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Meet the team!
Michael Mcgellan - [Redacted]
Abigail Mcgellan - Head of Finance
Richter Belouire - Senior Operative
Louise Frankenburg - Operative
Mark Biggerton - Operative
Karl Irua - Jr Operative
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Proto-North Bougainville reconstructions
This is an attempt to wring as much information as possible out of limited data. It is probably wrong. Rapoisi (Konua) is barely documented and Askopan and Ramopa (Keriaka) are only attested from a single wordlist. Low confidence is necessary.
With that out of the way:
PNB had */p t k ʔ b d g q v r m n ŋ/ and at least five vowels, maybe more. I’ll write correspondences between same-height front and back vowels as central vowels, but I haven’t looked into this yet. I also haven’t tried to filter out loans.
*t *k *r are preserved unchanged in all descendants. The basic correspondences are:
*p > A p, Rm p, Rp h, Rt p
*t > A t, Rm t, Rp t, Rt t
*k > A k, Rm k, Rp k, Rt k
*ʔ > A 0, Rm ʔ, Rp ʔ, Rt 0 (I’m not sure about this)
*b > A v, Rm b/v?, Rp p, Rt v
*d > A r, Rm r, Rp t, Rt r
*g > A k, Rm k, Rp k, Rt g (very few examples, but if Aita contrasts /g ŋ/, surely this is conservative)
*q > A 0, Rm ʔ/0?, Rp k, Rt k
*v > A v, Rm v, Rp b, Rt v (unclear if *b *v are distinguished in Rm)
*r > A r, Rm r, Rp r, Rt r
*m > A m, Rm m, Rp b, Rt v (Aita m)
*n > A n, Rm n, Rp r, Rt r (Aita n)
*ŋ > A ŋ, Rm ʔ/g?, Rp g, Rt g (Aita ŋ) (few to no examples, but see above on Aita)
Rotokas and Askopan share *b > v and *ʔ > 0. Ramopa and Rapoisi don’t appear to share any sound changes, except *ŋ > g, shared with Central (but not Aita) Rotokas.
In Rapoisi, *p *b *d *g *m *n *ŋ > h p t k b r g, uniquely distinguishing *b *d from *v *r, so it looks like Rapoisi and Aita Rotokas would be sufficient for reconstructing consonants other than *q, which you need Askopan for.
*-ma~mati ‘seed’ > A masipato, Rp ebabasi
*(n)aŋa ‘I’ > A naŋa, Rm na’a, Rp aga, Rt ragai
*(r)Vra ‘he’ > A era, Rm iraka, Rp roira, Rt rera
*[bv]a[bv]ata ‘heavy’ > A vavatapato, Rt vavata
*[bv]urUko ‘stick’ > A vurokoto, Rt vurukoto
*aata- ‘swim’ > A ataonem, Rt aata
*ainepa ‘new’ > A ainepato, Rt airepa (can Rm anumeapara a/o Rp arupita-iripa be connected?)
*a(i)tE ‘father’ > A aisi, Rm ateka’a, Rp aitoko’oro, Rt aite
*amio ‘yam’ > Rm amioka, Rp bo abio
*anume- ‘yesterday’ > Rm anumea, Rp arube’i, Rt aruvea
*ArebVV ‘tongue’ > A arevauto, Rp erepausi-ara, Rt arevuoto
*ate- ‘liver’ > Rm ateate-ano, Rp ateraripa-avaro (?)
*ato ‘house’ > Rm atoaka, Rp bo ato
*avuka ‘old’ > A avokan, Rm avuka-, Rp avuka-, Rt avuka
*beqa ‘we’ > Rm be’a, Rp peka
*bitiunV-ko- ‘star’ > A visinako, Rm pisiunaia, Rp bo pisuruu’e, Rt visiuriko (probably a loan from Austronesian, cf. Proto-Central Papuan Tip *viti’u < POc *pituqun < PAn *bituqen)
*daaka’- ‘dry’ > A rakasito, Rp bo taka’a, Rt raaka
*dOkupV ‘short’ > A rukupisito, Rp tokuha-iripa
*e(i)ba- ‘what’ > A evato, Rp eipa’o
*emaV ‘tree’ > A emauto, Rp evaita, Rt evaova
*gabuta- ‘ashes’ > A kautato, Rm kavu-taka, Rp kaputa’o, Rt gavuta (the Askopan form could be a mistranscription of kavutato)
*Idu(V)- ‘louse’ > A iruto, Rm irua, Rt irui (Rp bo utu’o?)
*-(t)iŋa ‘you’ > A iŋa, Rm misi(ʔ)a, Rp siga
*-Vro- ‘who’ > A iro, Rm irokea, Rp eitaro (maybe unrelated)
*iru[mv]a- ‘nose’ > Rp iruba, Rt iruvaoto
*ke’et(i)u ‘dog’ > Rm ketu, Rp kesu ~ ke’esu
*kaakau ‘dog’ > A kakau, Rt kaakau
*kaita- ‘claw’ > Rm kaitabe-ano, Rp kaita’eru-ara
*ka~kaa-rV- ‘white’ > A kakarapato, Rm kakarea, Rp kakaaso, Rt kaare
*kakarau ‘frog’ > Rm/Rp/Rt kakarau
*-keke- ‘see’ > A kekeponoi, Rp takekereva, Rt keke
*ken(ao)ta ‘chin’ > A kentan, Rm kenaota-ano, Rp kerauta ava’aro, Rt keeta
*kiVbu ‘wind’ > A kivuto, Rp bo kiipu, Rt kiuvu
*kiraiko- ‘green’ > Rm kiraikoa, Rp -kiraiko- (A sikarato < *si-kVra-?)
*kobe ‘fall’ > A kovepanoi, Rp takopeia, Rt kove
*-koqo- ‘leg’ > A rakooto, Rp kokoru-ara, Rt kokotoa (not sure about this)
*komV ‘belly’ > A komato, Rm komu-ano, Rp kobu-ara, Rt kovuaro ‘middle
section’ / kovuto ‘abdomen, stomach, diarrhea’
*kVpV- ‘dead’ > A kapuponoi, Rt kopi- (dubious)
*maŋoto ‘cough’ > A maŋotonoi, Rt vagoto
*mapi ‘neck’ > A mapit, Rp bahi-ara (maybe Rm napi-ano)
*mi(ti)(ra) ‘you’ > A misina, Rm misia, Rp bira, Rt visi
*mutO- ‘shoulder’ > A mutoon, Rt vutuoua
*nata- ‘head’ > A natat, Rm tanat-ano (ta-nata-ano?)
*navinEo ‘sun’ > A ravinio, Rm navinioka, Rt ravireo
*naVn- ‘arrow’ > A nainto, Rm naunua
*ne- ‘her’ > A neenera, Rm nega
*netiuna ‘four’ > A nesiuna, Rm nesiuna, Rp resiura, Rt resiura
*niako ‘woman’ > A niakon, Rm niakoya, Rt riakova (Rm here could be niakoea or a misreading of niakova)
*nono’o ‘breast’ > A nonoto, Rm nono’ano, Rp lolo’oo, Rt roroo ovi ‘breast milk’, roroua ‘breast’
*nukuTa ‘cloud’ > A nukuuta, Rt rukura (irregular?)
*ŋota- ‘catch’ > A ŋotaponem, Rt gota
*(o)ida- ‘man’ > A oiran, Rm irabika / iravika, Rp oitaiita, Rt oira
*orivA ‘name’ > A ouivan, Rt orivoa (I assume the A form is a misreading of orivan)
*otirOi ‘eye’ > A osiroito, Rm otsiri-ano, Rt osireito (and Rp otei-ara?)
*penuma ‘three’ > A penuma, Rm penuma, Rp heruba, Rt peruva
*piino- ‘finger’ > A pinokot, Rt piiro (maybe)
*pIduqe- ‘tail’ > A peruen, Rp hitueiita, Rt pirukeua / porikeua
*qaqaE- ‘boy’ > A aito, Rt kakaeto (maybe)
*qati- ‘hot’ > A asiasipato, Rt kasirao
*qeru ‘bone’ > A eruto, Rt keru (could Rm aitu-ano and Rp le’u-ara be connected?)
*qotupi- ‘knee’ > A otopit, Rm kotupi, Rt kotupiua
*r(o)i- ‘pig’ > A roiato, Rp bo riri’o (Rm leaka?)
*taataa ‘sibling’ > A tata, Rt taataa-
*to[dr]e- ‘stand’ > A torere nyimponoi, Rt tore (Rm turui, Rp taturuia / taturuea?)
*tokono(’)- ‘stick’ > Rm tokonoaka, Rp tokoro’o
*utu- ‘yam’ > A utunua, Rt utu
*uvadeo- ‘ear’ > Rp uvateo, Rt uvareoua
*vi(o)ŋa ‘we’ > Rm bi’a, Rp bioga
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