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gastroenterology2 · 2 years

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Gastroenterology Medicine: an outline

Gastroenterology could be a branch of medication that focuses on the health of the system digestorium or the GI (gastrointestinal) tract. Gastroenterologists diagnose and treat medical specialty diseases associated with the system, everything from irritable gut syndrome to viral hepatitis. elements of the GI system treated by a physician include the tongue, epiglottis, secretion glands, esophagus, liver, bladder, pancreas, stomach, intestine, bowel, rectum, and anus.

Who square measures Gastroenterologists? Gastroenterologists square measure specialists United Nations agency primarily diagnoses and treats medical specialty diseases. They additionally perform scrutiny procedures during which they use specialized instruments to look at the canal and create an identification. In some cases, they'll work closely with GI sawbones to higher perceive things about the patient and supply the most effective medical aid.

The system functions:

Digests and moves food Absorbs nutrients Removes waste from your body And, Gastroenterologists will treat any part of this method.

Key Areas of medical specialty Hepatology focuses on the identification and treatment of diseases of the liver, bladder, biliary tree, and duct gland Pancreatic illness Liver Transplantation Inflammatory gut illness, or the other chronic inflammation of the digestive tube Gastrointestinal cancer Endoscopic police work of the digestive tube Reflux rubor, that's normally caused thanks to reflux illness When must you Visit a Gastroenterologist? Your primary Dr. could refer you to a specialist if you're stricken by medical specialty symptoms such as:

Unexplained blood in your stool Unexplained issue swallowing Experiencing abdominal pain If you're over the age of fifty, take into account checking out “Gastroenterologist close to me” and acquire the preventive care you would like. Men and girls over the age of fifty have a high risk for carcinoma so they ought to keep an eye fixed out for the signs and medical specialty symptoms associated with such issues.

Common practical epithelial duct Disorders A disorder is one wherever the gastrointestinal tract appearance traditional but doesn’t work properly. These square measure the foremost common issues poignant in the gastrointestinal tract. Irritable gut syndrome (ISB) and constipation square measure the foremost common examples.

Many factors upset the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract including:

Stress Eating giant amounts of farm merchandise Traveling or alternative changes in routine Controlling the urge to own gut movements thanks to pain from hemorrhoids Eating a diet low in fiber Not enough exercise Traveling or alternative changes in routine Pregnancy Taking medications like antidepressants, iron pills, and powerful pain medicines like narcotics Overuse of laxatives (stool softeners) that, over time, weaken the gut muscles Taking antacid medicines containing metallic elements or metal What square measure the Common Diseases Treated by Gastroenterologists? Gastritis Acute Liver Failure Alcoholic liver disease Celiac Disease (Sprue) Cholecystitis Liver liver disease Colitis Colon Cancer Constipation Esophagitis Fatty Liver Food Poisoning Gallbladder Cancer Gastroesophageal Reflux illness (GERD) Lower epithelial duct hemorrhage Malabsorption Peptic Ulcer illness Ulcerative inflammation Upper epithelial duct hemorrhage Viral liver disease Acute liver disease of gestation Anal Cancer Diarrhea Gallstones Hemorrhoids Hepatocellular malignant neoplastic disease Rectal Cancer Typhoid Fever What square measure the Common Procedures Performed by Gastroenterologists? Capsule scrutiny Colonoscopy Endoscopic diagnostic assay Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Glue injection of varices Liver diagnostic assay Oesophageal stenting Piles adornment Upper epithelial duct scrutiny /Gastroscopy Sigmoidoscopy Education and coaching Requirements: the trail to Becoming a physician To become an authorized physician, a doctor should receive 5 & 0.5 years of coaching in M.B.B.S from a medical school. once graduation/M.B.B.S, a post-graduation in general medicine for 3 years is critical to qualify for coaching, which is followed by an excellent specialization degree in a medical specialty.

Leading Gastroenterologist in Nagpur :=

Dr. Rachit Agarwal

MBBS, MD (Medicine), DNB (Gastroenterology)

Dr. Rachit Agarwal is a Gastroenterologist, Hepatologist, And Therotoscopic Endoscopy Doctor In Nagpur. He Provides Services Related To Gas Acidity, Constipation, Fatty Liver, Abdominal Pain, Jaundice, And Diarrhea. He has vast experience in treatment alcohol related liver disease, Cirrhosis, Pancreatitis, Hepatitis, Biliary and GI cancer . He completed an MBBS from Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, Nagpur with a first-class grade. He pursued his Post Graduation (MD Medicine) from Topiwala National Medical College, Mumbai and DNB Gastroenterology from Sir Gangaram Hospital, New Delhi. He has good experience in Gastroenterology and Hepatology. He is a Consultant Gastroenterologist at SS Multi specialty Hospital and Saraswati Kidney Care Hospital, Consultant Gastroenterologist at Orange City Hospital and Research Institute, and a Consultant Gastroenterologist at Sparsh Polyclinic and nursing home. He is a member of ACG (American College of Gastroenterology), Lifetime member of ISG (Indian Society of Gastroenterology), Lifetime member of INASL (Indian National Association for the study of liver), and Lifetime Member of SGEI (Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy of India). To contact Doctor click here

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mcatmemoranda · 2 years

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I have a pt who had a colonoscopy for hematochezia. They biopsied two rectal polyps with pathology showing a traditional serrated adenoma and a villous adenoma with high grade dysplasia. I remember that these are the bad ones to have. I think she'll need to be re-screened in 3 years. This is from UpToDate:

A polyp of the colon refers to a protuberance into the lumen above the surrounding colonic mucosa. Polyps are usually asymptomatic but may ulcerate and bleed, cause tenesmus if in the rectum, and, when very large, produce intestinal obstruction. Colonic polyps may be neoplastic (eg, adenomas) or non-neoplastic (eg, inflammatory polyps).

Inflammatory polyps are non-neoplastic intraluminal projections of mucosa consisting of stromal and epithelial components and inflammatory cells. Inflammatory polyps do not undergo neoplastic transformation and do not require excision unless they cause symptoms.

Hamartomatous polyps are made up of tissue elements that are normally found at that site but are growing in a disorganized mass. Juvenile polyps and Peutz-Jeghers polyps are hamartomatous polyps. In contrast to patients with sporadic juvenile polyps, patients with juvenile polyposis coli and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) are at increased risk for colorectal cancer.

Sessile serrated lesions are a heterogenous group of polyps with variable malignant potential. They include hyperplastic polyps, traditional serrated adenomas, and sessile serrated polyps (SSLs; synonymous with sessile serrated adenomas [SSA]).

Hyperplastic polyps are the most prevalent non-neoplastic polyps in the colon. Distal small hyperplastic polyps rarely, if ever, develop into colorectal cancers. SSLs, particularly those with foci of classic histologic dysplasia, are considered the likely precursor lesions to sporadic high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) colon cancer through a molecular pathway characterized by a high frequency of methylation of some CpG islands (CpG island hypermethylation phenotype-positive).

Adenomatous polyps are neoplastic polyps. Clinically, adenomas are generally asymptomatic and are most often detected by colon cancer screening tests. Villous histology, increasing polyp size, and high-grade dysplasia are risk factors for focal cancer within an individual adenoma.

If a polyp is detected, we recommend colonoscopy to establish the histology, remove the polyp, and search for synchronous lesions (Grade 1A). Recommendations for subsequent treatment and surveillance depend on the number and pathologic features of the polyp(s)

#polyps #colon cancer

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expertacademicassignmenthelp · 20 hours

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The Endocrine System

Introduction

The endocrine system is a complex network containing a symphony of hormonal interactions crucial for maintaining physiological equilibrium. Comprising glands, organs, and tissues dispersed throughout the body, its influence allows various bodily functions, spanning from metabolism to reproduction and beyond. This topic endeavors to provide an in-depth exploration of the endocrine system, encompassing its anatomy, physiological functions, associated conditions, and strategies for proactive care. By indulging into this indispensable regulatory system, we aim to equip readers with a comprehensive understanding to prioritize their hormonal health effectively.

Anatomy of the Endocrine System

The anatomy of the endocrine system is contained by an array of specialized glands, organs, and tissues, each endowed with the capacity to synthesize and dispatch hormones into the bloodstream. Principal among these are:

Endocrine Glands: These specialized tissues, including the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and adrenal glands, secrete hormones directly into circulation, exerting systemic effects.

Endocrine Organs: Organs such as the hypothalamus, pancreas, and reproductive glands contribute to hormonal regulation, interfacing closely with the nervous system to modulate physiological responses.

Endocrine-Related Tissues: Adjunct to traditional endocrine structures, adipose tissue, kidneys, and even the heart harbor the capability to produce hormones, further augmenting the system’s complexity and regulatory capacity.

Functions of the Endocrine System

The cardinal function of the endocrine system is hormone secretion, holding up varied network of intercellular communication. Hormones, acting as molecular messengers, traverse the bloodstream to target cells, eliciting diverse physiological responses.

Key functions include:

Metabolism Regulation: Hormonal content govern metabolic processes, dictating energy expenditure, glucose homeostasis, and lipid metabolism.

Homeostatic Control: Endocrine signaling regulates internal threshold, modulating blood pressure, fluid balance, and body temperature.

Development and Growth: Hormonal interplay underpins growth trajectories and developmental milestones, steering embryonic stages and pubertal maturation.

Sexual Function and Reproduction: Hormonal modulation governs reproductive physiology, controlling fertility, libido, and secondary sexual characteristics.

Neuroendocrine Integration: The endocrine system reveals intimately with the nervous system, harmonizing behavioral and physiological responses, including mood regulation and sleep-wake cycles.

Conditions and Disorders

A spectrum of endocrine-related ailments afflicts individuals, stemming from hormonal imbalances, glandular dysfunctions, or neoplastic proliferations. Noteworthy conditions encompass:

Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders: Spanning type 1 and type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and obesity, these conditions disrupt glucose homeostasis and metabolic equilibrium.

Endocrine Cancers and Tumors: Malignancies affecting endocrine tissues, including adrenal tumors, pituitary adenomas, and thyroid malignancies, necessitate specialized oncological management.

Thyroid Dysfunction: Hypo- and hyperthyroidism, thyroid nodules, and autoimmune thyroiditis typify prevalent thyroid disorders, precipitating diverse clinical manifestations.

Reproductive and Sexual Health Disorders: From polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) to erectile dysfunction, disruptions in reproductive hormone signaling manifest as infertility, menstrual irregularities, and sexual dysfunction.

Proactive Care and Health Maintenance

In fostering endocrine wellness, a holistic approach integrating lifestyle modifications and environmental awareness is imperative. Strategies for promoting endocrine health encompass:

Lifestyle Optimization: Embracing a balanced diet, regular exercise regimen, and adequate sleep hygiene fosters metabolic resilience and hormonal equilibrium.

Environmental Vigilance: Mitigating exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals pervasive in everyday products, such as plastics, pesticides, and personal care items, reduces the risk of hormonal perturbations.

Health Surveillance: Individuals with familial predispositions to endocrine disorders benefit from proactive screening and vigilant symptom monitoring, facilitating early intervention and optimal disease management.

Conclusion

The endocrine entails physiological regulation, producing hormonal interactions essential for vitality and well-being. By looking at anatomy, physiological functions, associated conditions, and avenues for proactive care, this discourse endeavors to foster a comprehensive understanding of the endocrine system Empowered with knowledge, individuals can prioritize their hormonal health, embracing proactive measures to optimize their overall well-being and quality of life.

For medical students navigating the study of endocrinology and seeking guidance and academic support during their study period, Expert Academic Assignment Help offers invaluable assistance. With our expertise and resources, we provide tailored solutions to aid in comprehension, research, and academic success. Don’t hesitate to reach out to us for personalized assistance and elevate your understanding of this vital field. Your academic journey awaits, and we’re here to help you excel.

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mirandamckenni1 · 11 days

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youtube

A Man Had 2 Week Old Baked Potato For Dinner. This Is What Happened To His Brain. Use code EMU50 to get 50% OFF your first Factor box plus 20% off your next box at https://bit.ly/3PQu5C6! Thanks Factor for sponsoring this video! This case series in link below Patient PD by Wolfgang Nelson Master Brewer Inmate by Bryan Assata Production Assistant: Tristyn Smith Director of Photography: John Myung Producer: Dr Katherine Johns In-depth channel: @HemeReview Secret channel: @BigEmus Music by @Lifeformed ► https://ift.tt/7kesuEy Other music inspired by R Prince, performed by Chubbyemu me on @DaisyFoko's podcast https://youtu.be/1xrIF_wRRl4 Medicine ► https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL26HeTCO57qcMQB6CrU6QRzEi9tt9l1FI Timestamp: 0:00 A Prisoner Consumed 2 Week Old Baked Potato 🥔 For Dinner 0:24 Introducing PD 0:54 Good 🍊 fruit 1:09 Getting 🤔 an idea 1:45 haha juice go glug glug 2:35 what's wrong sweaty, got a little 🤧 sneeze ? 3:01 Guy: "Doc, can you take a closer look?" Doc: "no." 3:26 Doc takes a closer look 3:50 braaap 4:25 pay attention to the symptoms together 5:26 This is called Pace, the speed of onset and evolution of symptoms 6:00 This is called Localization. Where are things going wrong? 7:27 Too slow to be vascular etiology, too fast to be genetic or neoplastic 8:34 Factor 9:43 Eat potato🥔, brain 🧠 becomes potato. i dont make the rules around 🤷‍♂️ here 11:00 Drink good 12:21 mmm 😋 delicious 13:23 Pace + Localization = Syndrome 14:52 What do you think of this? These cases are patients who I, or my colleagues have seen. They are de-identified and many instances have been presented in more depth in an academic setting. These videos are not individual medical advice and are for general educational purposes only. I do not give medical advice over the internet. References: CDC. Botulism from drinking prison-made illicit alcohol—Utah, 2011. MMWR 2012;61:782–4. https://ift.tt/7wapxuA Williams BT et. al. Emergency department identification and critical care management of a Utah prison botulism outbreak. Ann Emerg Med. 2014 Jul;64(1):26-31. https://ift.tt/LDbEYgc Botulinum Toxin: Mechanism of Action and Clinical Use. https://ift.tt/0YU8KMA via YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7HxqObO31bs

#IFTTT #YouTube #Youtube

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virinchihospitals90 · 7 months

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best neurology hospital in hyderabad - Virinchi Hospital

Virinchi Hospitals: Premier Neurological Care in Hyderabad

In the bustling city of Hyderabad, Virinchi Hospitals has established itself as a pioneering institution for the treatment of neurological disorders. With a team of the best neurosurgeons and specialists, we cater to a vast range of neurological conditions.

Treatment is offered for the following neurological disorders

At Virinchi, our expertise encompasses:

Brain, meninges, spinal cord, nerves & muscle disorders

Stroke, epilepsy, and movement disorders like Parkinson’s disease

Dementias such as Alzheimer’s disease, infections of the brain, and ailments like neuropathy, myopathy, and myasthenia gravis & crisis

Common issues like headache, trigeminal neuralgia, cervical and lumbar spondylitis, and rare conditions like Gullen Barrie Syndrome

Systemic diseases with neurological manifestations, Para neoplastic syndromes, and subarachnoid hemorrhage

Both parenchymal and extra-parenchymal vascular brain & spinal disorders

Being the best neurology hospital in Hyderabad, we believe it's our moral duty to provide unmatched neurological treatments to our patients.

Diagnostic Excellence:

Our state-of-the-art diagnostic facilities include:

Comprehensive Neuro Imaging: Specialized protocols like stroke protocol, epilepsy protocol, and dementia protocol are in place for precision.

CT with perfusion

MRI with features like diffusion, perfusion, spectroscopy, functional

Cerebral DSA

Advanced Neurophysiology:

Neuro-Sinology including TCD and Carotid Doppler

EEG/ Video EEG

NCV/ EMG/ H-reflex, and other tests like VEP, BAERA, SSEPs, QSRT

Autonomic testing and EMG guided Botulinum Toxin for dystonia’s

Neuro-intensive Care Unit Therapies:

Our dedicated Neuro-intensive Care Unit is equipped with:

Round-the-clock services like Intravenous Thrombolysis, Continuous EEG Monitoring, and Meningitis & Encephalitis management.

ICP Monitoring for TBI and Major Strokes

Advanced ventilation for Myasthenia crisis and GBS

Hemi craniotomy procedures and TCD monitoring capabilities

In our Advanced Neuro-Cath Lab, we offer:

Diagnostic Cerebral and Spinal DSA

Intra-arterial Thrombolysis, Mechanical thrombectomy, and various embolization techniques

Carotid and Intracranial stenting

Stroke Unit Services:

From first-hour monitoring and assessments to Neuro-rehabilitation and stroke education, we ensure comprehensive stroke care.

Video EEG Services:

Evaluation for refractory seizures, PNES, and selection for epilepsy surgery.

Botulinum Toxin Treatments:

Effective for a range of conditions from Hemi facial Spasms to Post-stroke spasticity and chronic daily headaches.

Neuro-Rehabilitation Services:

Comprehensive rehab services are available for a range of patients, from those who've had strokes to those with learning disabilities.

When searching for "best neurosurgeon near me", "best hospital for brain surgery", or "neurological disorders", look no further than Virinchi Hospitals. We are not just a name, but a commitment to holistic Neuro care. Trust us for unparalleled services in Hyderabad and be assured of receiving care from the crème de la crème in the Neuro domain.

Address: Virinchi Circle, Rd Number 1, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana

Phone.no: 040 46999999

Website: https://virinchihospitals.com/neurology/

# best Neuro surgeon near me # best hospital for brain surgery

# Best neurology hospital in Hyderabad # Neurological disorders

#best Neuro surgeon near me #best hospital for brain surgery #Best neurology hospital in Hyderabad #Neurological disorders

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pooma-health · 1 year

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John Korsah from ACCRA-Ghana

Lab scientist

FEVER

Ξ What is fever?

Fever, also known as pyrexia, is a medical condition characterized by an elevation in body temperature above the normal range. In most adults, a fever is typically considered to be present when the body temperature rises to 100.4°F (38°C) or higher. However, the definition of fever can vary depending on factors such as age, underlying health conditions, and the method used to measure body temperature.

Fever is a natural response by the body's immune system to various conditions, such as infections, inflammation, or certain medical conditions.

It is often associated with symptoms like sweating, chills, headache, muscle aches, fatigue, and increased heart rate. Fever itself is not a disease but rather a symptom indicating that the body is fighting off an infection or reacting to an underlying condition.

Fevers are commonly caused by viral or bacterial infections, such as the flu, common cold, urinary tract infections, or pneumonia. Other factors that can contribute to fever include certain medications, vaccinations, heat exhaustion, autoimmune disorders, and some cancers.

In most cases, treating the underlying cause of the fever is the primary approach. Over-the-counter medications like acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil) can help reduce fever and alleviate associated symptoms.

However, it's important to note that fever itself is not always harmful and can actually be beneficial as it helps the body fight off infections. If a fever persists for an extended period, is accompanied by severe symptoms, or occurs in infants, young children, or individuals with weakened immune systems, it is advisable to seek medical attention for proper evaluation and treatment.

Ξ Types of fever

Fever can be categorized into different types based on their underlying causes or characteristics.

Here are some common types of fever:

1. Infectious Fever: This type of fever is caused by an infection, such as a viral or bacterial infection. Examples include the flu, common cold, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and strep throat.

2. Inflammatory Fever: Inflammation in the body can lead to a fever. Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and certain autoimmune disorders can cause inflammatory fever.

3. Drug-induced Fever: Some medications or drugs can trigger a fever as a side effect. Certain antibiotics, antihistamines, and seizure medications are known to cause drug-induced fevers.

4. Neoplastic Fever: Fevers that are associated with cancers or tumors are referred to as neoplastic fevers. They can occur due to the body's immune response to the presence of cancer cells or as a result of the release of chemicals by the tumor.

5. Recurrent Fever: This type of fever is characterized by recurring episodes of fever that last for a certain period and then resolve, only to return later. Conditions like familial Mediterranean fever, periodic fever syndromes, and certain autoimmune disorders can cause recurrent fevers.

6. Pel-Ebstein Fever: This specific pattern of fever is observed in some cases of Hodgkin's lymphoma, where patients experience alternating periods of fever and normal temperature.

7. Continuous Fever: Continuous fever refers to a sustained fever that remains elevated throughout the day without significant fluctuations.

8. Remittent Fever: This type of fever fluctuates throughout the day but does not return to normal temperature. The variation in temperature is usually more than 2°C (3.6°F).

9. Intermittent Fever: Intermittent fever is characterized by episodes of fever that occur at regular intervals, with temperature returning to normal between episodes. Malaria is a notable example of a disease that causes intermittent fever.

These are just a few examples of the types of fever. It's important to note that the specific type and characteristics of a fever can provide valuable information to healthcare professionals for diagnosing and treating the underlying condition.

Ξ Causes of each fever

Here are some common causes associated with different types of fevers:

1. Infectious Fever:

▪️Viral Infections: Influenza (flu), common cold, viral gastroenteritis, dengue fever, viral hepatitis.

▪️Bacterial Infections: Streptococcal infections (e.g., strep throat), urinary tract infections, pneumonia, tuberculosis, bacterial meningitis.

Inflammatory Fever:

2. Rheumatoid Arthritis: An autoimmune disease that causes joint inflammation and fever.

▪️Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Conditions like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis can lead to fever during flare-ups.

▪️Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): An autoimmune disease that can cause inflammation in various organs and result in fever.

3. Drug-induced Fever:

▪️Antibiotics: Some antibiotics like penicillins, sulfonamides, and cephalosporins can cause drug-induced fever.

▪️Antihistamines: Certain antihistamines used for allergies can trigger a fever as a side effect.

▪️Antiepileptic Drugs: Medications used to treat seizures, such as phenytoin and carbamazepine, may cause fever in some individuals.

4. Neoplastic Fever:

▪️Cancers: Various types of cancers, such as lymphomas, leukemias, and solid tumors, can cause fever. Fever may occur due to immune response to cancer cells or chemicals released by tumors.

5. Recurrent Fever:

▪️Familial Mediterranean Fever: A hereditary autoinflammatory disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of fever and inflammation.

▪️Periodic Fever Syndromes: Conditions like familial Hibernian fever, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS), and hyper-IgD syndrome can cause recurrent fevers.

6. Pel-Ebstein Fever:

▪️Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Some individuals with Hodgkin's lymphoma may experience fevers that alternate between high and normal temperatures.

It's important to note that these are general examples, and each individual's case may vary. Fever can have various causes, and a healthcare professional should evaluate the specific symptoms and medical history to determine the underlying cause accurately.

Ξ Effects of fever

Fever is a natural response of the body's immune system to fight off infections and other underlying conditions. While fever itself is not typically harmful, it can have certain effects on the body. Here are some common effects of fever:

1. Increased Metabolic Rate: Fever causes an increase in the metabolic rate of the body. This means that the body's processes, such as heart rate, breathing rate, and energy expenditure, are elevated during a fever.

2. Accelerated Immune Response: Fever stimulates the immune system, enhancing the body's defense mechanisms against infections. It can activate immune cells, increase the production of antibodies, and promote the release of cytokines, which aid in fighting off pathogens.

3. Inhibition of Pathogen Growth: Higher body temperatures can inhibit the growth and replication of certain bacteria and viruses. Fever creates an unfavorable environment for pathogens, making it more difficult for them to survive and spread.

4. Increased Heart Rate: Fever can cause an increase in heart rate as the body works to circulate blood and distribute heat evenly throughout the body.

5. Vasodilation: Fever can lead to the dilation of blood vessels in the skin, resulting in flushing or redness. This helps dissipate heat from the body and can contribute to feelings of warmth.

6. Fluid Loss: Fever increases the body's fluid requirements as it can lead to fluid loss through sweating and increased respiratory rate. It is important to stay hydrated during a fever to prevent dehydration.

7. Fatigue and Weakness: Many individuals experience feelings of fatigue, weakness, and decreased energy levels during a fever. This is a natural response as the body redirects its resources to fighting off the underlying cause of the fever.

8. Discomfort and Pain: Fever can be accompanied by symptoms such as headache, muscle aches, and general discomfort. These symptoms are often associated with the underlying condition causing the fever, rather than the fever itself.

It's important to note that in most cases, fever is a temporary and self-limiting condition that resolves as the underlying cause is treated or the infection clears. However, high or persistent fevers, especially in certain vulnerable populations such as young children or individuals with weakened immune systems, may require medical attention.

Ξ How to run lab tests on fever :

1. Purpose

Running lab tests on a person with a fever can help identify the underlying cause of the fever and guide appropriate treatment. The purpose of conducting lab tests is to gather specific information about the patient's condition. Here are some common lab tests that may be conducted during a fever:

▪️Complete Blood Count (CBC): A CBC provides information about the different types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It can help identify indicators of infection, inflammation, or anemia.

▪️Blood Culture: This test involves collecting a blood sample and incubating it in a laboratory to check for the presence of bacteria or fungi in the bloodstream. Blood cultures help identify a potential bloodstream infection, which could be the cause of the fever.

▪️Urinalysis: A urinalysis involves examining a urine sample to check for signs of infection or inflammation in the urinary tract, which can be a potential source of fever.

▪️Chest X-ray: A chest X-ray can be performed to evaluate the condition of the lungs and identify any signs of pneumonia or other respiratory infections, which may cause a fever.

▪️C-reactive Protein (CRP) or Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR): These tests measure markers of inflammation in the body. They can help determine the severity of the infection or inflammation contributing to the fever.

▪️Viral Panel: In cases where a viral infection is suspected, specific tests can be conducted to identify the presence of certain viral pathogens, such as influenza, dengue, or respiratory viruses.

▪️Cultures: Depending on the symptoms and suspected source of infection, cultures may be taken from various sites, such as throat swabs, sputum samples, wound swabs, or cerebrospinal fluid, to identify the specific bacteria or fungi causing the infection.

The specific lab tests ordered may vary based on the individual's symptoms, medical history, and clinical presentation. It is important for a healthcare professional to evaluate the patient and determine which tests are necessary to reach a diagnosis and guide appropriate treatment.

2. Procedure

The procedure for conducting lab tests during a fever can vary depending on the specific tests being performed. However, here is a general outline of the steps involved:

▪️Medical History and Evaluation: The healthcare professional will first take a detailed medical history, including information about the patient's symptoms, duration of the fever, and any other relevant information. They will also perform a physical examination to assess the patient's overall condition.

▪️Test Ordering: Based on the medical history, evaluation, and initial assessment, the healthcare professional will determine which lab tests are necessary. They will write an order for the specific tests to be conducted.

▪️Sample Collection: The patient will be directed to the laboratory or a designated collection center for sample collection. The types of samples required may include blood, urine, throat swabs, sputum, or other relevant samples based on the suspected source of infection.

▪️Sample Processing: Once the samples are collected, they are processed in the laboratory according to the specific requirements of each test. This may involve centrifugation, culturing, staining, or other techniques, depending on the test being conducted.

▪️Laboratory Analysis: The collected samples are analyzed using various laboratory techniques and equipment. For example, blood samples may undergo automated analysis, while cultures are incubated to allow for the growth of microorganisms.

▪️Result Interpretation: After the analysis is complete, the results are interpreted by laboratory professionals who generate a report. The report includes the findings for each test conducted, including reference ranges and any abnormalities detected.

▪️Result Communication: The healthcare professional receives the lab report and interprets the results in the context of the patient's clinical presentation. They communicate the results to the patient, explaining any abnormalities or findings and discussing the next steps, such as further diagnostic tests or treatment options.

It is important to note that the specific procedure and timeline for lab tests may vary depending on the healthcare facility, the urgency of the situation, and the specific tests being conducted. The healthcare professionals involved will guide the patient through the process and ensure that the necessary tests are conducted accurately and efficiently.

3. Risks

While lab tests conducted during a fever are generally considered safe, there are some potential risks and considerations to be aware of:

▪️Discomfort or Pain: Certain sample collection procedures, such as blood draws or throat swabs, may cause temporary discomfort or mild pain. However, healthcare professionals aim to minimize any discomfort and ensure patient comfort during the process.

▪️Bleeding or Bruising: In some cases, blood draws may result in minor bleeding at the puncture site or bruising. Healthcare professionals take precautions to minimize these risks, such as using appropriate techniques and applying pressure after sample collection.

▪️Infection: There is a very low risk of infection associated with sample collection, particularly if proper aseptic techniques are not followed. However, healthcare professionals adhere to strict infection control protocols to minimize the risk of infection.

▪️Sample Contamination: Improper handling or contamination of samples can lead to inaccurate results. Laboratory professionals take precautions to ensure proper sample handling, transportation, and storage to minimize the risk of contamination.

▪️Allergic Reactions: Some individuals may have allergies or sensitivities to certain materials or substances used during sample collection or testing, such as adhesive tapes, antiseptics, or latex gloves. Informing healthcare professionals about known allergies or sensitivities can help mitigate this risk.

▪️Psychological Distress: For some individuals, undergoing lab tests may cause anxiety or psychological distress. It is important to communicate any concerns or anxieties to healthcare professionals, who can provide support and address these concerns.

▪️False-Negative or False-Positive Results: Lab tests have a certain degree of sensitivity and specificity. However, false-negative or false-positive results are possible, which means that the test may incorrectly indicate the presence or absence of a condition. Interpretation of test results should always be done in conjunction with the patient's clinical presentation and other diagnostic information.

It is essential to communicate openly with healthcare professionals about any concerns or questions you may have about the lab tests being conducted. They can provide you with information, address your concerns, and help ensure a safe and effective testing process.

4. Medication both in Medicine and Natural ways

Medication can be used to manage various health conditions and symptoms, including fever. It's important to note that specific medications should be prescribed by a healthcare professional based on the underlying cause of the fever and the individual's medical history. Here are some common medications used to treat fever:

▪️Antipyretics: These medications are used to reduce fever by lowering body temperature. Common antipyretics include acetaminophen (Tylenol) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen (Advil) or naproxen (Aleve).

▪️Antibiotics: If the fever is caused by a bacterial infection, antibiotics may be prescribed to target and eliminate the bacteria. However, antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections.

▪️Antiviral Medications: In cases where the fever is caused by a viral infection, specific antiviral medications may be prescribed to help control the viral replication and reduce symptoms.

▪️Anti-inflammatory Drugs: In certain cases, such as fever associated with autoimmune diseases or inflammation, corticosteroids or other anti-inflammatory drugs may be used to manage symptoms and reduce fever.

▪️Other Medications: Depending on the underlying cause of the fever, additional medications may be prescribed to address specific symptoms or conditions. For example, antimalarial drugs may be used to treat fever caused by malaria.

While medications prescribed by healthcare professionals are often effective in managing fever, there are also some natural ways to help alleviate fever symptoms:

▪️Rest: Getting plenty of rest allows the body to conserve energy and focus on fighting the underlying cause of the fever.

▪️Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of fluids, such as water, herbal teas, or clear broths, to stay hydrated and prevent dehydration.

▪️Sponge Bath or Cooling Measures: Applying a damp cloth or sponge soaked in lukewarm water to the forehead, wrists, and ankles can help cool the body. Avoid using cold water or ice as it can cause shivering and may actually increase body temperature.

▪️Room Temperature: Keep the room temperature comfortable and not excessively warm. A cooler environment can help promote comfort during a fever.

▪️Wear Lightweight Clothing: Dress in lightweight and breathable clothing to facilitate heat dissipation from the body.

▪️Herbal Remedies: Some herbal remedies, such as chamomile or peppermint tea, may have mild fever-reducing properties. However, it's essential to consult with a healthcare professional or herbalist before using herbal remedies, especially if you have any underlying health conditions or are taking medications.

It is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment options for fever. They can provide guidance on the most suitable medications or natural remedies based on individual circumstances.

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literaturepublishersjournal · 1 year

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Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology Case Reports

Journal of orthopedic case reports publishes Images in Orthopaedics Case Reports Journal, Orthopaedics Journal, Case Reports in Orthopaedics etc. Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology Case Reports provides an equal platform to orthopaedic based medicine as well as personal experience and every case report should reflect these important concepts.

Journal of orthopaedic case reports is an open access journal devoted to publishing surgical procedures and observations covering the musculoskeletal system, foot and ankle, spine, hip or knee but not limited to.

Journal of orthopedic case reports

Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology Case Reports focuses on the topics under Journal of orthopedic case reports that includes:

Case reports in orthopaedic journals include orthopaedic surgery and related disciplines, including clinical orthopaedics, traumatology, implant design, orthopaedic science, paediatric orthopaedics, rehabilitation, sports medicine and tissue engineering, adult rheumatology, and paediatric rheumatology.

Traumatology and Orthopaedics Case Reports are the fastest communication journals and articles are published online within a short time after acceptance of orthopaedic surgery case reports.

This journal publishes the latest researches and topical debates in all fields of clinical and experimental orthopaedics, including musculoskeletal medicine, locomotive syndrome, trauma, paediatrics, oncology and biomaterials, as well as basic research. International Journal of orthopedic case reports dealing with the entire human body, including spine, upper extremities and lower extremities.

Case Report in Orthopaedic and Traumatology Journal focuses on the following areas, but not limited to:

Musculoskeletal System

The human musculoskeletal system helps in locomotion of the human body by using Muscular and skeletal systems. The subsystems are Muscles, Skeleton, Bones, ligaments and Bursae. The primary function of this system is to protect the vital organs and allow the movement of the body. Without the muscle fibre contraction and pull against of the skeleton, we are not able to sit, stand, walk or run.

Bone Journal

Bone Biology deals with the bones, these have their own Blood vessels and living cells that help in their self-growth and repair. Bone is also made up of Protein, vitamins and Minerals. The primary function of the bone is to give structural support and to protect the vital organs of the body. The human body is made up of about 300 soft bones in the beginning, as the adolescence reached the soft bones are matured to hard bones by joining together and had made a count of about 206 bones in the adult skeleton. Some of the bone cells which helps in production, maintenance and modelling are Osteoblasts, Osteocytes and Osteoclasts. In Latin the bones are known as Os, so this study is also known as Osteology.

Orthopaedic Disorders Journal and Injuries

Orthopaedics is mainly concerned with Muscles, Ligaments and Joints. Any kind of disorder to these areas is referred to as orthopaedic disorders and injuries. They can be congenital, developmental or acquired, including those of infectious, neuromuscular, nutritional, neoplastic and psychogenic origin. Some of the more common disorders include those of the: Neck, Foot, Toes, Leg, Spine, Shoulder and Elbow etc.

Spine Journal and Spinal Cord Injuries

The 26 bones called vertebrae construct the spine which helps to stand and bend. There are many disorders related to the spine. Some of them are Scoliosis, Lumbar Spinal Stenosis etc. The group of nerves present in the spine is called the spinal cord which constructs the central nervous system along with the brain. The main function of the spinal cord is to send signals from the brain to other regions of the body (Main Messenger). Spinal cord injuries can either be complete or incomplete. If sensations and movements are lost below the injured area, the injury is complete. If some of the sensations remain below the level of injury, it is incomplete.

Cartilage Disorders Journal

At joints, the ends of bone tissues are covered by a tough tissue called cartilage. It is mainly useful for the shape and support of the body. It prevents the bone from rubbing each other and keeps the bones mobile. Diseases or conditions that affect the cartilage are called cartilage disorders.

Authors can submit their manuscripts through the journal's online submission portal and For more information on Literature Publishers - Journal of orthopedic case reports visit our site:- https://www.literaturepublishers.org/journal/clinical-journal-of-orthopedic-case-reports.html

#Journal of Orthopaedics #Journal of orthopedic case reports #Traumatology Case Reports #Images in Orthopaedics Case Reports Journal #Case Reports in Orthopaedics

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lupine-publishers-juns · 1 year

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Lupine Publishers | A Rare Case of Penile Schwannomatosis Presenting with Painful Nocturnal Penile Tumescence

Abstract

Background: Penile schwannoma is a rare tumor. They commonly present as an asymptomatic, painless and slow growing mass. Other presentations include sexual dysfunction, most commonly dyspareunia, followed by erectile dysfunction, abnormal penile curvature or pain with ejaculation. Case presentation: A 26-year-old male presented atypically with painful nocturnal penile tumescence, along with multiple nodules over the dorsal penis. Excision of multiple penile tumors under general anaesthesia was performed and histopathologic examination revealed benign schwannoma. Conclusion: Our hypothesis is that the schwannoma lies along the axis of the dorsal penile nerve, and compression of this nerve occurs during his erection causing pain. However, there are limited presentations of painful erections in penile schwannomas, and we hope that future studies can help confirm this theory.

Keywords: Penile; schwannoma; painful tumescence; sexual dysfunction

Background

Schwannomas are a form of peripheral nerve tumors made up of neoplastic Schwann cells that typically occur as solitary, encapsulated masses. They can occur throughout the body, but more commonly arise on the head, neck, or flexor surfaces of limbs [1,2]. The tumors are sporadically associated with genetic syndromes such as schwannomatosis and neurofibromatosis or may be the result of therapeutic irradiation [3]. Schwannomas have a low annual incidence of 0.6 per 100,000 people [4]. These are rare and only 27 cases have been reported in literature since it was first described in 1968 [5]. Penile schwannomas are typically asymptomatic, painless and slow growing. Possible presentations include sexual dysfunction, most commonly dyspareunia, followed by erectile dysfunction, abnormal penile curvature, or pain with ejaculation. Our patient presented with painful nocturnal penile tumescence, which is not a well-known presentation of penile schwannomas. There is limited published literature on such cases and hence little is known about this condition (Figures 1&2).

Case Presentation

A 26-year-old man with a history of ankylosing spondylitis (HLA B27 gene) and previous circumcision first presented with a oneyear history of recurrent painful nocturnal erections. He had prior consultations with various urologists and did not respond to oral analgesia. The frequency of painful nocturnal erections increased from once per week, to thrice per week over the past year. Each episode of painful nocturnal tumescence lasted approximately five minutes and the patient was often awaken from sleep by the severe pain, which affected his sleep and quality of life (Figure 3). There was no history of priapism, sexual transmitted disease, or genital trauma. There were no persons with known neurofibromatosis in his family. On examination, four lumps could be palpated over the dorsum of the stretched penis. Two were superficial nodules on the distal shaft, with one deep nodule each at the mid shaft and base of the penis. The nodules were 0.5cm or less in diameter and firm in nature. The mid shaft nodule was tender on palpation and correlated with the site of painful nocturnal erections. The penis was otherwise unremarkable and there was neither penile curvature on erection nor any palpable lymph nodes in the femoral or inguinal areas. Nodules or café-au-lait spots were not present in the rest of the body (Figure 4). Over a five-year follow-up, patient developed worsening symptoms with the painful erections occurring twice every night from one episode a week. Physical examination and interval ultrasound imaging demonstrated an increase in the number of nodules from four to five with further growth of the existing nodules. Most noticeably, the right intracavernosal nodule increased from 4 mm to 7 mm in diameter. The patient decided for surgical excision of multiple penile nodules (Figures 5&6).

Investigations

Laboratory findings included normal blood cell counts, chemistries and urinalysis. Initial ultrasound penis showed multiple rounded heterogeneously echogenic nodules in the subcutaneous region of the dorsal penile shaft. The nodules show minimal central and peripheral vascularity. A small cystic lesion with internal echoes is also noted in the corpus cavernosum. The patient initially declined surgical intervention and opted for annual ultrasound imaging (Figure 7). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the penis performed prior to surgery showed multiple enhancing sub-centimetre nodules in the penile shaft, most of which were superficial. There was a nodule in the right corpus cavernosum, and another in the dorsal midline which disrupts the wall of both corpora cavernosa.

Treatment

Patient underwent excision of multiple penile tumors under general anaesthesia. A circumferential incision was made at the previous circumcision site. The penis was then degloved to its base and the layers dissected down to Buck’s fascia. There were five superficial tumors adherent to the tunica albuginea (two at right distal shaft, two at midshaft, one at base of penis). A deep-seated tumor was located at the right corporal mid shaft. The tumors measured approximately 1-1.5cm in diameter (Figure 8). The cut surface of the tumors was homogenously yellowish with noted feeding vessels. All tumors were excised, and histology was sent from all locations.

Outcome and Follow-Up

All specimens show similar morphology. The circumscribed and thinly encapsulated nodules were made up of Schwann cells arranged as a mixture of more cellular Antoni A and less cellular Antoni B areas. The more cellular Antoni A areas consists of Schwann cells arranged as short fascicles or parallel rows of nuclear pallisading (Verocay bodies). The less cellular Antoni B areas show a looser myxoid stroma. The nodules are associated with thickened and oedematous nerve fibres, and occasional more plexiform Schwannian areas are seen involving the nerve fibres (Figures 9&10). No high-grade nuclear atypia, increased mitosis or tumour necrosis is seen. On immunostaining, the lesion shows diffuse staining with S-100, which is indicative of Schwannoma. In the follow up consultations over a year after surgery, there was no further nightly painful erections and patient was able to sleep well. On examination there is a small nodularity at mid shaft which is likely due to scar tissue formation. However, the patient did experience difficulty maintaining erection due to discomfort over the surgical site. This was managed well with Viagra 25mg, with an improvement in International Index of Erectile Function score from 8/25 to 19/25. Patient declined genetic testing as he was not keen on childbearing.

Discussion

Schwannomas rarely present with penile pain. There have been postulations made regarding the correlation of symptoms to neuroanatomy. A literature review done by Huang et al. concluded that patients with penile root schwannomas are more prone to symptoms with discomfort or sexual dysfunction (4 of 6) compared with patients with penile shaft schwannoma (7 of 16) or glans schwannoma (2 of 7) [6]. Based on anatomy, penile schwannomas at the mid shaft or glans should originate from the dorsal nerve of the penis, which is the deepest division of the pudendal nerve. The pudendal nerve does pass through the penile root, but there is no clear branching or tracking of the nerve origin of the tumor [7]. Pain may occur in the region of the tumor and any nerve the tumor originates from, but pain may not be specific enough to discern the particular involved nerve. Neurologic deficits of sensory and motor function correspond to the nerve in which the tumor originates or which it is compressing, and as such will often be most useful in localizing the tumor [8,9]. This patient presented with painful nocturnal erections corresponding to the mid shaft schwannoma. Our hypothesis is that the mid shaft schwannoma lies along the axis of the dorsal penile nerve and pain could arise when the nerve is compressed by the schwannoma during full erection. During nocturnal tumescence, the cavernosus arteries dilate, leading to engorgement of the corpora cavernosa and increase of intracorporal pressure. This pushes the schwannoma towards the dorsal penile nerve leading to nerve irritation, compression and pain. Penile schwannomas normally occur at the dorsal penile shaft. However, there have been documented cases where the tumor has infiltrated the glans and prepuce [10]. In such cases, we have to consider other possible diagnoses including benign soft-tissue lesions such as lipoma, fibroma, leiomyoma, Peyronie’s disease, injection-related fibrosis, and rarely malignant sarcomas. Clinical history taking and clinical examination are important, but imaging can aid in narrowing the differentials by locating the plane of the lesion and delineating the mass. Ultrasound examination can demonstrate hypoechoic lesions, and doppler ultrasound can detect hypervascularity. CT scan is rarely used, and mostly performed to exclude metastasis. Schwannomas demonstrate typical MRI features of T1 isointensity to hypointensity, T2 hyperintensity, and postcontrast enhancement. Heterogeneous signal intensity and postcontrast enhancement are suggestive of internal hemorrhage and myxoid/cystic changes [11]. Otherwise, excision biopsy of the tumor would be the gold standard for final diagnosis. Treatment of penile schwannomas is symptomatic, focused primarily on pain management. Complete surgical excision is the recommended treatment for penile schwannomas, with low recurrence rates [1- 10]. This patient recovered well with no signs of recurrence one year postoperatively. Schwannomas of the penis are usually benign, but four malignant variants have been reported in literature. No cases of benign penile schwannoma have been reported to be associated with hereditary diseases [12]. Schwannomatosis is the third major form of neurofibromatosis, and is characterized by a predisposition for schwannomas, in the absence of schwannomas on both vestibular nerves. Its diagnosis is based on a criterion [13]. Most patients present in adulthood with multiple schwannomas and pain, and approximately 20 percent of patients have a family history of schwannomas or schwannomatosis [14]. So far, there have been no confirmed causes of penile schwannoma with schwannomatosis. There is no strong evidence about the correlation between schwannoma and erectile dysfunction [15]. This patient’s postoperative erectile dysfunction is likely due to pain surrounding the surgical wound site. Also, there were no surgical complications other than possible scar tissue formation on the penile shaft.

Conclusion

Schwannomas of the penis are extremely rare and typically present as a solitary, asymptomatic, painless and slow-growing tumor. The rarity in this case is that our patient presented with painful nighttime erections. Based on the penile neuroanatomy, penile schwannomas at the mid shaft should originate from the dorsal nerve of the penis. Our hypothesis is that the schwannoma lies along the axis of the dorsal penile nerve and compression of this nerve occurs during his erection causing pain. However, there are limited presentations of painful erections in penile schwannomas, and we hope that future studies can help confirm this theory.

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#journals #urology #nephrology #submissions #articles #lupine publishers #kidney surgery #dialysis

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cancerabcs · 2 years

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Metformin Did Not Prevent Anthropometric and Metabolic Complications of ADT in Men With Prostate Cancer Receiving Radical Radiotherapy

TAKE-HOME MESSAGE

This phase II randomized controlled trial evaluated the preventive impact of the addition of Metformin versus placebo to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) on ADT-induced metabolic and anthropometric (body/fat ratios and size) complications in 79 men with locally advanced prostate cancer who received radical radiotherapy. At 1 year, both groups had similar weight, waist circumference, HbA1c, fasting lipid profile, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, and biochemical response.

The conclusion is that Metformin did not have a preventive impact on ADT's anthropometric and metabolic complications in men with locally advanced prostate cancer receiving radiotherapy.

BACKGROUND

Prostate cancer patients undergoing radical radiotherapy (RT) plus androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) experience many negative metabolic and anthropometric changes associated with increased morbidity and mortality. This study assessed the impact of Metformin versus placebo to blunt the adverse effects of ADT on body weight, waist circumference, and other metabolic parameters.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

This study was a phase 2, multicenter, randomized controlled trial that evaluated men with locally advanced prostate cancer receiving radical RT and ADT (18 to 36 months) in a 1:1 ratio to receive Metformin 500mg by mouth three times a day (for 30 to 36 months) versus a placebo.

RESULTS

From December 2015 to October 2019, 83 men were randomized with a median follow-up of 23 months. The cohort's baseline mean body mass index (BMI) was 30.2 (range 22.2-52.5). Change in mean weight relative to baseline was lower amongst men who received Metformin compared to placebo at 5 months (-1.80 kg, p=0.038). Still, it was not significant with longer follow-up (1 year: +0.16 kg, p=0.874). Although participants on ADT had increases in waist circumference in both study arms, Metformin did not significantly reduce these changes (1 year: +2.79 cm (placebo) vs. +1.46 cm (Metformin), p=0.336). LDL cholesterol was lower in the metformin arm (-0.32 mmol/L) when compared to the placebo arm (-0.03 mmol/L) at 5 months (p=0.022). Still, these differences were insignificant with longer follow-ups (1 year: -0.17 mmol/L vs. -0.19 mmol/L, p=0.896). The study arm showed no differences in HbA1C, triglyceride, HDL, and total cholesterol.

CONCLUSIONS

Men receiving radical RT and ADT gained weight. They had increases in waist circumference over time, which Metformin did not significantly mitigate. Although this study did not observe any preventative impact of Metformin on the anthropometric and metabolic complications of ADT, Metformin continues to be studied in phase 3 RCTs in this patient population to assess its potential anti-neoplastic effects.

International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics

Metformin for Prevention of Anthropometric & Metabolic Complications of Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Prostate Cancer Patients Receiving Radical Radiotherapy: A Phase II Randomized Controlled Trial

Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys 2022 Jul 27;[EPub Ahead of Print], N Usmani, S Ghosh, KP Sanghera, AD Ong, R Koul, A Dubey, S Ahmed, H Quon, D Yee, M Parliament, G Sivananthan, W Hunter, B Danielson, L Rowe, M McDonald, JO Kim

From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

#ADT #ADT and Metformin #ADT metabolic problems

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divingchess08 · 2 years

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Effect of gelatin about the Stability as well as Metabolism involving Individual Corneal Epithelial and Endothelial Cells: A good Within Vitro Research

smilacinum, reducing progress, human population #Link# efficiency and also sexual processing.Cherubism is a rare anatomical disorder seen as a progressive cosmetic disability brought on by non-neoplastic bone fragments wounds from the mandible and/or the actual maxilla. Src homology-3 binding proteins A couple of gene (SH3BP2) has been seen as is the liable gene, using adjustments to half a dozen aminos known within sufferers with this situation. Not too long ago, mutations within this site have been found to result in stabilization of SH3BP2 by simply uncoupling with tankyrase. Within this research, we identified a whole new 2-bp mutation that led to any repeated amino acid alteration of any intermittent case of cherubism. The results indicate that it's vital that you see the structure involving improvement in standard cherubism.Escalating evidence demonstrates aberrant hypermethylation regarding genes developing throughout as well as most likely causing pathogenesis involving myeloid types of cancer. A great number of diseases, like myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs), are attentive to Genetic methyltransferase inhibitors. To look for the degree regarding promoter hypermethylation such tumors, all of us in comparison your submission associated with DNA methylation regarding 14 000 promoters throughout MDS and second intense myeloid the leukemia disease (AML) people enrolled in a phase One particular demo of 5-azacytidine along with the histone deacetylase inhibitor entinostat in opposition to delaware novo AML individuals as well as standard CD34(+) bone fragments marrow cells. Your MDS and secondary AML people exhibited much more intensive aberrant Genetic methylation involving 1000s of body's genes compared to did the conventional CD34(+) bone marrow tissue or perhaps delaware novo AML blasts. Aberrant methylation in MDS along with supplementary AML maintained to impact distinct chromosomal parts, took place with greater regularity in Alu-poor genetics, and also provided dominant involvement of genetics mixed up in the WNT along with MAPK signaling walkways. DNA methylation have also been tested in times 15 along with 30 #Link# after the #Link# very first treatment method never-ending cycle. DNA methylation was solved with day time 15 in a consistent manner through the genome, and this effect continued via morning 28, perhaps without having steady supervision with the study medicines. This kind of tryout was signed up in world wide web.clinicaltrials.gov while J0443. (Body. '09;114:3448-3458)Mono- and also disubstituted book types in the heptaene nystatin analog 28,29-didehydronystatin A new(A single) (S44HP, One particular) had been acquired by substance changes with the exocyclic C-16 carboxyl and/or a good amino number of mycosamine moiety. The tactic associated with prep regarding mono- as well as double-modified polyene macrolides scaled like the application of advanced hydrophobic N-Fmoc (9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl) derivatives which helped the actual methods of seclusion and also refinement of the latest substances. The actual anti-fungal action with the fresh derivatives was tested inside vitro versus yeasts and filamentous infection, permitting your selection of the most energetic materials that have been therefore analyzed with regard to acute toxicity throughout rodents.

#Ribociclib #Romidepsin #gelatin

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melodyegypt65 · 2 years

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Temozolomide-induced necrosis throughout pest cellular material through cytoplasmic tissue layer destruction as well as mitochondrial dysfunction

Background and seeks Ciliary body medulloepithelioma (CBME) is really a unusual embryonal ocular tumor of kids beneath grow older Decade. Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is really a uncommon embryonal lungs tumor inside children along with the sentinel condition with the PPB Loved ones Tumor along with Dysplasia Syndrome, an original predisposition bringing about uncommon dysontogenetic-dysplastic as well as neoplastic problems in PPB people and their family. Germline strains associated with DICER1 gene, an important regulator of gene silencing, underlie this kind of malady. CBME comes about along with PPB. The actual authors' purpose would have been to determine CBME cases related to PPB. Methods Your creators looked at Worldwide PPB Computer registry and also literature PPB circumstances #Link# for CBME, including review of pathologic individuals. Results 4 CBME ended up witnessed between 550-600 PPB instances; a few inside patients and one within a parent. 1 CBME had been scientifically diagnosed; about three have been confirmed pathologically (1 not cancerous teratoid CBME; 1 civilized non-teratoid CBME; one situation, information out of stock). Conclusions These kinds of findings advise that CBME is a manifestation of the tumour frame of mind linked to PPB. Paediatric oncologists along with eye doctors must be aware which CBME may appear in PPB patients or perhaps their particular family members which CBME may indicate the hereditable tumour frame of mind for a kid or perhaps household.Due to their viscoelastic dynamics, bright make a difference axons are susceptible to destruction simply by high pressure rates produced in the course of traumatic injury to the brain (TBI). Without a doubt, soften axonal harm (DAI) is probably the most popular features of TBI, seen as an the hallmark pathological users regarding axonal lights at turned off fatal concludes involving axons as well as routine protuberances together axons, called "varicosities." Though transfer disruption underlies axonal light bulb creation, it can be unclear just how varicosities come up, along with a number of sites accumulating transported components #Link# alongside a single axon. Not too long ago, axonal microtubules have been located in order to physically split throughout powerful expand damage of cortical axons within vitro. The following, the same inside vitro design was adopted inside simultaneous with histopathological looks at associated with human being heads received extremely pursuing TBI to examine the opportunity role involving mechanical microtubule destruction in varicosity enhancement post-trauma. Tranny electron microscopy (TEM) right after inside vitro stretch harm uncovered intermittent smashes of individual microtubules together axons that domestically corresponded along with undulations within axon morphology. Nevertheless, generally less than a 3rd involving microtubules have been damaged in different region of the axon. Inside of several hours, these websites of microtubule fails developed into intermittent protuberances. This means #Link# axonal carry could be stopped coupled one damaged microtubule, but could proceed through exactly the same region by means of various other undamaged microtubules. Related axonal undulations and also varicosities have been witnessed right after TBI in people, indicating major microtubule malfunction are often a characteristic associated with DAI. These types of info reveal a novel mechanism involving mechanical microtubule damage resulting in incomplete transfer disruption along with varicosity creation within distressing axonal harm.

#Sorafenib #Temozolomide #Caramboxin

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