#for reference she is two years younger than him (1966) so right between him and kiryu

[designernishiki]

as an experiment I kinda wanna show my mom the pic of majima from the trailer and ask how old she thinks he is

#for reference she is two years younger than him (1966) so right between him and kiryu #should I do it #I kinda wanna do it #rambling

[back-and-totheleft]

‘There’s still a presence out there reminding people not to speak about JFK’s killing’

Oliver Stone is not a fan of “cancel culture”. “Of course I despise it,” the Oscar winning filmmaker says, as if utterly amazed that anyone needs to ask him such a dumb question. “I am sure I’ve been cancelled by some people for all the comments I’ve made…. it’s like a witch hunt. It’s terrible. American censorship in general, because it is a declining, defensive, empire, it (America) has become very sensitive to any criticism. What is going on in the world with YouTube and social media,” he rants. “Twitter is the worst. They’ve banned the ex-President of the United States. It’s shocking!” he says, referring to Donald Trump’s removal from the micro-blogging platform.

It’s a Saturday lunchtime in the restaurant of the Marriott Hotel on the Croisette in Cannes. The American director is in town for the festival premiere this week of his new feature documentary JFK Revisited: Through the Looking Glass, in which he yet again pores over President John F Kennedy’s assassination in November 1963.

“I am a pin cushion for American-Russian peace relations… I had four f***ing vaccines: two Sputniks and two Pfizers,” Stone gestures at his arm. The rival super-powers may remain deeply suspicious of one another, but Stone is loading himself up with potions from both sides of the old Iron Curtain.

He has recently been travelling in Russia (hence the Sputnik jabs) where he has been making a new documentary about how nuclear power can save humanity. He also recently completed a film about Kazakhstan’s former president Nursultan Nazarbayev which – like his interviews with Vladimir Putin – has been roundly ridiculed for its deferential, softly-softly approach toward a figure widely regarded as a ruthless despot.

Dressed in a blue polo shirt, riffing away about the English football team one moment and his favourite movies the next, laughing constantly, the 74-year-old Oscar-winning director of Platoon, Wall Street, Natural Born Killers et al is a far cheerier presence than his reputation as a purveyor of dark conspiracy thrillers might suggest. He is also very outspoken. For all his belligerence, though, Stone isn’t as thick-skinned as you might imagine. I wonder if he was hurt by the scorn that came his way when his feature film JFK was released in 1991.

“I was more of a younger man. It was painful to me,” the director sighs as he remembers being attacked by such admired figures as newscaster Walter Cronkite and Hollywood power broker Jack Valenti for listening to the “hallucinatory bleatings” of former New Orleans DA Jim Garrison when JFK came out. “It was quite shocking actually because I thought the murder was behind us. I did think there was a feeling that 30 years later, we can look at this thing again without getting excited. But I was way wrong.”

Garrison, of course, was the real-life figure portrayed by Kevin Costner in the film; he was the original proponent of the theory that the CIA were involved in the killing of the US president, after his 1966 investigation. Garrison wrote the book On the Trail of the Assassins, on which the movie was partly based.

Even the director’s fiercest detractors will find it hard to dismiss the evidence he has assembled about the JFK assassination in the new documentary. Once I’d seen it and heard him hold forth, I came away thinking that only flat-earthers can possibly still believe that Lee Harvey Oswald shot President Kennedy all on his own. It’s that convincing.

Stone blitzes you with facts and figures about the Kennedy killing and its aftermath. At times, he himself seems to be suffering from information overload. “I am sorry. There are so many people,” he apologises for not immediately remembering the name of Kennedy’s personal physician, George Burkley, who was present both at Parkland Hospital, where Kennedy was first taken, and then at Bethesda, where the autopsy took place. Burkley was strangely reticent when giving evidence to the Warren Commission.

“I think there’s still a presence out there which reminds people not to speak. I’ve heard that in, of all places, Russia,” Stone says. He was startled to discover that the Russians knew all about his new documentary long before it was discussed in the mainstream press. “They said, ‘We heard about it.’ I said, ‘How?’ They said, ‘We have our contacts in the American intelligence business. They are not very happy about it.’”

Stone believes that no US president since Kennedy died has been “able to go up against this militarised sector of our economy”. Even Trump “backed down at the last second” and declined to release all the relevant documents relating to the assassination. “He announced, ‘I’m going to free it up, blah blah blah, big talk, and then a few hours before, he caved to CIA National Security again.”

The veteran filmmaker expresses his frustrations at historians like Robert Caro, author of a huge (and hugely respected) multi-volume biography of President Lyndon Johnson, for ignoring the evidence that has been turned up about the assassination.

“I can’t say [LBJ] was involved in the assassination,” explains Stone, “but it certainly suited him that Kennedy was not there anymore and he covered up by appointing the Warren Commission and doing all the things he did.”

Stone tried to cast Marlon Brando in JFK in the role as the deep throat source Mr X, eventually played by Donald Sutherland.

“I realise now I am grateful that he turned it down because he knew better than I that he would make 20 minutes out of that 14-minute monologue and it wouldn’t have worked.”

Nevertheless, he filled the film with famous faces. He thought that having familiar actors would make it easier for audiences to engage with what was an immensely complicated story.

Getting Stone to stop talking about JFK is like trying to pull a bone from a mastiff’s jaws. To change the subject slightly, I ask if he is still in touch with WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange. He is and is utterly horrified at how Assange is being treated, especially given that Siggi the Hacker, a key witness in the extradition case against Assange, admitted recently that he lied. Stone praises Assange’s partner Stella Morris as “the best wife you could ever have. She really is smart, she’s a lawyer … he has two children. He can’t even touch them or see them. It’s barbaric. It indicates America is declining faster than we know. It is just cutting off dissent.”

The mood lightens when I invite Stone to discuss some of his favourite films. He recently tweeted a list of these, which included Darling starring Julie Christie, Joseph Losey’s Eva starring Stanley Baker and Jeanne Moreau, and Houseboat, a frothy comedy starring Cary Grant and Sophia Loren. “I love films, always have. People don’t know that side of me. I could go on forever.”

Between his darker and more contentious efforts, Stone has made a few genre films himself, for example the underrated thriller U-Turn starring Sean Penn and Jennifer Lopez. He notes, though, that even when he tried a sports movie, he ended up right back in the firing line. The NFL was furious about his 1999 American Football film, Any Given Sunday. “They (the NFL) are arrogant, very rich people who close down any dissent, so I had to change uniforms and names… but they got the point.”

Last year, Stone published the first volume of his autobiography, Chasing the Light, which took him from childhood up to his Oscar triumph with Platoon. It was well received but it didn’t make nearly a big enough splash for his liking. “There was a curtain of silence about that. Maybe it is Covid… it was not reviewed by many people,” he says. “I wish the timing had been better. The publisher was terrible. They didn’t really promote anything. So now I have to start over again if I am going to do a second book, which I would love to do. But I have to find the right publisher.”

The book contains a barbed account of Stone’s experiences as a young screenwriter working in London for British director Alan Parker and producer David Puttnam on Midnight Express. “I wrote about it in the book, so you got my point of view. They were not very friendly people. I gave my criticism of Parker that he had a chip on his shoulder. He was from a poor side of the English. There is this phenomenon you see in England of hating the upper classes until they approve of you.”

No, they didn’t stay in touch. “And Puttnam is a Lord, right? He reminds me of Tony Blair. He is such a weasel.” For once, Stone feels he has overstepped the mark. He doesn’t want to call Puttnam a weasel after all. “Put it this way, Tony Blair is a weasel. I wouldn’t trust Tony Blair. Puttnam is a supporter of Blair. Let’s leave it at that.”

On matters English, he isn’t that keen on soccer either. He watched the semi-final between England and Denmark but had no intention of tuning into the final.

“Soccer is a different kind of game. It’s a different aesthetic. It is constant movement. The United States game allows you to re-group after every play and go into a huddle and so it becomes about strategy. I still enjoy it although people think I am brutal.”

Ask him why he so relishes American Football and he replies that he “grew up with violence in America … we were banging – cowboys and Indians, a lot of killing and that stuff. How do you get away from that? We weren’t playing with dolls.”

Stone’s feelings about the US are deeply ambivalent. He is old enough to remember a time in the late 1940s and early 1950s when “everything in America was golden” and part of him still seems to love the country but his mother was French and he talks about the US as a nation now in near terminal decline.

Perhaps surprisingly, his real political hero isn’t JFK. It’s the former President of France, Charles de Gaulle. “He said no to NATO and he said no to America. He understood the dangers of being a satellite country to America. You have no power in Europe. Don’t kid yourself. The EU is just an artificial body that was amazingly stupid in cutting off Russia and cutting off China too now.”

He doesn’t much like Boris Johnson either. “Boris, listen. He’d simply throw you in jail in a second.” He rails against the English for holding Assange in Belmarsh prison.

When he is not on a crusade or unravelling a conspiracy, Stone relaxes through Buddhist meditation. “Moderation in all things,” the man who came up with the phrase “greed is right, greed works” says with no evident sense of irony. He enjoys hanging out with his friends. “I have a nice life. I’m lucky,” he says before quickly adding, “I wish I had been more honoured and respected in my lifetime, but it seems that I took a course that is in conflict with the American Empire.”

Stone’s films have had relatively few strong female characters. Ask if he welcomes the #MeToo movement and the challenging of old gender norms and he gives a typically contrary answer. “It cuts both ways, though. There are reasons for patriarchy through the centuries,” he says. “Tribes tend to have a strong leader. You need strong leaders, but I do see the feminine impulse as being important, especially when situations become too militant. The feminine impulse, I’m talking about the maternal impulse not the Hillary Clinton/Margaret Thatcher version of feminism. They’re men. They’re not women,” he says. “I don’t want women in politics who want to be men. If a woman is a woman, she should be a woman and bring her maternalism. It’s a leavening influence.”

The director deplores the rush to judge historical figures about past misdeeds from a contemporary point of view. “I am conservative in that way… don’t expect to rejudge the entire society based on your new values.”

He met with Harvey Weinstein in Cannes a few years ago to discuss a potential Guantanamo Bay TV series. “At that point, maybe he knew he was on the ropes; he was delightfully charming and humble.” The project was scuppered by the scandal that that engulfed the former Miramax boss, who is now behind bars as a convicted sex offender. Stone’s gripes with Weinstein are less to do with his sexual offences than with the way that he attacked films like Born on the Fourth of July and Saving Private Ryan to boost his own movies.

“The press loved him [Weinstein]. Don’t forget, they loved him in the 1990s,” he says, remembering the disingenuous way in which Weinstein portrayed himself as the underdog taking on the big, bad Hollywood system.

“I think he robbed Cruise of the Oscar, frankly,” Stone huffs at the intensive Weinstein lobbying which saw Daniel Day-Lewis win the Academy Award for Best for My Left Foot, denying Tom Cruise for Born on the Fourth of July in the process.

Stone acknowledges his status in Hollywood has diminished. “All that’s gone. The people have changed,” he says of the days when the studios doted on him and his films were regularly awards contenders. Now, he’ll often finance his work out of Europe. He is developing a new feature film (he won’t say what it is). “Never say die, never say it’s over,” he says of his career.

Stone is based in Los Angeles and also has “a place in New York”. During the pandemic, he still managed to travel to Russia to make his nuclear power/clean energy documentary. “I got my shots over there because the EU is so f***ing stupid,” he says of the of the Europeans’ refusal to recognise the Sputnik vaccine. “It’s ridiculous, part of the political madness of this time.”

Now, he is putting all his energy into his new documentary about nuclear power. He waves away the idea that the Chernobyl and Fukushima disasters show what can go wrong – they were accidents.

“Accidents you learn from. If there were not a few crashes, how would you fly?” he says. It’s a line that somehow seems to express his entire philosophy of life.

-Geoffrey Macnab interviews Oliver Stone, The Independent, Jul 15 2021 [x]

#oliver stone #jfk #jfk: through the looking glass #the independent #julian assange #boris johnson #david puttnam #harvey weinstein #born on the fourth of july #covid19 #vaccine #chasing the light #cannes film festival

[blackkudos]

Yolanda King

Yolanda Denise King (November 17, 1955 – May 15, 2007) was an African American activist and first-born child of civil rights leaders Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Coretta Scott King. She was also known for her artistic and entertainment endeavors and public speaking. Her childhood experience was greatly influenced by her father's highly public and influential activism.

She was born two weeks before Rosa Parks famously refused to give up her seat on a public transit bus in Montgomery, Alabama, she occasionally experienced threats to her life, designed to intimidate her parents, and became a secondary caregiver to her younger siblings and was bullied at school. When her father was assassinated on April 4, 1968, the 12-year-old Yolanda King was noted for her composure during the highly public funeral and mourning events. She joined her mother and siblings in marches, and she was lauded by such noted figures as Harry Belafonte, who established a trust fund for her and her siblings.

In her teenage years, she became an effective leader of her class in high school and was given attention by the magazines Jet and Ebony. Her teenage years were filled with even more tragedies, specifically the sudden death of her uncle Alfred Daniel Williams King and the murder of her grandmother, Alberta Williams King. While in high school, she gained lifelong friends. It was the first and only institution where King was not harassed or mistreated because of who her father was. However, she was still misjudged and mistrusted because of her skin color, based on perceptions founded solely upon her relationship with her father. Despite this, King managed to keep up her grades and was actively involved in high school politics, serving as class president for two years. King aroused controversy in high school for her role in a play. She was credited with having her father's sense of humor.

In the 1990s, she supported a retrial of James Earl Ray and publicly stated that she did not hate him. That decade saw King's acting career take off as she appeared in ten separate projects, including Ghosts of Mississippi (1996), Our Friend, Martin (1999) and Selma, Lord, Selma (1999). By the time she was an adult, she had grown to become an active supporter for gay rights and an ally to the LGBT community, as was her mother. She was involved in a sibling feud that pitted her and her brother Dexter against their brother Martin Luther King III and sister Bernice King for the sale of the King Center in Atlanta, Georgia. King served as a spokesperson for her mother during the illness that would eventually lead to her death. King outlived her mother by only 16 months, succumbing to complications related to a chronic heart condition on May 15, 2007.

Early life

Early childhood: 1955–1963

Born in Montgomery, Alabama to Coretta Scott King and Martin Luther King, Jr., she was only two weeks old when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus. Even in her infancy, Yolanda was faced with the threats her father was given when they extended to his family. In 1956, a number of white supremacists bombed the King household. Yolanda and her mother were not harmed. She and her mother, at the time of the bomb's detonation, were in the rear section of their home. Despite this, the front porch was damaged and glass broke in the home. She kept her father busy when walking on their home's floors. While her mother liked her name, her father had reservations about naming her "Yolanda" due to the possibility the name would be mispronounced. During the course of her lifetime, King's name was mispronounced to the point that it bothered her. King's father eventually was satisfied with the nickname "Yoki," and wished that if they had a second daughter, they would name her something simpler. The Kings would have another daughter almost eight years later named Bernice (born 1963). King recalled that her mother had been the main parent and dominant figure in their home, while her father was away often. Decision-making towards what school she would attend in first grade was done primarily by her mother, since her father expressed disinterest to her early in the decision making.

Martin Luther King III described his role as the second-born of their family as having made Yolanda jealous, and that she was always overcommitted but "still found time to get to the things that were most important to her". Her mother referred to her as being a confidant during the time following her husband's assassination. She complimented her mother on her achievements and her mother spoke of her in a positive light, as well. When asked by a young boy what she remembered most about her father, she admitted that her father was not able to spend much time with her and the rest of her family. When he did, she would play and swim with him. King cried when she found out her father had been imprisoned. Her father admitted that he had never adjusted to bringing up children under "inexplicable conditions". When she was 6 years old, she was saddened by classmates' remarks that her father was a "jailbird". An important early memory was that she wanted to go to Funtown, a local amusement park, with the rest of her class, but was barred from doing so due to her race. She did not understand, and asked her mother Coretta why she was not able to go. When she replied "Your father is going to jail so that you can go to Funtown." after numerous attempts to explain the issue to her, Yolanda finally understood. After having not seen her father for five weeks while he was in jail, she finally was able to meet with him alongside both of her brothers for less than half an hour.Her father also addressed the issue himself. He told her that there were many whites who were not racist and wanted her to go but there were many who were and did not want her to go. However, her father reassured her as she began to cry that she was "just as good" as anyone who went to Funtown and that one day in the "not too distant future" she was going to be able to go to "any town" along with "all of God's children".

Assassination of John F. Kennedy and Nobel Peace Prize: 1963–1964

On November 22, 1963, when U.S. President John F. Kennedy was assassinated, she learned of his death at school. When she returned home, she rushed to confront her mother about his death and even ignored her grandfather, Martin Luther King, Sr., to tell her mother what she had heard and that they would not get their "freedom now." Her mother tried to debunk this, insisting that they would still get it. She predicted at that time that all of the "Negro leaders" would be killed and the non-leading African-Americans would agree to segregation. Her mother started to realize that Yolanda had become more aware of the possibility that her father could be killed as well. For Christmas 1963, King and her siblings accepted a sacrificial Christmas as appealed by their parents and only received a single gift. King and her brother Martin III bragged about their selflessness at school. In 1964, upon learning her father would receive the Nobel Peace Prize, she asked her mother what her father was going to do with the money he was receiving in addition to the award. After she suggested that he would most likely give it all away, King laughed with her mother.

Enrollment at Spring Street Elementary School and last years with father: 1965–1967

King and her brother Martin Luther King III were enrolled in the fall of 1965 to Spring Street Elementary School. In 1966, she listened to a speech her father gave when he was addressing a rally. At the age of eight after writing her first play, she enrolled in the only integrated drama school of that time. The head of the school was Walt Roberts, father of the actress Julia Roberts. She began speaking at the age of ten and even filled in for her parents on occasion. Her memories of her father prompted her to state that he "believed we were all divine. I have chosen to continue to promote 'we're one, the oneness of us, and shine the spotlight,' as my father did." Coretta King wrote in her memoirs, My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr., that "Martin always said that Yoki came at a time in his life when he needed something to take his mind off the tremendous pressures that bore down upon him."

Father's death: 1968

On the evening of April 4, 1968, when she was 12, Yolanda returned with her mother from Easter-dress shopping when Jesse Jackson called the family and reported that her father had been shot. Soon after, she heard of the event when a news bulletin popped up while she was washing dishes. While her siblings were trying to find out what it meant, Yolanda already knew.She ran out of the room, screamed "I don't want to hear it," and prayed that he would not die. She asked her mother at this time, if she should hate the man who killed her father. Her mother told her not to, since her father would not want that. King complimented her mother as a "brave and strong lady," leading to a hug between them. Four days later, she and her brothers accompanied their mother to Memphis City Hall on her own terms, as she and her brothers had wanted to come. King flew to Memphis, Tennessee with her brothers and mother and participated in leading a march in Memphis with sanitation workers and civil rights leaders.

King was visited by Mrs. Kennedy before her father's funeral. After the funeral, she was visited by classmates from Spring Street Middle School with flowers and cards. At that time, she was also called by Andrea Young, whose own father had insisted that she should. The two were the same age. Bill Cosby flew to Atlanta after the funeral and entertained King and her siblings. King and her siblings were assured an education thanks to the help of Harry Belafonte, who set up a trust fund for them years prior to their father's death.

In regards to the possibility that her father could have been saved, King said she doubted that her father could have lived much longer given all the stress he had during his tenure as a leader of the Civil Rights Movement. She did admit that, had he lived or he been listened to more, "we would be in a far better place." King openly stated years later that she did not hate James Earl Ray.

Teenage years and high school: 1968–1972

At Grady High School, King was president of her sophomore and junior class, and vice president of her senior class. She ranked in the top 10 percent of her class. She was active in student government and drama. She made lifelong friends while in the institution that would collectively be called the "Grady Girls". She was also on the student council. At that time, King still did not know what she wanted to do with her life, but acknowledged that many wanted her to be a preacher. Her inclinations were driven to be artistic, which did not suit the political aspects of her father's life. Of the King children, Yolanda was the only one to attend Grady High School, as her siblings would go to different high schools following her graduation.

During the family's interview with Mike Wallace in December 1968, Yolanda was introduced by her mother and revealed her role in keeping the family together. Being the oldest, she had to watch her three younger siblings; Martin Luther King III, Dexter King and Bernice King and referred to the three as independent when she watched them whenever their mother went out of town. Sometime after Martin Luther King's assassination, King told her mother "Mom, I'm not going to cry because my dad is not dead. He may be dead physically, and one day I am going to see him again".

On July 21, 1969, King's uncle and father's brother Alfred Daniel Williams King was found dead in the swimming pool of his home. His youngest two children, Esther and Vernon, were vacationing with King and her family in Jamaica when they heard of his death. On April 4, 1970, the second anniversary of her father's death, she and her sister Bernice attended their grandfather Martin Luther King, Sr.'s silent prayer for their father at his gravesite. The practice of going to her father's grave on the anniversary of either his birth or assassination became an annual ritual for the King family to mourn his death.

In her teenage years, King preferred to go by her nickname "Yoki." As she said during an interview, "I prefer Yoki. Maybe when I'm older I won't be able to stand Yoki, but Yolanda sounds so formal!" She felt teenagers were confused and were using drugs as a method to escape their problems.

At 15 she was subject to controversy when she appeared in the play "The Owl and the Pussycat" with a white male lead. Though her mother kept her naïve to the controversies so she could "fulfill [her] objective, which was to do the play", that did not stop her from learning of the negativity implemented from her role years later. Her grandfather Martin Luther King, Sr. initially was not going to go to her performance due to opposition by locals, but changed his mind afterward. During a Sunday visit to Church, King was forced to stand before the congregation and explain her actions. In response to her role in the play and her own response to the role, a man wrote to Jet predicting that she would marry a white person before she was eighteen. Despite statements such as these, King did not become aware of the public discomfort with her role until years later, citing her mother's involvement in her knowledge of the criticism.

When King was 16 she received attention in Jet in 1972, where she talked about what her father's famous name was doing for her life. In the interview with the magazine, She related how people expected her to be "stuck up" and referred to it as one of the "handicaps" of being Martin Luther King's child. She recalled having met a friend that was scared of being acquainted with her, because of her father's identity and expressed her thoughts in the colleges she wished to attend. King would ultimately attend Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts after graduating from high school.

King called her father's name and having to live up to it a "challenge" and recalled a friend when she first met a friend of hers, who believed she could not say anything to King but after beginning to know her, realized that she was "no worse than my other friends" and she "could say anything" to her. King also voiced her dislike of the assumption that she would behave just like her mother and father, and the difficulty of being perceived as not being someone others could talk to. When asked what kind of world she would like to live in, King said she wished "people could love everybody". Despite this wish, she acknowledged that this was of no ease and expressed happiness that her father had changed many things, and even made some people gain self-esteem.Positive reception came to this interview, and Yolanda was even called the "leader of the 16-year-olds" for her "calmness, her concern," and "her vision".

Early adulthood

College: 1972–1976

After graduating from high school, she went to Smith College. She took classes taught by Manning Marable and Johnnella Butler, and became satisfied with her choice of a college. But after finishing her sophomore year and returning home so she could work over the summer, her grandmother Alberta Williams King was killed on June 30, 1974. With her death, the only remaining members of King's father's immediate family were her grandfather Martin Luther King, Sr. and aunt Christine King Ferris. She was also subject to some harassment by her classmates, describing it as the "era when students were making demands and many black students were closer to the teachings of Malcolm X, or what they thought were his teachings." The children referred to her father as an "Uncle Tom" and she was scared that he would go down in history as such. She reflected "I had never read his works. I was just someone who loved someone, and I knew he had done great things and now people didn't appreciate it." She proceeded to read his books, and started to believe that her father had been correct all along.

When asked about what pressures emerged from being a daughter of Martin Luther King, Jr., King stated that "as soon as people heard me speak, they would compare me to my father ... My siblings had the same kind of pressure. There was such a need, like they were looking for a miracle." At the time of her turmoil in college, King recalled having not known Malcolm X and "didn't understand daddy, so here I was trying to defend something I thought I knew about but really didn't." On April 4, 1975, King joined her family in placing azaleas over her father's crypt, marking the seventh anniversary of his assassination.

Immediate life after Smith College: 1976–1978

An alumna of Smith College after graduating in 1976, she was the subject of an essay among the "remarkable women" during a celebration during the college's one hundred and twenty-fifth year and she was a member of the Board of Directors of the Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change, Inc. (the official national memorial to her father) and was founding Director of the King Center's Cultural Affairs Program. King became a human rights activist and actress. She stated in 2000 to USA Today, that her acting "allowed me to find an expression and outlet for the pain and anger I felt about losing my father,". Her mother's support helped in starting her acting career. Despite some early opposition to acting that she received during her controversial play in high school, King still tried to get roles and actively tried performing.

She served on the Partnership Council of Habitat for Humanity, was the first national Ambassador for the American Stroke Association's "Power to End Stroke" Campaign, a member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, a sponsor of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, Human Rights Campaign, and held a lifetime membership in the NAACP. King received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, a master's degree in theater from New York University, and an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Marywood University. In 1978 she starred as Rosa Parks in the TV miniseries King (based on her father's life and released on DVD in 2005).

Meeting Attallah Shabazz: 1979

In 1979, Yolanda met Attallah Shabazz, the eldest daughter of Malcolm X, after arrangements had been made by Ebony Magazine to take a photograph of the two women together. Both were worried that they would not like each other due to their fathers' legacies. Instead, the two quickly found common ground in their activism and in their positive outlook towards the future of African-Americans. The two were young adults at the time and had a mutual friend who noticed they were both studying theater in New York and arranged for them to meet. A few months after King and Shabazz met, the pair decided to collaborate on a theatrical work, resulting in Stepping into Tomorrow. The play was directed towards teens and focused on the 10th year reunion of six high school friends. Stepping into Tomorrow led to the formation of Nucleus in the 1980s, a theater company which King and Shabazz founded. The theater company was based in New York City and Los Angeles and focused on addressing the issues that their fathers, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X, spoke of in their lifetimes.The pair performed in around 50 cities a year and did lectures together, typically in school settings.

Adult life

King holiday, arrests, and return to Smith College: 1980–1989

When presenting herself in 1980 to the GSA staff members, she stated: "Jim Crow [segregation] is dead, but his sophisticated cousin James Crow, Esq., is very much alive. We must cease our premature celebration [about civil rights already achieved] and get back to the struggle. We cannot be satisfied with a few black faces in high places when millions of our people have been locked out." She received a standing ovation afterwards, alongside a thunderous applause. In February 1982, King was a speaker during the centennial of Anne Spencer's birth. In 1984, she was arrested in the view of her mother for having protested in front of the South African Embassy, in support of anti-apartheid views. It was the first time she had ever been arrested. On January 7, 1986, Yolanda, her brother Martin Luther King III and her sister Bernice were arrested for "disorderly conduct" by officers responding to a call from a Winn Dixie market, of which had an ongoing protest against it since September of the previous year.

She showed dissatisfaction with her "generation" on January 20, 1985, and referred to them as being "laid-back and unconcerned", and "forgetting the sacrifices that allowed them to get away with being so laid-back". That same year, she presented the Martin Luther King, Jr. Award for Public Service to Chicago Mayor Harold Washington during the fifth annual Ebony American Black Achievement Awards.

She celebrated her father's holiday on January 16, 1986 and attended a breakfast in Chicago with Mayor Harold Washington. She stated that her father had a "magnificent dream", but admitted that "it still is only a dream." King started Black History Month of 1986 by giving a speech in Santa Ana, which called for the study of African-American history to not "relegated to the shortest and coldest month of the year."After having been a public speaker for over twenty years, Yolanda recalled her talents having "happened very naturally growing up in a house like mine". She also found "great irony" in President Ronald Reagan having signed a bill to make Martin Luther King, Jr. Day a national holiday.

She kicked off Martin Luther King, Jr. Day by starting a weeklong celebration on January 12, 1987 and talked to students about opportunities that they had at that point which their parents and grandparents did not have.On April 8, 1988, King and Shabazz were honored by Los Angeles County supervisors for their "unifying" performance and message on stage at the Los Angeles Theater Center the previous night. Their play Stepping into Tomorrow was praised by supervisors as being "entertaining and enlightening." At the time of the honor, King said that their production company had been approached by organizations seeking to arrange special staging of the play for gang members before May 1, when the show's run would end. Supervisor Kenneth Hahn said to King that he "sensed I was in the presence of a great man when I met your father."She returned to Smith College on January 26, 1989. There, she gave a speech and made references to her past difficult experiences when first coming to the college. King made it clear that while she had not been "endeared" to the institution, she was still "grateful" for her experience. She called for Americans to memorialize those who gave their lives for "the struggle for peace and justice." At this point in her life, King also served as director of cultural affairs for the King Center for Nonviolent Social Change and was tasked with raising and directing funds for all artistic events.

Arizona boycott and James Earl Ray retrial: 1990–1999

On December 9, 1990, she canceled a planned appearance in a play in Tucson, Arizona and ignored a boycott going on at the time by civil rights groups and other activists for Arizona voters rejecting the proposal of Martin Luther King, Jr. Day being celebrated there. King and Shabazz had planned the play months before the voters of the state rejecting the holiday, and King prepared a statement which solidified her reasons for supporting the boycott. Despite this, Shabazz still appeared in the state and performed in the play. On January 17, 1991, Yolanda spoke before a crowd of students at Edmonds Community College, around 200 in number. She debunked complacency in having any role in progression of her father's dream. She joined her mother in placing a wreath around her father's crypt. King stressed in 1992 that love would help people make their mark on the world. That same year, she also spoke at Indiana University. In October, King gave support for a Cabrini-Green family that wants to escape the violence, and a fundraiser for their cause.

25 years after her father's assassination, she went to his gravesite. There, she joined hands with her siblings and mother along with other civil rights activists, singing We Shall Overcome. During July 1993, she agreed to speak at the Coral Springs City Centre for airfare and a fee in January 1994. She originally wanted $8,000, but was negotiated down to $6,500. During said speech, she mentioned that the fact that the poverty line in America among children had nearly tripled and urged people to "reach out" and "do what you can". In October, she uttered her belief that her father's dream of integration was not understood fully.

On February 1, 1994 King attempted to speak before a diverse class of students at North Central College. She stated, "It is entirely appropriate that you would choose to focus on multiculturalism as the opening activity of Black History Month. The only reason why Black History Month was created and still exists is because America is still struggling and trying to come to grips, come to terms with the diversity of its people." In July 1994, after seeing some photographs of her father prior to his death, Yolanda lamented that "this [had] brought back a lot of memories. It's often hard for young people to understand the fear and terror so many people felt and how bold they were to get involved in the marches. But walking through the first part of the exhibit I felt that terror." She honored her father in 1995 by performing in the Chicago Sinfonietta in the play "A Lincoln Portrait", in which she was the narrator. The "commitment" to diverse members in the audience and the play itself, was what represented the opportunities for which King fought.

In the fall of 1995, at age 39, she joined Ilyasah Shabazz and Reena Evers in saluting their mothers as they chaired an attempt at registering one million African-American women to vote in the presidential election of 1996. King joined the rest of her family in February 1997, in supporting a retrial for James Earl Ray, the man convicted of her father's murder, having realized that "without our direct involvement, the truth will never come out." In an interview with People magazine in 1999, she recalled when she first learned of her father's death and stated that "to this day, [her] heart skips a beat every time [she] hear one of those special bulletins." King appeared in the film Selma, Lord, Selma, based on the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches as Miss Bright. Prior to the film's release, King expressed belief in children of the time only knowing "Martin Luther King Jr. was killed, but when it is time to talk about the facts and the history, there is not a lot of knowledge. They look at me when I'm talking as if this is science fiction."

Final years: 2000–2007

King attended and spoke at the Human Rights Campaign Detroit Gala Dinner of 2000. In a twenty-four-minute-long speech, she brought up the presidential election of that year, and also quoted the words of Bobby Kennedy by recalling his line which he took from George Bernard Shaw, that of "Some men see things as they are and say why? I dream things that never were and say why not?". During a presentation in May 2000, King was asked if the human race would ever become "color blind". In response, she pushed for "the goal" to be "color acceptance." Following the September 11 attacks, King spoke in North Chicago in 2002 and related that her father's wisdom during the crisis would have been of great aid to her. She mentioned the possibility that the event could have been a calling for Americans to put their loyalty towards "their race, tribe and nation", as her father once said. She, her brother Martin Luther King III and Al Sharpton sang We Shall Overcome in front of "The Sphere", which stood atop the World Trade Center prior to the September 11 attacks.

In honor of her father, King promoted a show in Los Angeles entitled "Achieving the Dream" in 2001. During the play, she changed costume numerous times and adjusted her voice and body language when changing roles. King and Elodia Tate co-edited the book Open My Eyes, Open My Soul: Celebrating Our Common Humanity, published by McGraw-Hill in 2003. In January 2004, King referred to her father as a king, but not as one who "sat on a throne, but one who sat in a dark Birmingham jail." While in Dallas in March 2004, King related; "It's only in the past half-dozen years or so that I have felt comfortable in my own skin. I don't have to try and prove anything to anyone anymore." "I struggled with a lot of the legacy for a long time, probably actually into my 30s before I really made peace with it," Yolanda stated in 2005 on "Western Skies", a public radio show based in Colorado. During the fall of 2004 she played Mama in "A Raisin in the Sun" at the Schwartz Center for the Performing Arts at Cornell University.

Mother's death, sibling dispute and final months: 2006–2007

Coretta Scott King began to decline in health after suffering a stroke in August 2005. She also was diagnosed with ovarian cancer. The four children of the civil rights activist noticed "something was happening". King was having a conversation with her mother in her home when she stopped talking. Coretta Scott King had a blood clot move from her heart and lodge in an artery in her brain. She was hospitalized on August 16, 2005, and was set to come home as well. Alongside the physician that took care of her mother, Dr. Maggie Mermin and her sister, Yolanda told the press that her mother was making progress on a daily basis and was expected to make a full recovery. She became a spokesman for the American Heart Association after her mother's stroke, promoting a campaign to raise awareness about strokes.

That year, she and her brother Dexter came to oppose their other brother and sister, Martin Luther King III and Bernice King, on the matter of selling the King Center. King and Dexter were in favor of sale, but their other siblings were not. After Coretta Scott King died on January 30 of the next year, Yolanda, like her siblings, attended her funeral. When asked about how she was faring following the death of her mother, Yolanda responded: "I connected with her spirit so strongly. I am in direct contact with her spirit, and that has given me so much peace and so much strength." She found her mother's personal papers in her home.

She preached in January 2007 to an audience in Ebenezer Baptist Church to be an oasis for peace and love, as well as to use her father's holiday as starting ground for their own interpretations of prejudice. She spoke on Martin Luther King, Jr. Day 2007 to attendants at the Ebenezer Baptist Church and stated: "We must keep reaching across the table and, in the tradition of Martin Luther King Jr. and Coretta Scott King, feed each other,". After her hour-long presentation, she joined her sister and her aunt, Christine King Farris, in signing books. On May 12, 2007, days before her death, she spoke at St. Mary Medical Center, on the part of the American Stroke Association. It would be the last time she would speak on behalf of the association.

Death

On May 15, 2007, King stated to her brother Dexter that she was tired, though he thought nothing of it due to her "hectic" schedule. Around an hour later, King collapsed in the Santa Monica, California home of Philip Madison Jones, her brother Dexter King's best friend, and could not be revived. Her death came a year after her mother died. Her family has speculated that her death was caused by a heart condition. In the early hours of May 19, 2007, King's body was brought to Atlanta, Georgia by private plane belonging to Bishop Eddie Long. A public memorial for Yolanda King was held on May 24, 2007, at Ebenezer Baptist Church Horizon Sanctuary in Atlanta, Georgia. Many in attendance did not know her, but came out of respect for the King family's history of non-violence and social justice. King was cremated, in accordance with her wishes. She was 51. All three of her siblings lit a candle in her memory.

Bernice King said it was "very difficult standing here blessed as her one and only sister. Yolanda, from your one and only, I thank you for being a sister and for being a friend." Martin Luther King III uttered that "Yolanda is still in business. She just moved upstairs." Maya Angelou wrote a tribute to her, which was read during the memorial service. She wrote "Yolanda proved daily that it was possible to smile while wreathed in sadness. In fact, she proved that the smile was more powerful and sweeter because it had to press itself through mournfulness to be seen, force itself through cruelty to show that the light of survival shines for us all." Many former classmates of both Grady High School and Smith College attended to remember her. Raphael Warnock stated; "She dealt with the difficulty of personal pain and public responsibility and yet ... she emerged from it all victorious. Thank you for her voice."

Ideas, influence, and political stances

To the time of her death, King continued to express denial in her father's dreams and ideals being fulfilled during her lifetime. In 1993, she debunked any thought that her father's "dream" had been anything but a dream, and was quoted as saying "It's easier to build monuments than to make a better world. It seems we've stood still and in many ways gone backward since Martin Luther King Jr. was alive.", during a celebration that marked what would have been her father's sixty-fourth birthday.

Despite this, she was quoted in January 2003 of saying that she was "a 100 percent, dyed-in-the-wool, card-carrying believer in 'The Dream'. It's a dream about freedom—freedom from oppression, from exploitation, from poverty ... the dream of a nation and a world where each and every child will have the opportunity to simply be the very best that they can be." The statement was made while she was in the presence of 800 people who gathered to honor her father at the Everett Theatre. She made it clear that month that she was not trying to fill her father's footsteps, noting jokingly that "They're too big" and that she would "fall and break [her] neck". She also advocated for her father's holiday to be used as a day for helping others, and also expressed dissatisfaction on the basis of people relaxing on his day. On January 15, 1997, she spoke at Florida Memorial College and expressed what she believed her father would feel if "he knew that people were taking a day off in his memory to do nothing". She disliked cliches used to define her father and expressed this to Attallah Shabazz, and recalled having seen a play where her father was a "wimp" and carried The Bible with him everywhere.

King was an ardent activist for gay rights, as was her mother, Coretta. King protested many times over gay rights. She was among 187 people arrested during a demonstration by lesbian and gay rights activists. She stated at the Chicago's Out and Equal Workplace Summit in 2006 "If you are gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender, you do not have the same rights as other Americans, you cannot marry, ... you still face discrimination in the workplace, and in our armed forces. For a nation that prides itself on liberty, justice and equality for all, this is totally unacceptable. Like her parents and siblings, King did not outright go and make any affiliation with a political party publicly. Despite this, she did voice opposition to President Ronald Reagan in his reluctance to sign Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, her father's national holiday.

Legacy

Dexter King said of his sister, "She gave me permission. She allowed me to give myself permission to be me." Jesse Jackson stated that King "lived with a lot of the trauma of our struggle. The movement was in her DNA." Joseph Lowery stated; "She was a princess and she walked and carried herself like a princess. She was a reserved and quiet person who loved acting." January 2008's issue of Ebony, her relationship with Rev. Suzan Johnson Cook was highlighted in an article written by the minister, as she dubbed her deceased longtime friend a "queen whose name was King". On May 25, 2008, her brother Martin Luther III and his wife, Arndrea, became the parents of a baby girl and named her Yolanda Renee King, after his late sister. During a 2009 reunion at her alma mater Smith College, a walk was done in her memory by fellow alumni.

Portrayals in film

Yolanda has mostly been portrayed in films that revolve around her parents.

Felecia Hunter, in the 1978 television miniseries King.

Melina Nzeza as a child and Ronda Louis-Jeune as an adult, in the 2013 television movie Betty and Coretta.

Filmography

King (1978, TV Mini-Series) as Rosa Parks

Hopscotch (1980) as Coffee Shop Manager

Death of a Prophet (1981, TV Movie) as Betty Shabazz

No Big Deal (1983, TV Movie) as Miss Karnisian's Class

Talkin' Dirty After Dark (1991) as Woman #2

America's Dream (1996, TV Series)

Fluke (1996, TV Movie) as Mrs. Crawford (segment "The Boy Who Painted Christ Black")

Ghosts of Mississippi (1996) as Reena Evers

Drive by: A Love Story (1997, Short) as Dee

Our Friend, Martin (1999, Video) as Christine King (voice)

Selma, Lord, Selma (1999, TV Series) as Miss Bright

Funny Valentines (1999) as Usher Lady #2

The Secret Path (1999, TV Movie) as Ms. Evelyn

Odessa (2000, Short) as Odessa

JAG (2000, TV Series) as Federal Judge Esther Green

Any Day Now (2001, TV Series) as Marilyn Scott

Liberty's Kids (2002, TV Series) as Elizabeth Freeman (voice)

The Still Life (2006) as Herself / Art Buyer

#11/17 #05/15

[missnight0wl]

Let's discuss Jacob's age

I finally decided to collect all my thoughts on Jacob’s age in one post. There will be some arguments I covered before in different discussions, but also some new observations. I’ll also use my Jacob as a point of reference, as I find it easier to explain different possibilities that way. Hopefully, it’ll be also clearer to understand. So without further ado, let’s get it started.

Jacob Ellis was born in late 1966 and here's why:

My first crucial assumption when we consider Jacob’s age is that he was 17 years old at the point of his expulsion (or at least very close to that). Most importantly it’s about the Trace. If Jacob still got it on him, he’d be probably fairly easy to find. And speaking of that, notice that nobody seemed to be really alarmed about A CHILD missing. Everybody just talks about him going mad. In my opinion, it also suggests that our brother was already of age so nobody could do much – he’s an adult, he can do whatever he wants. Lastly, there were rumours about Jacob working for Voldemort AND being the most feared wizard in Knockturn Alley. I suppose both of them would be far less probable for people to believe in if Jacob was younger than 17.

I also put his birthdate after September 1st, meaning he would’ve been 17 in his 6th year already. It’s maybe not super important, but I’ll use it in later speculations, so I’m just letting you know.

In this place, let’s discuss his relationship with Madam Rosmerta. She’s actually one of a few people who knew Jacob and admits that she cares about bringing him back home. It seems like she was pretty close with our brother, with the whole hiding him from the Ministry and letting him stay at her inn. And it’s interesting what exactly she told us in that scene: “Anyone would have done the same if they knew your brother like I did”. Not Anyone would have done the same to protect a child, or anything like that. It makes me think that they had to have some time to bond. We know that Jacob was spending quite a lot of time at Three Broomsticks, but it surely wasn’t all the time. And Rosmerta had work to do in the meantime too (she’s usually quite busy when MC visits her). So I’d say at least two years could be needed to get more attached? Students at Hogwarts are allowed to visit Hogsmeade from the third year, meaning that Jacob would have to be expelled in his fifth year at least. In my case, they would have three years of knowing each other, so quite a solid period of time to develop a friendship.

Finally, there’s a matter of Jacob’s broken wand, and it’s a bit complex. Because a lot of people say that a wand is broken only if a student is expelled before their O.W.L.s, and this is what you can find on HP wiki. The thing is... they didn’t give any sources for that information, and I can’t find it on my own (on Pottermore etc.). It made me think that it’s their assumption based on cases of Hagrid and Newt. And while I agree that it does make sense, and it checks for those characters, there’s another problem. You see, apparently, it’s unclear if Newt was even expelled...

This is information you can find in notes on Newt’s page on wiki:

J. K. Rowling has stated on two occasions that Newt was expelled from Hogwarts (...). However, on a prop document  featured in the first Fantastic Beasts film and reproduced in The Case of Beasts: Explore the Film Wizardry of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, it is stated that "the expulsion was never enforced" because Albus Dumbledore's intervention "result[ed] in his name being cleared." Miraphora Mina, one of the graphic artists who worked on the film, revealed in an interview that Rowling was consulted during the creation of the props to ensure the accuracy of text on them. (...) It is possible that J. K. Rowling's statements that Newt was expelled were a deliberate attempt at withholding information to prevent spoilers. 

So technically, we still don’t know what the rules are. On the other hand, Graves said in the movie: “You were thrown out of Hogwarts for endangering human life"... But even that aside, I’ve seen people speculating that maybe it’s rather about being of age, or whether or not the expulsion involved anyone actually dying. The second criterium would still work for Hagrid and Newt (assuming that the latter one was indeed expelled, ultimately).

Back to Jacob’s wand though. The first time we learn that it was broken is during our visit at Ollivander’s at the beginning of the game. The wandmaker told us: “Shame they snapped it in half when he was expelled”. Then, when we take Rowan with us to the Vault of Ice so they identify the wand by wood and core, and we ask Dumbledore about it, the Headmaster says:

What if this information leaked to the public, but was twisted, accidentally or on purpose? What if Rita Skeeter used it to make the situation look more serious? Even though this mad boy passed his O.W.L.s/was of age, his wand was broken because that’s how dangerous he is. We know that MC’s family name was “dragged through the mud”, so it probably wouldn’t be the only lie they wrote. And it’d explain why Ollivander didn’t question that - they said so in the newspaper, after all. It just makes more sense to me than 15-16 years old boy working for Voldemort and becoming super feared wizard while nobody is using the Trace to find him.

(I have a vague memory of information that it was the Aurors who found out the wand was broken, but I can’t find such scene for the life of mine, so I don’t take it into consideration for now.)

Now, to the speculation of WHEN our brother was expelled. Personally, I reckon that it happened months before MC started school, like in spring 1984. First of all, I want to “debunk” a theory that Jacob had to be expelled before Voldemort’s fall. The main reason: Angelica Cole. The way she talked about our brother in NHN SQ sounded to me like they knew each other pretty well.

But in 1981 Angelica was only a first year! Well, maybe she was in the second year if Jacob was expelled at the very beginning of the next term, but still. I don’t see him spending much time with a lot younger girl to help her when he was already very invested in the Cursed Vaults. Jacob had to be younger than that, making the difference between him and Angelica smaller, and putting his disappearance closer to the events of HPHM. With my assumed age, he’d be in his third year when Angelica started school – so the same as with MC and Bill. Seems way more plausible to me that he might’ve decided on helping her then. Even if he was already involved with the Vaults, it probably was just beginning. (Personal addition: I like to think that Jacob was drawn to helping younger students due to his “older brother’s instinct”.)

Another thing is how fresh Jacob’s case is in people’s memory. And here we have Rowan’s reaction, for example. When they hear our last name, they quickly remember the story. To me, it suggests that the whole thing was still a pretty hot topic, at least in newspapers. And while we know that Rita Skeeter likes to dig dirt, even if it’s some older one, I got the impression she prefers more relevant topics. She came to Hogwarts when it was already affected by the curses, and not when MC started school (even though it alone would be an opportunity to pull Jacob’s madness back to light).

We can also try to get some hints from our interaction with Alistair Fidgen. I mean, sure, he’s a lying prat, but let’s assume that he was telling the truth about Jacob’s actions – he just conveniently forgot to mention that our brother became a big deal in Knockturn Alley after that. In that case, even if Jacob disappeared right before MC starting school, there were over four years since their “last” meeting. Yet, he seems to remember it pretty well. If more years had passed, Alistair would have bigger problems with recalling it (or at least would pretend to). This one is a bit of a stretch, but I decided to list everything that comes to my mind.

Now, this point might be pretty big: Severus Snape. Was he Jacob’s teacher or not? I believe he was. Jacob wrote in his notebook:

… which to me strongly suggests that Snape was a teacher at this point, had authority over Jacob. Also, it was the time of the Vault of Fear. We don’t know exactly how much time Jacob was spending on each vault, however, I suppose it was either similarly one per year, or even longer. After all, we now have Jacob’s clues: we had the book to open the Vault of Fear, for example. We didn’t have to look for it. Back to Snape though. Considering what was said above, I guess we can bet that Snape was teaching Jacob for at least two years before his expulsion. With my assumed age, Jacob would start school in September after Snape’s graduation in June. Then, there were three years of Snape’s absence (when the classes with Dumbledore could’ve taken place – it explains why Jacob was practising Legilimency with the Headmaster, and not Severus). Snape came back as a teacher in Jacob’s fourth year.

Another stretch, but as I said, I’m taking everything: it’s about our Legilimency lessons. Do you remember that Snape saw three of our memories then? In the first one, he said: “Five or six years old”. Not very precise, if you ask me, so it might mean two things: either Snape is not very good at telling children’s age, or the memory wasn’t very clear so he couldn’t tell (or both). Either way, with the next memories he said nothing about age, only described us as “older” (very clever, Jam City, but I’m going to analyse you anyway!). I suppose it had to be some bigger jumps in the time if Snape could tell the difference for sure. Like two years perhaps? Which could mean that in the last memory, where MC is crying with their mum, they’re like 9-10 or older. It’s also interesting how quickly he guessed that “This must be the day your brother went missing…”. Probably because he knows how old MC was then. And maybe, just maybe, they looked pretty much like when they started school?

Or he was looking for particular memories from certain periods of time, but you know… I’m just speculating. Maybe it will inspire somebody else to do a better analysis of that scene.

Finally, there’s one thing I’ve noticed lately about Bill. When we found the letter mentioning Olivia Green, his first immediate reaction was “Never heard of her…”. As if he was expecting that he SHOULD hear of her if Jacob was interacting with her. It made me think that Bill and Jacob could have some years overlapping. Again, with my assumption, Jacob would be in the fifth year when Bill came to Hogwarts. It also kind of fits to why Bill didn’t hear about Olivia – because he was just a first year, maybe a second year when she “met her fate”. It’s possible that such a young student wouldn’t hear about a much older girl, especially if she didn’t even finish her education.

To sum up, I believe that Jacob was born in late 1966. Moreover, he was 17 years old and in his 6th year in the moment of expulsion. In my opinion, it fits the best every information we got so far. Also, here’s some small bonus: a visual representation. The notes about the Vaults are rather for orientation, as we don’t really have many clues for that.

#hogwarts mystery #hphm #hphm mc #jacob's sibling #hphm jacob #madam rosmerta #garrick ollivander #rita skeeter #angelica cole #alistair fidgen #severus snape #bill weasley #olivia green #jacob's age #analysis post #theory #hphm theory

[orbemnews]

Terry McAuliffe wants to be Virginia's governor again. His opponents say it's time to move on. The former governor of Virginia, four years removed from the end of his first term, is vying for another shot at leading the commonwealth, running as the closest thing to an incumbent in a place that bars governors from serving successive terms. McAuliffe enters the race as the clear frontrunner, buoyed by a significant fundraising advantage, a who’s who list of endorsements and near total name recognition. But both Democratic politics and Virginia have changed since McAuliffe’s successful 2013 run, a shift exemplified by the Democratic legislature — which went blue in 2019 with McAuliffe’s help — moving to abolish the death penalty, tighten gun laws and reckon with the legacy of the Confederacy in a commonwealth closely tied to the Civil War South. With less than three months until the Democratic gubernatorial primary, McAuliffe — who faced no primary challenge eight years ago — is now being pushed by younger, more liberal challengers to explain how a leader synonymous with the political establishment reflects the future of the commonwealth and not the politics of a bygone era. The anti-McAuliffe charge ahead of the June 8 primary has been led by former Virginia delegate Jennifer Carroll Foy and Del. Lee Carter, two gubernatorial candidates who have been unabashedly critical of the former governor. Two other Democrats — state Sen. Jennifer McClellan and Lt. Gov. Justin Fairfax — haven’t been as pointed in their criticism of McAuliffe, but they have all echoed a similar message: McAuliffe’s time has passed. “He was the right candidate for that moment. He was the right governor for that moment,” said McClellan, referring to McAuliffe’s 2013 bid, which she supported. “Times have changed. Virginia has changed.” McAuliffe, a figure whose story in the Democratic Party is defined by millions of dollars raised, the Clintons and a tenure as chair of the Democratic National Committee, dismisses any suggestion he isn’t the future of the party. He points out that even after his time as governor, Virginia Democrats called on him to lead the effort that eventually won control of the Virginia General Assembly, giving the party full control of the state’s government for the first time in more than two decades. “I don’t pay any attention to them,” he said of his opponents suggesting his time has come and gone. “I’m laying out my own plan on why I’m running.” Any Democrat who wins the primary will be facing a Republican Party in turmoil, one where Virginia Republicans are searching for a standard bearer at a time when the national party is split between tying themselves to the vision of former President Donald Trump or breaking away from the failed 2020 candidate. A series of Republicans are laying the groundwork for a gubernatorial bid, including state Sen. Amanda Chase, businessman Pete Snyder, Del. Kirk Cox and businessman Glenn Youngkin. McAuliffe has already flooded his Democratic opponents in three things: Money, policy and endorsements. The prolific fundraiser fired a warning shot early in the campaign when he announced he had raised $6.1 million in 2020, a staggering number that dwarfed his opponents’ own efforts. And when he announced in December, his candidacy came along with a long list of endorsements, including a number of high-profile Democrats who serve with some of his primary challengers. Since then, McAuliffe has rolled out policy after policy, aiming to both burnish his progressive credentials and argue that because Virginia is now in Democratic control, something the governor did not enjoy during his tenure, he will be able to get more done. “I leaned in (as governor), but I had a Republican legislature. Now, with a Democratic legislature, all the big things that need to be fixed, we can get done,” he said. “Heck, I just warming up. You give me a Democratic legislature, there is no stopping me.” ‘The appetite for career politicians… is long gone’ McAuliffe’s desire to run for a second term as governor has long been one of the worst kept secrets in the commonwealth. The former chair of the DNC and CNN political commentator relished the job, often joking about how his election — after Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson served as Virginia’s first and second governors — was a sign of American exceptionalism. If McAuliffe were to win in November, however, he would do something neither Henry nor Jefferson ever did: Serve two four-year terms as the commonwealth’s chief executive. The Virginia constitution prohibits governors from serving two successive terms and very few Virginia politicians have done so. The last person to do it was Mills Godwin, a segregationist who won as a Democrat in 1966 and as a Republican in 1974. McAuliffe argues that even though he feels like he accomplished everything he could as governor — “I don’t know if you could find (a regret). I mean, I worked like a dog,” he said — it just makes sense for him to reprise a role that is part Virginia’s chief executive, part commonwealth cheerleader. Virginians “know I can get things done,” McAuliffe said. “I did it before and they all know with a Democratic legislature, boy, I feel bad for those other 49 states cause I’m telling you Virginia is going to lead the country.” But his third run at governor (he tried and failed to win the party’s nomination in 2009) also means standing in the way of possible history: If either McClellan or Foy were to win, she would become both the first woman to lead Virginia and the first Black woman governor in US history. The significance of making such history, especially in a state that once housed the Capitol of the South during the Civil War, is powerful to both women. “I feel the weight of it because… to know what my family has gone through, the fights that my parents and my grandparents and my great grandparents had to fight, to know that I’m still fighting those fights and I need to keep my children from fighting those same fights, I feel the weight of that,” said McClellan, growing emotional as she described the potential for history. “I feel the weight of knowing I am running for a position in a system that was never built for me.” To McAuliffe’s opponents, the reasoning for his candidacy is deeply flawed. And no candidate is more eager to go after McAuliffe than Foy, who resigned her assembly seat in December to focus on her gubernatorial run. “I can’t allow Terry McAuliffe to run a status quo race, while he romanticizes his time as governor,” said Foy, who has argued her experience as one of the first women to every graduate from Virginia Military Institute and a mother of two who still struggles with child care and student loan debt is more representative of the commonwealth. Foy has attacked McAuliffe on everything from donations he has taken to deals he made as governor to the fact he did little to address Confederate monuments. But her overarching criticism is that she represents Virginia’s most progressive future, while McAuliffe represents the past. “The appetite for career politicians who have continued to maintain the status quo that has hurt so many Virginians is long gone,” she said in an interview. But Foy is not alone in trying to run on McAuliffe’s left. Lee Carter, the self-proclaimed democratic socialist state delegate with deep ties to the Bernie Sanders network of supporters and liberal organizations, has begun to lambast the former governor as not progressive enough. “I see him as the guy that got us here and that’s in very, very real ways,” Carter told CNN, hammering McAuliffe for his support of pipelines through the state and economic policies that focused more on the rich than the poor. “We’ve spent the last eight years fighting against some of the worst things from McAuliffe’s time as governor.” Neither McClellan nor Fairfax has been as direct in their criticism of McAuliffe as Foy and Carter, but their differences are primarily in tone, not substance. “The voters decide what they are looking for in their candidates and in their visions for the future. But I do think it is very clear that people want their leaders to be focused on a vision for the future,” said Fairfax. For Fairfax, opposing McAuliffe is personal. During a chaotic period in Virginia government, Fairfax was accused of sexual assault by two women in 2019. Both women still stand by their allegations. Fairfax denied both accusations and continues to fight them to this day. He had filed a defamation suit against CBS, in which he alleged the network defamed him when, in 2019, it aired interviews with the two women. A judge dismissed the case last year, but Fairfax has appealed the decision, the Associated Press reported. It is apparent that it still bothers the lieutenant governor and people close to him that McAuliffe, by then the former governor, had quickly called for him to step down due to the allegations. Voters are “totally against the politics of the past and the traditional tactics of personal destruction that we have seen govern for too long,” Fairfax said, a not-so-subtle nod to McAuliffe. ‘People are looking for tested leadership’ McAuliffe supporters, when pressed on the attacks facing the former governor, will often compare him to another centrist Democrat who has found recent success: President Joe Biden. “People are looking for tested leadership,” said Louise Lucas, the president pro tempore of the Virginia state Senate and a McAuliffe campaign co-chair. “They need people with experience who can hit the ground running day one, who doesn’t have to try to cultivate all those relationships.” Referring to Biden winning in 2020: “That in and of itself tell me people are looking for tested leadership.” Virginia overwhelmingly backed Biden during the 2020 primary, selecting him over liberal leaders like Sanders and Massachusetts Sen. Elizabeth Warren. And the state, which was once considered a battleground but has moved towards Democrats in recent years, would later back Biden over Trump by 10 percentage points in November. And McAuliffe is very close, both politically and personally, with the President. Comparisons to the 2020 presidential election, however, ignore the fact that Democrats were as motivated to vote against Trump as they were to vote for Biden. “That’s so simplistic, I don’t even know what to say,” said McClellan. “Biden won in large part because he was the candidate who had the most government experience and the most experience solving people’s problems. … I have more state government experience and public service experience addressing the needs of Virginia than all of my opponents combined, including Terry McAuliffe.” Foy was even more pointed, comparing McAuliffe’s candidacy to Hillary Clinton’s failed 2008 presidential run. “The comparison I hear about is Barack Obama and Hillary,” she said. “How you had people saying that there’s a person who is inevitable, who is a money machine, who has been around politics for a very long time and therefore everyone needs to make way.” The issue that these anti-McAuliffe candidates run into is space. People close to McAuliffe cheered when Carter entered the race, believing he will further box out candidates like Foy. And the longer the four challengers stay in, the harder it will be for either candidate to make up for their lack of statewide name recognition or consolidate the anti-McAuliffe support. “If you believed that was so important, wouldn’t you gather together and consolidate your vote?” asked Larry Sabato, the director of the University of Virginia Center for Politics. Sabato concluded that, along with Virginia Democrats’ desire to win, will help McAuliffe. “Because Democrats lost for so long in Virginia… Democrats still have a minority mentality even though they are in the majority and because of that, they do tend to make practical decision in primaries,” he said. “That may be the best thing McAuliffe has, other than incumbency and money, on his behalf.” CORRECTION: An earlier version of this story gave an incorrect first name for Glenn Youngkin. Source link Orbem News #Governor #McAuliffe #move #Opponents #Politics #Terry #TerryMcAuliffeviesforfourmoreyearsinachangedDemocraticenvironment-CNNPolitics #Time #Virginias

[dipulb3]

Terry McAuliffe wants to be Virginia's governor again. His opponents say it's time to move on.

New Post has been published on https://appradab.com/terry-mcauliffe-wants-to-be-virginias-governor-again-his-opponents-say-its-time-to-move-on/

Terry McAuliffe wants to be Virginia's governor again. His opponents say it's time to move on.

The former governor of Virginia, four years removed from the end of his first term, is vying for another shot at leading the commonwealth, running as the closest thing to an incumbent in a place that bars governors from serving successive terms. McAuliffe enters the race as the clear frontrunner, buoyed by a significant fundraising advantage, a who’s who list of endorsements and near total name recognition.

But both Democratic politics and Virginia have changed since McAuliffe’s successful 2013 run, a shift exemplified by the Democratic legislature — which went blue in 2019 with McAuliffe’s help — moving to abolish the death penalty, tighten gun laws and reckon with the legacy of the Confederacy in a commonwealth closely tied to the Civil War South.

With less than three months until the Democratic gubernatorial primary, McAuliffe — who faced no primary challenge eight years ago — is now being pushed by younger, more liberal challengers to explain how a leader synonymous with the political establishment reflects the future of the commonwealth and not the politics of a bygone era.

The anti-McAuliffe charge ahead of the June 8 primary has been led by former Virginia delegate Jennifer Carroll Foy and Del. Lee Carter, two gubernatorial candidates who have been unabashedly critical of the former governor. Two other Democrats — state Sen. Jennifer McClellan and Lt. Gov. Justin Fairfax — haven’t been as pointed in their criticism of McAuliffe, but they have all echoed a similar message: McAuliffe’s time has passed.

“He was the right candidate for that moment. He was the right governor for that moment,” said McClellan, referring to McAuliffe’s 2013 bid, which she supported. “Times have changed. Virginia has changed.”

McAuliffe, a figure whose story in the Democratic Party is defined by millions of dollars raised, the Clintons and a tenure as chair of the Democratic National Committee, dismisses any suggestion he isn’t the future of the party. He points out that even after his time as governor, Virginia Democrats called on him to lead the effort that eventually won control of the Virginia General Assembly, giving the party full control of the state’s government for the first time in more than two decades.

“I don’t pay any attention to them,” he said of his opponents suggesting his time has come and gone. “I’m laying out my own plan on why I’m running.”

Any Democrat who wins the primary will be facing a Republican Party in turmoil, one where Virginia Republicans are searching for a standard bearer at a time when the national party is split between tying themselves to the vision of former President Donald Trump or breaking away from the failed 2020 candidate. A series of Republicans are laying the groundwork for a gubernatorial bid, including state Sen. Amanda Chase, businessman Pete Snyder, Del. Kirk Cox and businessman Glenn Youngkin.

McAuliffe has already flooded his Democratic opponents in three things: Money, policy and endorsements.

The prolific fundraiser fired a warning shot early in the campaign when he announced he had raised $6.1 million in 2020, a staggering number that dwarfed his opponents’ own efforts. And when he announced in December, his candidacy came along with a long list of endorsements, including a number of high-profile Democrats who serve with some of his primary challengers.

Since then, McAuliffe has rolled out policy after policy, aiming to both burnish his progressive credentials and argue that because Virginia is now in Democratic control, something the governor did not enjoy during his tenure, he will be able to get more done.

“I leaned in (as governor), but I had a Republican legislature. Now, with a Democratic legislature, all the big things that need to be fixed, we can get done,” he said. “Heck, I just warming up. You give me a Democratic legislature, there is no stopping me.”

‘The appetite for career politicians… is long gone’

McAuliffe’s desire to run for a second term as governor has long been one of the worst kept secrets in the commonwealth. The former chair of the DNC and Appradab political commentator relished the job, often joking about how his election — after Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson served as Virginia’s first and second governors — was a sign of American exceptionalism.

If McAuliffe were to win in November, however, he would do something neither Henry nor Jefferson ever did: Serve two four-year terms as the commonwealth’s chief executive. The Virginia constitution prohibits governors from serving two successive terms and very few Virginia politicians have done so. The last person to do it was Mills Godwin, a segregationist who won as a Democrat in 1966 and as a Republican in 1974.

McAuliffe argues that even though he feels like he accomplished everything he could as governor — “I don’t know if you could find (a regret). I mean, I worked like a dog,” he said — it just makes sense for him to reprise a role that is part Virginia’s chief executive, part commonwealth cheerleader.

Virginians “know I can get things done,” McAuliffe said. “I did it before and they all know with a Democratic legislature, boy, I feel bad for those other 49 states cause I’m telling you Virginia is going to lead the country.”

But his third run at governor (he tried and failed to win the party’s nomination in 2009) also means standing in the way of possible history: If either McClellan or Foy were to win, she would become both the first woman to lead Virginia and the first Black woman governor in US history.

The significance of making such history, especially in a state that once housed the Capitol of the South during the Civil War, is powerful to both women.

“I feel the weight of it because… to know what my family has gone through, the fights that my parents and my grandparents and my great grandparents had to fight, to know that I’m still fighting those fights and I need to keep my children from fighting those same fights, I feel the weight of that,” said McClellan, growing emotional as she described the potential for history. “I feel the weight of knowing I am running for a position in a system that was never built for me.”

To McAuliffe’s opponents, the reasoning for his candidacy is deeply flawed. And no candidate is more eager to go after McAuliffe than Foy, who resigned her assembly seat in December to focus on her gubernatorial run.

“I can’t allow Terry McAuliffe to run a status quo race, while he romanticizes his time as governor,” said Foy, who has argued her experience as one of the first women to every graduate from Virginia Military Institute and a mother of two who still struggles with child care and student loan debt is more representative of the commonwealth.

Foy has attacked McAuliffe on everything from donations he has taken to deals he made as governor to the fact he did little to address Confederate monuments. But her overarching criticism is that she represents Virginia’s most progressive future, while McAuliffe represents the past.

“The appetite for career politicians who have continued to maintain the status quo that has hurt so many Virginians is long gone,” she said in an interview.

But Foy is not alone in trying to run on McAuliffe’s left. Lee Carter, the self-proclaimed democratic socialist state delegate with deep ties to the Bernie Sanders network of supporters and liberal organizations, has begun to lambast the former governor as not progressive enough.

“I see him as the guy that got us here and that’s in very, very real ways,” Carter told Appradab, hammering McAuliffe for his support of pipelines through the state and economic policies that focused more on the rich than the poor. “We’ve spent the last eight years fighting against some of the worst things from McAuliffe’s time as governor.”

Neither McClellan nor Fairfax has been as direct in their criticism of McAuliffe as Foy and Carter, but their differences are primarily in tone, not substance.

“The voters decide what they are looking for in their candidates and in their visions for the future. But I do think it is very clear that people want their leaders to be focused on a vision for the future,” said Fairfax.

For Fairfax, opposing McAuliffe is personal. During a chaotic period in Virginia government, Fairfax was accused of sexual assault by two women in 2019. Both women still stand by their allegations.

Fairfax denied both accusations and continues to fight them to this day. He had filed a defamation suit against CBS, in which he alleged the network defamed him when, in 2019, it aired interviews with the two women. A judge dismissed the case last year, but Fairfax has appealed the decision, the Associated Press reported.

It is apparent that it still bothers the lieutenant governor and people close to him that McAuliffe, by then the former governor, had quickly called for him to step down due to the allegations.

Voters are “totally against the politics of the past and the traditional tactics of personal destruction that we have seen govern for too long,” Fairfax said, a not-so-subtle nod to McAuliffe.

‘People are looking for tested leadership’

McAuliffe supporters, when pressed on the attacks facing the former governor, will often compare him to another centrist Democrat who has found recent success: President Joe Biden.

“People are looking for tested leadership,” said Louise Lucas, the president pro tempore of the Virginia state Senate and a McAuliffe campaign co-chair. “They need people with experience who can hit the ground running day one, who doesn’t have to try to cultivate all those relationships.”

Referring to Biden winning in 2020: “That in and of itself tell me people are looking for tested leadership.”

Virginia overwhelmingly backed Biden during the 2020 primary, selecting him over liberal leaders like Sanders and Massachusetts Sen. Elizabeth Warren. And the state, which was once considered a battleground but has moved towards Democrats in recent years, would later back Biden over Trump by 10 percentage points in November. And McAuliffe is very close, both politically and personally, with the President.

Comparisons to the 2020 presidential election, however, ignore the fact that Democrats were as motivated to vote against Trump as they were to vote for Biden.

“That’s so simplistic, I don’t even know what to say,” said McClellan. “Biden won in large part because he was the candidate who had the most government experience and the most experience solving people’s problems. … I have more state government experience and public service experience addressing the needs of Virginia than all of my opponents combined, including Terry McAuliffe.”

Foy was even more pointed, comparing McAuliffe’s candidacy to Hillary Clinton’s failed 2008 presidential run.

“The comparison I hear about is Barack Obama and Hillary,” she said. “How you had people saying that there’s a person who is inevitable, who is a money machine, who has been around politics for a very long time and therefore everyone needs to make way.”

The issue that these anti-McAuliffe candidates run into is space. People close to McAuliffe cheered when Carter entered the race, believing he will further box out candidates like Foy. And the longer the four challengers stay in, the harder it will be for either candidate to make up for their lack of statewide name recognition or consolidate the anti-McAuliffe support.

“If you believed that was so important, wouldn’t you gather together and consolidate your vote?” asked Larry Sabato, the director of the University of Virginia Center for Politics.

Sabato concluded that, along with Virginia Democrats’ desire to win, will help McAuliffe.

“Because Democrats lost for so long in Virginia… Democrats still have a minority mentality even though they are in the majority and because of that, they do tend to make practical decision in primaries,” he said. “That may be the best thing McAuliffe has, other than incumbency and money, on his behalf.”

CORRECTION: An earlier version of this story gave an incorrect first name for Glenn Youngkin.

[paulodebargelove]

Michael Joseph Jackson (29 August 1958 - 25 June 2009) was a singer-songwriter, music producer, dancer and actor. Called the King of Pop, his contributions to music and dance, along with his publicized personal life, have made him a world figure in popular culture for more than four decades.

The eighth child of the Jackson family, he debuted on the professional music scene, along with his older brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon and as a member of Jackson 5 in 1964, and began his solo career in 1971. In the early 1980s, Jackson has become a dominant figure in popular music. Music videos for his songs, including those for "Beat It", "Billie Jean" and "Thriller", have been credited with breaking racial barriers and transforming the medium into an art form and promotional tool. The popularity of these videos helped to bring the then relatively new MTV television channel to fame. With videos like "Black or White" and "Scream", he continued to innovate the form in the 1990s, as well as forging a reputation as a touring solo artist. Through stage and video performances, Jackson popularized a series of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and the moonwalk, which he named. Its distinctive sound and style has influenced many artists from various musical genres.

1982 Michael Jackson's Thriller album is the best-selling album of all time. His other albums, including Off the Wall (1979), Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991) and HIStory (1995), are also among the world's best-selling albums. Jackson is one of the few artists to have been introduced to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice. He was also inducted into the Hall of Fame Songwriters and the dance hall of fame as the first and only dancer in pop and rock music. His other accomplishments include multiple Guinness World Records, 13 Grammy Awards, the Grammy Legend Award, the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, 26 American Music Awards, more than any other artist, including "Artist of the Century" and "Artist of the 1980s ", 13 number one singles in the United States during his solo career, - more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 of the era - and estimated sales of more than 400 million records worldwide. Jackson has won hundreds of awards, making him the most awarded artist in the history of popular music. He became the first artist in history to have a single top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 in five different decades when "Love Never Felt So Good" reached number nine on May 21, 2014. Jackson traveled the world attending events in honor of to his humanitarianism and, in 2000, Guinness World Records recognized him for supporting 39 charities, more than any other artist.

Aspects of Michael Jackson's personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships and behavior, the controversy generated. In the mid-1990s, he was accused of child sexual abuse, but the civil case was settled out of court for an undisclosed sum and no formal charges were brought. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of another child allegations of sexual abuse and several other charges after the jury found him innocent of all charges. While preparing for his comeback show entitled This Is It, Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine poisoning on June 25, 2009, after suffering cardiac arrest. The Los Angeles County Coroner ruled his death a homicide, and his personal physician, Conrad Murray, was convicted of involuntary manslaughter. Jackson's death sparked a global abundance of sadness, and a live broadcast of his public memorial service was seen around the world. Forbes currently occupies Jackson as the top-earning dead celebrity, a title held for the fifth consecutive year, with $ 140 million in earnings.

Life and career

1958-1975: Early life and Jackson 5

Michael Joseph Jackson was born on August 29, 1958. He was the eighth of ten children in an African-American working class family who lived in a two-bedroom house in Gary, Indiana, an industrial city and a part of the metropolitan Chicago area . His mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Witness. She once aspired to be a country-and-clarinet and piano artist, but worked part-time at Sears to help support her family. Her father, Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson, a former boxer, was a metallurgist at US Steel. Joe also performed on guitar with a local rhythm and blues band called the Falcons to supplement the family's family income. Michael grew up with three sisters (Rebbie, La Toya and Janet) and five brothers (Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon and Randy). A sixth brother, from Marlon elder double Brandon, died shortly after birth.

Jackson had a troubled relationship with his father, Joe. In 2003, Joe acknowledged that he regularly beat Jackson as a boy. Joe was also said to have verbally abused his son, often saying that he had a "fat nose". Jackson stated that he was physically and emotionally abused during incessant rehearsals, although he credited his father's strict discipline with playing an important role in his success. Speaking openly about his childhood in an interview with Oprah Winfrey, broadcast in February 1993, Jackson acknowledged that his youth had been lonely and isolated. Jackson's deep dissatisfaction with his appearance, his nightmares and chronic sleep problems, his tendency to remain hyper-compliant, especially with his father, and to remain childish throughout his adult life, are consistent with the effects of the bad treatment he suffered as a child.

In an interview with Martin Bashir, later included in the broadcast of being with Michael Jackson in 2003, Jackson acknowledged that his father hurt him when he was a child, recalling that Joseph often sat in a chair with a belt in his hand as he and his brothers rehearsed, and that "if you don't do it the right way, it would tear you up, really you." Both of Jackson's parents, at odds with long-standing allegations of abuse, with Katherine stating that while lashes are considered abuse today, that action was a common way of disciplining children at the time. Jackie, Tito, Jermaine and Marlon also said that their father is not abusive, but misunderstood.

In 1965, Michael and Marlon joined the Jackson Brothers, a band formed by their father and which included brother musicians Jackie, Tito, Jermaine and backup singers who play congas and tambourines. In 1966, Jackson began to share vocals with his older brother Jermaine, and the group's name was changed to Jackson 5. That next year, the group won a great local talent show with Jackson performing the dance to Robert's 1965 hit Parker "Barefootin '". From 1966 to 1968, the band toured the Midwest, often performing in a series of black clubs known as the "chitlin" circuit "as the opening act for artists like Sam & Dave, the O'Jays, Gladys Knight, and Etta James The Jackson 5 also performed in clubs and bars, where striptease shows and other adult acts were performed, and local audiences and high school dances.In August 1967, while outings on the east coast, the group won a weekly amateur night concert at the Apollo Theater in Harlem.

The Jackson 5 recorded several songs, including "Big Boy" (1968), his first single, for Steeltown Records, a Gary, Indiana label, before signing with Motown in 1969. The Jackson 5 left Gary in 1969 and moved to the Los Angeles area, where they continued to record music for Motown. Rolling Stone magazine later described the young Michael as "a prodigy" with "overwhelming musical gifts", writing that he "quickly emerged as the main draw and vocalist." The group set a chart record when their first four singles "I Want You Back" (1969), "ABC" (1970), "What Would You Save Love" (1970), and "I Will Be There" (1970) - peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100. in May 1971, the Jackson family moved into a large two-acre home in Encino, California, where Michael evolved from a child performer to a teen idol. As Jackson began to emerge as a solo artist in the early 1970s, he continued to maintain ties with Jackson 5 and Motown. Between 1972, when he began his solo career, and 1975, Michael released four studio solo albums with Motown: Got to Be There (1972), Ben (1972), Música & Me (1973), and forever, Michael (1975) . "Got to Be There" and "Ben", the title tracks of their first two solo albums, both became successful singles, as did a remake of Bobby's day "Rockin 'Robin".

The Jackson 5 were later described as "an avant-garde example of black crossover artists." Although the group's sales began to decline in 1973, and the band members angered under Motown's refusal to allow them creative or input control, they continued to score several top 40 hits, including the first five single "Dancing" Machine "(1974), before the group left Motown in 1975.

1975-1981: Move to Epic and Off the Wall

In June 1975, Jackson 5 signed with Epic Records, a subsidiary of CBS Records, and was renamed the Jacksons. Younger brother Randy formally joined the band around this time, while Jermaine chose to stay with Motown and pursue a solo career. The Jacksons continued their international tour, and released six more albums between 1976 and 1984. Michael, the group's main songwriter during this time, wrote hits like "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)" (1979), "This Place Hotel" (1980), and "Can You Feel It" (1980). Jackson's film work began in 1978, when he starred as the scarecrow in The Wiz, a musical directed by Sidney Lumet, who also starred Diana Ross, Nipsey Russell, and Ted Ross. The film was a box office disaster. While working on the film Jackson met Quincy Jones, who was organizing the film's soundtrack, and Jones agreed to produce Jackson's next solo album, Off the Wall. In 1979, Jackson broke his nose during a complex dance routine. His subsequent rhinoplasty was not a complete success; he complained of breathing difficulties that affect his career. He was referred to Dr. Steven Hoefflin, who performed Jackson's second rhinoplasty and subsequent operations.

Off the Wall (1979), which Jones and Jackson co-produced, based Jackson as a solo artist. The album helped Jackson transition from the "bubble gum" of his youth to the more complex sounds he would create as an adult. Composers for the album included Jackson, Rod Temperton, Stevie Wonder, and Paul McCartney. Off the Wall was the first solo album to generate four top 10 hits in the United States: "Off the Wall", "She's Out of My Life", and the singles on the "Do not Stop 'Til You Get Enough" and " rock With You ". The album reached number three on the Billboard 200 and sold more than 20 million copies worldwide. In 1980, Jackson won three awards at the American Music Awards for his individual efforts: Favorite Soul / R & B album, Favorite Soul / R & B Male Artist, and single Favorite / R & B soul for "Do not Stop 'Til You Get Enough ". He also won year-end Billboard awards for Top Black Artist and Top Black Album, and a Grammy for Best Male R & B Vocal Performance Artist from 1979, with "Do not Stop 'Til You Get Enough". In 1981, Jackson was the winner of the American Music Awards for Best Soul / Favorite R & B Album and Soul / Male R & B Artist. Despite his commercial success, Jackson felt Off the Wall should have made a much bigger impact, and was determined to exceed expectations with his next release. In 1980, he obtained the highest royalty rate in the music industry: 37 percent of the wholesale album profit.

1982-1983: Suspense and Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, forever

In 1982, Jackson combined his interests in composition and film, when he contributed the song "Someone in the Dark" to the storybook for the film ET The Extraterrestrial. The song, with Quincy Jones as producer, won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children for even more 1983. success came after the release of Thriller in late 1982. The album won Jackson plus seven Grammys and eight American Music Awards, including the Merit award, the youngest artist to win.

"Thriller" was the best-selling album worldwide in 1983. It became the best-selling album of all time in the United States, and the best-selling album of all time worldwide, selling an estimated 65 million copies. The album topped the Billboard 200 charts for 37 weeks and was in the top 10 of the 200 for 80 consecutive weeks. It was the first album to have seven Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles, including "Billie Jean", "Beat It" and "Wanna Be Startin 'Somethin'". In March 2009 Suspense was certified for 29 million shipments by the RIAA, giving it Double Diamond status in the United States. Suspense won Jackson and Quincy Jones the Grammy Award for Producer of the Year (Non-Classical) for 1983. He also won the album of the year, with Jackson as the artist on the album and Jones as his co-producer, and Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male , Jackson award. "Beat It" won Record of the Year, with Jackson as an artist and Jones as a co-producer, and Best Rock Vocal Performance, Male, a Jackson award. "Billie Jean" won Jackson two Grammy awards, Best R & B Song, with Jackson as his composer, and Best R & B Vocal Performance, Man, as the artist himself. Suspense also won another Grammy for Best Engineered Recording - Non-Classical in 1984, the grant from Bruce Swedien for his work on the album. The AMA Awards for 1984 provided Jackson with an AMA and Merit Award for Male Artist, Soul / R & B and Best Male Artist, Pop / Rock. "Beat It" won Jackson AMAs for Favorite Video, Soul / R & B, Favorite Video, Pop / Rock, and Single Favorite, Pop / Rock. Suspense he won AMAs for Favorite Album, Soul / R & B, and Favorite Album, Pop / Rock.

In addition to the award-winning album, Jackson released "Thriller," a fourteen-minute short music video directed by John Landis, in 1983. "defined music videos and broke racial barriers" on the Music Television Channel (MTV), an incipient entertainment television channel in season. In December 2009, the Library of Congress selected the music video "Thriller" for inclusion in the National Film Registry. It was one of twenty-five films nominated that year as "works of lasting importance to American culture", which would be "preserved forever." The zombie-themed "Thriller" is the first and, as of 2009, the only music video to be introduced on the record.

[doctorwhonews]

Twice Upon A Time - Press Reaction

Latest from the news site: Press reaction to the final Twelfth Doctor story Twice Upon A Time is in and generally positive. The Guardian found much to admire in the story "There’s so much that is good about the episode. Good jokes – mainly about the First Doctor’s embarrassing un-PC old-fashioned attitudes (“Aren’t all ladies made of glass, in a way?”). I like the second world war spoiler too. “Yes, but what do you mean, [world war] one?” asks the Captain, not understanding the unthinkable. I like Twelve’s “over to you Mary Berry” to One, just because he’s old, I think. Anyway, it’s funny." The Mirror felt the episode delivered. "It's an emotional rollercoaster to watch and the minute's whizz by so fast, too fast. I felt the ticking clock in my living room was ticking a little louder, counting down to the moment we had to say goodbye to Capaldi's Doctor. I'm so glad that the Powers That Be decided to bring Pearl Mackie's Bill back to the show for one more outing. In an episode that can't really escape from a looming theme of death, Bill brings not only a sense of fun but also heart to the episode." However, The Telegraph wasn't impressed. "Heavy on stagy dialogue and light on action, the narrative got mired in its own mythology, too busy making knowingly nerdy references to construct a coherent adventure. Ultimately, even the hero admitted there wasn’t a villain." The Daily Mail found the episode wretchedly dull. "We had to endure an age of Capaldi wringing his hands and begging humanity to ‘be kind’. David Bradley reprised the First Doctor, originally portrayed by William Hartnell in the Sixties. His chief role was to make scandalising remarks about the importance of having a woman about the place to do the dusting, and to look horrified when Bill Potts (Pearl Mackie) hinted she was a lesbian." Radio Times felt the story was lacking substance but praised the nostalgia inherent in the story. "I get a little surge of joy that on Christmas Day 2017 the BBC1 audience will glimpse clips from 1966’s The Tenth Planet of William Hartnell and Michael Craze, both long dead, and my very alive pal Anneke Wills. The lamentable recast versions of companions Ben and Polly are kept mercifully brief, but in a coup of televisual magic a monochrome Hartnell transmogrifies into Bradley in HD colour. The first Doctor rematerialises right before our eyes." The Independent praised the two lead actors. "Peter Capaldi, as ever, turns out an incredible performance as the Twelfth Doctor. In fact, you wouldn’t expect anything less given that his entire run as the Time Lord has been nothing short of magnificent. Unfortunately, given that this is his Doctor’s finale, David Bradley steals the show as the First Doctor. " Digital Spy felt the episode delivered where it needed to, also praising David Bradley's portrayal of the First Doctor. "His performance really is spot on – a little spiky, pompous, yet warm and humane. Bradley puts his own stamp on the first Doctor, while remaining enough like his predecessor William Hartnell to soothe the Whovian hardcore. You're left hungry for more – for a story where Bradley's first Doctor is more than a distraction from the main event." Den of Geek felt the acting plaudits belonged to one of the guest stars. "I can’t overstate just what superb work Mark Gatiss does too, as The Captain. Even before the moving revelation as to who his character really is comes out (maybe it’s Christmas, that that gave me a very warm punch), Gatiss’ quiet, diligent, matter-of-fact performance was tinged with a melancholy edge. Appreciating he had to do some of the ‘what are you talking about’ dialogue to the Doctors, I thought he played it superbly. Polite, baffled, and quietly curious." AV Club felt the episode was a fitting tribute to the Twelfth Doctor. "This is a thoughtful, funny, incredibly moving episode about kindness, bravery, and the way small choices can make a huge impact. It allows Moffat to reflect on Doctor Who as an entire 54-year series while also serving as a more specific tribute to the 12th Doctor. And it gives Peter Capaldi a beautiful final showcase that demonstrates just how much he’s grown into the role since his rather ominous beginnings back in season eight." Some felt the regeneration was too drawn out inculding IndieWire "The tradition of the Doctor pushing back against his regeneration is a recent one, and it makes for a prolonged and unnecessary goodbye. Regenerations are at their best when we’re tricked into forgetting they’re coming, like Eccleston’s magnificent and premature departure in 2005’s “The Parting of the Ways.” So having David Tennant, then Matt Smith and now Capaldi each deliver a drawn-out Christmas special swan song feels like three wasted episodes." iNews praised the writing of Steven Moffat's last story. "The sharply-written interplay between both Doctors, in fact – and later Bill – was one of the joys of this episode. “Atmospheric? (It’s like) a restaurant for the French,” sneered Bradley’s First, gazing around the Twelfth’s hugely modified control room. “I thought I’d become… younger,” the earlier incarnation mused, gazing worriedly at his older self." Finally Inverse found the episode a fitting final appearance for the twelfth Doctor. "“Kind” is the defining word for the 12th Doctor. It’s what moves him at the Christmas Armistice in Ypres, and it’s part of his final advice to his next self. That the incarnation who began his existence so prickly and aloof would end it as the champion of kindness speaks to just how much this Doctor grew and developed over this three seasons." The Doctor Who News review can be found on our reviews site. Doctor Who News http://www.doctorwhonews.net/2017/12/twice-upon-time-press-reaction.html?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=tumblr

#Press #Series Specials

[humanoid-lovers]

4.0 out of 5 stars MISPRINT: Duplicate/omitted strip

5.0 out of 5 stars "Nyah to you, Lucy! And nyah to you, too, Charlie Brown!" 1967 and 1968 were both great years in Peanuts. This was sort of the beginning of the Peanuts gang of the "later" days. Many of the cartoons found their way in You'll Flip, Charlie Brown, You're Something Else, Charlie Brown, You're You, Charlie Brown and You've Had It, Charlie Brown. Peppermint Patty premiered in 1966 and while a talented athlete, she wasn't the greatest scholar. She introduced one-shot wonder Jose Peterson of Mexican-Swedish descent. She also pressured "Chuck" into trading Snoopy (aka the kid with the big nose). Franklin would make his debut in 1968 as the 1st African American in the Peanuts gang. Featured on the cover is Violet, who though not as crabby as Lucy, could sometimes be even meaner (she'll even "nyah" her mentor!). Snoopy temporarily takes over as baseball manager and won't tolerate any blunders or backtalk (just about everyone on the team gets a kick in the pants, especially if they lose!). Of course, Charlie Brown gently but firmly advises his dog Snoopy not use one of the bases for a pillow, lest "He's gonna stomp right on your stomach! That's what's known as meaningful dialouge!" Snoopy continues his facades of the World War I Flying Ace (the opener for 1967), World Champion Skater who, though Lucy, Violet and Patty have refused to skate with him finds a partner with Peppermint Patty (and Snoopy hopes of getting to Petaluma for the 1968 Olympics), Head Beagle candidate (he was written in across the country in 1968 during the real-life elections!) and introduces a new alter-ego in 1968- the Easter Beagle. Linus, of course, is the only believer in him and has no trouble collecting all the Easter eggs! He has a new hobby, patting birds on the head, which infuriates Lucy.Read more › Go to Amazon

5.0 out of 5 stars Peanuts At Its Peak In this volume of the collected Peanuts strips Charles M. Schulz's world has reached its peak and, just possibly, started to descend. We still enjoy Charlie Brown's neuroses, Lucy's arrogance, Linus' philosophies, and the other inimitable idiosyncracies of the main characters. We laugh at Snoopy's Red Baron, vulture, and other fantasies, but here and there we start to notice a few things that are missing. Shermy, Patty, Violet, and Pigpen rarely show up anymore and when they do, its just as a walk on part to say a few words here and there. Snoopy's imagination is as fascinating as ever, but its beginning to dominate more and more of the strips, to the detriment of some of the other characters. Its a sad foretaste of the later 1970s, when Snoopy and Woodstock (who makes his first appearances, unnamed, in this volume) basically took over the strip!I don't mean to denigrate this volume, which is full of classic Peanuts humor featuring the characters at their best, like Charlie Brown's encounters with kite-eating trees, Linus' love for the Great Pumpkin, and Lucy's psychiatry booth therapy sessions. I enjoyed the many topical references to life in the 1960s, some of which may puzzle younger readers. How many people know who Twiggy is nowadays? This volume and the two or three preceding it, will probably be regarded as the Peanuts at its best. Go to Amazon

5.0 out of 5 stars The wait just seems to get longer. Yes, the wait between volumes of The Complete Peanuts just seems to get longer and longer. Maybe I should slow down and not read them so quickly.1967 and 1968 were banner years for Snoopy. Snoopy as the Masked Marvel, an arm wrestling enthusiast, ice skater, and of course, the World War I pilot are just some of his adventures. You may remember that it was almost impossible to go into a story without seeing Snoopy's likeness everywhere. Of course, Franklin made his appearance and yes, it was controversial...some readers on various editorial pages in some major papers objected.As I read through most of this volume (I haven't finished just yet) I remembered back to 1967 and 1968. How Charles Schulz managed to ignore the heavy topics of the day I will never know. 1968, with the loss of Bobby and MLK were especially painful times. For those of us that were around, reading these volumes can trigger a trip down memory lane. Schulz, in previous volumes did make reference from time to time to some event of the day, usually a sports reference, but he did avoid the heavy stuff.I'm sure that more than one of you will recall reading these comics in American newspapers in Vietnam.All in all, for most of us, reading The Complete Peanuts, 1967-1968 will be time well spent. Go to Amazon

#Seth: Books

[buddyfaith]

ok check this out right, this is The Great Skewing of AA Ships, in reverse chronological order by birth chunks for convenience.

2009-2011

Athena, Juniper (2009)/ Pearl (2010)/ Trucy (2010/11)

Because this category is all girls, Athena’s introduction is literally her being a Doting Gal Pal™ to Junie, Trucy and Pearl being psychic kid buddies is canon iirc? it’s a good time all around. There’s two years between the oldest member of this batch and the youngest, and as far as i can tell like no male character who shows up more than once belongs here. 

1999-2004

Simon, Maya, Franziska (1999) / Ema (2001)/ Regina Berry, Kay, Klavier, Sebastian (2001/02)/ Daryan (2002)/ Nahyuta (2003) / Apollo, Clay (2004)

okay so im gonna kick this off with the only “”feasible”” m/f pair I can see here, fey///quill. Don’t get me wrong, Maya is a lesbian through and through (imho), but for [straight person voice] argument’s sake: there’s a lot in terms of a potential relationship there? Maya would think Simon as equal parts too cool!!! and too dedicated….. and they would both collect steel samurai trading cards, dont even lie to yourself. This makes 300% more sense than….. the other simon one. look inside yourself.That being said!!!! I don’t think they’ve even met, really. Timelines have always been kinda ehhhhh and if capcom wanted this we would have had it down our throats, especially now that they’ve existed in the same game. I want them to be friends.

ANYWAY look at all of those girls. I admit Regina is only there because she tried to apply to be Kay’s gf  in the yatagarasu but aside from her, any and all of them have met. They’re an ot5 or less depending on personal preference, and honestly any combination of the girls (especially if you exclude Regina, who’s only here on two technicalities) stands as plausible. This is compounded by all of these girls in particular being popularly depicted as lesbians!

aaaand the back six. I admit Daryan shouldnt be here but he’s put with Klavier sometimes and he’s also an asshole. That’s something I’ve seen in fics sometimes so there he is. Anyway. Outside of that and, obviously, Brothers Nahyuta and Apollo, it’s fair game here too? everybody else has a ship with apollo and that’s just the start of it, the only person I’ve genuinely seen never shipped with anybody is Sebestian. 

ANYWAY i’m personally partial to the fan favorites of this generation in terms of the boys (klapoll/o + simon and nahyuta) but im always down to throw clay into the former for the truest ot3. this is my Unneeded Opinion™ to close the category.

1992-1996

Phoenix Edgeworth and Justine (1992-93)/ Larry, Dahlia, and Iris (1993)/ Bobby Fulbright (1994)/ Adrian Andrews (1994/95)/ Maggey and the wonderful couple The Delites (1995-96)

it’s worth noting that the established grand larceny power couple were both born at the same time, that’s cute. also, Adrian is just here for reference against Franziska, who’s in the next chunk chronologically, and Bobby is here for reference against Simon, who is the same. (*deep breath* black/bright….. what could have been…….) also maggey is here to go up with gumshoe but i dont even remember where that dude is.

This technically isn’t a complete chunk. Lang is born in ‘91, in between this batch and the last one, but im making the list and the rules.

Not much to say here except bi phoenix is pried from my cold dead hands? right. Also i’ve never seen justine/ edgeworth in my life and i appreciate that in retrospect, although im sure it exists.

1985-1991

Diego (1985)/ Thalassa, Gumshoe (1986)/ Lana (1987)/ Mia, Calisto Yew (1989)/ Aura Blackquill (& presumably Metis Cykes) (1990)/ Lang (1991)

i put the interpol furry in this half as opposed to the last one because calisto yew had us both going and i Love to Suffer c:

anyway the only romantic cyke///squi///ll i need in my life ever is Metis and Aura. Metis doesn’t have a birthday so im taking things into my own hands there but even if i wasn’t she’d be around here somewhere.

Observable phenomena: lana and mia were born consecutively and are big lesbians…… i should talk about diego here but i won’t, lemme save it for the end, i have conclusive proof mia is a lesbian.

1982-1985

Datz, Valant, Ray (1982)/  Dhurke (1983)/ Katherine Hall (1985)

ok this is kind of the point when things start getting irrelevant but we have the rebel leaders who were probably a ship? i havent done much fandom-ing wrt soj and also ray and kate who is like. the only person in his own age rage that he hits on. ray wyd stop being a creep.

ADDITIONAL NOTES:

There’s a 13 year difference between badd (1958) and faraday (1971), making them the largest age difference ship with any traction in my heart. The gap between Gumshoe and Maggey is ten years? wow.

Morgan’s birth is approximated, but she’s a maximum 3 years younger than Greg (1966). 

 Most differences of 6ish years (Miles and Franziska, Phoenix and Maya, Athena and Simon in the outlying 12 year case) are portrayed as siblings (I mean I guess the latter two are my humble onion but. C’mon.) 

Thalassa is closer in age to gumshoe, Katherine Hall, Lana Skye, and Diego Armando (to name a few, there are more) than Zak Enigmar. There is no documented birthday for Jove Justice, but if he was older than twenty when they were married, the same holds true for him.

Defense attorneys aren’t suited to each other! As far as i can tell nobody with a badge on their lapel tries to date anybody else with the same.*

Co-counsel doesn’t date!*

(*my idea that mia is a lesbian is vaguely rooted in this since mi/ego is the only thing that goes against it? and that ends badly! it turns out she didn’t feel that way for him and she realized that once he “died”, so hc that she only said yes to him to see if it would go anywhere/heteronormativity/realized she was a lesbian after dating him)

anyway every other co-counsel relationship is literal siblings or someone and Mr Wright.  

this got even longer than i was expecting but as a closing remark because of the story’s format and timeline we have a particularly large amount of gay ships! like the particular focus that the game casts upon the relationship between wright and miles, klavier and apollo, particularly NOT simon and athena, considering how similar the “i became a lawyer to save you!” narrative is to p+m and yet the story is about her mother, is about coming to terms with their own trauma etc, siblings, anyway. i’m done now.

#capcom if this is an accident then youre making good random decisions #i..... fell asleep before i posted this #the skew #my meta #im sorry

[wittchnestle-blog]

An Interview with Professor Manuel Varela: Francis Peyton Rous and the Relationship between Viruses and Cancer

Francis Peyton Rous

Michael F. Shaughnessy –

1) The identify Francis��Peyton Rous appears to be synonymous with viruses and most cancers. The place was he born and the place did he research initially?

Dr. Peyton Rous was an American pathologist, virologist, and biomedical scientist who was the primary investigator to point out, in 1911, that most cancers was brought on by a virus. For this work he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1966 in drugs or physiology. His discovery significantly contributed to the developments of sure biomedical fields resembling cell biology, molecular biology, pathology, virology, and tumor biology.

Dr. Rous was born on the fifth day of October, within the yr 1879, in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S., to oldsters Charles Rous and Frances Anderson Wooden. In 1890, when Rous was 11 years previous, Charles handed away all of a sudden, leaving Frances widowed with three youngsters, Francis Peyton being the oldest of the three. The widow, now of meager means, selected to stay in Baltimore, Maryland, for the profit of the schooling for her younger youngsters. She, thus, positioned them within the Baltimore public faculty system.

As a toddler, he was an aspiring naturalist with an curiosity in botany. One story pertaining to those pursuits was that younger Rous had participated in a flower classifying contest, with a brand new microscope as first prize, however had run afoul of the prize committee together with his non-classical nomenclature for a fern, dropping the competition.

He graduated highschool in Baltimore, incomes scholarships to partially pay for his tuition. To assist pay for his larger schooling as an undergraduate scholar at Johns Hopkins, in Baltimore, Maryland, he took a job as a author for an area newspaper, the Baltimore Solar, by which he wrote about flowers, on a month-to-month foundation. He took his B.A. undergraduate diploma, in 1900, from the College at Johns Hopkins, concentrating within the pure sciences.

Subsequent, he enrolled in medical faculty at Johns Hopkins. Sadly, throughout his second yr of medical faculty he had acquired a critical an infection whereas conducting an post-mortem, and the an infection developed right into a tubercular inflammatory situation involving an axillary gland. The contaminated tissue was eliminated surgically, however convalescence required a considerably extended period for a full restoration. Rous returned to medical faculty afterwards and took programs with outstanding medical school, such because the well-known Dr. William Osler, who was well-known for having refined medical faculty curricula. Rous took his medical doctorate diploma, an M.D., in 1905.

As an intern at Johns Hopkins, Dr. Rous made the belief that training drugs as a doctor was not for him, and he subsequently switched to a analysis mode, specializing in pathology as his self-discipline of selection. Thus, he pursued superior research, in 1907, as a post-graduate assistant within the laboratory of Prof. Alfred S. Warthin, who was located in Ann Arbor, Michigan.  He then studied pathology for a yr within the laboratory of Prof. Schmorl, in Dresden, Germany. Throughout this interim Dr. Rous had acquired a case of tuberculosis, taking extra time for restoration within the Adirondacks, as presumably prescribed by his docs. In 1909, towards the recommendation of a number of of his colleagues, nevertheless, Dr. Rous moved to the analysis laboratory of Prof. Simon Flexner on the Rockefeller Institute, in New York, the place he targeted on learning most cancers biology. Dr. Rous continued to work on the Rockefeller Institute for the rest of his life. 

2) There appears to be a relationship between sure types of most cancers and sure viruses. How did he initially study this?

In 1911, Dr. Rous was the very first scientific investigator to point out that a virus may cause most cancers. His work on this entrance quickly started after his arrival to the Rockefeller Institute. A regional farmer got here the Institute with a Plymouth Rock hen that had had a relatively giant, irregularly-shaped globular-like mass on its breast. Dr. Rous biopsied the breast mass by excising it from the hen after which examined the specimen beneath the microscope. Based mostly on its visible properties within the scope, Dr. Rous confirmed the analysis that the hen’s breast mass was a so-called spindle cell sarcoma, a breast most cancers of the hen.

Subsequent, Dr. Rous took the hen breast sarcoma tissue and minced the cancerous cells aside from one another, making a tumor “soup.” He then injected the minced sarcoma cell soup into a number of wholesome chickens with none signal of tumors. Quickly, a spindle cell sarcoma, a most cancers, emerged in numerous places all through one the injected chickens. The new tumors grew quickly and shortly killed the hen.

He was capable of switch strong sarcoma tissue from hen to hen, every new hen rising breast most cancers with each passage of tumor materials. It was briefly observed that the tumors grew extra aggressively with every succeeding passage, from hen to hen. The outcomes had been the primary recorded occasion of a so-called transmission of strong hen tumors between chickens, and Dr. Rous revealed the work, in 1910.

Subsequent, Dr. Rous hypothesized that the transmissibility of the sarcomas between hen might be completed with out the necessity for intact most cancers cells. Thus, Dr. Rous excised sarcoma tissue from chickens with the breast most cancers, simply as he had earlier than, besides that this time he broke open the sarcoma cells, thus, getting access to the interior mobile contents, the cytoplasm, of the sarcoma cells.  Subsequent, he utilized the cytoplasmic contents of the sarcoma, now referred to as cell-free materials, and handed it by means of a specialised filter for catching micro organism, referred to as the Berkefeld ultrafilter. The filter’s tiny pores allow brokers which might be smaller than most of the micro organism to undergo the filter, brokers like maybe viruses.

The cytoplasmic sarcoma-based materials that went via the tiny pores of the filter was now known as a “cell-free filtrate.”  It was composed of inner mobile materials, from the insides of the tumor cells. No intact tumor cells have been current—it was cell free! Subsequent, Dr. Rous injected the so-called cell-free filtrate from the hen sarcoma into new wholesome chickens. The injected chickens grew tumors, with out tumor cells! 

Dr. Rous revealed the surprising new work, in 1911.

Apparently, an analogous sort of cell-free filtrate outcome had been beforehand noticed with fowl leukemia, in 1908, by Drs. Ellerman and Bang, however at the time it was not realized by anybody that leukemia was additionally a illness of most cancers. Nevertheless, the concept a virus may trigger most cancers was not new. The notion for a viral-causation of most cancers had first been proposed by Dr. Amedee Borrel, in 1903.

Dr. Rous’ papers, nevertheless, have been the primary to offer proof in favor of the speculation that a strong tumor might be brought on by a virus. We now know that many microbes may cause most cancers.

three) It appears crucial that science take a look at causality- and whether or not most cancers is brought on by some micro organism within the air or some virus- why is that this necessary?

Amongst the well-known causes of most cancers, akin to inheritability and publicity to mutagens, one other causative agent for most cancers considerations a gaggle of assorted microbes.

With respect to the genetic versus the mutagenic causations, the implicated human genes might overlap.  For instance, the tumor-suppressing genes, akin to p53, BRCA1, and so on., could be affected during which mutagenic variations account for enhanced tumorigenesis and which can, in flip, result in carcinogenesis, if a “second mutational hit” happens. Relating to the environmentally influenced carcinogens, lots of a majority of these most cancers instances are truly preventable. For instance, avoidance of smoking (most necessary), plus correct weight-reduction plan, weight problems management, constant train, average alcohol consumption, safety from radiation and ultra-violet mild exposures, minimization of publicity to occupational carcinogens, and prevention of publicity to oncogenic microbes, all can play necessary roles in decreasing probabilities of most cancers in people.

Relating to microbial causes of most cancers, there are numerous micro organism, viruses, and others recognized to have influential roles.

Sure species micro organism are considered related to most cancers. One well-studied instance is the Gram-negative and twisted helical-shaped Helicobacter pylori bacterium, which not solely causes abdomen ulcers however is understood to be related to enhanced propensity for gastric carcinoma, recognized additionally as abdomen most cancers. Moreover, a pathogenic model of Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium and new pressure referred to as NC101, is linked to colorectal most cancers, recognized additionally as colon most cancers. One other Gram-negative bacterium that’s apparently related to colon most cancers known as Bacteroides fragilis, through the use of a toxin referred to as BFT (for Bacteroides fragilis toxin) to take action. A Gram-positive bacterium referred to as Enterococcus faecalis, has been strongly implicated in adenocarcinoma, a most cancers of glandular tissue just like the pancreas or the colon.

With respect to the viruses there are two most important courses of viruses, in common, which might be recognized to be carcinogenic. The primary of those tumorigenic courses are the DNA viruses. There are a number of households of those DNA oncogenic viruses. One such DNA virus household is known as the Hepadnaviridae. A person oncogenic member of this viral household consists of the infamous Hepatitis B virus, a recognized causer of liver most cancers, referred to as hepatocellular carcinoma.

A second DNA household of viruses known as Herpesviridae. Oncogenic members of this household embrace the Epstein-Barr virus, which may trigger Burkitt’s lymphoma, a most cancers of a sure sort of white blood cell referred to as the B-lymphocytes. One other DNA virus member of the Herpesviridae household known as human herpesvirus (HHV), and one prime instance is the HHV-Eight pressure, which is understood to trigger Kaposi’s sarcoma, a type of most cancers of the pores and skin and lymph nodes. A 3rd DNA virus group known as the Papillomaviridae household. Whereas there are a whole lot of members on this household, a sure few are critical causers of the overwhelming majority of the human cervical and uterine cancers, corresponding to human papilloma virus strains 16 (HPV-16) and 18 (HPV-18).

The second class of tumor-causing viruses are the RNA viruses. Beneath this umbrella which are related to most cancers, there are a number of RNA viral households. The primary RNA virus household is known as the Flaviviridae household. An essential oncogenic member inside this household consists of the Hepatitis C virus, one other causative microbial agent of liver most cancers, once more, referred to as the hepatocellular carcinoma. A second RNA household of oncogenic viruses known as Retroviridae. Two necessary members of this viral household are the human T-cell leukemia virus sort I (HTLV-1), which causes grownup T-cell leukemia and lymphoma, and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which is related not directly by suppressing the immune system and permitting human herpes pressure quantity Eight to trigger Kaposi’s sarcoma. A 3rd member of the Retroviridae household is the Rous sarcoma virus, recognized to trigger hen sarcoma.

four) What’s a Rous sarcoma virus? (See under) 

The Rous sarcoma itself refers back to the chicken-based breast most cancers that Dr. Rous initially studied. These tumors are characterised by uncontrollable progress of the hen breast cells.

The microbe that causes the sarcoma, the Rous sarcoma virus, is an RNA-based retrovirus. The virus has an inner single-stranded, (+)-sense RNA molecule for its genome, with a surrounding capsid protein for cover, and which is, in flip, coated by a lipid-based envelope. The Rous sarcoma virus transforms regular cells into tumorigenic tissue. The oncogenic mechanism for this transformation takes place as quickly because the virus infects the traditional goal cell.

As soon as the RNA is in place, contained in the cell, a viral enzyme referred to as reverse transcriptase makes use of it as a template to make a double-stranded model of viral DNA molecule! The Rous sarcoma virus inserts its DNA model of the genome into the nucleus of the traditional host cell!

Then, extremely, the viral DNA model insidiously inserts itself into the genome of the hen breast cell!  The viral DNA insertion brings together with it a model new gene that’s not recognized to the hen. The inserted gene known as v-Src (pronounced “vee-sark”), and its higher referred to as one in every of a number of oncogenes.  These oncogenes are cancer-causing genes. The Src protein was found to be a tyrosine kinase, an enzyme that phosphorylates tyrosine amino acids and serves to rework cells. Thus, modulation of the Src system leads to enhanced and uncontrollable progress properties in cells, producing tumors. This breakthrough led to the invention of quite a few different oncogenes.

5) Apparently, it took the scientific group about 40 years- to really acknowledge and acknowledge his work. What have been the problems right here? (Some say this was the longest “incubation interval” for a Nobel Prize.) 

Dr. Rous’ works have been revealed in 1910 and 1911. He confirmed that most cancers was transmissible and that a filterable cell-free extract produced hen sarcomas. Dr. Rous himself was considerably leery at first of the very concept that a virus might trigger most cancers, as is clear by the incontrovertible fact that in his two papers, he didn’t point out the time period “virus.” As an alternative, he was cautious to check with the most cancers inflicting virus as a “filterable agent” or a “cell-free filtrate.” On the time, such wording might tacitly be taken as “code” for virus. Such terminology had been used to justify the invention of bacteriophages, i.e., viruses that contaminated micro organism.

The cautious wording by Dr. Rous, nevertheless, didn’t idiot most of the investigators on the time, and it didn’t discourage his critics, both. Such naysayers invoked the doctrine of Virchow, who had clearly said that most cancers had its trigger from the insides of most cancers cells, not from the surface! Subsequently, they mistakenly thought that microbes (they have been outdoors the cell!) couldn’t trigger most cancers.

Thus, disbelief was widespread, and Rous was taken to activity. First, his critics charged that Rous’ “sarcomas” weren’t truly cancers.  That’s, they believed that Dr. Rous’ tumors weren’t tumors! The unbelievers pointed to his strategies. Maybe, they stated, Dr. Rous has made horrible errors in his methods! The instructed that perhaps his filtrates had no viruses however another but undiscovered sarcoma-causing carcinogen? They even steered that maybe Dr. Rous’ hen sarcoma viruses have been laboratory mutants!

No matter the case, his detractors have been completely positive that the most cancers trigger was not viral. Scientific disbelief in the concept most cancers might be induced by a virus was robust, publically-professed in scientific conferences, and, as you identified, long-lasting, with such stern skepticism languishing properly into the late 1950s!

6) Warts and rabbits- how do they determine into the image? 

As a result of Dr. Rous had so overtly implicated that viruses may need a causative impact on most cancers, he was met with widespread skepticism, which was sufficient to successfully discourage him from pursing the matter for many years. The warts and rabbits that you simply referred to have been the different elements that inspired Dr. Rous to re-examine the matter.

A number of of Dr. Rous’ contemporaries, led by Dr. Richard Shope, had found the tumor-causing papilloma viruses which he had noticed to trigger rabbit warts! That they had ready tissue extracts from the warts of sure cottontail rabbits, filtered the extracts, after which utilized the fabric to check rabbits. They recorded the statement of newly shaped warts on the check rabbits! 

Inspired by these promising research, in 1935, Dr. Rous, working with Joseph Beard, then proceeded to show a possible for inflicting tumors on rabbit pores and skin after persistent an infection with the so-called cottontail rabbit papillomavirus. This specific virus was DNA-based, versus the RNA-based Rous sarcoma virus. The DNA work, nevertheless, finally led to the invention, within the 1960s, of the human papillomaviruses as a explanation for human most cancers. Thus, the concept that viruses might trigger most cancers was lastly gaining widespread acceptance.

7) What have I uncared for to ask?

In 1915, when Dr. Rous was 36 years previous, he married Marion Eckford de Kay, and the couple had three youngsters collectively, all women. Household life in the Rous family has been described as a cheerful one, with loads of yearly holidays, every typically lasting two months. Gardening and fishing have been hobbies that occupied Dr. Rous and household. Holidays have been, nevertheless, additionally working ones, through which Dr. Rous was recognized to take alongside manuscripts for assessment as he was a faithful editor of the distinguished Journal of Experimental Drugs.

One biographer has famous that Dr. Rous regularly skilled critical bouts of insomnia. Thus, a standard follow he adopted was to maintain a notepad useful on his bedside desk together with a specialised pencil that had a light-fixture hooked up to it, so as jot down any analysis concepts he may assume up through the center of his numerous sleepless nights.

He formally retired in 1945, however continued to work at Rockefeller College, spending near 60 years complete there. It’s recorded that nicely into his twilight years he frequently walked to and from the laboratory, a full 15 blocks from residence, every day!  On the 16th day of February, within the yr 1970, Dr. Peyton Rous handed away, on the age of 90, of stomach most cancers. 

For extra research and evaluate:

The best way to remedy Rous Sarcoma – YouTube

www.youtube.com

Tips on how to remedy Rous Sarcoma Francis Peyton Rous: “In 1911, as a pathologist he made his seminal statement, that a malignant tumor (particularly, a sarcoma) gr…

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[kath-plumberss]

An Interview with Professor Manuel Varela: Francis Peyton Rous and the Relationship between Viruses and Cancer

Francis Peyton Rous

Michael F. Shaughnessy –

1) The identify Francis Peyton Rous appears to be synonymous with viruses and most cancers. The place was he born and the place did he research initially?

Dr. Peyton Rous was an American pathologist, virologist, and biomedical scientist who was the primary investigator to point out, in 1911, that most cancers was brought on by a virus. For this work he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1966 in drugs or physiology. His discovery significantly contributed to the developments of sure biomedical fields resembling cell biology, molecular biology, pathology, virology, and tumor biology.

Dr. Rous was born on the fifth day of October, within the yr 1879, in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S., to oldsters Charles Rous and Frances Anderson Wooden. In 1890, when Rous was 11 years previous, Charles handed away all of a sudden, leaving Frances widowed with three youngsters, Francis Peyton being the oldest of the three. The widow, now of meager means, selected to stay in Baltimore, Maryland, for the profit of the schooling for her younger youngsters. She, thus, positioned them within the Baltimore public faculty system.

As a toddler, he was an aspiring naturalist with an curiosity in botany. One story pertaining to those pursuits was that younger Rous had participated in a flower classifying contest, with a brand new microscope as first prize, however had run afoul of the prize committee together with his non-classical nomenclature for a fern, dropping the competition.

He graduated highschool in Baltimore, incomes scholarships to partially pay for his tuition. To assist pay for his larger schooling as an undergraduate scholar at Johns Hopkins, in Baltimore, Maryland, he took a job as a author for an area newspaper, the Baltimore Solar, by which he wrote about flowers, on a month-to-month foundation. He took his B.A. undergraduate diploma, in 1900, from the College at Johns Hopkins, concentrating within the pure sciences.

Subsequent, he enrolled in medical faculty at Johns Hopkins. Sadly, throughout his second yr of medical faculty he had acquired a critical an infection whereas conducting an post-mortem, and the an infection developed right into a tubercular inflammatory situation involving an axillary gland. The contaminated tissue was eliminated surgically, however convalescence required a considerably extended period for a full restoration. Rous returned to medical faculty afterwards and took programs with outstanding medical school, such because the well-known Dr. William Osler, who was well-known for having refined medical faculty curricula. Rous took his medical doctorate diploma, an M.D., in 1905.

As an intern at Johns Hopkins, Dr. Rous made the belief that training drugs as a doctor was not for him, and he subsequently switched to a analysis mode, specializing in pathology as his self-discipline of selection. Thus, he pursued superior research, in 1907, as a post-graduate assistant within the laboratory of Prof. Alfred S. Warthin, who was located in Ann Arbor, Michigan.  He then studied pathology for a yr within the laboratory of Prof. Schmorl, in Dresden, Germany. Throughout this interim Dr. Rous had acquired a case of tuberculosis, taking extra time for restoration within the Adirondacks, as presumably prescribed by his docs. In 1909, towards the recommendation of a number of of his colleagues, nevertheless, Dr. Rous moved to the analysis laboratory of Prof. Simon Flexner on the Rockefeller Institute, in New York, the place he targeted on learning most cancers biology. Dr. Rous continued to work on the Rockefeller Institute for the rest of his life. 

2) There appears to be a relationship between sure types of most cancers and sure viruses. How did he initially study this?

In 1911, Dr. Rous was the very first scientific investigator to point out that a virus may cause most cancers. His work on this entrance quickly started after his arrival to the Rockefeller Institute. A regional farmer got here the Institute with a Plymouth Rock hen that had had a relatively giant, irregularly-shaped globular-like mass on its breast. Dr. Rous biopsied the breast mass by excising it from the hen after which examined the specimen beneath the microscope. Based mostly on its visible properties within the scope, Dr. Rous confirmed the analysis that the hen’s breast mass was a so-called spindle cell sarcoma, a breast most cancers of the hen.

Subsequent, Dr. Rous took the hen breast sarcoma tissue and minced the cancerous cells aside from one another, making a tumor “soup.” He then injected the minced sarcoma cell soup into a number of wholesome chickens with none signal of tumors. Quickly, a spindle cell sarcoma, a most cancers, emerged in numerous places all through one the injected chickens. The new tumors grew quickly and shortly killed the hen.

He was capable of switch strong sarcoma tissue from hen to hen, every new hen rising breast most cancers with each passage of tumor materials. It was briefly observed that the tumors grew extra aggressively with every succeeding passage, from hen to hen. The outcomes had been the primary recorded occasion of a so-called transmission of strong hen tumors between chickens, and Dr. Rous revealed the work, in 1910.

Subsequent, Dr. Rous hypothesized that the transmissibility of the sarcomas between hen might be completed with out the necessity for intact most cancers cells. Thus, Dr. Rous excised sarcoma tissue from chickens with the breast most cancers, simply as he had earlier than, besides that this time he broke open the sarcoma cells, thus, getting access to the interior mobile contents, the cytoplasm, of the sarcoma cells.  Subsequent, he utilized the cytoplasmic contents of the sarcoma, now referred to as cell-free materials, and handed it by means of a specialised filter for catching micro organism, referred to as the Berkefeld ultrafilter. The filter’s tiny pores allow brokers which might be smaller than most of the micro organism to undergo the filter, brokers like maybe viruses.

The cytoplasmic sarcoma-based materials that went via the tiny pores of the filter was now known as a “cell-free filtrate.”  It was composed of inner mobile materials, from the insides of the tumor cells. No intact tumor cells have been current—it was cell free! Subsequent, Dr. Rous injected the so-called cell-free filtrate from the hen sarcoma into new wholesome chickens. The injected chickens grew tumors, with out tumor cells! 

Dr. Rous revealed the surprising new work, in 1911.

Apparently, an analogous sort of cell-free filtrate outcome had been beforehand noticed with fowl leukemia, in 1908, by Drs. Ellerman and Bang, however at the time it was not realized by anybody that leukemia was additionally a illness of most cancers. Nevertheless, the concept a virus may trigger most cancers was not new. The notion for a viral-causation of most cancers had first been proposed by Dr. Amedee Borrel, in 1903.

Dr. Rous’ papers, nevertheless, have been the primary to offer proof in favor of the speculation that a strong tumor might be brought on by a virus. We now know that many microbes may cause most cancers.

three) It appears crucial that science take a look at causality- and whether or not most cancers is brought on by some micro organism within the air or some virus- why is that this necessary?

Amongst the well-known causes of most cancers, akin to inheritability and publicity to mutagens, one other causative agent for most cancers considerations a gaggle of assorted microbes.

With respect to the genetic versus the mutagenic causations, the implicated human genes might overlap.  For instance, the tumor-suppressing genes, akin to p53, BRCA1, and so on., could be affected during which mutagenic variations account for enhanced tumorigenesis and which can, in flip, result in carcinogenesis, if a “second mutational hit” happens. Relating to the environmentally influenced carcinogens, lots of a majority of these most cancers instances are truly preventable. For instance, avoidance of smoking (most necessary), plus correct weight-reduction plan, weight problems management, constant train, average alcohol consumption, safety from radiation and ultra-violet mild exposures, minimization of publicity to occupational carcinogens, and prevention of publicity to oncogenic microbes, all can play necessary roles in decreasing probabilities of most cancers in people.

Relating to microbial causes of most cancers, there are numerous micro organism, viruses, and others recognized to have influential roles.

Sure species micro organism are considered related to most cancers. One well-studied instance is the Gram-negative and twisted helical-shaped Helicobacter pylori bacterium, which not solely causes abdomen ulcers however is understood to be related to enhanced propensity for gastric carcinoma, recognized additionally as abdomen most cancers. Moreover, a pathogenic model of Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium and new pressure referred to as NC101, is linked to colorectal most cancers, recognized additionally as colon most cancers. One other Gram-negative bacterium that’s apparently related to colon most cancers known as Bacteroides fragilis, through the use of a toxin referred to as BFT (for Bacteroides fragilis toxin) to take action. A Gram-positive bacterium referred to as Enterococcus faecalis, has been strongly implicated in adenocarcinoma, a most cancers of glandular tissue just like the pancreas or the colon.

With respect to the viruses there are two most important courses of viruses, in common, which might be recognized to be carcinogenic. The primary of those tumorigenic courses are the DNA viruses. There are a number of households of those DNA oncogenic viruses. One such DNA virus household is known as the Hepadnaviridae. A person oncogenic member of this viral household consists of the infamous Hepatitis B virus, a recognized causer of liver most cancers, referred to as hepatocellular carcinoma.

A second DNA household of viruses known as Herpesviridae. Oncogenic members of this household embrace the Epstein-Barr virus, which may trigger Burkitt’s lymphoma, a most cancers of a sure sort of white blood cell referred to as the B-lymphocytes. One other DNA virus member of the Herpesviridae household known as human herpesvirus (HHV), and one prime instance is the HHV-Eight pressure, which is understood to trigger Kaposi’s sarcoma, a type of most cancers of the pores and skin and lymph nodes. A 3rd DNA virus group known as the Papillomaviridae household. Whereas there are a whole lot of members on this household, a sure few are critical causers of the overwhelming majority of the human cervical and uterine cancers, corresponding to human papilloma virus strains 16 (HPV-16) and 18 (HPV-18).

The second class of tumor-causing viruses are the RNA viruses. Beneath this umbrella which are related to most cancers, there are a number of RNA viral households. The primary RNA virus household is known as the Flaviviridae household. An essential oncogenic member inside this household consists of the Hepatitis C virus, one other causative microbial agent of liver most cancers, once more, referred to as the hepatocellular carcinoma. A second RNA household of oncogenic viruses known as Retroviridae. Two necessary members of this viral household are the human T-cell leukemia virus sort I (HTLV-1), which causes grownup T-cell leukemia and lymphoma, and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which is related not directly by suppressing the immune system and permitting human herpes pressure quantity Eight to trigger Kaposi’s sarcoma. A 3rd member of the Retroviridae household is the Rous sarcoma virus, recognized to trigger hen sarcoma.

four) What’s a Rous sarcoma virus? (See under) 

The Rous sarcoma itself refers back to the chicken-based breast most cancers that Dr. Rous initially studied. These tumors are characterised by uncontrollable progress of the hen breast cells.

The microbe that causes the sarcoma, the Rous sarcoma virus, is an RNA-based retrovirus. The virus has an inner single-stranded, (+)-sense RNA molecule for its genome, with a surrounding capsid protein for cover, and which is, in flip, coated by a lipid-based envelope. The Rous sarcoma virus transforms regular cells into tumorigenic tissue. The oncogenic mechanism for this transformation takes place as quickly because the virus infects the traditional goal cell.

As soon as the RNA is in place, contained in the cell, a viral enzyme referred to as reverse transcriptase makes use of it as a template to make a double-stranded model of viral DNA molecule! The Rous sarcoma virus inserts its DNA model of the genome into the nucleus of the traditional host cell!

Then, extremely, the viral DNA model insidiously inserts itself into the genome of the hen breast cell!  The viral DNA insertion brings together with it a model new gene that’s not recognized to the hen. The inserted gene known as v-Src (pronounced “vee-sark”), and its higher referred to as one in every of a number of oncogenes.  These oncogenes are cancer-causing genes. The Src protein was found to be a tyrosine kinase, an enzyme that phosphorylates tyrosine amino acids and serves to rework cells. Thus, modulation of the Src system leads to enhanced and uncontrollable progress properties in cells, producing tumors. This breakthrough led to the invention of quite a few different oncogenes.

5) Apparently, it took the scientific group about 40 years- to really acknowledge and acknowledge his work. What have been the problems right here? (Some say this was the longest “incubation interval” for a Nobel Prize.) 

Dr. Rous’ works have been revealed in 1910 and 1911. He confirmed that most cancers was transmissible and that a filterable cell-free extract produced hen sarcomas. Dr. Rous himself was considerably leery at first of the very concept that a virus might trigger most cancers, as is clear by the incontrovertible fact that in his two papers, he didn’t point out the time period “virus.” As an alternative, he was cautious to check with the most cancers inflicting virus as a “filterable agent” or a “cell-free filtrate.” On the time, such wording might tacitly be taken as “code” for virus. Such terminology had been used to justify the invention of bacteriophages, i.e., viruses that contaminated micro organism.

The cautious wording by Dr. Rous, nevertheless, didn’t idiot most of the investigators on the time, and it didn’t discourage his critics, both. Such naysayers invoked the doctrine of Virchow, who had clearly said that most cancers had its trigger from the insides of most cancers cells, not from the surface! Subsequently, they mistakenly thought that microbes (they have been outdoors the cell!) couldn’t trigger most cancers.

Thus, disbelief was widespread, and Rous was taken to activity. First, his critics charged that Rous’ “sarcomas” weren’t truly cancers.  That’s, they believed that Dr. Rous’ tumors weren’t tumors! The unbelievers pointed to his strategies. Maybe, they stated, Dr. Rous has made horrible errors in his methods! The instructed that perhaps his filtrates had no viruses however another but undiscovered sarcoma-causing carcinogen? They even steered that maybe Dr. Rous’ hen sarcoma viruses have been laboratory mutants!

No matter the case, his detractors have been completely positive that the most cancers trigger was not viral. Scientific disbelief in the concept most cancers might be induced by a virus was robust, publically-professed in scientific conferences, and, as you identified, long-lasting, with such stern skepticism languishing properly into the late 1950s!

6) Warts and rabbits- how do they determine into the image? 

As a result of Dr. Rous had so overtly implicated that viruses may need a causative impact on most cancers, he was met with widespread skepticism, which was sufficient to successfully discourage him from pursing the matter for many years. The warts and rabbits that you simply referred to have been the different elements that inspired Dr. Rous to re-examine the matter.

A number of of Dr. Rous’ contemporaries, led by Dr. Richard Shope, had found the tumor-causing papilloma viruses which he had noticed to trigger rabbit warts! That they had ready tissue extracts from the warts of sure cottontail rabbits, filtered the extracts, after which utilized the fabric to check rabbits. They recorded the statement of newly shaped warts on the check rabbits! 

Inspired by these promising research, in 1935, Dr. Rous, working with Joseph Beard, then proceeded to show a possible for inflicting tumors on rabbit pores and skin after persistent an infection with the so-called cottontail rabbit papillomavirus. This specific virus was DNA-based, versus the RNA-based Rous sarcoma virus. The DNA work, nevertheless, finally led to the invention, within the 1960s, of the human papillomaviruses as a explanation for human most cancers. Thus, the concept that viruses might trigger most cancers was lastly gaining widespread acceptance.

7) What have I uncared for to ask?

In 1915, when Dr. Rous was 36 years previous, he married Marion Eckford de Kay, and the couple had three youngsters collectively, all women. Household life in the Rous family has been described as a cheerful one, with loads of yearly holidays, every typically lasting two months. Gardening and fishing have been hobbies that occupied Dr. Rous and household. Holidays have been, nevertheless, additionally working ones, through which Dr. Rous was recognized to take alongside manuscripts for assessment as he was a faithful editor of the distinguished Journal of Experimental Drugs.

One biographer has famous that Dr. Rous regularly skilled critical bouts of insomnia. Thus, a standard follow he adopted was to maintain a notepad useful on his bedside desk together with a specialised pencil that had a light-fixture hooked up to it, so as jot down any analysis concepts he may assume up through the center of his numerous sleepless nights.

He formally retired in 1945, however continued to work at Rockefeller College, spending near 60 years complete there. It’s recorded that nicely into his twilight years he frequently walked to and from the laboratory, a full 15 blocks from residence, every day!  On the 16th day of February, within the yr 1970, Dr. Peyton Rous handed away, on the age of 90, of stomach most cancers. 

For extra research and evaluate:

The best way to remedy Rous Sarcoma – YouTube

www.youtube.com

Tips on how to remedy Rous Sarcoma Francis Peyton Rous: “In 1911, as a pathologist he made his seminal statement, that a malignant tumor (particularly, a sarcoma) gr…

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The post An Interview with Professor Manuel Varela: Francis Peyton Rous and the Relationship between Viruses and Cancer appeared first on Infinite Bits.

#Commentaries #Common Core #Daily #education news #education views #educational #educational resource #educator advice #educator resources #educator tips #educators resource #Free Speech #Haberman Foundation #higher ed #information age education #ipredator #News #Teacher Resources #writing

[winny-tan-blog]

An Interview with Professor Manuel Varela: Francis Peyton Rous and the Relationship between Viruses and Cancer

Francis Peyton Rous

Michael F. Shaughnessy –

1) The identify Francis Peyton Rous appears to be synonymous with viruses and most cancers. The place was he born and the place did he research initially?

Dr. Peyton Rous was an American pathologist, virologist, and biomedical scientist who was the primary investigator to point out, in 1911, that most cancers was brought on by a virus. For this work he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1966 in drugs or physiology. His discovery significantly contributed to the developments of sure biomedical fields resembling cell biology, molecular biology, pathology, virology, and tumor biology.

Dr. Rous was born on the fifth day of October, within the yr 1879, in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S., to oldsters Charles Rous and Frances Anderson Wooden. In 1890, when Rous was 11 years previous, Charles handed away all of a sudden, leaving Frances widowed with three youngsters, Francis Peyton being the oldest of the three. The widow, now of meager means, selected to stay in Baltimore, Maryland, for the profit of the schooling for her younger youngsters. She, thus, positioned them within the Baltimore public faculty system.

As a toddler, he was an aspiring naturalist with an curiosity in botany. One story pertaining to those pursuits was that younger Rous had participated in a flower classifying contest, with a brand new microscope as first prize, however had run afoul of the prize committee together with his non-classical nomenclature for a fern, dropping the competition.

He graduated highschool in Baltimore, incomes scholarships to partially pay for his tuition. To assist pay for his larger schooling as an undergraduate scholar at Johns Hopkins, in Baltimore, Maryland, he took a job as a author for an area newspaper, the Baltimore Solar, by which he wrote about flowers, on a month-to-month foundation. He took his B.A. undergraduate diploma, in 1900, from the College at Johns Hopkins, concentrating within the pure sciences.

Subsequent, he enrolled in medical faculty at Johns Hopkins. Sadly, throughout his second yr of medical faculty he had acquired a critical an infection whereas conducting an post-mortem, and the an infection developed right into a tubercular inflammatory situation involving an axillary gland. The contaminated tissue was eliminated surgically, however convalescence required a considerably extended period for a full restoration. Rous returned to medical faculty afterwards and took programs with outstanding medical school, such because the well-known Dr. William Osler, who was well-known for having refined medical faculty curricula. Rous took his medical doctorate diploma, an M.D., in 1905.

As an intern at Johns Hopkins, Dr. Rous made the belief that training drugs as a doctor was not for him, and he subsequently switched to a analysis mode, specializing in pathology as his self-discipline of selection. Thus, he pursued superior research, in 1907, as a post-graduate assistant within the laboratory of Prof. Alfred S. Warthin, who was located in Ann Arbor, Michigan.  He then studied pathology for a yr within the laboratory of Prof. Schmorl, in Dresden, Germany. Throughout this interim Dr. Rous had acquired a case of tuberculosis, taking extra time for restoration within the Adirondacks, as presumably prescribed by his docs. In 1909, towards the recommendation of a number of of his colleagues, nevertheless, Dr. Rous moved to the analysis laboratory of Prof. Simon Flexner on the Rockefeller Institute, in New York, the place he targeted on learning most cancers biology. Dr. Rous continued to work on the Rockefeller Institute for the rest of his life. 

2) There appears to be a relationship between sure types of most cancers and sure viruses. How did he initially study this?

In 1911, Dr. Rous was the very first scientific investigator to point out that a virus may cause most cancers. His work on this entrance quickly started after his arrival to the Rockefeller Institute. A regional farmer got here the Institute with a Plymouth Rock hen that had had a relatively giant, irregularly-shaped globular-like mass on its breast. Dr. Rous biopsied the breast mass by excising it from the hen after which examined the specimen beneath the microscope. Based mostly on its visible properties within the scope, Dr. Rous confirmed the analysis that the hen’s breast mass was a so-called spindle cell sarcoma, a breast most cancers of the hen.

Subsequent, Dr. Rous took the hen breast sarcoma tissue and minced the cancerous cells aside from one another, making a tumor “soup.” He then injected the minced sarcoma cell soup into a number of wholesome chickens with none signal of tumors. Quickly, a spindle cell sarcoma, a most cancers, emerged in numerous places all through one the injected chickens. The new tumors grew quickly and shortly killed the hen.

He was capable of switch strong sarcoma tissue from hen to hen, every new hen rising breast most cancers with each passage of tumor materials. It was briefly observed that the tumors grew extra aggressively with every succeeding passage, from hen to hen. The outcomes had been the primary recorded occasion of a so-called transmission of strong hen tumors between chickens, and Dr. Rous revealed the work, in 1910.

Subsequent, Dr. Rous hypothesized that the transmissibility of the sarcomas between hen might be completed with out the necessity for intact most cancers cells. Thus, Dr. Rous excised sarcoma tissue from chickens with the breast most cancers, simply as he had earlier than, besides that this time he broke open the sarcoma cells, thus, getting access to the interior mobile contents, the cytoplasm, of the sarcoma cells.  Subsequent, he utilized the cytoplasmic contents of the sarcoma, now referred to as cell-free materials, and handed it by means of a specialised filter for catching micro organism, referred to as the Berkefeld ultrafilter. The filter’s tiny pores allow brokers which might be smaller than most of the micro organism to undergo the filter, brokers like maybe viruses.

The cytoplasmic sarcoma-based materials that went via the tiny pores of the filter was now known as a “cell-free filtrate.”  It was composed of inner mobile materials, from the insides of the tumor cells. No intact tumor cells have been current—it was cell free! Subsequent, Dr. Rous injected the so-called cell-free filtrate from the hen sarcoma into new wholesome chickens. The injected chickens grew tumors, with out tumor cells! 

Dr. Rous revealed the surprising new work, in 1911.

Apparently, an analogous sort of cell-free filtrate outcome had been beforehand noticed with fowl leukemia, in 1908, by Drs. Ellerman and Bang, however at the time it was not realized by anybody that leukemia was additionally a illness of most cancers. Nevertheless, the concept a virus may trigger most cancers was not new. The notion for a viral-causation of most cancers had first been proposed by Dr. Amedee Borrel, in 1903.

Dr. Rous’ papers, nevertheless, have been the primary to offer proof in favor of the speculation that a strong tumor might be brought on by a virus. We now know that many microbes may cause most cancers.

three) It appears crucial that science take a look at causality- and whether or not most cancers is brought on by some micro organism within the air or some virus- why is that this necessary?

Amongst the well-known causes of most cancers, akin to inheritability and publicity to mutagens, one other causative agent for most cancers considerations a gaggle of assorted microbes.

With respect to the genetic versus the mutagenic causations, the implicated human genes might overlap.  For instance, the tumor-suppressing genes, akin to p53, BRCA1, and so on., could be affected during which mutagenic variations account for enhanced tumorigenesis and which can, in flip, result in carcinogenesis, if a “second mutational hit” happens. Relating to the environmentally influenced carcinogens, lots of a majority of these most cancers instances are truly preventable. For instance, avoidance of smoking (most necessary), plus correct weight-reduction plan, weight problems management, constant train, average alcohol consumption, safety from radiation and ultra-violet mild exposures, minimization of publicity to occupational carcinogens, and prevention of publicity to oncogenic microbes, all can play necessary roles in decreasing probabilities of most cancers in people.

Relating to microbial causes of most cancers, there are numerous micro organism, viruses, and others recognized to have influential roles.

Sure species micro organism are considered related to most cancers. One well-studied instance is the Gram-negative and twisted helical-shaped Helicobacter pylori bacterium, which not solely causes abdomen ulcers however is understood to be related to enhanced propensity for gastric carcinoma, recognized additionally as abdomen most cancers. Moreover, a pathogenic model of Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium and new pressure referred to as NC101, is linked to colorectal most cancers, recognized additionally as colon most cancers. One other Gram-negative bacterium that’s apparently related to colon most cancers known as Bacteroides fragilis, through the use of a toxin referred to as BFT (for Bacteroides fragilis toxin) to take action. A Gram-positive bacterium referred to as Enterococcus faecalis, has been strongly implicated in adenocarcinoma, a most cancers of glandular tissue just like the pancreas or the colon.

With respect to the viruses there are two most important courses of viruses, in common, which might be recognized to be carcinogenic. The primary of those tumorigenic courses are the DNA viruses. There are a number of households of those DNA oncogenic viruses. One such DNA virus household is known as the Hepadnaviridae. A person oncogenic member of this viral household consists of the infamous Hepatitis B virus, a recognized causer of liver most cancers, referred to as hepatocellular carcinoma.

A second DNA household of viruses known as Herpesviridae. Oncogenic members of this household embrace the Epstein-Barr virus, which may trigger Burkitt’s lymphoma, a most cancers of a sure sort of white blood cell referred to as the B-lymphocytes. One other DNA virus member of the Herpesviridae household known as human herpesvirus (HHV), and one prime instance is the HHV-Eight pressure, which is understood to trigger Kaposi’s sarcoma, a type of most cancers of the pores and skin and lymph nodes. A 3rd DNA virus group known as the Papillomaviridae household. Whereas there are a whole lot of members on this household, a sure few are critical causers of the overwhelming majority of the human cervical and uterine cancers, corresponding to human papilloma virus strains 16 (HPV-16) and 18 (HPV-18).

The second class of tumor-causing viruses are the RNA viruses. Beneath this umbrella which are related to most cancers, there are a number of RNA viral households. The primary RNA virus household is known as the Flaviviridae household. An essential oncogenic member inside this household consists of the Hepatitis C virus, one other causative microbial agent of liver most cancers, once more, referred to as the hepatocellular carcinoma. A second RNA household of oncogenic viruses known as Retroviridae. Two necessary members of this viral household are the human T-cell leukemia virus sort I (HTLV-1), which causes grownup T-cell leukemia and lymphoma, and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which is related not directly by suppressing the immune system and permitting human herpes pressure quantity Eight to trigger Kaposi’s sarcoma. A 3rd member of the Retroviridae household is the Rous sarcoma virus, recognized to trigger hen sarcoma.

four) What’s a Rous sarcoma virus? (See under) 

The Rous sarcoma itself refers back to the chicken-based breast most cancers that Dr. Rous initially studied. These tumors are characterised by uncontrollable progress of the hen breast cells.

The microbe that causes the sarcoma, the Rous sarcoma virus, is an RNA-based retrovirus. The virus has an inner single-stranded, (+)-sense RNA molecule for its genome, with a surrounding capsid protein for cover, and which is, in flip, coated by a lipid-based envelope. The Rous sarcoma virus transforms regular cells into tumorigenic tissue. The oncogenic mechanism for this transformation takes place as quickly because the virus infects the traditional goal cell.

As soon as the RNA is in place, contained in the cell, a viral enzyme referred to as reverse transcriptase makes use of it as a template to make a double-stranded model of viral DNA molecule! The Rous sarcoma virus inserts its DNA model of the genome into the nucleus of the traditional host cell!

Then, extremely, the viral DNA model insidiously inserts itself into the genome of the hen breast cell!  The viral DNA insertion brings together with it a model new gene that’s not recognized to the hen. The inserted gene known as v-Src (pronounced “vee-sark”), and its higher referred to as one in every of a number of oncogenes.  These oncogenes are cancer-causing genes. The Src protein was found to be a tyrosine kinase, an enzyme that phosphorylates tyrosine amino acids and serves to rework cells. Thus, modulation of the Src system leads to enhanced and uncontrollable progress properties in cells, producing tumors. This breakthrough led to the invention of quite a few different oncogenes.

5) Apparently, it took the scientific group about 40 years- to really acknowledge and acknowledge his work. What have been the problems right here? (Some say this was the longest “incubation interval” for a Nobel Prize.) 

Dr. Rous’ works have been revealed in 1910 and 1911. He confirmed that most cancers was transmissible and that a filterable cell-free extract produced hen sarcomas. Dr. Rous himself was considerably leery at first of the very concept that a virus might trigger most cancers, as is clear by the incontrovertible fact that in his two papers, he didn’t point out the time period “virus.” As an alternative, he was cautious to check with the most cancers inflicting virus as a “filterable agent” or a “cell-free filtrate.” On the time, such wording might tacitly be taken as “code” for virus. Such terminology had been used to justify the invention of bacteriophages, i.e., viruses that contaminated micro organism.

The cautious wording by Dr. Rous, nevertheless, didn’t idiot most of the investigators on the time, and it didn’t discourage his critics, both. Such naysayers invoked the doctrine of Virchow, who had clearly said that most cancers had its trigger from the insides of most cancers cells, not from the surface! Subsequently, they mistakenly thought that microbes (they have been outdoors the cell!) couldn’t trigger most cancers.

Thus, disbelief was widespread, and Rous was taken to activity. First, his critics charged that Rous’ “sarcomas” weren’t truly cancers.  That’s, they believed that Dr. Rous’ tumors weren’t tumors! The unbelievers pointed to his strategies. Maybe, they stated, Dr. Rous has made horrible errors in his methods! The instructed that perhaps his filtrates had no viruses however another but undiscovered sarcoma-causing carcinogen? They even steered that maybe Dr. Rous’ hen sarcoma viruses have been laboratory mutants!

No matter the case, his detractors have been completely positive that the most cancers trigger was not viral. Scientific disbelief in the concept most cancers might be induced by a virus was robust, publically-professed in scientific conferences, and, as you identified, long-lasting, with such stern skepticism languishing properly into the late 1950s!

6) Warts and rabbits- how do they determine into the image? 

As a result of Dr. Rous had so overtly implicated that viruses may need a causative impact on most cancers, he was met with widespread skepticism, which was sufficient to successfully discourage him from pursing the matter for many years. The warts and rabbits that you simply referred to have been the different elements that inspired Dr. Rous to re-examine the matter.

A number of of Dr. Rous’ contemporaries, led by Dr. Richard Shope, had found the tumor-causing papilloma viruses which he had noticed to trigger rabbit warts! That they had ready tissue extracts from the warts of sure cottontail rabbits, filtered the extracts, after which utilized the fabric to check rabbits. They recorded the statement of newly shaped warts on the check rabbits! 

Inspired by these promising research, in 1935, Dr. Rous, working with Joseph Beard, then proceeded to show a possible for inflicting tumors on rabbit pores and skin after persistent an infection with the so-called cottontail rabbit papillomavirus. This specific virus was DNA-based, versus the RNA-based Rous sarcoma virus. The DNA work, nevertheless, finally led to the invention, within the 1960s, of the human papillomaviruses as a explanation for human most cancers. Thus, the concept that viruses might trigger most cancers was lastly gaining widespread acceptance.

7) What have I uncared for to ask?

In 1915, when Dr. Rous was 36 years previous, he married Marion Eckford de Kay, and the couple had three youngsters collectively, all women. Household life in the Rous family has been described as a cheerful one, with loads of yearly holidays, every typically lasting two months. Gardening and fishing have been hobbies that occupied Dr. Rous and household. Holidays have been, nevertheless, additionally working ones, through which Dr. Rous was recognized to take alongside manuscripts for assessment as he was a faithful editor of the distinguished Journal of Experimental Drugs.

One biographer has famous that Dr. Rous regularly skilled critical bouts of insomnia. Thus, a standard follow he adopted was to maintain a notepad useful on his bedside desk together with a specialised pencil that had a light-fixture hooked up to it, so as jot down any analysis concepts he may assume up through the center of his numerous sleepless nights.

He formally retired in 1945, however continued to work at Rockefeller College, spending near 60 years complete there. It’s recorded that nicely into his twilight years he frequently walked to and from the laboratory, a full 15 blocks from residence, every day!  On the 16th day of February, within the yr 1970, Dr. Peyton Rous handed away, on the age of 90, of stomach most cancers. 

For extra research and evaluate:

The best way to remedy Rous Sarcoma – YouTube

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Tips on how to remedy Rous Sarcoma Francis Peyton Rous: “In 1911, as a pathologist he made his seminal statement, that a malignant tumor (particularly, a sarcoma) gr…

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Yolanda King

Yolanda Denise King (November 17, 1955 – May 15, 2007) was an American activist and first-born child of civil rights leader Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Coretta Scott King. She was known also for her artistic and entertainment endeavors and public speaking. Her childhood experience was greatly influenced by her father's highly public and influential activism.

Born two weeks before Rosa Parks famously refused to give up her seat on a public transit bus in Montgomery, Alabama, she occasionally experienced threats to her life, designed to intimidate her parents, and became a secondary caregiver to her younger siblings and was bullied at school. When her father was assassinated April 4, 1968, King, then only twelve years of age, was noted for her composure during the highly public funeral and mourning events. She joined her mother and siblings in marches, and she was lauded by such noted figures as Bill Cosby and Harry Belafonte, the latter establishing a trust fund for her and her siblings.

In her teenage years, she became an effective leader of her class in high school and was given attention by the magazines Jet and Ebony. Her teenage years were filled with more tragedies, specifically that of her uncle Alfred Daniel Williams King and the murder of her grandmother, Alberta Williams King. While in high school, she gained lifelong friends. It was the first and only institution where King was not harassed or mistreated because of who her father was. However, she was still misjudged and mistrusted, based on perceptions founded solely upon her relationship with her father. Despite this, King managed to keep up her grades and was actively involved in high school politics, serving as class president for two years. King aroused controversy in high school for her role in a play. She was credited with having her father's sense of humor.

In the 1990s, She supported a retrial of James Earl Ray and publicly stated that she did not hate him. That decade saw King's acting career take off as she appeared in ten separate projects, including Ghosts of Mississippi (1996), Our Friend, Martin (1999) and Selma, Lord, Selma (1999). By the time she was an adult, she had grown to become an active supporter for gay rights and an ally to the LGBT community, as was her mother. She was involved in a sibling feud that pitted her and her brother Dexter against their brother Martin Luther King III and sister Bernice King for the sale of the King Center in Atlanta, Georgia. King served as a spokesperson for her mother during the illness that would eventually lead to her death. King outlived her mother by only 16 months, succumbing to complications related to a chronic heart condition on May 15, 2007.

Early life

Early childhood: 1955–1963

Born in Montgomery, Alabama to Martin Luther King, Jr. and Coretta Scott King, she was only two weeks old when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus. Even in her infancy, Yolanda was faced with the threats her father was given when they extended to his family. In 1956, a number of white supremacists bombed the King household there. Yolanda and her mother were not harmed. She and her mother, at the time of the bomb's detonation, were in the rear section of their home. Despite this, the front porch was damaged and glass broke in the home. She kept her father busy when walking on their home's floors. While her mother liked her name, her father had reservations about naming her "Yolanda" due to the possibility the name would be mispronounced. During the course of her lifetime, King's name was mispronounced to the point where it bothered her. King's father eventually was satisfied with the nickname "Yoki," and wished that if they had a second daughter, they would name her something simpler. The Kings would have another daughter almost eight years later named Bernice (born 1963). King recalled that her mother had been the main parent and dominant figure in their home, while her father was away often. Decision-making towards what school she would attend in first grade was done primarily by her mother, since her father expressed disinterest to her early in the decision making.

Martin Luther King III described his role as the second-born of their family as having made Yolanda jealous, and that she was always overcommitted but "still found time to get to the things that were most important to her". Her mother referred to her as being a confidant during the time following her husband's assassination. She complimented her mother on her achievements and her mother spoke of her in a positive light, as well. When asked by a young boy what she remembered most about her father, she admitted that her father was not able to spend much time with her and the rest of her family. When he did, she would play and swim with him. King cried when she found out her father had been imprisoned. Her father admitted that he had never adjusted to bringing up children under "inexplicable conditions". When she was 6 years old, she was saddened by classmates' remarks that her father was a "jailbird". An important early memory was that she wanted to go to Funtown, a local amusement park, with the rest of her class, but was barred from doing so due to her race. She did not understand, and asked her mother Coretta why she was not able to go. When she replied "Your father is going to jail so that you can go to Funtown." after numerous attempts to explain the issue to her, Yolanda finally understood. After having not seen her father for five weeks while he was in jail, she finally was able to meet with him alongside both of her brothers for less than half an hour. Her father also addressed the issue himself. He told her that there were many whites who were not racist and wanted her to go but there were many who were and did not want her to go. However, her father reassured her as she began to cry that she was "just as good" as anyone who went to Funtown and that one day in the "not too distant future" she was going to be able to go to "any town" along with "all of God's children".

Assassination of John F. Kennedy and Nobel Peace Prize: 1963–1964

On November 22, 1963, when U.S. President John F. Kennedy was assassinated, she learned of his death at school. When she returned home, she rushed to confront her mother about his death and even ignored her grandfather, Martin Luther King, Sr., to tell her mother what she had heard and that they would not get their "freedom now." Her mother tried to debunk this, insisting that they would still get it. She predicted at that time that all of the "Negro leaders" would be killed and the non-leading African-Americans would agree to segregation. Her mother started to realize that Yolanda had become more aware of the possibility that her father could be killed as well. For Christmas 1963, King and her siblings accepted a sacrificial Christmas as appealed by their parents and only received a single gift. King and her brother Martin III bragged about their selflessness at school. In 1964, upon learning her father would receive the Nobel Peace Prize, she asked her mother what her father was going to do with the money he was receiving in addition to the award. After she suggested that he would most likely give it all away, King laughed with her mother.

Enrollment at Spring Street Elementary School and last years with father: 1965–1967

King and her brother Martin Luther King III were enrolled in the fall of 1965 to Spring Street Elementary School. In 1966, she listened to a speech her father gave when he was addressing a rally. At the age of eight after writing her first play, she enrolled in the only integrated drama school of that time. The head of the school was Walt Roberts, father of the actress Julia Roberts. She began speaking at the age of ten and even filled in for her parents on occasion. Her memories of her father prompted her to state that he "believed we were all divine. I have chosen to continue to promote 'we're one, the oneness of us, and shine the spotlight,' as my father did." Coretta King wrote in her memoirs, My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr., that "Martin always said that Yoki came at a time in his life when he needed something to take his mind off the tremendous pressures that bore down upon him."

Father's death: 1968

On the evening of April 4, 1968, when she was 12, Yolanda returned with her mother from Easter-dress shopping when Jesse Jackson called the family and reported that her father had been shot. Soon after, she heard of the event when a news bulletin popped up while she was washing dishes. While her siblings were trying to find out what it meant, Yolanda already knew. She ran out of the room, screamed "I don't want to hear it," and prayed that he would not die. She asked her mother at this time, if she should hate the man who killed her father. Her mother told her not to, since her father would not want that. King complimented her mother as a "brave and strong lady," leading to a hug between them. Four days later, she and her brothers accompanied their mother to Memphis City Hall on her own terms, as she and her brothers had wanted to come. King flew to Memphis, Tennessee with her brothers and mother and participated in leading a march in Memphis with sanitation workers and civil rights leaders.

King was visited by Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis before her father's funeral. After the funeral, she was visited by classmates from Spring Street Middle School visited her with flowers and cards. At that time, she was also called by Andrea Young, whose own father had insisted that she should. The two were the same age. Bill Cosby flew to Atlanta after the funeral and entertained King and her siblings. King and her siblings were assured an education thanks to the help of Harry Belafonte, who set up a trust fund for them years prior to their father's death.

In regards to the possibility that her father could have been saved, King said she doubted that her father could have lived much longer given all the stress he had during his tenure as a leader of the Civil Rights Movement. She did admit that, had he lived or he been listened to more, "we would be in a far better place." King openly stated years later that she did not hate James Earl Ray.

Teenage years and high school: 1968–1972

At Grady High School, King was president of her sophomore and junior class, and vice president of her senior class. She ranked in the top 10 percent of her class. She was active in student government and drama. She made lifelong friends while in the institution that would collectively be called the "Grady Girls". She was also on the student council. At that time, King still did not know what she wanted to do with her life, but acknowledged that many wanted her to be a preacher. Her inclinations were driven to be artistic, which did not suit the political aspects of her father's life. Of the King children, Yolanda was the only one to attend Grady High School, as her siblings would go to different high schools following her graduation.

During the family's interview with Mike Wallace in December 1968, Yolanda was introduced by her mother and revealed her role in keeping the family together. Being the oldest, she had to watch her three younger siblings; Martin Luther King III, Dexter King and Bernice King and referred to the three as independent when she watched them whenever their mother went out of town. Sometime after Martin Luther King's assassination, King told her mother "Mom, I'm not going to cry because my dad is not dead. He may be dead physically, and one day I am going to see him again".

On July 21, 1969, King's uncle and father's brother Alfred Daniel Williams King was found dead in the swimming pool of his home. His youngest two children, Esther and Vernon, were vacationing with King and her family in Jamaica when they heard of his death. On April 4, 1970, the second anniversary of her father's death, she and her sister Bernice attended their grandfather Martin Luther King, Sr.'s silent prayer for their father at his gravesite. The practice of going to her father's grave on the anniversary of either his birth or assassination became an annual ritual for the King family to mourn his death.

In her teenage years, King preferred to go by her nickname "Yoki." As she said during an interview, "I prefer Yoki. Maybe when I'm older I won't be able to stand Yoki, but Yolanda sounds so formal!" She felt teenagers were confused and were using drugs as a method to escape their problems.

At age 15, she was subject to controversy when she appeared in the play "The Owl and the Pussycat" because she was costarring a white male lead. Though her mother kept her naïve to the controversies so she could "fulfill [her] objective, which was to do the play", that did not stop her from learning of the negativity implemented from her role years later. Her grandfather Martin Luther King, Sr. initially was not going to go to her performance due to opposition by locals, but changed his mind afterward. During a Sunday visit to Church, King was forced to stand before the congregation and explain her actions. In response to her role in the play and her own response to the role, a man wrote to Jet predicting that she would marry a white person before she was eighteen. Despite statements such as these, King did not become aware of the public discomfort with her role until years later, citing her mother's involvement in her knowledge of the criticism.

When King was sixteen she received attention in Jet in 1972, where she talked about what her father's famous name was doing for her life. In the interview with the magazine, She related how people expected her to be "stuck up" and referred to it as one of the "handicaps" of being Martin Luther King's child. She recalled having met a friend that was scared of being acquainted with her, because of her father's identity and expressed her thoughts in the colleges she wished to attend. King would ultimately attend Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts after graduating from high school.

King called her father's name and having to live up to it a "challenge" and recalled a friend when she first met a friend of hers, who believed she could not say anything to King but after beginning to know her, realized that she was "no worse than my other friends" and she "could say anything" to her. King also voiced her dislike of the assumption that she would behave just like her mother and father, and the difficulty of being perceived as not being someone others could talk to. When asked what kind of world she would like to live in, King said she wished "people could love everybody". Despite this wish, she acknowledged that this was of no ease and expressed happiness that her father had changed many things, and even made some people gain self-esteem. Positive reception came to this interview, and Yolanda was even called the "leader of the 16-year-olds" for her "calmness, her concern," and "her vision".

Early adulthood

College: 1972–1976

After graduating from high school, she went to Smith College. She took classes taught by Manning Marable and Johnnella Butler, and became satisfied with her choice of a college. But after finishing her sophomore year and returning home so she could work over the summer, her grandmother Alberta Williams King was killed on June 30, 1974. With her death, the only remaining members of King's father's immediate family were her grandfather Martin Luther King, Sr. and aunt Christine King Ferris. She was also subject to some harassment by her classmates, describing it as the "era when students were making demands and many black students were closer to the teachings of Malcolm X, or what they thought were his teachings." The children referred to her father as an "Uncle Tom" and was scared that he would go down in history as such. She reflected "I had never read his works. I was just someone who loved someone, and I knew he had done great things and now people didn't appreciate it." She proceeded to read his books, and started to believe that her father had been correct all along.

When asked about what pressures emerged from being a daughter of Martin Luther King, Jr., King stated that "as soon as people heard me speak, they would compare me to my father ... My siblings had the same kind of pressure. There was such a need, like they were looking for a miracle." At the time of her turmoil in college, King recalled having not known Malcolm X and "didn't understand daddy, so here I was trying to defend something I thought I knew about but really didn't." On April 4, 1975, King joined her family in placing azaleas over her father's crypt, marking the seventh anniversary of his assassination.

Immediate life after Smith College: 1976–1978

An alumna of Smith College after graduating in 1976, she was the subject of an essay among the "remarkable women" during a celebration during the college's one hundred and twenty-fifth year and she was a member of the Board of Directors of the Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change, Inc. (the official national memorial to her father) and was founding Director of the King Center's Cultural Affairs Program. King became a human rights activist and actress. She stated in 2000 to USA Today, that her acting "allowed me to find an expression and outlet for the pain and anger I felt about losing my father,". Her mother's support helped in starting her acting career. Despite some early opposition to acting that she received during her controversial play in high school, King still tried to get roles and actively tried performing.

She served on the Partnership Council of Habitat for Humanity, was the first national Ambassador for the American Stroke Association's "Power to End Stroke" Campaign, a member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, a sponsor of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, Human Rights Campaign, and held a lifetime membership in the NAACP. King received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, a master's degree in theater from New York University, and an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Marywood University. In 1978 she starred as Rosa Parks in the TV miniseries King (based on her father's life and released on DVD in 2005).

Meeting Attallah Shabazz: 1979

In 1979, Yolanda met Attallah Shabazz, the eldest daughter of Malcolm X, after arrangements had been made by Ebony Magazine to take a photograph of the two women together. Both were worried that they would not like each other due to their fathers' legacies. Instead, the two quickly found common ground in their activism and in their positive outlook towards the future of African-Americans. The two were young adults at the time and had a mutual friend who noticed they were both studying theater in New York and arranged for them to meet. A few months after King and Shabazz met, the pair decided to collaborate on a theatrical work, resulting in Stepping into Tomorrow. The play was directed towards teens and focused on the 10th year reunion of six high school friends. Stepping into Tomorrow led to the formation of Nucleus in the 1980s, a theater company which King and Shabazz founded. The theater company was based in New York City and Los Angeles and focused on addressing the issues that their fathers, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X, spoke of in their lifetimes. The pair performed in around 50 cites a year and did lectures together, typically in school settings.

Adult life

King holiday, arrests and return to Smith College: 1980–1989

When presenting herself in 1980 to the GSA staff members, she stated: "Jim Crow [segregation] is dead, but his sophisticated cousin James Crow, Esq., is very much alive. We must cease our premature celebration [about civil rights already achieved] and get back to the struggle. We cannot be satisfied with a few black faces in high places when millions of our people have been locked out." She received a standing ovation afterwards, alongside a thunderous applause. In February 1982, King was a speaker during the centennial of Anne Spencer's birth. In 1984, she was arrested in the view of her mother for having protested in front of the South African Embassy, in support of anti-apartheid views. It was the first time she had ever been arrested. On January 7, 1986, Yolanda, her brother Martin Luther King III and her sister Bernice were arrested for "disorderly conduct" by officers responding to a call from a Winn Dixie market, of which had an ongoing protest against it since September of the previous year.

She showed dissatisfaction with her "generation" on January 20, 1985, and referred to them as being "laid-back and unconcerned", and "forgetting the sacrifices that allowed them to get away with being so laid-back". That same year, she presented the Martin Luther King, Jr. Award for Public Service to Chicago Mayor Harold Washington during the fifth annual Ebony American Black Achievement Awards.

She celebrated her father's holiday in January 16, 1986 and attended a breakfast in Chicago with Mayor Harold Washington. She stated that her father had a "magnificent dream", but admitted that "it still is only a dream." King started Black History Month of 1986 by giving a speech in Santa Ana, which called for the study of African-American history to not "relegated to the shortest and coldest month of the year." After having been a public speaker for over twenty years, Yolanda recalled her talents having "happened very naturally growing up in a house like mine". She also found "great irony" in President Ronald Reagan having signed a bill to make Martin Luther King, Jr. Day a national holiday.

She kicked off Martin Luther King, Jr. Day by starting a weeklong celebration on January 12, 1987 and talked to students about opportunities that they had at that point which their parents and grandparents did not have. On April 8, 1988, King and Shabazz were honored by Los Angeles County supervisors for their "unifying" performance and message on stage at the Los Angeles Theater Center the previous night. Their play Stepping into Tomorrow was praised by supervisors as being "entertaining and enlightening." At the time of the honor, King said that their production company had been approached by organizations seeking to arrange special staging of the play for gang members before May 1, when the show's run would end. Supervisor Kenneth Hahn said to King that he "sensed I was in the presence of a great man when I met your father." She returned to Smith College on January 26, 1989. There, she gave a speech and made references to her past difficult experiences when first coming to the college. King made it clear that while she had not been "endeared" to the institution, she was still "grateful" for her experience. She called for Americans to memorialize those who gave their lives for "the struggle for peace and justice." At this point in her life, King also served as director of cultural affairs for the King Center for Nonviolent Social Change and was tasked with raising and directing funds for all artistic events.

Arizona boycott and James Earl Ray retrial: 1990–1999

On December 9, 1990, she canceled a planned appearance in a play in Tucson, Arizona and ignored a boycott going on at the time by civil rights groups and other activists for Arizona voters rejecting the proposal of Martin Luther King, Jr. Day being celebrated there. King and Shabazz had planned the play months before the voters of the state rejecting the holiday, and King prepared a statement which solidified her reasons for supporting the boycott. Despite this, Shabazz still appeared in the state and performed in the play. On January 17, 1991, Yolanda spoke before a crowd of students at Edmonds Community College, around 200 in number. She debunked complacency in having any role in progression of her father's dream. She joined her mother in placing a wreath around her father's crypt. King stressed in 1992 that love would help people make their mark on the world. That same year, she also spoke at Indiana University. In October, King gave support for a Cabrini-Green family that wants to escape the violence, and a fundraiser for their cause.

Twenty-five years after her father's assassination, she went to his gravesite. There, she joined hands with her siblings and mother along with other civil rights activists, singing We Shall Overcome. During July 1993, she agreed to speak at the Coral Springs City Centre for airfare and a fee in January 1994. She originally wanted $8,000, but was negotiated down to $6,500. During said speech, she mentioned that the fact that the poverty line in America among children had nearly tripled and urged people to "reach out" and "do what you can". In October, she uttered her belief that her father's dream of integration was not understood fully.

On February 1, 1994 King attempted to speak before a diverse class of students at North Central College. She stated, "It is entirely appropriate that you would choose to focus on multiculturalism as the opening activity of Black History Month. The only reason why Black History Month was created and still exists is because America is still struggling and trying to come to grips, come to terms with the diversity of its people." In July 1994, after seeing some photographs of her father prior to his death, Yolanda lamented that "this [had] brought back a lot of memories. It's often hard for young people to understand the fear and terror so many people felt and how bold they were to get involved in the marches. But walking through the first part of the exhibit I felt that terror." She honored her father in 1995, by performing in the Chicago Sinfonietta in the play "A Lincoln Portrait", in which she was the narrator. The "commitment" to diverse members in the audience and the play itself, was what represented the opportunities for which King fought.

In the fall of 1995, at the age of 39, she joined Ilyasah Shabazz and Reena Evers in saluting their mothers as they chaired an attempt at registering one million African-American women to vote in the presidential election of 1996. King joined the rest of her family in February 1997, in supporting a retrial for James Earl Ray, the man convicted of her father's murder, having realized that "without our direct involvement, the truth will never come out." In an interview with People magazine in 1999, she recalled when she first learned of her father's death and stated that "to this day, [her] heart skips a beat every time [she] hear one of those special bulletins." King appeared in the film Selma, Lord, Selma, based on the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches as Miss Bright. Prior to the film's release, King expressed belief in children of the time only knowing "Martin Luther King Jr. was killed, but when it is time to talk about the facts and the history, there is not a lot of knowledge. They look at me when I'm talking as if this is science fiction."

Final years: 2000–2005

King attended and spoke at the Human Rights Campaign Detroit Gala Dinner of 2000. In a twenty-four-minute-long speech, she brought up the presidential election of that year, and also quoted the words of Bobby Kennedy by recalling his line which he took from George Bernard Shaw, that of "Some men see things as they are and say why? I dream things that never were and say why not?". During a presentation in May 2000, King was asked if the human race would ever become "color blind". In response, she pushed for "the goal" to be "color acceptance." Following the September 11 attacks, King spoke in North Chicago in 2002 and related that her father's wisdom during the crisis would have been of great aid to her. She mentioned the possibility that the event could have been a calling for Americans to put their loyalty towards "their race, tribe and nation", as her father once said. She, her brother Martin Luther King III and Al Sharpton sang We Shall Overcome in front of "The Sphere", which stood atop the World Trade Center prior to the September 11 attacks.

In honor of her father King promoted a show in Los Angeles entitled "Achieving the Dream" in 2001. During the play, she changed costume numerous times and adjusted her voice and body language when changing roles. King and Elodia Tate co-edited the book Open My Eyes, Open My Soul: Celebrating Our Common Humanity, published by McGraw-Hill in 2003. In January 2004, King referred to her father as a king, but not as one who "sat on a throne, but one who sat in a dark Birmingham jail." While in Dallas in March 2004, King related; "It's only in the past half-dozen years or so that I have felt comfortable in my own skin. I don't have to try and prove anything to anyone anymore." "I struggled with a lot of the legacy for a long time, probably actually into my 30s before I really made peace with it," Yolanda stated in 2005 on "Western Skies", a public radio show based in Colorado. During the fall of 2014 she played Mama in "A Raisin in the Sun" at the Schwartz Center for the Performing Arts at Cornell University.

Mother's death, sibling dispute and final months: 2006–2007

Her mother Coretta, began to decline in health after suffering a stroke in August 2005. She also was diagnosed with ovarian cancer. The four children of the civil rights activist noticed "something was happening". King was having a conversation with her mother in her home when she stopped talking. Coretta Scott King had a blood clot move from her heart and lodge in an artery in her brain. She was hospitalized on August 16, 2005, and was set to come home as well. Alongside the physician that took care of her mother, Dr. Maggie Mermin and her sister, Yolanda told the press that her mother was making progress on a daily basis and was expected to make a full recovery. She became a spokesman for the American Heart Association after her mother's stroke, promoting a campaign to raise awareness about strokes.

That same year, she and her brother Dexter came to oppose their other brother and sister, Martin Luther King III and Bernice King, on the matter of selling the King Center. King and Dexter were in favor of sale, but their other siblings were not. After Coretta Scott King died on January 30 of the next year, Yolanda, like her siblings, attended her funeral. When asked about how she was faring following the death of her mother, Yolanda responded: "I connected with her spirit so strongly. I am in direct contact with her spirit, and that has given me so much peace and so much strength." She found her mother's personal papers in her home.

She preached in January 2007 to an audience in Ebenezer Baptist Church to be an oasis for peace and love, as well as to use her father's holiday as starting ground for their own interpretations of prejudice. She spoke on Martin Luther King, Jr. Day 2007 to attendants at the Ebenezer Baptist Church and stated: "We must keep reaching across the table and, in the tradition of Martin Luther King Jr. and Coretta Scott King, feed each other,". After her hour-long presentation, she joined her sister and her aunt, Christine King Ferris, in signing books. On May 12, 2007, days before her death, she spoke at St. Mary Medical Center, on the part of the American Stroke Association. It would be the last time she would speak on behalf of the association.

Death

On May 15, 2007, King spoke to her brother Dexter and stated that she was tired, though he thought nothing of it due to her "hectic" schedule. Around an hour later, King collapsed in the Santa Monica, California home of Philip Madison Jones, her brother Dexter King's best friend, and could not be revived. Her death came a year after her mother. Her family has speculated that her death was caused by a heart condition. In the early hours of May 19, 2007, King's body was brought to Atlanta, Georgia by private plane. Bishop Eddie Long said he offered his plane to collect her remains. A public memorial for Yolanda King was held on May 24, 2007, at Ebenezer Baptist Church Horizon Sanctuary in Atlanta, Georgia. Many in attendance did not know her, but came out of respect for the King family's history of non-violence and social justice. King was cremated, as according to her wishes. She was 51. All three of her siblings lit a candle in her memory.

Bernice King said it was "very difficult standing here blessed as her one and only sister. Yolanda, from your one and only, I thank you for being a sister and for being a friend." Martin Luther King III uttered that "Yolanda is still in business. She just moved upstairs." Maya Angelou wrote a tribute to her, which was read during the memorial service. She wrote "Yolanda proved daily that it was possible to smile while wreathed in sadness. In fact, she proved that the smile was more powerful and sweeter because it had to press itself through mournfulness to be seen, force itself through cruelty to show that the light of survival shines for us all." Many former classmates of both Grady High School and Smith College attended to remember her. Raphael Warnock stated; "She dealt with the difficulty of personal pain and public responsibility and yet ... she emerged from it all victorious. Thank you for her voice."

Ideas, influence and political stances

To the time of her death, King continued to express denial in her father's dreams and ideals being fulfilled during her lifetime. In 1993, she debunked any thought that her father's "dream" had been anything but a dream, and was quoted as saying "It's easier to build monuments than to make a better world. It seems we've stood still and in many ways gone backward since Martin Luther King Jr. was alive.", during a celebration that marked what would have been her father's sixty-fourth birthday.

Despite this, she was quoted in January 2003 of saying that she was "a 100 percent, dyed-in-the-wool, card-carrying believer in 'The Dream'. It's a dream about freedom—freedom from oppression, from exploitation, from poverty ... the dream of a nation and a world where each and every child will have the opportunity to simply be the very best that they can be." The statement was made while she was in the presence of 800 people who gathered to honor her father at the Everett Theatre. She made it clear that month that she was not trying to fill her father's footsteps, noting jokingly that "They're too big" and that she would "fall and break [her] neck". She also advocated for her father's holiday to be used as a day for helping others, and also expressed dissatisfaction on the basis of people relaxing on his day. On January 15, 1997, she spoke at Florida Memorial College and expressed what she believed her father would feel if "he knew that people were taking a day off in his memory to do nothing". She disliked cliches used to define her father and expressed this to Attallah Shabazz, and recalled having seen a play where her father was a "wimp" and carried The Bible with him everywhere.

King was an ardent activist for gay rights, as was her mother, Coretta. King protested many times over gay rights. She was among 187 people arrested during a demonstration by lesbian and gay rights activists. She stated at the Chicago's Out and Equal Workplace Summit in 2006 "If you are gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender, you do not have the same rights as other Americans, you cannot marry, ... you still face discrimination in the workplace, and in our armed forces. For a nation that prides itself on liberty, justice and equality for all, this is totally unacceptable. Like her parents and siblings, King did not outright go and make any affiliation with a political party publicly. Despite this, she did voice opposition to President Ronald Reagan in his reluctance to sign Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, her father's national holiday.

Legacy

Dexter King said of his sister, "She gave me permission. She allowed me to give myself permission to be me." Jesse Jackson stated that King "lived with a lot of the trauma of our struggle. The movement was in her DNA." Joseph Lowery stated; "She was a princess and she walked and carried herself like a princess. She was a reserved and quiet person who loved acting." January 2008's issue of Ebony, her relationship with Rev. Suzan Johnson Cook was highlighted in an article written by the minister, as she dubbed her deceased longtime friend a "queen whose name was King". On May 25, 2008, her brother Martin Luther III and his wife, Andrea, became the parents of a baby girl and named her Yolanda, after his late sister. During a 2009 reunion at her alma mater Smith College, a walk was done in her memory by fellow alumni.

Portrayals in film

Yolanda has mostly been portrayed in films that revolve around her parents.

Felecia Hunter, in the 1978 television miniseries King.

Melina Nzeza as a kid and Ronda Louis-Jeune as an adult, in the 2013 television movie Betty and Coretta.

Filmography

King (1978) (mini)

Hopscotch (1980)

Death of a Prophet (1981)

No Big Deal (1983) (TV)

Talkin' Dirty After Dark (1991)

Fluke (1995)

America's Dream (1996) (TV)

Ghosts of Mississippi (1996)

Drive by: A Love Story (1997)

Our Friend, Martin (1999) (V)

Selma, Lord, Selma (1999) (TV)

Funny Valentines (1999) (TV)

The Secret Path (1999)

Chasing Secrets (1999)

Odessa (film) (2000)

JAG

Still My Little Soldier (2001)

Liberty's Kids (2002)

Wikipedia

#Yolanda King #11-17 #05-15

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An Interview with Professor Manuel Varela: Francis Peyton Rous and the Relationship between Viruses and Cancer

Francis Peyton Rous

Michael F. Shaughnessy –

1) The identify Francis Peyton Rous appears to be synonymous with viruses and most cancers. The place was he born and the place did he research initially?

Dr. Peyton Rous was an American pathologist, virologist, and biomedical scientist who was the primary investigator to point out, in 1911, that most cancers was brought on by a virus. For this work he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1966 in drugs or physiology. His discovery significantly contributed to the developments of sure biomedical fields resembling cell biology, molecular biology, pathology, virology, and tumor biology.

Dr. Rous was born on the fifth day of October, within the yr 1879, in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S., to oldsters Charles Rous and Frances Anderson Wooden. In 1890, when Rous was 11 years previous, Charles handed away all of a sudden, leaving Frances widowed with three youngsters, Francis Peyton being the oldest of the three. The widow, now of meager means, selected to stay in Baltimore, Maryland, for the profit of the schooling for her younger youngsters. She, thus, positioned them within the Baltimore public faculty system.

As a toddler, he was an aspiring naturalist with an curiosity in botany. One story pertaining to those pursuits was that younger Rous had participated in a flower classifying contest, with a brand new microscope as first prize, however had run afoul of the prize committee together with his non-classical nomenclature for a fern, dropping the competition.

He graduated highschool in Baltimore, incomes scholarships to partially pay for his tuition. To assist pay for his larger schooling as an undergraduate scholar at Johns Hopkins, in Baltimore, Maryland, he took a job as a author for an area newspaper, the Baltimore Solar, by which he wrote about flowers, on a month-to-month foundation. He took his B.A. undergraduate diploma, in 1900, from the College at Johns Hopkins, concentrating within the pure sciences.

Subsequent, he enrolled in medical faculty at Johns Hopkins. Sadly, throughout his second yr of medical faculty he had acquired a critical an infection whereas conducting an post-mortem, and the an infection developed right into a tubercular inflammatory situation involving an axillary gland. The contaminated tissue was eliminated surgically, however convalescence required a considerably extended period for a full restoration. Rous returned to medical faculty afterwards and took programs with outstanding medical school, such because the well-known Dr. William Osler, who was well-known for having refined medical faculty curricula. Rous took his medical doctorate diploma, an M.D., in 1905.

As an intern at Johns Hopkins, Dr. Rous made the belief that training drugs as a doctor was not for him, and he subsequently switched to a analysis mode, specializing in pathology as his self-discipline of selection. Thus, he pursued superior research, in 1907, as a post-graduate assistant within the laboratory of Prof. Alfred S. Warthin, who was located in Ann Arbor, Michigan.  He then studied pathology for a yr within the laboratory of Prof. Schmorl, in Dresden, Germany. Throughout this interim Dr. Rous had acquired a case of tuberculosis, taking extra time for restoration within the Adirondacks, as presumably prescribed by his docs. In 1909, towards the recommendation of a number of of his colleagues, nevertheless, Dr. Rous moved to the analysis laboratory of Prof. Simon Flexner on the Rockefeller Institute, in New York, the place he targeted on learning most cancers biology. Dr. Rous continued to work on the Rockefeller Institute for the rest of his life. 

2) There appears to be a relationship between sure types of most cancers and sure viruses. How did he initially study this?

In 1911, Dr. Rous was the very first scientific investigator to point out that a virus may cause most cancers. His work on this entrance quickly started after his arrival to the Rockefeller Institute. A regional farmer got here the Institute with a Plymouth Rock hen that had had a relatively giant, irregularly-shaped globular-like mass on its breast. Dr. Rous biopsied the breast mass by excising it from the hen after which examined the specimen beneath the microscope. Based mostly on its visible properties within the scope, Dr. Rous confirmed the analysis that the hen’s breast mass was a so-called spindle cell sarcoma, a breast most cancers of the hen.

Subsequent, Dr. Rous took the hen breast sarcoma tissue and minced the cancerous cells aside from one another, making a tumor “soup.” He then injected the minced sarcoma cell soup into a number of wholesome chickens with none signal of tumors. Quickly, a spindle cell sarcoma, a most cancers, emerged in numerous places all through one the injected chickens. The new tumors grew quickly and shortly killed the hen.

He was capable of switch strong sarcoma tissue from hen to hen, every new hen rising breast most cancers with each passage of tumor materials. It was briefly observed that the tumors grew extra aggressively with every succeeding passage, from hen to hen. The outcomes had been the primary recorded occasion of a so-called transmission of strong hen tumors between chickens, and Dr. Rous revealed the work, in 1910.

Subsequent, Dr. Rous hypothesized that the transmissibility of the sarcomas between hen might be completed with out the necessity for intact most cancers cells. Thus, Dr. Rous excised sarcoma tissue from chickens with the breast most cancers, simply as he had earlier than, besides that this time he broke open the sarcoma cells, thus, getting access to the interior mobile contents, the cytoplasm, of the sarcoma cells.  Subsequent, he utilized the cytoplasmic contents of the sarcoma, now referred to as cell-free materials, and handed it by means of a specialised filter for catching micro organism, referred to as the Berkefeld ultrafilter. The filter’s tiny pores allow brokers which might be smaller than most of the micro organism to undergo the filter, brokers like maybe viruses.

The cytoplasmic sarcoma-based materials that went via the tiny pores of the filter was now known as a “cell-free filtrate.”  It was composed of inner mobile materials, from the insides of the tumor cells. No intact tumor cells have been current—it was cell free! Subsequent, Dr. Rous injected the so-called cell-free filtrate from the hen sarcoma into new wholesome chickens. The injected chickens grew tumors, with out tumor cells! 

Dr. Rous revealed the surprising new work, in 1911.

Apparently, an analogous sort of cell-free filtrate outcome had been beforehand noticed with fowl leukemia, in 1908, by Drs. Ellerman and Bang, however at the time it was not realized by anybody that leukemia was additionally a illness of most cancers. Nevertheless, the concept a virus may trigger most cancers was not new. The notion for a viral-causation of most cancers had first been proposed by Dr. Amedee Borrel, in 1903.

Dr. Rous’ papers, nevertheless, have been the primary to offer proof in favor of the speculation that a strong tumor might be brought on by a virus. We now know that many microbes may cause most cancers.

three) It appears crucial that science take a look at causality- and whether or not most cancers is brought on by some micro organism within the air or some virus- why is that this necessary?

Amongst the well-known causes of most cancers, akin to inheritability and publicity to mutagens, one other causative agent for most cancers considerations a gaggle of assorted microbes.

With respect to the genetic versus the mutagenic causations, the implicated human genes might overlap.  For instance, the tumor-suppressing genes, akin to p53, BRCA1, and so on., could be affected during which mutagenic variations account for enhanced tumorigenesis and which can, in flip, result in carcinogenesis, if a “second mutational hit” happens. Relating to the environmentally influenced carcinogens, lots of a majority of these most cancers instances are truly preventable. For instance, avoidance of smoking (most necessary), plus correct weight-reduction plan, weight problems management, constant train, average alcohol consumption, safety from radiation and ultra-violet mild exposures, minimization of publicity to occupational carcinogens, and prevention of publicity to oncogenic microbes, all can play necessary roles in decreasing probabilities of most cancers in people.

Relating to microbial causes of most cancers, there are numerous micro organism, viruses, and others recognized to have influential roles.

Sure species micro organism are considered related to most cancers. One well-studied instance is the Gram-negative and twisted helical-shaped Helicobacter pylori bacterium, which not solely causes abdomen ulcers however is understood to be related to enhanced propensity for gastric carcinoma, recognized additionally as abdomen most cancers. Moreover, a pathogenic model of Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium and new pressure referred to as NC101, is linked to colorectal most cancers, recognized additionally as colon most cancers. One other Gram-negative bacterium that’s apparently related to colon most cancers known as Bacteroides fragilis, through the use of a toxin referred to as BFT (for Bacteroides fragilis toxin) to take action. A Gram-positive bacterium referred to as Enterococcus faecalis, has been strongly implicated in adenocarcinoma, a most cancers of glandular tissue just like the pancreas or the colon.

With respect to the viruses there are two most important courses of viruses, in common, which might be recognized to be carcinogenic. The primary of those tumorigenic courses are the DNA viruses. There are a number of households of those DNA oncogenic viruses. One such DNA virus household is known as the Hepadnaviridae. A person oncogenic member of this viral household consists of the infamous Hepatitis B virus, a recognized causer of liver most cancers, referred to as hepatocellular carcinoma.

A second DNA household of viruses known as Herpesviridae. Oncogenic members of this household embrace the Epstein-Barr virus, which may trigger Burkitt’s lymphoma, a most cancers of a sure sort of white blood cell referred to as the B-lymphocytes. One other DNA virus member of the Herpesviridae household known as human herpesvirus (HHV), and one prime instance is the HHV-Eight pressure, which is understood to trigger Kaposi’s sarcoma, a type of most cancers of the pores and skin and lymph nodes. A 3rd DNA virus group known as the Papillomaviridae household. Whereas there are a whole lot of members on this household, a sure few are critical causers of the overwhelming majority of the human cervical and uterine cancers, corresponding to human papilloma virus strains 16 (HPV-16) and 18 (HPV-18).

The second class of tumor-causing viruses are the RNA viruses. Beneath this umbrella which are related to most cancers, there are a number of RNA viral households. The primary RNA virus household is known as the Flaviviridae household. An essential oncogenic member inside this household consists of the Hepatitis C virus, one other causative microbial agent of liver most cancers, once more, referred to as the hepatocellular carcinoma. A second RNA household of oncogenic viruses known as Retroviridae. Two necessary members of this viral household are the human T-cell leukemia virus sort I (HTLV-1), which causes grownup T-cell leukemia and lymphoma, and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which is related not directly by suppressing the immune system and permitting human herpes pressure quantity Eight to trigger Kaposi’s sarcoma. A 3rd member of the Retroviridae household is the Rous sarcoma virus, recognized to trigger hen sarcoma.

four) What’s a Rous sarcoma virus? (See under) 

The Rous sarcoma itself refers back to the chicken-based breast most cancers that Dr. Rous initially studied. These tumors are characterised by uncontrollable progress of the hen breast cells.

The microbe that causes the sarcoma, the Rous sarcoma virus, is an RNA-based retrovirus. The virus has an inner single-stranded, (+)-sense RNA molecule for its genome, with a surrounding capsid protein for cover, and which is, in flip, coated by a lipid-based envelope. The Rous sarcoma virus transforms regular cells into tumorigenic tissue. The oncogenic mechanism for this transformation takes place as quickly because the virus infects the traditional goal cell.

As soon as the RNA is in place, contained in the cell, a viral enzyme referred to as reverse transcriptase makes use of it as a template to make a double-stranded model of viral DNA molecule! The Rous sarcoma virus inserts its DNA model of the genome into the nucleus of the traditional host cell!

Then, extremely, the viral DNA model insidiously inserts itself into the genome of the hen breast cell!  The viral DNA insertion brings together with it a model new gene that’s not recognized to the hen. The inserted gene known as v-Src (pronounced “vee-sark”), and its higher referred to as one in every of a number of oncogenes.  These oncogenes are cancer-causing genes. The Src protein was found to be a tyrosine kinase, an enzyme that phosphorylates tyrosine amino acids and serves to rework cells. Thus, modulation of the Src system leads to enhanced and uncontrollable progress properties in cells, producing tumors. This breakthrough led to the invention of quite a few different oncogenes.

5) Apparently, it took the scientific group about 40 years- to really acknowledge and acknowledge his work. What have been the problems right here? (Some say this was the longest “incubation interval” for a Nobel Prize.) 

Dr. Rous’ works have been revealed in 1910 and 1911. He confirmed that most cancers was transmissible and that a filterable cell-free extract produced hen sarcomas. Dr. Rous himself was considerably leery at first of the very concept that a virus might trigger most cancers, as is clear by the incontrovertible fact that in his two papers, he didn’t point out the time period “virus.” As an alternative, he was cautious to check with the most cancers inflicting virus as a “filterable agent” or a “cell-free filtrate.” On the time, such wording might tacitly be taken as “code” for virus. Such terminology had been used to justify the invention of bacteriophages, i.e., viruses that contaminated micro organism.

The cautious wording by Dr. Rous, nevertheless, didn’t idiot most of the investigators on the time, and it didn’t discourage his critics, both. Such naysayers invoked the doctrine of Virchow, who had clearly said that most cancers had its trigger from the insides of most cancers cells, not from the surface! Subsequently, they mistakenly thought that microbes (they have been outdoors the cell!) couldn’t trigger most cancers.

Thus, disbelief was widespread, and Rous was taken to activity. First, his critics charged that Rous’ “sarcomas” weren’t truly cancers.  That’s, they believed that Dr. Rous’ tumors weren’t tumors! The unbelievers pointed to his strategies. Maybe, they stated, Dr. Rous has made horrible errors in his methods! The instructed that perhaps his filtrates had no viruses however another but undiscovered sarcoma-causing carcinogen? They even steered that maybe Dr. Rous’ hen sarcoma viruses have been laboratory mutants!

No matter the case, his detractors have been completely positive that the most cancers trigger was not viral. Scientific disbelief in the concept most cancers might be induced by a virus was robust, publically-professed in scientific conferences, and, as you identified, long-lasting, with such stern skepticism languishing properly into the late 1950s!

6) Warts and rabbits- how do they determine into the image? 

As a result of Dr. Rous had so overtly implicated that viruses may need a causative impact on most cancers, he was met with widespread skepticism, which was sufficient to successfully discourage him from pursing the matter for many years. The warts and rabbits that you simply referred to have been the different elements that inspired Dr. Rous to re-examine the matter.

A number of of Dr. Rous’ contemporaries, led by Dr. Richard Shope, had found the tumor-causing papilloma viruses which he had noticed to trigger rabbit warts! That they had ready tissue extracts from the warts of sure cottontail rabbits, filtered the extracts, after which utilized the fabric to check rabbits. They recorded the statement of newly shaped warts on the check rabbits! 

Inspired by these promising research, in 1935, Dr. Rous, working with Joseph Beard, then proceeded to show a possible for inflicting tumors on rabbit pores and skin after persistent an infection with the so-called cottontail rabbit papillomavirus. This specific virus was DNA-based, versus the RNA-based Rous sarcoma virus. The DNA work, nevertheless, finally led to the invention, within the 1960s, of the human papillomaviruses as a explanation for human most cancers. Thus, the concept that viruses might trigger most cancers was lastly gaining widespread acceptance.

7) What have I uncared for to ask?

In 1915, when Dr. Rous was 36 years previous, he married Marion Eckford de Kay, and the couple had three youngsters collectively, all women. Household life in the Rous family has been described as a cheerful one, with loads of yearly holidays, every typically lasting two months. Gardening and fishing have been hobbies that occupied Dr. Rous and household. Holidays have been, nevertheless, additionally working ones, through which Dr. Rous was recognized to take alongside manuscripts for assessment as he was a faithful editor of the distinguished Journal of Experimental Drugs.

One biographer has famous that Dr. Rous regularly skilled critical bouts of insomnia. Thus, a standard follow he adopted was to maintain a notepad useful on his bedside desk together with a specialised pencil that had a light-fixture hooked up to it, so as jot down any analysis concepts he may assume up through the center of his numerous sleepless nights.

He formally retired in 1945, however continued to work at Rockefeller College, spending near 60 years complete there. It’s recorded that nicely into his twilight years he frequently walked to and from the laboratory, a full 15 blocks from residence, every day!  On the 16th day of February, within the yr 1970, Dr. Peyton Rous handed away, on the age of 90, of stomach most cancers. 

For extra research and evaluate:

The best way to remedy Rous Sarcoma – YouTube

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Tips on how to remedy Rous Sarcoma Francis Peyton Rous: “In 1911, as a pathologist he made his seminal statement, that a malignant tumor (particularly, a sarcoma) gr…

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An Interview with Professor Manuel Varela: Francis Peyton Rous and the Relationship between Viruses and Cancer

Francis Peyton Rous

Michael F. Shaughnessy –

1) The identify Francis Peyton Rous appears to be synonymous with viruses and most cancers. The place was he born and the place did he research initially?

Dr. Peyton Rous was an American pathologist, virologist, and biomedical scientist who was the primary investigator to point out, in 1911, that most cancers was brought on by a virus. For this work he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1966 in drugs or physiology. His discovery significantly contributed to the developments of sure biomedical fields resembling cell biology, molecular biology, pathology, virology, and tumor biology.

Dr. Rous was born on the fifth day of October, within the yr 1879, in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S., to oldsters Charles Rous and Frances Anderson Wooden. In 1890, when Rous was 11 years previous, Charles handed away all of a sudden, leaving Frances widowed with three youngsters, Francis Peyton being the oldest of the three. The widow, now of meager means, selected to stay in Baltimore, Maryland, for the profit of the schooling for her younger youngsters. She, thus, positioned them within the Baltimore public faculty system.

As a toddler, he was an aspiring naturalist with an curiosity in botany. One story pertaining to those pursuits was that younger Rous had participated in a flower classifying contest, with a brand new microscope as first prize, however had run afoul of the prize committee together with his non-classical nomenclature for a fern, dropping the competition.

He graduated highschool in Baltimore, incomes scholarships to partially pay for his tuition. To assist pay for his larger schooling as an undergraduate scholar at Johns Hopkins, in Baltimore, Maryland, he took a job as a author for an area newspaper, the Baltimore Solar, by which he wrote about flowers, on a month-to-month foundation. He took his B.A. undergraduate diploma, in 1900, from the College at Johns Hopkins, concentrating within the pure sciences.

Subsequent, he enrolled in medical faculty at Johns Hopkins. Sadly, throughout his second yr of medical faculty he had acquired a critical an infection whereas conducting an post-mortem, and the an infection developed right into a tubercular inflammatory situation involving an axillary gland. The contaminated tissue was eliminated surgically, however convalescence required a considerably extended period for a full restoration. Rous returned to medical faculty afterwards and took programs with outstanding medical school, such because the well-known Dr. William Osler, who was well-known for having refined medical faculty curricula. Rous took his medical doctorate diploma, an M.D., in 1905.

As an intern at Johns Hopkins, Dr. Rous made the belief that training drugs as a doctor was not for him, and he subsequently switched to a analysis mode, specializing in pathology as his self-discipline of selection. Thus, he pursued superior research, in 1907, as a post-graduate assistant within the laboratory of Prof. Alfred S. Warthin, who was located in Ann Arbor, Michigan.  He then studied pathology for a yr within the laboratory of Prof. Schmorl, in Dresden, Germany. Throughout this interim Dr. Rous had acquired a case of tuberculosis, taking extra time for restoration within the Adirondacks, as presumably prescribed by his docs. In 1909, towards the recommendation of a number of of his colleagues, nevertheless, Dr. Rous moved to the analysis laboratory of Prof. Simon Flexner on the Rockefeller Institute, in New York, the place he targeted on learning most cancers biology. Dr. Rous continued to work on the Rockefeller Institute for the rest of his life. 

2) There appears to be a relationship between sure types of most cancers and sure viruses. How did he initially study this?

In 1911, Dr. Rous was the very first scientific investigator to point out that a virus may cause most cancers. His work on this entrance quickly started after his arrival to the Rockefeller Institute. A regional farmer got here the Institute with a Plymouth Rock hen that had had a relatively giant, irregularly-shaped globular-like mass on its breast. Dr. Rous biopsied the breast mass by excising it from the hen after which examined the specimen beneath the microscope. Based mostly on its visible properties within the scope, Dr. Rous confirmed the analysis that the hen’s breast mass was a so-called spindle cell sarcoma, a breast most cancers of the hen.

Subsequent, Dr. Rous took the hen breast sarcoma tissue and minced the cancerous cells aside from one another, making a tumor “soup.” He then injected the minced sarcoma cell soup into a number of wholesome chickens with none signal of tumors. Quickly, a spindle cell sarcoma, a most cancers, emerged in numerous places all through one the injected chickens. The new tumors grew quickly and shortly killed the hen.

He was capable of switch strong sarcoma tissue from hen to hen, every new hen rising breast most cancers with each passage of tumor materials. It was briefly observed that the tumors grew extra aggressively with every succeeding passage, from hen to hen. The outcomes had been the primary recorded occasion of a so-called transmission of strong hen tumors between chickens, and Dr. Rous revealed the work, in 1910.

Subsequent, Dr. Rous hypothesized that the transmissibility of the sarcomas between hen might be completed with out the necessity for intact most cancers cells. Thus, Dr. Rous excised sarcoma tissue from chickens with the breast most cancers, simply as he had earlier than, besides that this time he broke open the sarcoma cells, thus, getting access to the interior mobile contents, the cytoplasm, of the sarcoma cells.  Subsequent, he utilized the cytoplasmic contents of the sarcoma, now referred to as cell-free materials, and handed it by means of a specialised filter for catching micro organism, referred to as the Berkefeld ultrafilter. The filter’s tiny pores allow brokers which might be smaller than most of the micro organism to undergo the filter, brokers like maybe viruses.

The cytoplasmic sarcoma-based materials that went via the tiny pores of the filter was now known as a “cell-free filtrate.”  It was composed of inner mobile materials, from the insides of the tumor cells. No intact tumor cells have been current—it was cell free! Subsequent, Dr. Rous injected the so-called cell-free filtrate from the hen sarcoma into new wholesome chickens. The injected chickens grew tumors, with out tumor cells! 

Dr. Rous revealed the surprising new work, in 1911.

Apparently, an analogous sort of cell-free filtrate outcome had been beforehand noticed with fowl leukemia, in 1908, by Drs. Ellerman and Bang, however at the time it was not realized by anybody that leukemia was additionally a illness of most cancers. Nevertheless, the concept a virus may trigger most cancers was not new. The notion for a viral-causation of most cancers had first been proposed by Dr. Amedee Borrel, in 1903.

Dr. Rous’ papers, nevertheless, have been the primary to offer proof in favor of the speculation that a strong tumor might be brought on by a virus. We now know that many microbes may cause most cancers.

three) It appears crucial that science take a look at causality- and whether or not most cancers is brought on by some micro organism within the air or some virus- why is that this necessary?

Amongst the well-known causes of most cancers, akin to inheritability and publicity to mutagens, one other causative agent for most cancers considerations a gaggle of assorted microbes.

With respect to the genetic versus the mutagenic causations, the implicated human genes might overlap.  For instance, the tumor-suppressing genes, akin to p53, BRCA1, and so on., could be affected during which mutagenic variations account for enhanced tumorigenesis and which can, in flip, result in carcinogenesis, if a “second mutational hit” happens. Relating to the environmentally influenced carcinogens, lots of a majority of these most cancers instances are truly preventable. For instance, avoidance of smoking (most necessary), plus correct weight-reduction plan, weight problems management, constant train, average alcohol consumption, safety from radiation and ultra-violet mild exposures, minimization of publicity to occupational carcinogens, and prevention of publicity to oncogenic microbes, all can play necessary roles in decreasing probabilities of most cancers in people.

Relating to microbial causes of most cancers, there are numerous micro organism, viruses, and others recognized to have influential roles.

Sure species micro organism are considered related to most cancers. One well-studied instance is the Gram-negative and twisted helical-shaped Helicobacter pylori bacterium, which not solely causes abdomen ulcers however is understood to be related to enhanced propensity for gastric carcinoma, recognized additionally as abdomen most cancers. Moreover, a pathogenic model of Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium and new pressure referred to as NC101, is linked to colorectal most cancers, recognized additionally as colon most cancers. One other Gram-negative bacterium that’s apparently related to colon most cancers known as Bacteroides fragilis, through the use of a toxin referred to as BFT (for Bacteroides fragilis toxin) to take action. A Gram-positive bacterium referred to as Enterococcus faecalis, has been strongly implicated in adenocarcinoma, a most cancers of glandular tissue just like the pancreas or the colon.

With respect to the viruses there are two most important courses of viruses, in common, which might be recognized to be carcinogenic. The primary of those tumorigenic courses are the DNA viruses. There are a number of households of those DNA oncogenic viruses. One such DNA virus household is known as the Hepadnaviridae. A person oncogenic member of this viral household consists of the infamous Hepatitis B virus, a recognized causer of liver most cancers, referred to as hepatocellular carcinoma.

A second DNA household of viruses known as Herpesviridae. Oncogenic members of this household embrace the Epstein-Barr virus, which may trigger Burkitt’s lymphoma, a most cancers of a sure sort of white blood cell referred to as the B-lymphocytes. One other DNA virus member of the Herpesviridae household known as human herpesvirus (HHV), and one prime instance is the HHV-Eight pressure, which is understood to trigger Kaposi’s sarcoma, a type of most cancers of the pores and skin and lymph nodes. A 3rd DNA virus group known as the Papillomaviridae household. Whereas there are a whole lot of members on this household, a sure few are critical causers of the overwhelming majority of the human cervical and uterine cancers, corresponding to human papilloma virus strains 16 (HPV-16) and 18 (HPV-18).

The second class of tumor-causing viruses are the RNA viruses. Beneath this umbrella which are related to most cancers, there are a number of RNA viral households. The primary RNA virus household is known as the Flaviviridae household. An essential oncogenic member inside this household consists of the Hepatitis C virus, one other causative microbial agent of liver most cancers, once more, referred to as the hepatocellular carcinoma. A second RNA household of oncogenic viruses known as Retroviridae. Two necessary members of this viral household are the human T-cell leukemia virus sort I (HTLV-1), which causes grownup T-cell leukemia and lymphoma, and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which is related not directly by suppressing the immune system and permitting human herpes pressure quantity Eight to trigger Kaposi’s sarcoma. A 3rd member of the Retroviridae household is the Rous sarcoma virus, recognized to trigger hen sarcoma.

four) What’s a Rous sarcoma virus? (See under) 

The Rous sarcoma itself refers back to the chicken-based breast most cancers that Dr. Rous initially studied. These tumors are characterised by uncontrollable progress of the hen breast cells.

The microbe that causes the sarcoma, the Rous sarcoma virus, is an RNA-based retrovirus. The virus has an inner single-stranded, (+)-sense RNA molecule for its genome, with a surrounding capsid protein for cover, and which is, in flip, coated by a lipid-based envelope. The Rous sarcoma virus transforms regular cells into tumorigenic tissue. The oncogenic mechanism for this transformation takes place as quickly because the virus infects the traditional goal cell.

As soon as the RNA is in place, contained in the cell, a viral enzyme referred to as reverse transcriptase makes use of it as a template to make a double-stranded model of viral DNA molecule! The Rous sarcoma virus inserts its DNA model of the genome into the nucleus of the traditional host cell!

Then, extremely, the viral DNA model insidiously inserts itself into the genome of the hen breast cell!  The viral DNA insertion brings together with it a model new gene that’s not recognized to the hen. The inserted gene known as v-Src (pronounced “vee-sark”), and its higher referred to as one in every of a number of oncogenes.  These oncogenes are cancer-causing genes. The Src protein was found to be a tyrosine kinase, an enzyme that phosphorylates tyrosine amino acids and serves to rework cells. Thus, modulation of the Src system leads to enhanced and uncontrollable progress properties in cells, producing tumors. This breakthrough led to the invention of quite a few different oncogenes.

5) Apparently, it took the scientific group about 40 years- to really acknowledge and acknowledge his work. What have been the problems right here? (Some say this was the longest “incubation interval” for a Nobel Prize.) 

Dr. Rous’ works have been revealed in 1910 and 1911. He confirmed that most cancers was transmissible and that a filterable cell-free extract produced hen sarcomas. Dr. Rous himself was considerably leery at first of the very concept that a virus might trigger most cancers, as is clear by the incontrovertible fact that in his two papers, he didn’t point out the time period “virus.” As an alternative, he was cautious to check with the most cancers inflicting virus as a “filterable agent” or a “cell-free filtrate.” On the time, such wording might tacitly be taken as “code” for virus. Such terminology had been used to justify the invention of bacteriophages, i.e., viruses that contaminated micro organism.

The cautious wording by Dr. Rous, nevertheless, didn’t idiot most of the investigators on the time, and it didn’t discourage his critics, both. Such naysayers invoked the doctrine of Virchow, who had clearly said that most cancers had its trigger from the insides of most cancers cells, not from the surface! Subsequently, they mistakenly thought that microbes (they have been outdoors the cell!) couldn’t trigger most cancers.

Thus, disbelief was widespread, and Rous was taken to activity. First, his critics charged that Rous’ “sarcomas” weren’t truly cancers.  That’s, they believed that Dr. Rous’ tumors weren’t tumors! The unbelievers pointed to his strategies. Maybe, they stated, Dr. Rous has made horrible errors in his methods! The instructed that perhaps his filtrates had no viruses however another but undiscovered sarcoma-causing carcinogen? They even steered that maybe Dr. Rous’ hen sarcoma viruses have been laboratory mutants!

No matter the case, his detractors have been completely positive that the most cancers trigger was not viral. Scientific disbelief in the concept most cancers might be induced by a virus was robust, publically-professed in scientific conferences, and, as you identified, long-lasting, with such stern skepticism languishing properly into the late 1950s!

6) Warts and rabbits- how do they determine into the image? 

As a result of Dr. Rous had so overtly implicated that viruses may need a causative impact on most cancers, he was met with widespread skepticism, which was sufficient to successfully discourage him from pursing the matter for many years. The warts and rabbits that you simply referred to have been the different elements that inspired Dr. Rous to re-examine the matter.

A number of of Dr. Rous’ contemporaries, led by Dr. Richard Shope, had found the tumor-causing papilloma viruses which he had noticed to trigger rabbit warts! That they had ready tissue extracts from the warts of sure cottontail rabbits, filtered the extracts, after which utilized the fabric to check rabbits. They recorded the statement of newly shaped warts on the check rabbits! 

Inspired by these promising research, in 1935, Dr. Rous, working with Joseph Beard, then proceeded to show a possible for inflicting tumors on rabbit pores and skin after persistent an infection with the so-called cottontail rabbit papillomavirus. This specific virus was DNA-based, versus the RNA-based Rous sarcoma virus. The DNA work, nevertheless, finally led to the invention, within the 1960s, of the human papillomaviruses as a explanation for human most cancers. Thus, the concept that viruses might trigger most cancers was lastly gaining widespread acceptance.

7) What have I uncared for to ask?

In 1915, when Dr. Rous was 36 years previous, he married Marion Eckford de Kay, and the couple had three youngsters collectively, all women. Household life in the Rous family has been described as a cheerful one, with loads of yearly holidays, every typically lasting two months. Gardening and fishing have been hobbies that occupied Dr. Rous and household. Holidays have been, nevertheless, additionally working ones, through which Dr. Rous was recognized to take alongside manuscripts for assessment as he was a faithful editor of the distinguished Journal of Experimental Drugs.

One biographer has famous that Dr. Rous regularly skilled critical bouts of insomnia. Thus, a standard follow he adopted was to maintain a notepad useful on his bedside desk together with a specialised pencil that had a light-fixture hooked up to it, so as jot down any analysis concepts he may assume up through the center of his numerous sleepless nights.

He formally retired in 1945, however continued to work at Rockefeller College, spending near 60 years complete there. It’s recorded that nicely into his twilight years he frequently walked to and from the laboratory, a full 15 blocks from residence, every day!  On the 16th day of February, within the yr 1970, Dr. Peyton Rous handed away, on the age of 90, of stomach most cancers. 

For extra research and evaluate:

The best way to remedy Rous Sarcoma – YouTube

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Tips on how to remedy Rous Sarcoma Francis Peyton Rous: “In 1911, as a pathologist he made his seminal statement, that a malignant tumor (particularly, a sarcoma) gr…

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