. Az államférfiaknak órákon keresztül kellett nyilvánsoan győzködniük Köszemet. Az a Köszem, aki korábban mindent elkövetett fia trónfosztásáért, most fia mellett állt ki. Miért? Természetesen sosem fogjuk megtudni, hogy Köszem fejében pontosan mi játszódott le. Valószínűnek tűnik azonban, hogy Köszem szerette volna megtartani a katonák és nép előtt a szerető anya képét, melybe nem fért bele saját fiának trónfosztása. Ezért egy álvitát tartott a pasákkal, hogy ne veszítse el a nép szimpátiáját, de ugyanakkor a birodalomnak is jót tegyen. Köszem tapasztalt politikus volt, aki éveken át tudott vezető szerepben maradni, ehhez pedig nélkülözhetetlen volt az imázs is. Így végül Köszem beleegyezésével elzárták Ibrahim szultánt, Mehmedet pedig új szultánjukká kiáltották ki. Talán a régensség első elutasítása is egy ehhez hasonló színjáték része volt. Köszem talán úgy érezte, hogy a nép ezt várja tőle, ezért felajánlotta visszavonulását, miközben talán a háttérben már régen megegyezett a pasákkal.

És a divan tagjai miért hagyták, hogy Köszem legyen a régens? Hiszen a divan tagjai közül akárki vagy akár Mehmed tanítója is jelentkezhetett volna a feladatra. Ez pedig hatalmas befolyást tett volna a férfiak kezébe. Miért engedték hát akkor át ezt a lehetőséget Köszemnek?

I. Ibrahimot 1648. augusztus 18-án kivégezték. Egyesek szerint Köszem szultána beleegyezését adta fia kivégzésébe, ám az sem zárható ki, hogy a kivégzés a háta mögött történt meg. Mint már fentebb említettem a trónfosztott vagy meggyilkolt szultánok édesanyja a tradíció szerint a Régi Palotába vonult vissza, ahol politikamentesen élték hátralévő éveiket. Köszem esetében azonban nem ez történt. Ez felveti annak eshetőségét, hogy Köszem nem tudott Ibrahim kivégzéséről és a pasák ezzel a gesztussal igyekeztek kiengesztelni az összetört nőt. De akkor ki rendelte el Ibrahim kivégzését? Gyakorlatilag bárki megtehette az államférfiak közül, de akár Szulejmán aga vagy Turhan is aláírathatta a fetwa kérvényt a kis szultánnal, melyet aztán a Seyhülislam teljes joggal engedélyezett, hiszen Ibrahim nagyon kártékony volt a birodalomra nézve. Akárhogyan is, Köszem a kivégzés után megváltozott. Vagy azért fordult a pasák ellen - akikkel korábban mindig együttműködő volt -, mert azok átverték őt Ibrahim kivégzésével kapcsolatban; vagy egyszerűen anyai szíve nem bírta elviselni, hogy beleegyezését adta fia kivégzésébe és megbomlott az elméje. Bármelyik verzió is igaz, azt tisztán látjuk, hogy az a Köszem, aki IV. Mehmed mellett régens lett, már nem ugyanaz az ember volt, akit korábban a birodalom imádott anyjának tekintettek.

A gyilkosság

Ahogy a fenti összefoglalásból is kiderül, Köszem egyeduralmat próbált kiépíteni, melyben néhány janicsár hadtesten kívül senki nem támogatta, így hatalmas csapat gyűlt össze ellene. A jól ismert verzió szerint, idővel a viszály Köszem és az államférfiak között odáig fajtult, hogy Turhan Hatice támogatásával az államférfiak megpróbálták Köszemet eltávolítani pozíciójából. Köszem válaszul erre azt tervezte, hogy trónfosztja IV. Mehmed szultánt és helyette másik unokáját ülteti a trónra. Ehhez a janicsárokat be kívánta engedni a palotába, hogy azok az éj leple alatt elvégezzék a puccsot, emiatt nyitva hagyatta éjszakára a hárem bejáratát. Köszem terve azonban ellenségei fülébe jutott, egyesek szerint egy Meleki nevű szolgáló által. Így amint Köszem emberei 1651. szeptember 2-án, kinyitották a kaput, Turhan Hatice emberei, a főeunuch Szulejmán Aga vezetésével bezáratták azt és kivégzőosztagot küldtek Köszem szultána lakrészébe. Mikor emberei Köszem lakrészéhez érve bekopogtak az ajtón, Köszem azt hitte, hogy saját emberei jöttek, ezért kikiabált nekik, hogy “Megjöttetek?”. Erre azonban a janicsárok hangja helyett Köszem az eunuch Szulejmán Aga hangját hallotta meg, amitől bepánikolt és menekülni kezdett. Nem pontosan tudni, hogy hogy jutott ki lakrészéből vagy ki jutott e egyáltalán, mert a leírások nem egyeznek. Egyesek szerint lakrészén belül bújt el egy szekrényben, mások szerint megpróbált kijutni a janicsárokhoz, azonban a zárt kapun keresztül nem tudott, így végül a kapu melletti szobában bújt el. A kivégzőosztag, amely több eunuchból (Szulejmán Aga, Hoca Reyhan Aga, Lala Hajji Ibrahim Aga és Ali Aga, valamint néhány ismeretlen eunuch) állt folytatta a keresést. Köszem egy szekrényben rejtőzött el, melyből ruhájának széle kilógott, ezzel felfedve rejtekhelyét. Amikor megtalálták, kivégzői elé pénzt dobott, ezzel próbálva lefizetni őket, ám esélye sem volt Turhan hű embereivel szemben. A legenda szerint a férfiak próbálták lefogni a validét, miközben füléből kitépték gyémánt fülbevalóit, melyeket Ahmed szultántól kapott; ruháját is megtépkedték, ahogy próbálták leszedni róla az értékes díszeket. Köszem túl a hatvanon is erősen ellenállt kivégzőinek, ám végül felülkerekedtek rajta. Egyesek szerint saját hajával, mások szerint egy függönnyel fojtották meg. Az első fojtogatási kísérlet után még magához tért, a másodikat azonban már nem élte túl.

Van azonban több olyan pont a fenti történetben, ami kétségeket ébreszt:

- Köszem problémája nem Mehmed volt, hanem a pasák, Turhan és Szulejmán Aga. Miért nem tőlük szabadult meg? Nem lett volna egyszerűbb és jogszerűbb meggyilkoltatni ezeket az embereket, mint trónfosztani az egyik gyermek szultánt egy másik gyermek javára? Természetesen megindokolhatjuk annyival a dolgot, hogy Köszem nem volt már épelméjű, így ne is keressünk logikát cselekedeteiben. Ugyanakkor felmerülhet az is, hogy talán Köszem teljesen vagy legalább részben ártatlan volt az egész eseménysorozatban. Elképzelhető, hogy nem tervezett semmit a janicsárokkal, az egész terv csak Turhan és emberei által lett kitalálva, hogy legitimizálják saját tetteiket. Ennek azonban ellent mond, hogy a janicsárok a tragikus éjszakán valóban gyülekezni készültek, az pedig nem valószínű, hogy Turhan és csapata sikerrel vezette meg a janicsárokat úgy, hogy Köszem erről ne szerzett volna tudomást. Lehetséges, hogy Köszem valóban készült egy kisebb puccsra, de az talán nem Mehmed ellen irányult. Köszemnek látnia kellett, hogy a pasák mellett Szulejmán Aga a fő felbújtó Turhan és Mehmed "rebellis" viselkedése mögött. Úgy vélem, Köszem egy kisebb puccsot tervezett, melyben megszabadult volna a neki nem tetsző eunuchoktól, szolgálóktól és ráijesztett volna Mehmedre és Turhanra. Ezzel biztosíthatta volna saját hatalmát és azt, hogy többé se Turhan se Mehmed ne kérdőjelezze őt meg.

- Miért gyilkolták meg Köszemet ilyen furcsa módon? Hiszen a jogszerű, szokásos kivégzési mód kivégző osztag által, Seyhülislami fetwával és selyemzsinórral történt. (Fontos ugyanakkor megjegyezni, hogy a dinasztia nő tagjain nem alkalmaztak korábban kivégzést, a nőket jellemzően száműzetéssel büntették.) Köszemet ezzel szemben képzetlen eunuchokkal, hamis fetwával és a saját hajával vagy egy függönnyel gyilkolták meg. Felmerül a kérdés, hogy talán Köszem kivégzése nem is volt eltervezve. Ha a kivégzés el lett volna tervezve, könnyedén tudtak volna kivégzőket szerezni selyemzsinórral és a fetwa kikérésének körülményei is egyértelműek lennének. Volt természetesen fetwa, de az időbeliséget kissé megzavarja a tény, hogy a régi Seyhülislamot ugyanakkor váltották le Turhan egyik megbízható emberére, mikor a kivégzés zajlott. Épp emiatt, és a kivégzés szokásostól eltérő brutalitása miatt, felmerülhet annak a lehetősége is, hogy talán Köszem kivégzése nem volt eredetileg eltervezve, csupán menet közben csúszott ki az irányítás Turhan kezéből és a pillanat hevében az eunuchok kivégezték Köszemet. Utólag pedig, hogy legalizálják az eseményeket gyártattak egy fetwát az új Seyhülislámmal.

- De akkor ki és miért döntött végül úgy, hogy Köszemnek meg kell halnia? Turhan nem volt jelen az események során, és mivel a gyilkosság nem volt előre eltervezve, őt kihúznám a gyanúsítottak listájáról. Természetesen az nem zárható ki, hogy Szulejmán Agával beszéltek erről az eshetőségről is. Valószínűbb azonban, hogy eredtileg csupán rá akartak ijeszteni Köszemre, megmutatni neki, hogy leleplezték, eljárt felette az idő. Véleményem szerint Turhan azt remélte, hogy Köszem beismeri vereségét és egyszerűen visszavonul a Régi Palotába. Túl kockázatos lett volna megölni egy ennyire tisztelt és szeretett validét, úgy, hogy korábban sosem végezték ki a dinasztia egyik nőtagját sem. Nem vall épelmére szánt szándékkal előrekitervelten, ilyen módon megölni Köszemet. Valószínűleg le akarták mondatni, Köszemnek azonban eddigre már nem volt vesztenivalója. Az egyetlen dolog, ami még éltette az a hatalom volt, így minden bizonnyal ellenkezett a kényszer visszavonulás gondolatától. Mikor Szulejmán Aga felismerte, hogy Köszem nem hallgat rájuk, talán félelemből úgy döntött meg kell őt ölniük. Hiszen ha a felbőszített Köszem kijutott volna a palotából Szulejmán és a többi eunuch azon nyomban fej nélkül találta volna magát. Bár nem utal rá bizonyíték, de személyes véleményem az, hogy Szulejmán talán az első perctől kezdve ezt akarta, hiszen tudta jól, hogy Köszem sosem fog visszavonulni. Akárhogyan is az eunuchok végül professzionálisnak egyáltalán nem mondható módon legyűrték az idős validét és kivégezték.

- Teljesen kizárható, hogy legális fetwa és kivégző osztag végzett Köszemmel? Sajnos ezt sem zárhatjuk ki. Az angol követ például arról számolt be, hogy kivégző osztag ölte meg Köszemet, az ifjú szultán által kért fetwa után, Mehmed szeme láttára. Igaz, hogy az angol követ nem a legjobban informáltak közé tartozott. Valószínű, hogy mindenki úgy hitte akkoriban, hogy a fetwa előre volt kiadva, csak később, a történészek kutatásai világítottak rá arra, hogy a fetwa feltehetőleg Köszem kivégzése után készült el. Azt pedig, hogy Köszemet a 10 éves Mehmed szeme láttára végezték volna ki, nem tartom valószínűnek. Turhan nagyon erősen igyekezett óvni fiát, nem valószínű, hogy kitette volna őt egy ilyen traumának. Mustafa Naima abban egyetért az angol követtel, hogy a kivégzés előre megtervezett volt, ám szerinte nem eunuchok, hanem kivégző osztag végzett a valide szultánával. Azonban akkor miért volt brutális a kivégzés? Miért nem volt selyemzsinór? Miért alkalmatlan eunuchok vitték véghez?

A gyilkosság utóhatása

Hogy megakadályozzanak bármiféle ellenállást, Turhan Hatice és emberei az éjszaka folyamán minden olyan államférfit eltávolítottak posztjáról, aki veszélyeztette volna őket. Az első ember, akit kineveztek akkor éjjel, az Ebu Said Efendi lett, az új Seyhülislam. Ő volt az, aki végül kiadta a fetwát Köszem kivégzésére (utólagosan). Ezekután Turhan megüzente az összes államférfinak és katonának, hogy azonnal menjenek audienciára, ahol hűséget fogadnak Mehmed szultánnak. A legtöbben félelemből vagy őszinte érzések által vezérelve, azonnal a szultán elé járultak, akik pedig nem, azokra az új Seyhülislám fetwat adott ki. Így vált jogszerűvé Köszem támogatóinak kivégzése is, hiszen ők sem jelentek meg a szultán előtt. A lázadó janicsárok pedig így árulóként lettek megbélyegezve és legálisan kivégezték őket. A nép szemében végül ők lettek bűnbaknak kikiáltva Köszem haláláért. Köszemet a gyilkosság után a Régi Palotába szállították, ahol előkészítették testét a temetésre. Birodalmi temetést kapott, Isztambul népe pedig önkéntesen 3 napos gyászt tartott, bezárva minden boltot és üzletet. Köszem mindig népszerű volt az emberek között, ám érdekes módon ugyanaz a nép, nem fordult Turhan ellen Köszem halála miatt, sőt, Turhan hasonlóan szeretett és tisztelt valide szultána lett, mint amilyen Köszem volt.

Mi történt a valódi bűnösökkel? Turhan és Mehmed természetesen megúszták, ugyanakkor kérdéses, hogy a gyilkosságban egyáltalán volt e részük. Igaz egy 1656-os lázadás komolyan megrengette hatalmukat, de végül nem veszítették el azt. A lázadásnak a legnagyobb oka a gyenge nagyvezírek, az újjáéledő Celali lázadás és a velenceiekkel vívott háború voltak. A körülmények miatt nem jutott elég gabona a fővárosba, a katonák nem kaptak rendesen fizetést, de az egyszerű emberek is egyre elégedetlenebbek voltak, különösen dühítette őket a szultánhoz közelállók extrém gazdagsága. Végül a janicsárok és szpáhik vezetésével a nép fellázadt 1656 március negyedikén. A lázadás során a szultánhoz közelállók közül többeket brutálisan kivégeztek, az egész fővárost feldúlták. A csőcselék Mehmed 31 közeli emberét a Kék Mecset mellett akasztotta fel egy egy fára. Köztük volt Meleki Hatun is, akit a szultán különösen szeretett. Bár korábban is rázták meg lázadások a fővárost, ehhez fogható még sosem történt. Nem csak a katonák lázadtak fel, a nép is egy emberként állt ki a katonák mellett és állt be mögéjük. Mindenki bezárta boltjait, általános sztrájk lépett érvénybe a lázadás idejére.

Szulejmán Aga már nem volt hatalmon amikor a lázadás megtörtént és talán ez tartotta helyén a fejét. Szulejmán Köszem meggyilkolása után a fő hárem eunuch lett, ám a pozíciót csupán 1652 júliusáig élvezhette. Szulejmán tovább nyújtózkodott, mint a takarója ért, olyan politikai témákba is igyekezett beleszólni, amihez semmi köze nem volt. Turhan Hatice is kezdte felismerni, hogy Szulejmán egyáltalán nem az ő oldalukon áll, hanem csak a saját magáén. Külön érdekesség, hogy az a Lala Ibrahim Aga győzte meg erről Turhant, aki maga is részt vett Köszem kivégzésében. Lala Ibrahim Aga Turhan személyes eunuchja volt és maga sosem vágyott (vagy bölcsen nem mutatta ki) ennél magasabb pozícióra. Turhan így végül 1652-ben megfosztotta pozíciójától Szulejmán Agát és száműzte Egyiptomba. A rafinált eunuch még a száműzetésben is feltalálta magát, befolyásos személlyé nőtte ki magát, aki Kairó helyi politikájának egyik főszereplője lett. 1676/7-ben halt meg.

Epilógus

Valószínűleg sosem fogjuk pontosan megtudni, hogy mi vezetett a kivégzéshez és hogyan zajlott az le. A poszttal nem is az volt a célom, hogy egy tökéletes megoldást mutassak be Hercule Poirot módjára, csupán szerettem volna rávilágítani arra, hogy az általánosan ismert és elfogadott teória, inkább megszokásból tekintendő a legáltalánosabban elfogadottnak, nem pedig alapossága miatt. Rengeteg a kérdőjel, kétes információ és helyzet a kivégzés körülményei között, ami egyértelműsíti, hogy ez az egész helyzet bonyolultabb volt annál, minthogy két nő harcot vívott a hárem feletti uralomért.

Köszem volt az a szultána, aki a legmagasabbra tört, aki sokáig lehetett a csúcson, azonban a nagy magasságból zuhant végül alá és vált az egyetlen meggyilkolt valide szultánává. Élete során több címet is kapott: Naib-i Sultanat (az Oszmán Birodalom régense), Umin al-Mu'minin (minden muszlimok anyja), Büyük Valide Sultan (nagy valide szultána), Valide-i Sehide (a mártír anya), Valide-i Maktule (a meggyilkolt anya), Valide-i Muazzama (a csodálatos anya).

Felhasznált források: M. Kocaaslan - IV. Mehmed Saltanatında Topkapı Sarayı Haremi: İktidar, Sınırlar ve Mimari; L. Peirce - The Imperial Harem; Ö. Kumrular - Kösem Sultan: iktidar, hırs, entrika; C. Finkel - Osman’s Dream: the History of the Ottoman Empire; M. P. Pedani - Relazioni inedite; N. Sakaoğlu - Bu Mülkün Kadın Sultanları; G. Börekçi - Factions and Favorites at the Courts of Sultan Ahmed I and His Immediate Predecessors; F. Davis - The Palace of Topkapi in Istanbul; Faroqhi - The Ottoman Empire and the World; C. Imber - The Ottoman Empire 1300-1650; F. Suraiya, K. Fleet - The Cambridge History of Turkey 1453-1603; F. Suraiya - The Cambridge History of Turkey, The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603–1839; Ö. Düzbakar - Charitable Women And Their Pious Foundations In The Ottoman; G. Junne - The black eunuchs of the Ottoman Empire, Networks of Power in the Court of the Sultan.

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redxluna · 2 years

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So, part of this sprung from the discussion of Hatice and how her relationships in life reflect her nature that’s been happening lately. But, by and large, it sprung up as something interesting I noticed about the Valide in particular.

Because, I’ll admit, I initially snagged these two shots as a joke. Another way of pointing out that Ayşe Hafsa, if only in the first season, has a way of declaring how things will be without follow through.

In this case, it was born out of the fact that, despite saying this, she certainly doesn’t “practice what she preaches” by continually admonishing Suleiman for certain actions when they’re together.

Except then came the realization that, yes, while Ayşe Hafsa doesn’t pull punches in expressing her disapproval to Suleiman, whenever it happens it’s in private. Which, no doubt, is a purposeful move.

Despite how the show likes to play fast and loose with the actual history, if anyone has any hint that keeping the throne can be as hard as getting it, it’s definitely this woman. Not only did she live through the terror all harem mothers did of trying to ensure her son’s safe accession to the throne, she was there to witness how Selim I chose to overthrow his own father, Suleiman’s grandfather, to claim the throne for himself.

So, in this scene where she’s surrounded by harem ladies and aghas, even if two of those ladies are a trusted servant and her own daughter, she’s prepared from the start how things will be from now on. No one is to question the actions of her son---not without her stepping in to set them straight if they dare.

This is a stance that Ayşe Hafsa holds to as well, even with her own daughter. At least at first, after all, Hatice mirrors her mother, particularly in comforting Mahidevran after Hürrem takes Thursday night from her. It’s something reflected later throughout that first season where Hatice often tells Mahidevran that there are certain things about her relationship with Suleiman that she must not discuss with her.

But, as is a seeming rising trend with Hatice, this becomes a very different matter when it affects her. It’s a separate analysis of sorts to be had, but, at least for me, I found the core difficulty of Hatice’s relationship with Ibrahim was that, while she wanted to live away from court intrigues, her husband was at the heart of them. The issues of which mostly manifest when he is called away for Suleiman’s various military campaigns---something that Hatice, over time, takes as a personal insult her brother doesn’t shield her from.

It is, however, quite noticeably, one of the few times her mother outright refuses to coddle her in the midst of one of her emotional spirals.

It’s always stood out to me as a scene since it’s really one of the few moments where Ayşe Hafsa candidly scolds her daughter, giving her instructions similar to those once given to Mahidevran (”Stop complaining. Pull yourself together to take care of your son to regain your happiness.”).

Ever the traditionalist in the show, Ayşe Hafsa knows that the family has to appear unified, at the very least. There can be no openings given to those possibly enemies that might unseat her son, particularly not from the wife of his own Grand Vizier.

#magnificent century #ayse hafsa sultan #hatice sultan #this is lenghty but it came something that fascinated me #it's also why i disagree with the people that say ayse hafsa would have grieved ibrahim's death #she would have grieved for her daughter's pain and hated the lose of an ally #but she made it clear to her own daughter that #if the man slipped up #he was replacable

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ottomanladies · 3 years

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Hi! I was wondering if we can blame Sultan Suleiman over the execution of Mustafa? After all he was his son and he could at least listen to him or even investigate more on this issue and do you think that excecution was the only punishment?

I mean, history is not a blame game. History is understanding why something happened and withhold a judgement. Judging and therefore blaming is not part of the historian's work.

After this historiography introduction, let's get to your question.

I have, many times, referred to Zahit Atçıl's essay "Why Did Süleyman the Magnificent Execute His Son Şehzade Mustafa in 1553?" but since nobody reads it I guess I'll have to summarise it myself.

What happened in the months before October 1553

as we all know, Mustafa was favoured by the Janissaries, to the point that Venetian ambassador Navagero said:

One cannot describe how much he is loved and desired by all in the empire to succeed. The janissaries want him, and they let this be known manifestly. There is no Turk or slave of the Gran-Signor who does not have the same opinion or desire...

That the Janissaries "let this be known manifestly" was surely alarming to Süleyman: I have repeated this a lot of times but he was eighteen years old when his father took the throne with the help of the Janissaries, effectively deposing Bayezid II. I also have said this a lot of times but Selim I deposed his own father because of his "weak behaviour" against the Safavids. Selim thought the sultan should have gone to war against the Safavids, Bayezid - now in his sixties - preferred diplomacy to war. The Janissaries agreed with the prince and therefore supported him against Bayezid and his favourite son Ahmed.

As I have already said, Süleyman was already eighteen and played an important role in his father's capture of the throne:

Selim proceeded to use Suleyman and Hafsa’s presence in Caffa as a springboard to the throne. He took refuge there in 1510 as he made his way toward the capital and the confrontation that culminated in his unseating of his father. Selim then enlisted the help of the Crimean khan Mengli Giray to transport Hafsa and Suleyman to Istanbul, where he could better protect them. Selim then left Suleyman to guard the capital as his deputy when he set off to fight his brothers. Suleyman was nineteen when he got his first taste of what it meant to hold an empire together. Only when his throne was secured did Selim in 1513 permit his son to take up a new provincial assignment in Anatolia, the theater of the brothers’ brief but vicious civil war. — Peirce, Empress of the East: How a European Slave Girl Became Queen of the Ottoman Empire

So he definitely remembered the whole thing.

In the 1550s, he was sixty too - like Bayezid had been - and that's when rumours about Mustafa's candidacy to the throne started to become stronger. Moreover, the Janissaries especially wanted Süleyman to go on a campaign against the Safavids— it's the same exact scenario of Bayezid II's deposition.

Moreover, Mustafa had contacted Venice asking for support to get the throne.

A dispatch Trevisano sent to the Venetian Council of Ten written on 15 October 1553 indicates that Mustafa had sent a messenger, Nebi Bey, to the bailo asking for his help gaining the throne; this man had also traveled to Venice to negotiate with the senate. The bailo had received word on 6 October that Nebi Bey had arrived in Venice on the first of the month and was scheduled for an audience with the Venetian Collegio the following day. According to the rumors circulating in Venice, the mission of Mustafa’s man was to broker a deal with Venetian authorities, who were willing to support Mustafa with Venetian intelligence and technical services if he would return to them the former Venetian strongholds in Morea (the Peloponnese).

We don't know how the Senate replied because Mustafa was executed in the meantime. As Atçıl says in his essay:

This abortive episode in princely diplomacy, however, demonstrates that just as Hürrem (probably in collaboration with Rüstem) did for her sons, Mustafa likewise was acting to bolster his claim to the throne; moreover, he was more successful than his half-brothers in gaining valuable support. Forming coalitions and seeking allies were perfectly legitimate moves for a candidate to the throne, and supporting a particular claimant constituted a way for various social groups (e.g., janissaries, viziers, scholars, middle-class citizens) to participate in imperial politics.

In September 1552, Süleyman sent ahead Rüstem with an army with the probable intention of joining him in spring. "Rüstem was likely meant to oversee only the mustering and organization of the soldiers coming from Rumeli". The sultan had stayed in Istanbul because he was not in good health; for this reason, Rüstem did not go very far from Istanbul: "fearing that Şehzade Mustafa would attempt to ascend the throne with the janissaries’ assistance if the sultan’s health deteriorated"

And this is when things start to heat up: in winter 1553, while Rüstem was in Anatolia with the army

"the janissaries who were with him said that they wanted to go to pay respects to Mustafa, their future sultan. The pasha immediately understood the situation, and suspecting some threat to himself, issued a command that no one would leave him but that all the troops would accompany him in the direction of Iconio. The janissaries, however, did not want to be prevented from doing what they had decided [only] because of this command, so they all set out along the path toward Amasya. The pasha continued toward Iconio with the agha of the janissaries and with those others who had remained."

[Iconio is Konya in Italian]

Now, this is is like the worst that could happen because soldiers could not swear allegiance to a prince. They were the sultan's soldiers and their allegiance was to the sultan himself. This is why Rüstem forbade them from going to Amasya, though he also did that because he was afraid that something would happen to him should Mustafa muster an army.

The Janissaries in Amasya, Mustafa made a very big mistake:

The janissaries who arrived in Amasya and went to kiss Mustafa’s hand were welcomed and fêted by him; they received abundant food and one ducat each.

Atçıl goes on saying:

"If he had rejected this obeisance right away as a display due only the sultan himself, he could never have been portrayed as a rebel to his father; rejection of the soldiers’ advances would have communicated that the legitimate sultan was alive in Istanbul and that he, as his son, by no means disregarded the authority of the sultan. Mustafa probably did not intend to undermine Süleyman’s power and prestige, but he almost certainly did not foresee that embracing the people’s love would result in his demise."

Unfortunately, Mustafa did not refuse the Janissaries' obeisance. Furthermore, when the "rebelling" Janissaries returned to Rüstem's camp, the Grand Vizier had received a letter from Istanbul which said that the Sultan's health had deteriorated.

Mustafa, too, received this news, immediately understood the situation, and prepared himself to ride [to Istanbul] in case [news of ] the sultan’s death should follow. It was said that he had a hundred thousand men ready who would mount horses to follow him at the sound of a trumpet. [...] [With Mustafa] no more than five thousand men were found at that time, but all of them were well chosen and counted as three men [in prowess]. It is also true that the army would not have followed either Rüstem Pasha or the agha of the janissaries, no matter what they offered as present or promise to keep the troops together, because Mustafa was so loved by all the imperial soldiers, and everyone impatiently awaited the moment he would become emperor.

So what happened is that the Grand Vizier effectively lost control of the army. This is serious because not only was he the Grand Vizier of the Empire but he had been appointed as Süleyman's deputy so basically the army at that moment was ready to disobey the sultan's orders and to follow instead a prince.

At this point, Rüstem sent messengers to Istanbul, telling the sultan what was happening. This is when Süleyman famously denied that Mustafa would ever betray him:

God forbid that my Mustafa Khan should dare such insolence, and for the love of the sultanate during my lifetime should extend his foot from the quilt! It must be the idea of some troublemakers. They slander him in order to obtain the rule for the prince they support. See that you never let similar rumors appear and never again repeat such a thing.

Nevertheless, Süleyman recalled the army back to Istanbul and promised that he would lead the campaign himself later. So, Rüstem returned to Istanbul and on 28 August 1553, the army left again; this time it was the sultan commanding it. Before leaving, Rüstem left his brother Sinan as deputy governor of Istanbul but he didn't stop there: he appointed him Grand Admiral (even though Sinan was not a seaman at all) with the specific task to block the straits if Mustafa were to arrive before Hürrem's sons (Selim was at his provincial post, Bayezid was in Edirne tasked with guarding Rumeli and Cihangir was with Süleyman, as we all know)

When Süleyman arrived near Amasya, he sent messengers to call Mustafa to Ereğli. Mustafa's advisers (and Mahidevran too) told him not to go but in the end, the prince decided to obey. He arrived on October 5th but was scheduled to meet Süleyman only on the 6th, when he was strangled in his tent.

All of this to say that the matter was more complicated than "Hürrem planned Mustafa's execution by poisoning Süleyman's ear through Rüstem". I have said that the historian should not judge but if you asked me personally, I cannot blame Süleyman for doing what he did. The circumstantial evidence was pretty damning: Mustafa did contact another country (and Ayas Pasha) but most importantly, he accepted the Janissaries' allegiance. As I have said before, I don't think he wanted to rebel and take the throne as Selim I had done but he probably didn't think about how his father would see his actions either.

I don’t want to sound rude but I hope this is the last time I have to talk about Mustafa’s execution because I’m a little tired of talking always about the same thing.

#ask post #ask: ottoman history #sehzade mustafa son of suleyman i #rustem pasha #suleyman i #nadiall

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fatihdaily · 6 years

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Bayezid II as a prince and sultan

Part 2 of this ask

As a prince:

- Bayezid II was born to Sultan Mehmed II (then still a prince) and a slave concubine Gülbahar Hatun in January 1448, in Thracian Dimotika.

- He was circumcised together with his brother Mustafa on 17th March 1457.

- Before he was ten, he was made a governor of Amasya, where he moved with his mother.

- While he was a governor of Amasya and commander of border troops, Mehmed II ordered him to execute his own lala, Hayreddin Hizir Pasha. Hayreddin was accused of receiving Uzun Hasan and trying to arrange a marriage between Bayezid and Uzun Hasan’s daughter without Mehmed’s knowledge and of receiving gifts from Uzun Hasan without passing them to Mehmed. Babinger also mentions another version in which Mehmed harboured suspicion against his own son and ordered Hayreddin Hizir Pasha to poison his own son, but later retracted and it was Hayereddin who was put do death instead. Bayezid was then ordered to take up troops against Uzun Hasan.

- Generally, Bayezid and Mehmed’s relationship was very strained. They had very different characters and they often clashed when Bayezid was governor of Amasya. Another example: in 1476 Bayezid received an order from his father to to kill the scholar Muayyadzade, with whom he was displeased. Instead of executing the mullah, Bayezid warned him of the danger, provided with money and helped to escape. Bayezid’s court in Amasya pretty much served as a place of refuge for people who fell out of Mehmed’s favour.

- While Mehmed educated himself in accordance with Byzantine and Classical legacy, Bayezid preferred to study Islamic science, philosophy, poetry and mysticism.

- He took part in several campaigns of his father. Most importantly, he “had served commander of the east Anatolian frontier during his father’s reign and distinguished himself in campaigns against Uzun Hasan and the Akkoyunlu”. (Caroline Finkel).

- Babinger speculates that Bayezid might have poisoned his (at that point ill with gout) father because their relations got later even more violent. Babinger also mentions that Bayezid received a letter in April 1481, informing him that the Grand Vizier Karamani Mehmed Pasha had persuaded Mehmed to appoint Cem as his succesor. Babinger thinks that while Mehmed was ill, his gout wasn’t that serious, and that someone “helped” him to die. It is however more of a pure speculation; Babinger does not cite any convincing sources and he generally seems to be biased against Bayezid (e.g. calling him “mystical and bigoted”). There are even footnotes from editors in Babinger’s book that sources do not generally support this theory.

Fighting for the throne

When Mehmed died, Karamani Mehmed Pasha, the Grand Vizier, hid the fact and sent messengers to Şehzade Cem to come claim the throne as soon as possible. Mehmed Pasha wanted to prevent Bayezid from becoming sultan.

The news about Mehmed’s demise spread however and the army wanted to check whether their padishah is alive. When he failed to appear before them, they broke into the palace and saw the lifeless body. In fury, they killed Mehmed Pasha on the spot.

Meanwhile, all three messengers sent to Cem were arrested. Bayezid had two sons-in-law in the army. The first was the agha of the Janissaries, Sinan Aga; the other was governor of Anatolia. The former and future Grand Vizier Ishak Pasha (the husband of Hatice Halime Hatun, Mehmed’s stepmother), with the help of jannisary commander Sinan Aga, proclaimed Bayezid a sultan and nominated his son Şehzade Korkut as a regent until Bayezid reached the capital.

Bayezid reached Üsküdar on 20th May 1481. Cem however did not accept his brother as a sultan and began a civil war which lasted for over a year, when Cem ran away to Rhodes, and then travelled to several other European countries.

As a sultan

André Clot also refers to Bayezid as an opposite of his father. He was very religious,and ascetic. For example, when he ascended the throne, he ordered to destroy or sell paintings by Italian artists that Mehmed had purchased.

Bayezid was also not fond of war. He only engaged in it when it was necessary. During first years of his reign, there was a constant threat of Cem co-operating with Western European monarchs to invade the Ottoman Empire. Thus, Bayezid didn’t want to tire his army and put all effort to make his country internally stronger, improving administration and economy. Only after Cem died in 1495 in Naples, Bayezid began engaging in wars. He commenced fighting with Venice for the dominance on the Adriatic Sea. Mehmed II began the creation of Ottoman fleet, but Bayezid made it powerful. Bayezid conquered Lepanto, Modon, Koron and Navarino. In 1502, both sides signed a treaty, which was humiliating for Venice. All conquered fotresses remained in Ottoman’s hands and Venice had to pay tribute for Zante.The Ottoman Empire became an important power on the Mediterranean Sea. During Bayezid’s reign, also the first Ottoman-Mamluk war took place from 1485 to 1491. Mamluks were later to be conquered by Bayezid’s successor, Selim I.

However, Bayezid’s strength lay mainly in making the Empire stronger internally He introduced new fiscal solutions to ensure financing for potential campaigns as well as financial reserves. He also introduced new tax on households, called avariz, the revenues of which formed a separate fund. Bayezid’s reforms led to economic prosperity. During Bayezid’s reign, countless public buildings and objects of infrastructure were built. Bayezid also brought Jewish refugees from Spain to the Ottoman Empire (Jews were at the time persecuted by Spanish Inquisition). Bayezid was a great administrator and thanks to his reforms later conquests by Selim Yavuz and Suleiman the Magnificent were possible.

Bayezid supported many poets, artists and learned men. For example, he supported the historian Ibn Kemal, who wrote the history of Ottoman Empire Al-i Osman Tarihi (The History of the House of Osman) and Idris Bitlisi, author of a monumetal work entitled Hasht Bihisht (Eight Paradies), which covered the reigns of first eight Ottoman sultans. He was a musician and a poet himself. Bayzeid was also surrounded by many preachers and members of ulema.

Last years of Bayezid’s reign were characterised by a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the newly emerged Safavid dynasty. Bayezid’s hesitance to provoke Shah Ismail put him at odds with his son Selim, who even organised raids on Safavids without his father’s consent. In 1511, Bayezid had to deal with a rebellion led by Şahkulu, one of Ismail’s supporters and propagator of his teachings (Shia Islam, while the religion dominant in the Ottoman Empire was Sunni Islam). The rebellion ended the same year, but it changed the power dynamics in the Ottoman dynasty. Selim gained strength due to his role in dealing with rebellion and was moreover frustrated with his father favouring his older brother, Ahmed. On the contrary, Ahmed had his father’s peaceful nature and similarly wasn’t against a decisive action against the Safavids. Additionally, troops that were in Anatolia under Ahmed’s command sustained big losses against the Safavids. Korkut also proved himself in deafeating the rebels and similarly was angry about Bayezid’s support of Ahmed. During the succession war that started during Baeyzid’s lifetime, Selim finally forced his father to abdicate on 25th April 1512. Bayezid wanted to spend his final days on contemplation in Dimotika, but died on the road on 26th May 1512, likely due to poison administered to him upon the order of Selim.

Sources

- Babinger, Franz. Mehmed the Conqueror and his time. Princeton Univ. Press, 1992 .

- Finkel, Caroline. Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923. Basic Books.2005.

- Clot, André. Suleiman the Magnificent : The Man, His Life, His Epoch. London: Saqi Books.1992.

- Shaw Stanford J. Historia Imperium Osmańskiego i Republiki Tureckiej. Tom 1. 1280-1800. Dialog. 2012.

#anonymous #answered #bayezid ii #ottoman history #history

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thecountydiary · 4 years

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Mp Charles Nguna Pays Emotional tribute to his colleague Suleimani Dori

Mwingi west Member of Parliament Hon Charles Nguna was among the state officials who sent their heartfelt condolences to their colleague who passed on, on Monday morning, the COUNTY DIARY reports.

Hon Nguna wrote, “My heartfelt condolences go out to the people of Msambweni constituency and family of Hon Ramadhani Suleiman Dori who has succumbed to cancer this morning at agha khan hospital in…

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#Msambweni Mp #Ripdori #hon Charles Nguna

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programsbos · 5 years

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The life story of Khalid bin Walid Part III

Khaled was again criticized during the wars of apostasy, the day he married the daughter of the famine of Ben Marara after the end of the battle. Al-Tabari narrated that doing this angered Abu Bakr, and wrote to him: "For my age, you are empty, you are empty. Women shake the blood of one thousand two hundred Muslim men have not yet dried!" Another criticism of Khaled was this time by some historians on the day of the River of Blood, where they saw that in his actions after the battle of killing prisoners to run the river brutal blood unworthy of a leader, while others felt that it was within the scope of the use of psychological methods of warfare, and that it affected whatever impact In the hearts of the Persians and most importantly the Arabs. His family Khalid bin Al-Waleed married the daughter of Anas Bin Madrak Al-Aklabi Al-Khathami and she gave birth to him: Suleiman bin Khalid, who was killed during the conquest of Egypt. Muhajir bin Khalid, who was killed on two rows fighting in the row of Ali bin Abi Talib. Abd al-Rahman ibn Khalid, Governor of Homs by the Caliph Othman ibn Affan, who participated in a two-day row in the class of Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, who also participated in the Umayyad siege of Constantinople between 674 and 678 AD. Many were born Khalid ibn al-Walid until it was said that they arrived forty men and they were all Sham; and then all spent in the plague of Emmaus; there is no one left after them in the Levant, and there are multiple sources mention that he has offspring in the rest of the countries. Literally, many of the literary and historical works dealt with the character of Khalid bin Al-Waleed, whether by display, criticism or analysis, including the book "Saif Allah Almuslool: Khalid Bin Al-Walid - His Life and Campaigns" by Pakistani General Agha Ibrahim Ikram, in which he addressed his life and analyzed his campaigns from a military point of view. The book "Genius Khalid" by Abbas Mahmoud Al-Akkad, which dealt with the character in the scope of literary analysis, and "Khalid bin Walid" by the author "Sadiq Ibrahim Arjun", which dealt with the character of the historical narrative with analysis and revision of the various novels in the books of mothers about the events that Khalid In her midst, influenced by my book " To a friend Abu Bakr "and" Omar al-Faruq, "Mohammed Hussein structure. In addition to a book by the Iraqi military historian Mahmoud Chet Khattab entitled "Khalid bin Walid Makhzoumi", and many other booklets that dealt with the biography of Khalid bin Walid. Media, the character of Khalid bin Al Waleed in some works of art, such as Khalid bin Al Waleed, in which Hussein Sidqi embodied the character of Khalid bin Al Waleed in 1958, [186] and Khalid bin Al Waleed, in which Bassem Yakhour portrayed the role of Khalid in the first part, and Samer Masri in his second part. , Which has been the subject of many criticisms, both politically and religiously. He was also portrayed as one of the characters of the letter, with Mahmoud Said in his Arabic version and Michael Forrest in his English version. In cinema and television 1958: Khaled Bin Al Waleed film about his life story starring Hussein Sedqi. 1972: Al Shaimaa film about the life story of Al Shaimaa the sister of the Prophet in breastfeed starring Samira Ahmed. The role of Khaled bin Al Waleed actor Abdullah Ghaith. 1977: The film of the message about the story of the prophetic message that brought Islam starring Abdullah Ghaith. The actor Khaled bin Al Waleed acted Mahmoud Said. 1981: The series of Islamic conquests and acted by Khalid bin Walid actor Adel al-Muhailimi. 1981: Kaaba series and played the role of Khaled bin Walid actor Magdy Wahba. 1983: Amr ibn al-Aas series about the life story of Amr ibn al-Aas starring Majdi Wehbe. The role of actor Adel bin Muhailmi Khalid bin Walid. 1991: A series under the shadow of swords about the life story of Dirar bin Al Azwar starring Abdullah Ghaith. The role was played by Khalid bin Al Waleed actor Abdul Rahman Al-Khuraiji. 2002: The Man of Fates series on the life story of Amr ibn al-Aas starring Nour Al-Sharif The role was played by Khaled bin Al Waleed actor Yasser Ali Maher. 2006: Khalid Bin Al Waleed series (1) about his life story starring Bassem Yakhour. Starring: Khaled Bin Al Waleed Series (2), starring Samer Al Masri The series of life story of Qa'aa 'bin Amr al - Tamimi starring Salloum Haddad. It was played by Khalid bin Al Waleed actor Rafiq Ali Ahmed. Starring Ayman Zidan. The role was played by Khaled bin Al Waleed actor Yasser Al Masri. 2012: Omar series on the life story of Omar ibn al-Khattab starring Samer Ismail. He was acted by Khaled bin Al Waleed, actor Mehyar Khaddour. Thank you for following the life story of Saifullah Khalid Ibn Al Walid

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#Islamic era

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ihunanya5-blog · 5 years

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Man bags 12-month imprisonment for stealing rice in Lagos

An Ejigbo Magistrate court has sentenced one Yusuf Suleiman to one year imprisonment for allegedly breaking a shop at 19, Peter Agha street, Oke-Afa, Ejigbo Lagos State, and stealing eight bags of rice valued at N125,000.00, four cartoons of Indomie noodles valued at N8,000 and one 3.4kva generator valued at N75,000 totaling N216,000.00 which belonged to one Kelvin Osokan of 14, New Life Baptist…

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nicolae · 5 years

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New Post has been published on Automate de cafea

New Post has been published on http://www.automatedecafea.net/evolutia-cafelei-in-lume-si-in-europa/

Evoluția cafelei în lume și în Europa

(Beduin sirian dintr-un sat de apicultori din Alep, Siria, savurând cafeaua tradițională murra, amară (1930)

Cea mai veche dovadă credibilă a consumului de cafea sau a cunoașterii pomului de cafea apare în mijlocul secolului al XV-lea, în mănăstirile din Sufi, Yemen.

Boabele de cafea au fost exportate pentru prima dată din Etiopia în Yemen. Comercianții yemeniți au adus cafeaua în țara lor și au început să o cultive. Cuvântul qahwa a însemnat inițial vin, iar sufiții din Yemen au folosit băutura ca ajutor pentru concentrare și ca un fel de intoxicație spirituală atunci când scandau numele lui Dumnezeu. Sufiții au folosit-o pentru a-și menține vigilentă în timpul rugăciunilor lor de noapte. O traducere a manuscrisului lui Al-Jaziri urmărește răspândirea cafelei din Arabia Felix (actualul Yemen) la nord spre Mecca și Medina și apoi spre orașele mai mari Cairo, Damasc, Bagdad și Constantinopol. Până în 1414, băutura era cunoscută în Mecca, iar la începutul anilor 1500 s-a răspândit la Sultanatul Mameluke din Egipt și Africa de Nord din portul yemenit Mocha. Asociate cu sufismul, o multitudine de cafenele au apărut în Cairo (Egipt) în jurul Universității religioase din Azhar. Aceste cafenele au fost deschise și în Siria, în special în orașul cosmopolit Alep și apoi în Istanbul, capitala Imperiului Otoman, în 1554. În 1511 a fost interzisă datorită efectului său stimulativ pentru imamii conservatori, ortodocși, la o instanță teologică în Mecca. Cu toate acestea, aceste interdicții urmau să fie anulate în 1524 printr-un ordin al sultanului turc otoman Suleiman I, iar Marele Muftiu Mehmet Ebussuud el-İmadi a emis o fatwa care permitea consumul de cafea. În Cairo o interdicție similară a fost instituită în 1532, iar cafenelele și depozitele care conțineau boabe de cafea au fost devalizate. În secolul al XVI-lea, ajunsese deja în restul Orientului Mijlociu, în Imperiul Safavid și în Imperiul Otoman. Din Orientul Mijlociu, consumul de cafea s-a răspândit în Italia, apoi în restul Europei, iar plantele de cafea au fost transportate de olandezi către Indiile de Est și către America.

(Femei palestiniene măcinând cafeaua, 1905)

În mod similar, cafeaua a fost interzisă de Biserica Ortodoxă Etiopiană cu ceva timp înainte de secolul al XVIII-lea. Cu toate acestea, în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea, aceste atitudini etiopiene s-au atenuat față de consumul de cafea, și consumul s-a răspândit rapid între 1880 și 1886; potrivit lui Richard Pankhurst, “acest lucru s-a datorat în mare parte împăratului Menilek, care a băut-o el însuși, și lui Abuna Matewos, care a făcut mult pentru a risipi credința clerului că era o băutură musulmană”.

Cea mai timpurie mențiune literară despre cafea a negustorului de cafea Philippe Sylvestre Dufour este o referință la bunchum în lucrările medicului persan Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi din secolul 10, cunoscută sub numele de Rhazes în Occident, dar informații mai clare despre pregătirea unei băuturi din boabele de cafea prăjită datează din câteva secole mai târziu. Unul dintre cei mai importanți scriitori ai cafelei a fost Abd al-Qadir al-Jaziri, care în 1587 a compilat o lucrare de istoriei și a controverselor legale de cafea, intitulată Umdat al safwa fi hill al-qahwa, عمدة الصفوة في حل القهوة. El a relatat că un șeic, Jamal-al-Din al-Dhabhani (m. 1470), mufti de Aden, a fost primul care a adoptat folosirea cafelei (circa 1454).

”El a descoperit că printre proprietățile sale ste faptul că îndepărtează oboseala și letargia și dă corpului o anumită strălucire și vigoare.”

Europa

(Gravura olandeză a Mocha în 1692)

Cafeaua a fost introdusă pentru prima dată în Europa pe insula Malta în secolul al XVI-lea, potrivit documentarului TV Madwarna. A fost introdusă acolo prin sclavie. Sclavii musulmani turci au fost întemnițați de Cavalerii Sfântului Ioan în anul 1565 – anul Asaltului Mare al Maltei, și își făceau băutura tradițională. Domenico Magri a menționat în lucrarea sa “Virtu del Kafé”, “turcii, cei mai pricepuți producători ai acestui preparat”. De asemenea, călătorul german Gustav Sommerfeldt în 1663 a scris “abilitatea și profesionalismul cu care prizonierii turci câștigă niște bani, în special prin prepararea cafelei, o pulbere asemănătoare tutunului de tutun, cu apă și zahăr”. Cafeaua era o băutură populară în societatea înaltă din Malta – au fost deschise multe cafenele.

Cafeaua a fost de asemenea remarcată la Alep de către botanistul german Leonhard Rauwolf, primul european care a menționat-o, ca chaube, în 1573; Rauwolf a fost urmat îndeaproape de descrierile altor călători europeni.

Comerțul vibrant dintre Republica Veneția și musulmanii din Africa de Nord, Egipt și Orient a adus o mare varietate de produse africane, inclusiv cafea, în acest port european de frunte. Comercianții venețieni au introdus băuturi de cafea pentru cei bogați din Veneția, solicitând prețuri foarte mari pentru băutură. În acest fel, cafeaua a apărut în Europa. În 1591, Prospero Alpini, botanist-medic venețian, a devenit primul care a publicat o descriere a plantării de cafea din Europa. Prima cafenea europeană, în afară de cele din Imperiul Otoman și din Malta, a fost deschisă la Veneția în 1645.

Austria

Prima cafenea din Austria a fost deschisă la Viena în 1683 după bătălia de la Viena, prin folosirea proviziilor provenite din prăzile obținute după înfrângerea turcilor. Ofițerul care a primit boabele de cafea, Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki, un ofițer militar polonez de origine ucraineană, a deschis cafeneaua și a ajutat la popularizarea obiceiului de a adăuga zahăr și lapte la cafea. Melange este cafeaua tipică vieneză, amestecată cu lapte spumos fierbinte și un pahar de apă.

Anglia

(O publicitate la cafea din 1652 pentru vânzare în St. Michael’s Alley, Londra.)

Conform povestirii lui Leonhard Rauwolf în 1583, cafeaua a devenit disponibilă în Anglia cel târziu în secolul al XVI-lea, în mare parte prin eforturile companiei Levant. Prima cafenea din Anglia a fost deschisă în Aleea Sf. Mihail din Cornhill, Londra. Proprietarul era Pasqua Rosée, servitorul lui Daniel Edwards, un comerciant cu bunuri turcesti. Edwards a importat cafeaua și a asistat pe Rosée la înființarea unității. De asemenea, cafeaua a fost adusă prin intermediul British East India Company și Dutch East India Company în secolul al XVII-lea. Cafeneaua din Queen’s Lane din Oxford, înființată în 1654, existî încă în prezent. În 1675, erau mai mult de 3.000 de cafenele în toată Anglia, însă au existat multe întreruperi în evoluția progresivă a cafenelelor între anii 1660 și 1670. În timpul iluminismului, aceste cafenele englezești timpurii au devenit locuri de adunare pentru discuții religioase și politice profunde între populație. Această practică a devenit atât de comună și potențial subversivă încât Charles al II-lea a încercat să desființeze cafenelele în 1675.

Interzicerea femeilor din cafenele nu era universală, de exemplu femeile le frecventau în Germania, dar se pare că era un obicei în altă parte a Europei, inclusiv în Anglia.

Mulți în această perioadă au considerat cafeaua ca având proprietăți medicinale. Medici cunoscuți și eminenți au recomandat adesea cafeaua în scopuri medicinale, iar unii au prescris-o ca tratament pentru tulburări nervoase. Un tract din 1661 intitulat “A character of coffee and coffee-houses“, scris de un “MP”, enumeră unele dintre aceste beneficii percepute:

”A fost preamărită pentru a usca Cruditățile Stomacului și pentru a scoate Fumurile din Cap. Excelente Boabe! care poate curăța Stomacul englezului de Flegme și îl poate alunga Amețeala din capul său.”

Această nouă marfă s-a dovedit totuși controversată în rândul unor persoane. De exemplu, declarația anonimă din 1674 “Petiția femeilor împotriva cafelei” spunea:

”Folosirea excesivă a acelei băuturi alcoolice noi, abominabile, băutură păgână numită CAFEA … a … Castrat soții noștri și a răpit pe cei mai buni Galanți ai noștri, care au devenit Impotenți, în Timp.”

Franţa

Antoine Galland (1646-1715), în traducerea sa mai sus menționată, a descris asociația musulmană a cafelei, ceaiului și ciocolatei: “Suntem îndatorați acestor mari medici arabi pentru introducerea cafelei în lumea modernă prin scrierile lor, precum și zahărul, ceaiul și ciocolata.” Galland a declarat că a fost informat de domnul de la Croix, interpretul regelui Ludovic al XIV-lea al Franței, că astfel cafeaua a fost adusă la Paris de un anumit domn Thevenot, care călătorea prin est. La întoarcerea sa în acest oraș în 1657, Thevenot a dat câteva boabe prietenilor săi, dintre care unul a fost de la Croix.

În 1669, Soleiman Agha, ambasador al sultanului Mehmed al IV-lea, a sosit la Paris cu anturajul său aducând cu el o cantitate mare de boabe de cafea. Nu numai că le-a oferit oaspeților lor francezi și europeni cafea ca băutură, dar și-a donat unele din boabe curții regale. Între iulie 1669 și mai 1670, ambasadorul a reușit să stabilească cu fermitate obiceiul de a bea cafea în rândul parizienilor.

Germania

În Germania, cafenele au fost înființate pentru prima dată în porturile din Marea Nordului, inclusiv Bremen (1673) și Hamburg (1677). Inițial, această nouă băutură a fost scrisă ca în engleză, coffee, dar în anii 1700 germanii au adoptat treptat cuvântul francez café, apoi au schimbat încet ortografia spre Kaffee, care este cuvântul actual. În secolul al XVIII-lea, popularitatea cafelei s-a răspândit treptat în jurul ținuturilor germane și a fost preluată de clasele conducătoare. Cafeaua a fost servită la curtea Marelui Elector, Frederick William din Brandenburg încă din 1675, dar prima cafenea publică din Berlin nu a fost deschisă decât în 1721.

(Café Zimmermann, Leipzig (gravura de Johann Georg Schreiber, 1732))

Compozitorul Johann Sebastian Bach, cantor al Bisericii Sf. Toma, Leipzig, în anii 1723-50, a condus un ansamblu muzical la Café Zimmermann în acel oraș săsesc. În 1732-35, el a compus compoziția seculară “Cantata cafdelei” Schweigt stille, plaudert nicht (BWV 211), în care o tânără Lieschen pledează în fața tatăl ei dezaprobător pentru a accepta plăcerea ei de a bea cafea, atunci o nouă modă.

Olanda

Cursa în rândul europenilor de a obține copaci vii de cafea sau boabe a fost în cele din urmă câștigată de olandezi în 1616. Pieter van den Broecke, un comerciant olandez, a obținut în 1616 o parte din arbuștii de cafea bine păziți din Mocha, Yemen. Amsterdam și a găsit o casă pentru ele în grădinile botanice, unde au început să prospere. Acest eveniment aparent minor a avut parte de puțină publicitate, dar a avut un impact major asupra istoriei cafelei.

Boabele pe care van der Broecke le-a achiziționat din Mocha cu patruzeci de ani mai devreme s-au adaptat bine condițiilor din serele de la Grădina Botanică din Amsterdam și au produs numeroase tufișuri sănătoase de cafea arabica. În 1658, olandezii le-au folosit inițial pentru a începe cultivarea cafelei în Ceylon (acum Sri Lanka) și mai târziu în sudul Indiei. Ei au renunțat la aceste cultivări pentru a se concentra pe plantațiile lor javaneze, pentru a evita scăderea prețului prin oferta excedentară.

În câțiva ani, coloniile olandeze (Java în Asia, Surinam în America) au devenit principalii furnizori de cafea pentru Europa.

#Cafea #Europa #Istoria cafelei

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