Archaeologists Discovered Roman Floor Mosaics in Bulgaria
Archaeologists discovered floor mosaics with early Christian designs and nearly 800 artifacts in the archaeological reserve of Marcianopolis in Devnya, in the northeastern part of Bulgaria.
The Roman town of Marcianopolis (present-day Devnya) in northeastern Bulgaria appears to have originated as a Thracian settlement. It was later inhabited by Hellenized settlers from Asia Minor and named Parthenopolis.
Roman Marcianopolis was established around 106 CE, following Trajan’s campaigns in Dacia to the north. The settlement was named after his sister, Ulpia Marciana. At the crossroads between Odessos (modern Varna), Durostorum, and Nicopolis ad Istrum, as well as the location of plentiful springs, Marcianopolis became a strategically important settlement.
Diocletian’s administrative reforms in the late third century CE divided Moesia Inferior into Moesia Secunda and Scythia Minor, with Marcianopolis serving as the former’s administrative capital. Marcianopolis experienced its most prosperous period during the middle of the fourth century CE. From 367 CE to 369 CE, the eastern emperor Valens used Marcianopolis as his winter quarters during campaigns against Visigoth incursions in the region. During this time, it served as the Eastern Empire’s temporary capital.
Floor mosaics with early Christian designs were found in the remains of a building. Archaeologists are not yet sure whether it was a public building or it belonged to a rich Roman citizen.
The tentative dating of the mosaics is in the first half of the 4th century AD.
The finds from the current archaeological season in Devnya contain another thousand bronze coins, several clay lamps and two clay vessels, which are awaiting scientific processing and restoration.
During the past archeological season, researchers restored bronze vessels discovered in the 1990s in a brick-walled tomb dating to the late 2nd – early 3rd century.
The vessels had a ritual use and were related to the personality of the person buried, Mosaic Museum director Ivan Sutev said in a statement to BTA.
They are richly decorated and the workmanship is exquisite, he added. The find includes a vessel for pouring liquids as offering to a deity, and a wine jug with a trefoil mouth (oenochoe). A simple kitchen pan was also found along with these. All this leads archaeologists to suggest that a Roman citizen of Marcianopolis may have been laid to rest in the tomb, but that he may have had more specific functions: a soldier, a cook, or even a priest, Sutev said.
Pottery that was discovered in the basilica’s environs during excavations in 2023 has since been restored. Among these are a mortarium vessel for liquids and an exquisite crater-shaped pot for liquids. These were located in the structure with the mosaic floors. Coins from the time of Emperor Theodosius II were also found scattered on the floor.
In 447, Attila’s Huns captured and destroyed Marcionopolis after conquering the entire Balkan Peninsula but failing to capture Constantinople. That is determined by 20 gold coins scattered on the floor of the building being studied. On one side of the coins is an image of Theodosius II, while on the other is the patron goddess of Constantinople. Among the coins discovered during the Marcianopolis excavations were those from the city’s founding in the second century. The latter are dated to the sixth century, around the time of Emperor Justinian.
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Aureus of Domitian, struck in 84 AD.
Obverse depicts Domitian facing left.
Legend reads IMP CAES DOMITIANVS AVG GERMANIC
Reverse depicts Minerva facing right.
Legend reads PM TR POT III IMP V COS X PP
Domitian isn't the most interesting emperor; I don't think he deserves all the hate from historians since I think on an administrative level, he was pretty solid. Out of the Flavian emperors he is the most overlooked. Vespasian ended the civil war of 69 AD and was a well-liked Emperor, his older brother Titus was beloved by Roman citizens, he opened the colosseum, had to deal with the mess caused by Vesuvius and did some pretty unspeakable things in the Jewish war. And Domitian, well he's mostly remembered for being the ruthless paranoid younger brother who got killed to make way for the ✨5 good emperors✨
(Seriously, if Nerva gets to be grouped in with Trajan and Hadrian the entire Flavian dynasty should be added to make the 8 good emperors)
Aureus of Domitian, struck 84 AD.
Obverse depicts bust of Domitian facing right, legend reads
IMP CAES DOMITIANVS AVG GERMANIC
Reverse depicts Minerva standing left, holding scepter, legend reads
PM TR POT III IMP V COS X PP
Out of all the Roman deities featured on Domitian's coinage struck during his sole reign, Minerva appears the most by far. Mainly because he worshipped the goddess relentlessly, apparently having a shrine to her in his bedroom.
Suetonius writes that just before he was assassinated, Minerva came to him in a dream telling him that she could no longer protect him.
Aureus of Domitian, struck between 88 and 89 AD.
Obverse depicts bust of Domitian facing right, legend reads
DOMITIANVS AVGVSTVS
Reverse depicts a Germanic captive in mourning, resting on a shield with a broken spear below her, legend reads
GERMANICVS COS XIIII
Marcus & Lucius Antonius Gold Aureus. Ephesus mint, 41 BC. M ANT IMP AVG III VIR R P C M NERVA PROQ P, Head of Marcus Antonius, above/ L ANTONIVS COS, head of Lucius Antonius, below.
Obverse translation: Marcus Antonius Imperator Augurus Triumviri Rei Publicæ Constituandæ Marcus Nerva Pro Quæstor Prætore
Reverse: Lucius Antonius Consul
Small, thick, irregular, oval-shaped flank, well centered on both sides. Very nice portraits of Mark Antony and his brother Lucius Antony with a little weakness in the hair for Lucius.
Philip I The Arab, was a Roman Emperor who reigned from 244 to 249 AD. He was born in Syria.
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Obverse: portrait of Domitian. Reverse: GERMANICUS COS XVI. Emperor in a chariot in the triumph accorded after victory over the Chatti in AD 83, as a result of wich Domitian took the title ' Germanicus'.
Domitian (24 October 51 – 18 September 96) was Roman emperor from 81 to 96. The son of Vespasian and the younger brother of Titus, his two predecessors on the throne, he was the last member of the Flavian dynasty. Described as "a ruthless but efficient autocrat",his authoritarian style of ruling put him at sharp odds with the Senate, whose powers he drastically curtailed.
Domitian had a minor and largely ceremonial role during the reigns of his father and brother. After the death of his brother, Domitian was declared emperor by the Praetorian Guard. His 15-year reign was the longest since that of Tiberius. As emperor, Domitian strengthened the economy by revaluing the Roman coinage, expanded the border defenses of the empire, and initiated a massive building program to restore the damaged city of Rome. Significant wars were fought in Britain, where his general Agricola attempted to conquer Caledonia (Scotland), and in Dacia, where Domitian was unable to procure a decisive victory against King Decebalus. Domitian's government exhibited strong authoritarian characteristics. Religious, military, and cultural propaganda fostered a cult of personality, and by nominating himself perpetual censor, he sought to control public and private morals.
As a consequence, Domitian was popular with the people and the army, but considered a tyrant by members of the Roman Senate. Domitian's reign came to an end in 96 when he was assassinated by court officials. He was succeeded the same day by his advisor Nerva. After his death, Domitian's memory was condemned to oblivion by the Senate, while senatorial and equestrian authors such as Tacitus, Pliny the Younger, and Suetonius propagated the view of Domitian as a cruel and paranoid tyrant. Modern revisionists instead have characterized Domitian as a ruthless but efficient autocrat whose cultural, economic, and political programs provided the foundation of the peaceful second century.
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