#William J Clinton Presidential Library
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The William J. Clinton Presidential Library
TRAVEL THERE – ANOTHER PRIMARILY PRESIDENTIAL DESTINATION
If you follow my tags, you’ll find 19 posts about Primarily Presidential Destinations. I’ve got at least that many more on my wish list. The William J. Clinton Presidential Library was not on that list, but that’s only because I hadn’t really thought about it. I’d never been much of a fan and Little Rock was not someplace I was dying to…
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#Attraction Review#George W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum#HIllary Rodham Clinton#Jane Sadek#Lifestyle Blog#President Bush#President Clinton#Primarily Presidential Destinations#Road Trip Blog#Ronald Reagan. Ronald Reagan Presidential Library#Travel Blog#Travel There#William J Clinton Presidential Library
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al things considered — when i post my masterpiece #1238
first posted in facebook november 4, 2023
michael a. cummings -- "shirley chisholm" (2020)
"i have been quilting over 30 years. i love creating stories or narrative quilts. working with fabrics to construct my art quilts is an exciting adventure. fabrics allow me to surround myself with colors, prints and textures that constantly are energizing my creative process" … michael cummings
"if they don’t give you a seat at the table, bring in a folding chair" … shirley chisholm
"i've made nearly all my quilts on a 30 year old basic sewing machine. i call it my 'dance partner' because it knows all my quilting moves! sadly, the dance partner passed away about two or three years ago as i couldn’t get parts for it any more" … michael cummings
"tremendous amounts of talent are lost to our society because that talent wears a skirt" … shirley chisholm
"a friend of mine, the famous new york quilt maker victoria findlay wolfe, heard about my dilemma and offered me one of her sewing machines. so, two years ago, i started learning to operate what i call a modern sewing machine that threads itself. i was so amazed by that that i felt I’d been working in the dark ages, trying to make the light brighter and adjusting my glasses, always struggling to thread the needle. but with this machine, you push some buttons and it just zips it in there. i said to myself: 'oh my goodness, where have I been all these years?!' the first large quilt i made with the new sewing machine was dedicated to shirley chisholm, the first black woman to run for US president. that quilt is going to an exhibition at the william j. clinton presidential library and museum, arkansas. hilary clinton commissioned 18 quilters to create quilts for the year of the woman. each quilt represents a woman that has made a unique contribution to the empowerment of women" … michael cummings
"i want history to remember me … not as the first black woman to have made a bid for the presidency of the united states, but as a black woman who lived in the 20th century and who dared to be herself. i want to be remembered as a catalyst for change in america" … shirley chisholm
"who the hell is shirley?
ohhhh … so that's who it is" … al janik
#michael a. cummings#shirley chisholm#quilting#sewing machine#victoria findlay wolfe#first black woman#president#hilary clinton#al things considered
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Exhibit recalls bygone era
LITTLE, ROCK, Ark. — Well, I will now be able to check off No. 5 on my list of presidential libraries I have seen … and this one is quite special.
The William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park is a gem. It shines brightly near the Arkansas River just adjacent to downtown Little Rock.
It reminds me foremost of an era when political leaders of different parties could squabble, take the…
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National Security and Climate Change: Behind the U.S. Pursuit of Military Exemptions to the Kyoto Protocol [Part 2]
Continued from part 1
An issue "the Pentagon cared most about": Behind the U.S. push for national security exemptions in Kyoto
By Burkely Hermann
In earlier postings, the National Security Archive made available declassified documents which provided insight into the Clinton administration’s climate change policy, including the negotiations in Kyoto and the subsequent protocol. Those documents also highlighted challenges this policy faced abroad from other countries and at home from legislators and business leaders.
This post is reprinted from the National Security Archive website and my History Hermann WordPress blog. Archived here and here.
President Clinton, sitting at a desk on the edge of the Grand Canyon in September 1996, signs a proclamation establishing the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, while Vice President Al Gore stands beside him. Clinton's advisors, including Todd Stern, kept him informed of the push for military exemptions in Kyoto and there are no records that he had any objections to these efforts. (Photo credit: William J. Clinton Presidential Library & Museum)
The documents in this post expand that story by focusing on the advocacy by U.S. negotiators in Kyoto for national security exemptions during and after the climate change conference. Journalists and commentators have argued lobbying by the United States meant that the Kyoto Protocol gave militaries a large exemption from emissions targets and standards.[1] However, the documents tell a different story, of exemptions which were not as wide as the Pentagon or critics of the agreement would have liked. These provisions exempted emissions from international operations authorized by the United Nations or those described as in accordance with the UN Charter, and bunker fuels from being added to national emissions totals.
© 2022-2023 Burkely Hermann. All rights reserved.
#national security archive#pentagon#military#climate change#pollution#1990s#defense department#un charter#bunker fuels#united nations#kyoto protocol
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Following the death of Barbara Bush, I keep coming back to this remarkable photograph. May 11, 1994, six First Ladies gathered at the U.S. Botanic Garden in Washington, D.C for the opening of the First Ladies’ garden. Lady Bird Johnson (wife of 36th president Lyndon B. Johnson), Betty Ford (wife of 38th president Gerald Ford), Rosalynn Carter (wife of 39th president Jimmy Carter), Nancy Reagan (wife of 40th president Ronald Reagan), Barbara Bush (wife of 41st president George H.W. Bush) and Hilary Clinton (wife of 42nd president Bill Clinton)
Photo by Barbara Kinney/The William J. Clinton Presidential Library
#barbara bush#nancy reagan#lady bird johnson#betty ford#hilary clinton#rosalynn carter#first lady#us botanical garden#first ladies garden#washington dc#barbara kinney#william j clinton presidential library
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“The Nighthawks” visit the Clinton Library
Marine One landing at the Wall Street Landing Zone in New York City on May 8, 2000. (Clinton Library Identifier P82039-16)
Well sort of visit. . . . “The Nighthawks,” better known as Marine Helicopter Squadron HMX-1 (Marine One), virtually visited the Clinton Library via requests by former Marines who served during President Clinton’s administration.
The Marine Security crew are the Marines who stand at attention every time the President, First Family, and staff embark and disembark the President’s helicopter.
The Clinton Library, as well as other Presidential Libraries, hold many images in its audiovisual (AV) collections of the President and his administration departing, flying, and arriving on Marine One. In May 2017, the Clinton Library AV staff received a photograph request from a former Marine One Security crew member. We had no idea the domino effect this request would have.
October is American Archives Month! We’re celebrating the work of archivists and the importance of archives with a series of blog posts highlighting our “Archives Across America.” Today’s post comes from John Keller at the Clinton Library in Little Rock, Arkansas.
https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2017/10/23/the-nighthawks-visit-the-clinton-library/#more-27237
#American Archives Month#Clinton Presidential Library#Marine One#Marines#Nighthawks#William J. Clinton Presidential Library and Museum
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Little Rock... Redux. #LittleRock (at William J. Clinton Presidential Library) https://www.instagram.com/p/CbRNIBSAz2D-rr7klpbNgXD-dNRxHjgzHpM_pM0/?utm_medium=tumblr
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Black Women in Visual Media
Like the previous blog, this blog will highlight multiple Black Women in Visual Media. Not to be considered just painters or collage makers or sculptors, these women are held highly as innovators and visionaries in the art community. In no particular order, this blog will bring a quick glimpse into just a few of these Black Women creators in modern world visual media.
Delita Martin, born in 1972 in Conroe, Texas, received her BFA in drawing at Texas Southern University in Huston, Texas in 2002. In 2009, she then later earned her MFA in printmaking at Purdue University. Knowing that she wanted to pursue art since the age of five, she became a multidisciplinary artist and has worked across various mediums such as printmaking, painting, and stitching, the latter incorporating indigenous and modern art-making. Martin actively uses storytelling to provide a platform for marginalized Black women and frequently uses various forms of symbolism to represent women in her artwork. Much of her work contains West African masks, similar to Loïs Mailou Jones from a previous blog, which highlight the connection between the mortal and spiritual world. Martin's influences include Elizabeth Catlett after she was exposed to her work as an undergraduate student.
In 2008, Martin founded her own studio called Black Box Press while also working as a lecturer at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock from 2008 to 2012. She is also a founding member of Black Women of Print, founded in 2018 which acts as a printmaking collective for Black Women, as well as a ROUX artist collective member.
Her work has appeared in the Havana Biennial and in Art Basel Miami and she has permanent collections held by many museums including the following; National Museum of Women in the Arts, Salamander Resort, Minneapolis Institute of Art, Bradbury Art Museum, C.N. Gorman Museum, Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, David C. Driskill Center, Petrucci Family Foundation Collection of African American-Art, Studio Museum in Harlem, Thrivent Financial, William J. Clinton Presidential Library and Museum, the US Embassy (Mauritania) and more.
Ruby Onyinyechi Amanze, born in 1982 in Nigeria, is a Nigerian-British Brooklyn based artist. Having been raised in the United Kingdom until the age of 13, she moved to America in 2004. She received a B.F.A. summa cum laude from the Tyler School of Art at Philadelphia's Temple University and received her M.F.A from Cranbrook Academy of Art, in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, majoring in photography and textiles even though her favorite and most used medium is drawing. She currently resides in Brooklyn, New York where she continues to work with graphite, ink, and pigment drawings, often combining them with photo transfers, with many of her mixed-media drawings centering on the concept of cultural hybridity and displacement. She draws much of her inspiration from Nigerian artists and the Nigerian history of drawing.
Amanze was an Artist-in-Residence at the Cooper Union School of Art in New York, NY in 2011, in 2012 she earned a Fulbright Fellowship, and later received the Fulbright Scholars Award for Teaching/Research at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka the following year. She then became an Artist-in-Residence at the Lower Manhattan Cultural Council in 2014 and at the Fountainhead Residency in Miami, Florida in 2015. Amanze also participated in Opens Sessions at the Drawing Center, New York from 2015 to 2016 and was an Artist-in-Residence yet again at the Queens Museum in Queens, New York, from 2016 to 2017.
April Bey grew up in New Providence, The Bahamas, and earned her BFA from Ball State University in 2009 and her MFA in painting at California State University in 2014. Bey’s work has been exhibited at Band of Vices Gallery, Coagula Curatorial, Liquid Courage Gallery, and Barnsdall Art Park’s Municipal Art Gallery and she currently teaches in the department of Studio Arts at Glendale Community College.
Bey is best known for her mixed media work which mostly includes collage work that intertwines various materials such as caulking, resin, wood, and fabric. She uses her work to create commentary on contemporary Black Female rhetoric and attempts to capture strength, power, passion, and sensuality. Her work also explores the resilience of women as well as the hypocrisy of societal expectations towards women. Bey commonly uses photographs of Black Female figures such as Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Solange, Issa Rae, and Michaela Coel and adds text which speaks of the narratives Black Women are creating regarding their identity in modern times.
Dana King was born on March 7th, 1960, in Cleveland, Ohio, and served as a news anchor for San Francisco CBS Affiliate KPIX and a co-anchor on ABC's Good Morning America Sunday in the early ’90s before moving to CBS's CBS Morning News during the mid-’90s as well as other CBS News programs. King was well recognized for her career in journalism, even receiving a local Emmy for her reporting in Honduras in 1998 and 2000 and an RTNDA Edward R. Murrow Award in March 2005. Eventually, King ended up leaving her anchoring job in 2012 to pursue an art career and follow her passion for sculpting.
King's mediums include charcoal drawing and oil painting but she is best known for her sculptures as well as many community projects that revolve around portraying political messages, stemming from her career as a journalist. One of her best-known sculptures is an outdoor sculpture dedicated to the memory of the women who led and sustained the Montgomery bus boycott which is currently on display at the National Memorial for Peace and Justice in Montgomery, Alabama, as of 2018. Not just an artist and ex-news anchor, King is also an entrepreneur, owning a thriving artists’ enclave located in Oakland, California. She also donated space from the building she owns at East 12th Street and 13th Avenue in Oakland, California to the Oakland community to paint a mural with the theme of “Oakland for all of us.” King donated the wall in hopes of bringing the community together and bringing awareness to political change.
There are so many other artists and influential Black Female visual creators out there making a mark on the world through innovative means and consisting of important messages. It’s a common theme among these artists that portraying the beauty of Black Women and women, in general, can be done elegantly and gracefully. There are powerful messages held in all of their work and their craft acts as an inspiration to women across the globe.
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William J. Clinton Presidential Library in Little Rock Arkansas
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Episode 12: The Lady History Library
Sources:
Zora Neale Hurston
National Women’s History Museum
Zora Neale Hurston Digital Archive, Chronology
Zora Neale Hurston: A Biography of the Spirit
Further Reading & Listening: The Dead Ladies Show (podcast), Wrapped in Rainbows: the Life of Zora Neale Hurston (audio book), The death and rebirth of Zora Neale Hurston (article/podcast),
Maya Angelou
Maya Angelou’s Website
Time
Biography
National Women’s History Museum
The Harlem Writers Guild
Poetry Foundation
Mary Shelley
Literary Hub
History Channel
Encyclopedia
Biography
Poetry Foundation
British Library: Mary Shelley
British Library: Mary Shelley, Frankenstein and the Villa Diodati
University of Central Missouri
Somerset Live
Attributions: image of Maya Angelou, Book Page, Maya Angelou at Hillside Courtesy; William J. Clinton Presidential Library
Click below for a transcript of this episode!
Archival Audio: Our story is about a library. Although this library is a new one, it is not much different from most. And the people you will see might be your own neighbors.
Alana: You guys we did it. (Laughing)
Lexi: Yes!
Haley: Guys, I was in the car going to my in-laws or like what my mom calls my in-laws because I don't know what to do– like what do you call your boyfriend's parents when you live with your boyfriend?
Lexi: Your boyfriend's parents.
Alana: Hey Riddle Riddle has a word for this. SOPAS. Significant other’s parents.
Lexi: Oh yeah!
Haley: I like that.
Lexi: That's good.
Alana: Your SOPAS.
Haley: We’re not, like, married but then I don't know like I feel like saying oh my boyfriend’s parents. And we heard it like on the radio and all the tweets just came rushing in and we were getting gas and I did like a little dance in the car.
Lexi: Awww.
Haley: And when we were driving up I kept clapping and saying thank you out the window to all the Biden/Harris signs and then hissing at all the Trump/Pence and I think I heard me. But like, come on.
Lexi: I was walking on the beach, and people were driving by with American flags honking and every time someone honked everyone would cheer. And then this guy came by in a Biden/Harris tee that he'd cut the sleeves off of so it was very like 1980s muscle tank and he had a little horn on his bike and he was talking and he was going “woo! Woo!”
Alana: That is so Biden.
Lexi: And then there was one guy who gave him the middle finger and everyone who was like around the area of the beach, like it's Covid so people like weren't like close together but people were like around each other and everyone just looked at that guy like. You’re the asshole.
Alana: There was like just tons of honking and it was a lot of fun. And then I was trying to take my Shabbat nap and there was still honking.
Haley: What I want to know like immediately, and I say that sarcastically because we have a lot of other fish to fry, is where his like presidential library is going to be. Because that's like law. In the fifties Congress passed a law that every US president has to have their library. My guess is that Trump’s is going to be in like Florida. Like right next to–
Lexi: You don’t think New York City?
Haley: No. I’m being fully serious when I say it's Florida because I don't think New York.
Lexi: Mar a Largo Presidential Library?
Alana: Yeah probably.
[INTRO MUSIC]
Alana: Hello and welcome to Lady History; the good, the bad, and the ugly ladies you missed in history class. Today I'm joined in the Lady History library by Lexi. Lexi, what's the best grade you've gotten on a paper about a book you didn't read?
Lexi: Well I have to tell you something, Alana. I have never not read a book for school. I am a kiss ass. I'm a loser. I never had–
Alana: Haley is doing the big L
Lexi: L. on her forehead. I know. I was called all sorts of names. Brownnoser, ass-kisser… My number one teacher relationship was with the AP literature teacher. I read every word of Light in August. I read every word of One Hundred Years of Solitude. So, sorry to disappoint you but–
Alana: You’re blowing my mind right now.
Lexi: I read all of Crime and Punishment word for word.
Alana: Our other librarian is Haley. Haley, what do you think is the most overrated book in the straight white male literary canon?
Haley: Anything from Shakespeare.
Alana: I love you so much Haley. I also don't like Shakespeare.
Lexi: There's a theory that he might be three women pretending to be a man.
Alana: And I'm Alana and I believe everyone has two favorite books; their intellectual favorite and their actual favorite.
Lexi: One hundred percent true.
Alana: So this is my post intro banter; what is your intellectual favorite and what is your actual favorite. Intellectual favorite is like your favorite that you had to read for school, and then like your real favorite.
Haley: That's assuming I like, read books in high school. Okay, let me–
Lexi: I’m the opposite.
Haley: Like, let me– okay, I'm like on the spectrum of dyslexia. My mom may come after me, she doesn’t listen to the podcast, it's fine, she's in denial about it. But I have a really hard time doing pronunciation in my head and pronouncing words. It just, it happened. I didn't really start reading until the second grade. So going into high school, I had to do the standardized testing. I got a one on the English and then like a four on the science? Because those were like the two that worked. And they thought I was like the stupidest person in the world. Like they couldn't like. Brain fathom that I didn't think the same way for reading grammar and like reading books because they were like “did you– what happened? You got a four on science.” And I just, I did not read like it was never– and I read books on the side. My mom would like see me reading like Harry Potter, Hunger Games, all the YA books of the time and not reading school books. And it was just like out of disdain. But I think if I had to pick out of like the five I actually read was One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest because I knew I would watch the movie with Jack Nicholson and I actually like the book. And then fun book, I don't have a favorite fun book, I just have a genre. Like that cheesy romance novels.
Alana: Oh yeah.
Haley: Not the ones about sex, but just like the girl finding the guy… the single mom like figuring life out. Anything from like Jennifer Hyde, Jasmine Guillory, those books are my jam because I know that like I'm so distant from them. Just like in retrospect and I don't have those type of human emotions. I’m like “oh. That’s– that is a fantasy.” That is my fantasy type thing. Like I think I can like see a pig fly or just like Harry Potter's wand come shooting at my brain cells, but like girl falling in love because she met a guy at the bookstore? That sounds fake.
Alana: I want to point out. Haley is the only one of us who’s in a romantic relationship right now.
Lexi: I think that says something about if you have too high expectations… you’re gonna be single. (Laughing)
Haley: Remember, I thought like my longtime boyfriend was gay and in a relationship the man he was sitting on the couch with.
Lexi: So, okay. My favorite intellectual book is probably One Hundred Years of Solitude, and people always like “why the hell do you like that book… like incest… like what's wrong with you?” I just think it’s really well written. Like, I think it's very visual in how it describes things and it's like full of like visual metaphor and now I sound like an asshole the way I’m talking. Like I love books.
Haley: No, I am so happy you said that because I tried reading that book. That was never recommended in school, but after finishing school and like learning to love to read through like summer vacation and then also college, I found one of those buzzfeed list of like a hundred books you had to read in school and I've been trying to like pick them off. And I've tried to read that book like two to three times and I can't get past page 70, and I don't know if that's just me or that's like the book. But it's probably me. But now that you’ve said this I'm gonna start it again.
Lexi: I think it takes a certain kind of person to enjoy it, but it's a very good book. And then my fun book– that's hard because I love lots of fun books. Like I want to say The Smoke Gets in Your Eyes by Caitlin Doughty but that's not really fun, that's actually quite intellectual. Oh, now I sound like more of an asshole! I can’t not sound like an asshole this episode.
Alana: Today on Lady History: Lexi’s an asshole.
Lexi: I'm a literary snob. But no, this– this’ll redeem me. My all time favorite book like of all time is called the Perkin Papers, and quite frankly I don't know if it even still exists, like I don't think you can buy a new copy of it because the copy I have is from the 1930s and I found it at an auction in a box when I was five. But it's gotten me through some rough times.
Haley: That is the most Lexi way of finding a motherfucking book if I’ve ever heard one.
Lexi: I go to a lot of weird places to find books. So my favorite smart person book, or my favorite high school book is Frankenstein which oh my god sneak peek foreshadowing. And then my favorite actual, my actual favorite fun book is either Good Omens which I read before I knew the show was coming out by the way. I am not a bandwagoner. Not that there's anything wrong with being a bandwagoner but I am not a bandwagoner. Or an Absolutely Remarkable Thing by Hank Green and the sequel, A Beautifully Foolish Endeavor. But I think that Hank Green's books are beautiful depictions and explorations of humanity and social media.
LEXI’S STORY STARTS HERE
Archival Audio: This little song is a story. The young lady thinks that it's time for them to get married, in fact if she thinks they just have to, and the boy doesn’t want to marry. And so this song’s about it. (Singing) Tilly, lend me your pigeon. He caught me with mine. My pigeon’s gone wild in the bush. My pigeon’s gone wild. My pigeon’s gone wild in the bush. My pigeon’s gone wild.
Lexi: I have two things in common with Zora Neale Hurston, any guesses on what those two things are?
Alana: You love the bison at the zoo.
Haley: You both have owned birds.
Lexi: I don't think either of those are true of Zora Neale Hurston. But, those two things it is is that she was a trained anthropologist and she went to a college in Washington DC.
Alana: Okay my guess was that you both lived in DC for– my actual guess was that you both lived in DC for a while, and I know that sounds like “eheheh that’s what I was going to say” but that is, like, what I was going to say.
Lexi: No I believe that you would have guessed that because I think it's like… People reference her around DC because she spent some time there. Although she didn’t spend that long there. Anyway and then the funny thing is you both also kinda had that come with her so. Haha.
Alana: That's true.
Lexi: We all have those two things in common with Zora Neale Hurston. Now I will begin. So, let's jump into her story… book, get it? She's an author and also Haley says that a lot of times so it’s not that unique that I said that. Zora was born on January 15, 1891 in Notasulga? I might be saying that wrong. Notasulga, Alabama. And like many other young Black women in her era, both her parents had been enslaved. And when she was very young her family moved to Florida and settled in Eatonville, which is one of the first towns in the United States to be incorporated by African-Americans, so she grew up in an area with a lot of African-American leaders.
Speaker 2: There, her father became mayor and pastor at the local church and her mother Lucy Potts Hurston died in 1904 and her father remarried. Zora and her stepmother did not get along, and so the young girl went to live with other family members, spending a lot of time with her brother in her brother's homes. In 1914, she moved to Memphis and began working as a nanny for one of her brother’s children. And she then became a maid and moved to Baltimore. In Baltimore, she eventually became a waitress and decided to go back to school, studying at night. And on September 17, 1917, Zora at the age of 26 enrolled at the Morgan Academy. She graduated with a high school degree a year later and moved to Washington DC where she began working as a manicurist and continued to work as a waitress. That fall she entered Howard University and in two years she earned an associate's degree. Zora co-founded The Hilltop, which is still Howard's student newspaper to this day. She then moved to New York City. Zora, through a scholarship she earned, attended Barnard College. There, she declared herself an English major, but was also passionate about anthropology, studying under the famed “founding father” anthropologist Franz Boas. Also while in New York, she befriended notable Harlem icons such as Langston Hughes and Countee Cullen. She became a part of the Black cultural movement, joining many other Black writers living and working in Harlem. At the end of her college career, Professor Boas encouraged her to collect Black folklife in the south. This experience shaped future work. As both an anthropologist and author, Zora dedicated her life to the preservation and promotion of Black cultural studies. She did not only study Black culture and African diaspora in the United States of America, but also visited the islands of Haiti, the Bahamas, and Jamaica; studying religion and reporting her findings in US newspapers. In addition to producing ethnographic work for her research, she also used her studies of Black culture, religion, and folklife to inspire her fiction writing. She also collaborated with Langston Hughes on her writing. Her most famous work, Their Eyes Were Watching God, is notable for breaking barriers as one of the first fiction novels to explore the experience of a Black woman in America. Today, the novel is used as an educational tool in high school literature classes and college anthropology and American studies courses. If you have not read it, do yourself a favor; go pick up a copy from your local bookstore or library. It was the book that inspired me to pick Zora for this episode and it's one of the works that inspired me to study anthropology in college because when I read it as a junior in high school I was like this is really interesting I need to know more about this lady and how she got all this information to make the story. And I found out how she did ethnographic work and I was like “that's a job?” So anyway, that’s really cool. Zora wore many hats, and anthropology and literature were not her only passions. She also taught drama at the North Carolina College for Negroes, which is now the North Carolina Central University and she worked as a consultant for a movie studio, Paramount Pictures. In the 1940s, Zora lived on a houseboat that she called Wanago. And also in a controversial hot take zero oppose the Supreme Court ruling in Brown V. Board, believing integration would actually result in assimilation and destroy the cultural transmission of knowledge between Black teachers and Black students, which I guess makes a bit of sense. At the time, integration meant a lot of Black students went on to have white teachers and a lot of Black teachers were no longer teaching. And cultural representation in education really matters because sometimes without specific cultural understanding, meeting students’ needs can be really hard, and we still see this problem today. So obviously I don't believe in school segregation, but I think Zora’s point could be used today to support hiring diversity and hiring teachers who reflect diverse communities where they teach. Zora was married three times, but it never lasted long. I think they were all like a year, but honestly they’re such a footnote in her life it's hard to find resources on these guys. Through her lifetime, Zora was largely ignored by mainstream white literary critics and she had a large following in the Black community. She was usually underpaid for her work and she lived poorly for most of her life. Towards the end of her life, despite being an accomplished author, she was evicted. She suffered a stroke in 1959, and in old age she was forced to enter the St Lucie County Welfare Home where she was cared for until her death of heart disease on January 28, 1960. Because she had no money or close relatives, she was buried in an unmarked grave and her funeral was held through donations collected from her friends. When Alice Walker, the author known for her book The Color Purple, found out Zora’s grave was unmarked, she decided to do something about it. In 1972, she found Zora’s grave and commissioned a marker for it. The marker reads “ZORA NEALE HURSTON / A GENIUS OF THE SOUTH / NOVELIST FOLKLORIST / ANTHROPOLOGIST / 1901–1960." And yes, she got the birthday wrong, but that's okay because she did an awesome thing recognizing her. Though in life, Zora’s work was overlooked, in death she became an icon, and is considered one of the best writers of her time. Today many modern authors consider her an influence on their work. Her folklife recordings and manuscripts are held in the Zora Neale Hurston archive at the University of Central Florida and can be accessed online through their website or the Library of Congress. Her hometown, Eatonville, Florida, honors her with the Zora Neale Hurston Museum of Fine Arts and the Zora Neale Hurston Library; two fitting tributes to her passion for arts, culture, and literature. And, so I know I said that the reason I picked her was because of Their Eyes Were Watching God, and that's true but that's only half true. Another reason I love Zora Neale Hurston is that when I worked at the zoo there were two bison at the National Zoo, and there's always bison at the National Zoo because the first animal ever exhibited at the National Zoo was a bison and every time there's always two, and one is always named by Howard University and one is always named by Gallaudet University because they’re two universities in DC, and the students vote through a poll to name each of the bison that represent their school. And this started as a tradition because the bison is the mascot of Howard. They are the Howard bison, so that's how this tradition started. And usually the Howard students pick an alum of their university to be the bison's name, and so while I was working at the zoo, the bison named by Howard students was named Zora and she was named after Zora Neale Hurston, who got her associate's degree from Howard University. And that's pretty cool, but unfortunately I just found out recently that Zora passed away March 7, 2020 from an leg injury. And when big animals like bison and horses get leg injuries, they can't really recover. They have to be humanely euthanized, which really stinks. But they do have two new baby bison at the zoo that just got named this July.
HALEY’S STORY STARTS HERE
Archival Audio: History, despite its wrenching pain, cannot be unlived, but if faced with courage, need not be lived again. Lift up your eyes upon This day breaking for you. Give birth again To the dream. Women, children, men, Take it into the palms of your hands, Mold it into the shape of your most Private need. Sculpt it into The image of your most public self. Lift up your hearts Each new hour holds new chances For a new beginning.
Haley: So, like Lexi said, I always say let’s crack open that story book, and that’s exactly what we're gonna do today for Marguerite Annie Johnson or Maya Angelou. I'm gonna try a new way of quote “storytelling” for just in general huge historic heroes by telling a couple of quote “short stories' ' rather than like one long telling of their life-icles.
Lexi: Vignettes.
Haley: What?
Lexi: Vignettes. Like if you ever read the book The Things They Carried– oh my god Lexi’s a literary snob. It's a book told in vignettes.
Alana: Vine was also short for vignettes.
Haley: And I thought it was fitting to do it for our author ladies because like short stories, haha so funny. And especially our author, Maya, has written 36 books and some of those actually include cookbooks, so throwback to our previous episode. So, story number one I've titled quote “I love the uniforms.” So Maya had spent some time in San Francisco, and she was actually the first female African American cable car conductor. So for those of you who are not familiar with San Francisco's cable car, they’re the classic almost like trolley-like vehicles that make a bunch of noise when you hear them. And they're mainly downtown SF to go up and down those massive eff off hills, and they’re a huge tourist attraction at this point. And the secret is, guys do this if you're ever in SF, past corona, all that good stuff. It's fourteen dollars to like ride it. But if you get one of those like day passes included, then that's– like that's what you have to do. You have to make sure the day pass you get or if you're a local because a lot of them use it for their transportation of like if you're on top of Knob Hill you go down the hill or up the hill to get to really where like the financial district stuff is… all the big businesses. and in our like monthly pass where you pay like eighty dollars for it you get like unlimited trolley car… or, cable car… I always called it the trolley. I don't know why, but Robert and other locals would yell at me saying “it's the cable car. The trolley is something different.” They all look the same to me and I'm still gonna get lost either way. Anyhoo, sixteen year old Maya wanted this job and even said on like an Oprah Winfrey talk show, “I loved the uniforms,” hence the title. And it was her mother who actually said that she should go to the city office and get the job if she wanted it so badly. And when she went to the area like where the cable car conductors got hired, she was noted to be reading Russian literature. And she wasn't first hired or even allowed to like apply because of her race. Because surprise surprise, America wasn't woke and it’s still not woke. But she read her Russian literature, like the boss girl she is, and was hired. When she like, she didn't get the application actually before being hired. She was under the legal age so she actually wrote that she was 19 like the badass she was. and as a conductor her mom would also join her. And like she's currently conducting at like the butt crack of dawn at four AM and her mom would kind of go behind a trolley car. And the trolley car isn’t like a closed vehicle. It’s not like a bus or train where the doors close. You can just hop on and you'll see people hold onto a pole and stand on the outside, and cars come like within inches of you. You can't even have like a backpack or something. Like you have to like hug yourself to this pole, essentially. I've almost gotten hit once or twice. Also for cars going by, there are special lanes, if this was like the same back then as well. There are special lanes that these cable cars can go through. Regardless her mom would trail Maya’s cable car and Maya said quote “with her pistol on the passenger seat.” So I love that. I don’t– like I just– ugh. Juicy. And she worked there for about a semester before deciding to return to school. Second story, I'm calling it “getting pen to paper.” In the 1950s, African American writers in New York City formed The Harlem Writers Guild to essentially support Black authors in the publication process and affirm them as the beautiful writers they are. And the Guild is still around today, the link is in the show notes, of course of course. And she was one of the early members and during this time she began to write I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, an autobiography of her life that was published in 1969, And many claim to be her most famous book. This is now where like my memory is kind of getting fuzzy because I read a lot of her books, and a lot of her books– or, most of her books are autobiographies or what she actually created as a genre during this time as autobiographical fiction. And that’s basically taking parts of your life and adding some elaborate essence to connect it more, make it more juicy. And this one I think is the one that took like thirteen years to write. Like she kinda wrote it along with her life and also included some earlier parts. So she just like took truly the most time and it really paid off. And she also during this time in the Guild continued to explore art forms in poetry, dance, music, and even like writing and directing films. So we get just her really explain herself as a writer. And lastly, we have story number three, which I have called quote “On the Pulse of Morning.” And On the Pulse of Morning was the title of the poem she read for Clinton's presidential inauguration in 1993. That's why when Alana was like “hey, let's– let's do a quick nod of the election,” I was like “haha! I got this.” She was the second poet ever to read an original work at a presidential inauguration. The first was Robert Frost at JFK's in 1961. And the poem itself shares themes of inclusion, change, and the role of the president, and like the responsibility it comes with, but also like the role and responsibility a citizen has, which are all things we should just remember right now, 2020. And she was chosen because she grew up in Stamps, Arkansas or like a lot of her childhood was in Stamps, Arkansas, which was rather close to where Clinton was born. And he said that her writing really resonated with him. For example, he was quoted saying ”When I read I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, I knew exactly who she was talking about and what she was talking about in that book.” And that references how Clinton's grandfather managed a grocery store that was in a predominantly African American neighborhood. And actually for this spoken word poem, was recorded and she ended up winning a Grammy Award in 1994. It was apparently like an amazing amazing thing. I don't have enough time to go searching on the YouTubes for it because I was researching another gal because we're recording two episodes tonight. But it was noted to be almost as like a theatrical performance. She just exuded that power and greatness and dug deep into her roots of being a dancer and performer. Before I finish, because I have my three short stories, I would like to note that Maya at times had a very difficult life with racial injustice, physical and sexual assault, loss, and just– the list goes on. But I did not want to pick stories on that because even in her a lot of her books she would focus on the positives and say how she took the bad and turned it into something good. And each three of those stories had a little nugget so dig deep into what I said and pick out positive from the not so positive; the bad, if you will. And I would just like to share my favorite book of hers which was published in 2013, a year before she died, and it's Mom and Me and Mom. And she also died at age 83 so she lived quite a life. One of my favorite quotes of hers is “If you don't like something, change it. If you can't change it, change your attitude.”
ALANA’S STORY STARTS HERE
Archival Audio: She's beautiful, she's evil, and she'll do anything for love. Never been a movie like Lady Frankenstein.
Alana: I'm so excited for this. My lady for today is Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, née Wollstonecraft Godwin; the teenage girl who invented science fiction and my O.G. goth queen. You may have seen some internet history lessons that you should of course take with more salt than the Dead Sea and I will note those when they come up, but sneak peek I have wonderful news about them. Mary was born August 30, 1797, that makes her a Virgo. Her parents were William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft– yes that Mary Wollstonecraft, the author of A Vindication of the Rights of Women. Side note, I think we should do an episode on pre-first wave feminism feminists and I am calling dibs on Mary Wollstonecraft. They'd only gotten married that March scandal noises, gasp, shock and awe, possibly because William what was this radical anti marriage philosopher freethinker, and then his lover– not my favorite word, but anytime I use the word lover I am referencing Hadestown– was pregnant and it was a propriety thing. Although Mary Wollstonecraft had already had another daughter from a previous affair with an American businessman and I don't think they were married. Yeah, that's the real shock and awe. There is so much shock and awe, scandal in this story. Get ready for it. Just a week and a half after Mary was born on September 10, her mother died of complications from the child birth. And those complications can basically be summed up with 18th century doctors didn't wash their hands. And William Godwin made it very clear to Mary that she was a monster who had killed her mother. Literary scholar Sandra Gilbert has argued that Frankenstein is a projection of her own life. A quote unquote “monster” trying to have a relationship with the parent whose life it ruined. William remarried their neighbor Mary Jane Clairmont who had two kids of her own. And then William and Mary Jane had a son, so now Mary has four half and/or step siblings. Her stepmother vastly preferred her own children. Mary and her stepsister Claire would go on to spend quite a bit of time together but we'll get into that in a bit. Mary found solace at her mother's grave at St Pancras Church in London. She learned to write her name by tracing the letters on the tombstone, and that's only like the third most goth thing about her. But nobody talks about this one. I just think– I think it's like cute goth. Like kawaii goth. She would just like to hang out there and read or whatever like it was her spot. Normal kids have treehouses, Mary had her mother's grave. She published a kids’ book at the age of eleven called, I'm gonna butcher this pronunciation, but it’s not spelled like French so I guess this is on you Mary that I'm gonna mess this up. Mounseer Nongtongpaw; or, the Discoveries of John Bull in a Trip to Paris. It was her father's publishing company, so just a skosh of nepotism there, but it's still cool that she was eleven and published. In 1812, when she was fourteen, her father sent her to Scotland to live with some family friends, the Baxters, at her step mother's request. One of my sources said that Mrs Godwin felt quote “threatened by Mary” who had become the quote “beautiful image of his first wife” which. Mm. I do not like. Do not like. Mm. Okay. But you know what? Whatever though, because Mary is thriving. She feels good, she's away from her wicked stepmother, she's made friends with the Baxters’ youngest daughter Isabel, and she's like healthy and just like thriving. She's, she's living her best self. That November, she briefly visited home and this is potentially– it's kind of disputed by scholars, but this is potentially the first time she met, heart eyes emoji, Percy Shelley but he was still married to his first wife Harriet. Percy had come to study under Mary's father, but they were immediately smitten. In 1814 William Godwin brought his daughter home like for permanents because he wanted her to start earning her own living. But I think if Mary actually met Percy before in 1812, I like to imagine him just being like “hey, Mr Godwin, you know what would be really cool? It would be really cool if Mary were here. Don't you think I would be really cool if Mary were here?” But I… like I don't know if that's what happened. But this is where Percy and Mary have definitely met, and they read together and they have intellectual discussions. He’s very impressed by her parentage and her intellect, and they started their affair and they're very much in love. Mary takes him to her favorite place, her mother's grave, to profess her love for him. This is also where Percy asks her to marry him. And this is our first internet history lesson. You may have seen that Mary Shelley lost her virginity on her mother's grave. Most scholars say yeah. That happened. That's true. Because it was a very– it was a place of emotional growth for Mary. Percy later said that having sex with Mary was his real birthday. I hate this man.
Lexi: It seems like they all had a lot of problems.
Alana: I hate this man. I hate him so much. And we're gonna get more into why I hate him so much, but, okay. Percy supposedly gave Mary's dad twelve hundred pounds, which is now over eighty four thousand pounds, which is over a hundred and ten thousand dollars, in exchange for him to allow Percy and Mary to run away together. Mr Godwin took the money and said no. But Mary and Percy ran away to Switzerland anyway. And Mary's dad doesn't speak to her for two and a half years. I want to point out, Percy is still married to another woman at this point, who was pregnant and they already had a child together.
Haley: I was just about to ask that.
Lexi: Yeah.
Alana: They're still married. Mary’s stepsister, Claire, who I mentioned, comes with them as a translator. But it's possible that Percy was also having an affair with her and they were a throuple. Percy was like all about free love and probably would have been one of those dudes on Bumble who's like “ethical non monogamy.” I'm looking at Lexi because she knows exactly what I'm talking about.
Lexi: I’m like envisioning a meme where it's his profile and he’s got like books, book emoji, cigarette emoji. He’s real edgy.
Alana: Oh yeah, totally. There is also evidence that Mary had affairs too, so this is like 19th century polyamory. Claire did eventually leave their household when Mary's jealousy kind of like physically made her ill. It just like she sank into this deep depression that magically got better when Claire moved out. They’re constantly on the move because Percy owes a lot of people a lot of money and he has to keep running away from creditors. Like, he– he gave someone a hundred and ten thousand dollars for permission to do something he was gonna do anyway. So, hm. Not great.
Speaker 1: Here is what everyone is waiting for, the writing of Frankenstein. This is a very famous story that they've done on Drunk History which was very funny to watch a drunk person try and say Wollstonecraft Godwin. I died laughing for ten whole minutes. And there’s an episode of Doctor Who about it, and side note the Thirteenth Doctor is chef's kiss A plus amazing, it's a whole new show and I love it. So 1816 was the year without a summer because the Indonesian volcano Mount Tamboro, I hope I'm pronouncing that right, had erupted the year before and covered basically the whole planet in a giant ash cloud. I am being dramatic, but my point is it was dark and gloomy and rainy the whole summer across Europe. So Claire’s back, and she’s pregnant with Lord Byron's– yes, that Lord Byron’s– child. And Lord Byron is staying at the Villa Diodati in Geneva, and the three of them meet him there and they're all hanging out. Are they having orgies? Maybe. Byron and Percy had been talking about Romantic– capital R. romantic, as in the 19th century cultural movement, those kind of ideas about death and magic and life and ooky spooky stuff. And so they start a ghost-story off. And this is where Mary begins Frankenstein. It wasn't all written in that night. I feel like that's a misconception, that she wrote all of it that night, but that was just like the idea. Most of it was actually written in Bath when everyone went back to England. And it wasn’t off-the-cuff either. Like Mary had a really hard time coming up with her idea. Percy and Mary finally got real married in December of 1816 after his first wife Harriet committed suicide. Apparently she was pregnant with another man's child, but honey have you seen what's going on here? I think you would've been fine. But Percy was denied custody of their children and he believed he might have a better chance of getting custody if he were quote– massive air quotes– “settled down.” This didn't work, but Mary's dad starts talking to her again, so that's nice. And Mary had a huge role in Percy Shelley's legacy, probably because some of survivor's guilt. He drowned in a shipwreck with two of his friends off the coast of Italy in July 1822 while Mary was recovering from a miscarriage that almost killed her. When Percy's body washed up, he was only identifiable by the Keats poetry in his pocket. Percy was cremated on the beach and his heart did not burn. That's true. Modern doctors say it probably calcified from a bout with tuberculosis earlier in his life. One of his friends took the heart and kept it and only gave it to Mary after her constantly bugging him. Which leads us to our second internet history lesson. Did she keep Percy Shelley's heart? Yes and no. When Mary died in 1850, her family definitely found his heart in her desk wrapped in the pages of his final poem, Adonaïs which is like a really sweet love poem. You should read that. But read Frankenstein first. Did she actually carry it everywhere? Uncertain. Maybe, but they definitely found it in her desk so she definitely had it. We're– we're not really sure where it is now. I don't know how that's possible, but I have conflicting sources. It's possible that it's with Mary or with their only child who had reached adulthood Percy Florence Shelley. They’d had a bunch of kids who either died super young or only lived like a few days. Mary is primarily responsible for the posthumous collection of Percy Shelley's work. So that's like all her. It’s like in her writing credits that she edited all of these collections. After Percy died, Mary turned down several marriage proposals because she quote “wanted to be Mary Shelley on her tombstone” which is really sweet. Side note, thank you to 19th century people for writing down all your feelings in like journals and thoughts and everything and then keeping them. I love that we know what you were thinking because there was no Twitter for you to document your whole lives the way that I do, although of course if you see me on Twitter, no you don't. This is where the stories about her usually stop after, Percy died. But, Alana, you said that she died in 1850, Percy died in 1822. What on earth did she do with those 28 years? I am so glad that you asked. First of all, she wrote a bunch more, thank you very much. Five more novels that weren't Frankenstein were published in her lifetime and at least twenty short stories. While she was no longer the radical she had been when she was with Percy, she took it upon herself to protect the women in her life. Claire, who lived with her on and off, obviously who I brought up a couple times. She lived with and supported the wife and children of one of Percy's friends who had also drowned. She helped her childhood friend Isabel, Isabel Baxter, from before, get out of England when she had a child out of wedlock. So she was protecting her, her friends. Mary died of brain cancer in 1850. Her son and his wife had her parents’ bodies exhumed and she's buried between them in St Peter's Church in Bournemouth. There are plans for a Mary Shelley museum in Bath, just up the street from the Jane Austen Centre and very much in the same style of like employees in period clothes and family friendly. The most recent article that I found about it was from June and one of the people in charge of it said that it would be finished by the end of the year slash early 2021, and that tourism would pick back up by then, but it's November and the U. K. just went back into lockdown, so I don’t think that schedule is still what’s happening. But, once travel is a thing again and once that Mary Shelley museum is open I think Lady History field trip to Bath. Shout outs to some professor at the University of Central Missouri for putting their study guide or test for Frankenstein as a PDF on the university website. The timeline of Mary's life on the first few pages was very helpful. I hope it wasn't a student who cheated, but the url is like UCM dot EDU, so… I just– I love Mary Shelley so much. I used– I made this joke in high school when we were reading Frankenstein that I think I am Mary Shelley reincarnated. Like if reincarnation is real, I would buy that. Like I'm only half kidding. But if reincarnation is real, which I don't know. I don't know if reincarnation is real. I know hell is not real, that's for sure. I also think it would be cool to be a ghost. Anyway… Lexi why are you laughing at me?
Lexi: It’s just very you.
Alana: Yeah. Anyway. So that is the story of Mary Shelley, the teenager who invented science fiction, and if you think it was some like, Isaac Asimov or whatever, who I literally saw in a meme once. If you think a man invented sci fi you are incorrect.
Lexi: You can find this podcast on Twitter and Instagram at LadyHistoryPod. Our show notes and a transcript of this episode will be on lady history pod dot tumblr dot com. If you like the show, leave us a review or tell your friends,and if you don't like the show keep it to yourself.
Alana: Our logo is by Alexia Ibarra, you can find her on Twitter and Instagram at LexiBDraws. Our theme music is by me, Garageband, and Amelia Earhart. Lexi is doing the editing. You will not see us, and we will not see you, but you will hear us next time, on Lady History.
[OUTRO MUSIC]
Haley: Next time on Lady History; we're going to be discussing some ladies whose lives were unfortunately cut a little too short.
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“The Evolution of Media”
TIMELINE
Major Events in the History of Mass Communications This timeline shows the growing importance of mass communication in increasingly compressed historical time periods. It is not an all-inclusive timeline. It is intended to provide an historical perspective and the basis for further study of the rapid development of modern media.
3000 B.C. +: Early Innovations
3300 B. C. Egyptians perfect hieroglyphics
1500 B. C. Semites devise the alphabet;
1000 B. C. Egyptian papyrus, early form of paper
60 B. C. Acta Diurna [Day’s Events], forerunner of the newspaper
1041 A. D. Printing by means of separate, movable characters in China
1446 A. D. Johannes Gutenberg introduces moveable type printing press in Germany
1468 A. D. William Caxton produces a book in England with the first printed advertisement
1500s Printing books and pamphlets increases
1600 – 1800: Colonial Era and Early Republic Years
1609 First newspapers in Europe
1638 Puritans establish Cambridge Press
1690 Ben Harris prints first Colonial newspaper [Publick Occurrences, Both Foreign and Domestic] in Boston
1721 James Franklin exercises the privilege of editorial independence (The New England Courant)
1729 Ben Franklin prints money after calling for paper currency [A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Currency]
1731 Ben Franklin founds first public library
1732 Franklin publishes Poor Richard's Almanack and helps create popular culture in America
1741 Andrew Bradford prints American Magazine
1798 Sedition Act
1800 – 1900: Telegraph Era and the Start of the Industrial Revolution
1821 National magazines [The Saturday Evening Post]
1827 First African American newspaper [Freedom’s Journal]
1828 Sara Josepha Hale, women’s magazine pioneer [Ladies’ Magazine]
1836 William McGuffey begins writing reading textbooks
1841 Horace Greeley introduces the editorial page
1844 First telegraph line set by Samuel Morse
1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin becomes the first blockbuster in U.S. book publishing
1857 James Buchanan’s Inauguration, first photographed
1858 First transatlantic cable
1865 Abraham Lincoln’s assassination is reported by telegraph and print
1876 Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone
1877 Thomas Edison invents the phonograph
1879 Congress gives discount postal rates to magazines
1880s Yellow journalism causes Joseph Pulitzer to establish criteria for journalism and literature through the Pulitzer Prize
1887 Nellie Bly joins Pulitzer’s newspaper New York World as a reporter
1885 George Eastman invents photographic film
1894 Guglielmo Marconi invents the radio
1895 Congress establishes the Government Printing Office
1899 Gilbert Grosvenor introduces photographs in National Geographic
Early 1900s: Industrial Revolution Era and Golden Ages of Radio, TV, and Movies
1902 Beatrix Potter’s The Tale of Peter Rabbit series launches small, easy to handle children’s books
1905 Robert S. Abbott founds Chicago Defender, African-American newspaper
1914 U.S.-based Spanish paper [El Diario-La Prensa] debuts
1914 Congress creates the Federal Trade Commission to prevent unfair advertising
1919 D. W. Griffith, Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford create United Artists
1920s Joseph Maxwell introduces electrical microphones
1923 Henry Luce and Briton Hadden launch Time, first newsmagazine
1923 First radio network linkup carries the World Series
1925 Calvin Coolidge’s Inauguration, first on radio
1927 Charles Lindbergh’s ticker-tape parade in NYC is filmed on 8mm news reel
1927 The Jazz Singer, first talkie
1927 William Paley creates CBS from a 16-affiliate radio network
1927 First TV transmission by Philo Farnsworth
1931 Case of Near v. Minnesota
1932 Walt Disney produces first full-color movie [Flowers and Trees]
1935 Franklin Delano Roosevelt debuts Fireside Chats on radio
1935 Swing Band recordings play constantly on the radio
1935 George Gallup founds Institute of American Public Opinion
1937 Walt Disney produces the first animated feature [Snow White]
1940s Margaret Bourke-White, celebrated photojournalist for Henry Luce’s Magazines (Life, Time, Fortune)
1940s Audiotape is developed in Germany
1940s Community antenna television system, early cable
1940s Digital technology, early Internet technology
1940s A. C. Nielsen conducts listener survey
1941 Pearl Harbor attack is reported by radio
1944 First large automatic digital computer is built at Harvard
1947 CBS and NBC begin first newscasts
1949 Harry Truman’s Inauguration, first televised
1950s Black-and-white television becomes part of the average American home
1951 Edward R. Murrow, pioneers television news
1953 Queen Elizabeth II’s Coronation at Westminster Abbey ushers in the Television Age around the world
1953 I Love Lucy, 71.7% of viewers watch the episode of Little Ricky’s birth
1955 Dwight David Eisenhower, televises press conference
1956 Elvis Presley receives his first Gold Record (over 1 million sold)
1954 Color TV system is approved by the FCC
1959 Ray Charles pioneers soul-jazz that crosses over to pop recordings
1960s: Cold War Decade
1960s Marshall McLuhan writes best sellers on mass media theory
1960s Rise of FM radio
1960s Stereo recordings and playback equipment is introduced
1960 Olympic Games are the first televised
1961 John Fitzgerald Kennedy, debuts live press conferences
1962 J.C.R. Licklider proposes concept of Internet
1963 John Kennedy’s assassination is reported by television
1963 Katherine Graham assumes presidency of The Washington Post
1963 Barbara Walters becomes female anchor of the Today Show
1963 Audiocassettes are introduced
1964 The Beatles perform in the U.S. and take rock music global
1964 Diana Ross & The Supremes pioneer the Motown Sound that redefines America as multi-cultural to the world
1966 Telstar I satellite telephone and TV signals
1967 Congress creates the Corporation for Public Broadcasting
1968 60 Minutes debuts
1969 Tinker v. Des Moines, U. S. Supreme Court decision
1969 Neil Armstrong’s walk on the Moon is televised in color globally
1969 DOD’s ARPAnet, predecessor of the Internet
1969 Sesame Street debuts
1970s: Social Issues Decade
1970s TV sitcoms address social issues
1970s Email is developed
1970 Monday Night Football debuts on television
1971 Microprocessor is developed
1971 New York Times publishes the Pentagon Papers
1974 Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn, “founding fathers” of the Internet
1975 Bill Gates and Paul Allen, co-founders of Microsoft
1975 VCRs are introduced
1975 HBO is uplinked to satellite
1976 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, co-founders of Apple Computer, Inc.
1976 Cable is broadcast by Ted Turner
1976 Ed Bradley, first African-American White House television correspondent
1977 VHS-format videocassettes
1980s: Cable Television Decade
1980s Color television replaces black-and-white in American homes
1980s Fiber-optic cable
1980s Hypertext links to Web
1980 First online newspaper [Columbus Dispatch]
1980 CNN, first 24-hour news station, debuts
1981 IBM PC is introduced
1981 Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer’s wedding, pulls in an estimated global TV audience of 750 million
1981 MTV debuts
1982 USA Today debuts
1982 CDs are introduced
1983 M*A*S*H* finale, 77% of all viewers tune in
1983 Thriller redefines the concept of music video on MTV
1984 The Cosby Show, African-American family sitcom, debuts
1985 Microsoft Windows is launched
1985 Gloria Estefan & Miami Sound Machine become America’s leading Latin recording artists
1986 MCI Mail, first commercial email service
1986 Bethel v. Fraser, U.S. Supreme Court decision
1988 Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier, U. S. Supreme Court decision
1989 Compaq laptop computer is launched
1990s: Digital Decade
1990s Rise of talk radio
1990s Rise of independent film
1991 Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee invents the World Wide Web
1991 Web expands online news and information
1993 Marc Andreessen creates predecessor to Netscape browser
1994 Direct Broadcast Satellite service is launched
1995 Microsoft Internet Explorer is launched
1995 Amazon.com launches online shopping
1997 William Jefferson Clinton’s Inauguration is live on the Internet
1997 DVDs replace VHS format
1997 Titanic records global box office sales of $1.8 billion
1997 First news blogs are introduced
1997 Diana, Princess of Wales, uses the paparazzi to spotlight worthy causes around the world
1998 J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series is translated into many languages, sells to a world-wide mass market, and launches a continuous series of blockbuster movies
1998 Beussink v. Woodland R-IV School District, U.S. District Court decision
2000+: Age of Media Convergence
2000s Rise of cell phone use and cellular technology
2001 9/11 Attacks are reported immediately through multimedia
2001 iPod and MP3 format compressed digital files debut
2001 Dominance of newspaper chains and media conglomerates
2001 Instant message services
2002 TV standard changes to digital
2002 Satellite radio is launched
2002 American Idol begins its first season
2003 iTunes online music store
2003 TiVo, video on demand, debuts
2004 24-hour coverage of the Olympic Games from Athens
2004 Broadband is in half of American homes
2005 Bruce Springsteen releases album on DualDisc (CD/DVD)
2005 U2, best-selling global superstar Irish band
2005 Google Library Book Project, digitization of books
2006 Google Video Pilot Project, digitization of National Archives films
2006 Citizen journalists record events on cellular cameras and technology
2007 Morse v. Frederick, U. S. Supreme Court decision
2007 Presidential debates on YouTube
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Evolution timeline in MEDIA
TIMELINE
Major Events in the History of Mass Communications This timeline shows the growing importance of mass communication in increasingly compressed historical time periods. It is not an all-inclusive timeline. It is intended to provide an historical perspective and the basis for further study of the rapid development of modern media.
3000 B.C. +: Early Innovations
3300 B. C. Egyptians perfect hieroglyphics
1500 B. C. Semites devise the alphabet;
1000 B. C. Egyptian papyrus, early form of paper
60 B. C. Acta Diurna [Day’s Events], forerunner of the newspaper
1041 A. D. Printing by means of separate, movable characters in China
1446 A. D. Johannes Gutenberg introduces moveable type printing press in Germany
1468 A. D. William Caxton produces a book in England with the first printed advertisement
1500s Printing books and pamphlets increases
1600 – 1800: Colonial Era and Early Republic Years
1609 First newspapers in Europe
1638 Puritans establish Cambridge Press
1690 Ben Harris prints first Colonial newspaper [Publick Occurrences, Both Foreign and Domestic] in Boston
1721 James Franklin exercises the privilege of editorial independence (The New England Courant)
1729 Ben Franklin prints money after calling for paper currency [A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Currency]
1731 Ben Franklin founds first public library
1732 Franklin publishes Poor Richard's Almanack and helps create popular culture in America
1741 Andrew Bradford prints American Magazine
1798 Sedition Act
1800 – 1900: Telegraph Era and the Start of the Industrial Revolution
1821 National magazines [The Saturday Evening Post]
1827 First African American newspaper [Freedom’s Journal]
1828 Sara Josepha Hale, women’s magazine pioneer [Ladies’ Magazine]
1836 William McGuffey begins writing reading textbooks
1841 Horace Greeley introduces the editorial page
1844 First telegraph line set by Samuel Morse
1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin becomes the first blockbuster in U.S. book publishing
1857 James Buchanan’s Inauguration, first photographed
1858 First transatlantic cable
1865 Abraham Lincoln’s assassination is reported by telegraph and print
1876 Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone
1877 Thomas Edison invents the phonograph
1879 Congress gives discount postal rates to magazines
1880s Yellow journalism causes Joseph Pulitzer to establish criteria for journalism and literature through the Pulitzer Prize
1887 Nellie Bly joins Pulitzer’s newspaper New York World as a reporter
1885 George Eastman invents photographic film
1894 Guglielmo Marconi invents the radio
1895 Congress establishes the Government Printing Office
1899 Gilbert Grosvenor introduces photographs in National Geographic
Early 1900s: Industrial Revolution Era and Golden Ages of Radio, TV, and Movies
1902 Beatrix Potter’s The Tale of Peter Rabbit series launches small, easy to handle children’s books
1905 Robert S. Abbott founds Chicago Defender, African-American newspaper
1914 U.S.-based Spanish paper [El Diario-La Prensa] debuts
1914 Congress creates the Federal Trade Commission to prevent unfair advertising
1919 D. W. Griffith, Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford create United Artists
1920s Joseph Maxwell introduces electrical microphones
1923 Henry Luce and Briton Hadden launch Time, first newsmagazine
1923 First radio network linkup carries the World Series
1925 Calvin Coolidge’s Inauguration, first on radio
1927 Charles Lindbergh’s ticker-tape parade in NYC is filmed on 8mm news reel
1927 The Jazz Singer, first talkie
1927 William Paley creates CBS from a 16-affiliate radio network
1927 First TV transmission by Philo Farnsworth
1931 Case of Near v. Minnesota
1932 Walt Disney produces first full-color movie [Flowers and Trees]
1935 Franklin Delano Roosevelt debuts Fireside Chats on radio
1935 Swing Band recordings play constantly on the radio
1935 George Gallup founds Institute of American Public Opinion
1937 Walt Disney produces the first animated feature [Snow White]
1940s Margaret Bourke-White, celebrated photojournalist for Henry Luce’s Magazines (Life, Time, Fortune)
1940s Audiotape is developed in Germany
1940s Community antenna television system, early cable
1940s Digital technology, early Internet technology
1940s A. C. Nielsen conducts listener survey
1941 Pearl Harbor attack is reported by radio
1944 First large automatic digital computer is built at Harvard
1947 CBS and NBC begin first newscasts
1949 Harry Truman’s Inauguration, first televised
1950s Black-and-white television becomes part of the average American home
1951 Edward R. Murrow, pioneers television news
1953 Queen Elizabeth II’s Coronation at Westminster Abbey ushers in the Television Age around the world
1953 I Love Lucy, 71.7% of viewers watch the episode of Little Ricky’s birth
1955 Dwight David Eisenhower, televises press conference
1956 Elvis Presley receives his first Gold Record (over 1 million sold)
1954 Color TV system is approved by the FCC
1959 Ray Charles pioneers soul-jazz that crosses over to pop recordings
1960s: Cold War Decade
1960s Marshall McLuhan writes best sellers on mass media theory
1960s Rise of FM radio
1960s Stereo recordings and playback equipment is introduced
1960 Olympic Games are the first televised
1961 John Fitzgerald Kennedy, debuts live press conferences
1962 J.C.R. Licklider proposes concept of Internet
1963 John Kennedy’s assassination is reported by television
1963 Katherine Graham assumes presidency of The Washington Post
1963 Barbara Walters becomes female anchor of the Today Show
1963 Audiocassettes are introduced
1964 The Beatles perform in the U.S. and take rock music global
1964 Diana Ross & The Supremes pioneer the Motown Sound that redefines America as multi-cultural to the world
1966 Telstar I satellite telephone and TV signals
1967 Congress creates the Corporation for Public Broadcasting
1968 60 Minutes debuts
1969 Tinker v. Des Moines, U. S. Supreme Court decision
1969 Neil Armstrong’s walk on the Moon is televised in color globally
1969 DOD’s ARPAnet, predecessor of the Internet
1969 Sesame Street debuts
1970s: Social Issues Decade
1970s TV sitcoms address social issues
1970s Email is developed
1970 Monday Night Football debuts on television
1971 Microprocessor is developed
1971 New York Times publishes the Pentagon Papers
1974 Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn, “founding fathers” of the Internet
1975 Bill Gates and Paul Allen, co-founders of Microsoft
1975 VCRs are introduced
1975 HBO is uplinked to satellite
1976 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, co-founders of Apple Computer, Inc.
1976 Cable is broadcast by Ted Turner
1976 Ed Bradley, first African-American White House television correspondent
1977 VHS-format videocassettes
1980s: Cable Television Decade
1980s Color television replaces black-and-white in American homes
1980s Fiber-optic cable
1980s Hypertext links to Web
1980 First online newspaper [Columbus Dispatch]
1980 CNN, first 24-hour news station, debuts
1981 IBM PC is introduced
1981 Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer’s wedding, pulls in an estimated global TV audience of 750 million
1981 MTV debuts
1982 USA Today debuts
1982 CDs are introduced
1983 M*A*S*H* finale, 77% of all viewers tune in
1983 Thriller redefines the concept of music video on MTV
1984 The Cosby Show, African-American family sitcom, debuts
1985 Microsoft Windows is launched
1985 Gloria Estefan & Miami Sound Machine become America’s leading Latin recording artists
1986 MCI Mail, first commercial email service
1986 Bethel v. Fraser, U.S. Supreme Court decision
1988 Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier, U. S. Supreme Court decision
1989 Compaq laptop computer is launched
1990s: Digital Decade
1990s Rise of talk radio
1990s Rise of independent film
1991 Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee invents the World Wide Web
1991 Web expands online news and information
1993 Marc Andreessen creates predecessor to Netscape browser
1994 Direct Broadcast Satellite service is launched
1995 Microsoft Internet Explorer is launched
1995 Amazon.com launches online shopping
1997 William Jefferson Clinton’s Inauguration is live on the Internet
1997 DVDs replace VHS format
1997 Titanic records global box office sales of $1.8 billion
1997 First news blogs are introduced
1997 Diana, Princess of Wales, uses the paparazzi to spotlight worthy causes around the world
1998 J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series is translated into many languages, sells to a world-wide mass market, and launches a continuous series of blockbuster movies
1998 Beussink v. Woodland R-IV School District, U.S. District Court decision
2000+: Age of Media Convergence
2000s Rise of cell phone use and cellular technology
2001 9/11 Attacks are reported immediately through multimedia
2001 iPod and MP3 format compressed digital files debut
2001 Dominance of newspaper chains and media conglomerates
2001 Instant message services
2002 TV standard changes to digital
2002 Satellite radio is launched
2002 American Idol begins its first season
2003 iTunes online music store
2003 TiVo, video on demand, debuts
2004 24-hour coverage of the Olympic Games from Athens
2004 Broadband is in half of American homes
2005 Bruce Springsteen releases album on DualDisc (CD/DVD)
2005 U2, best-selling global superstar Irish band
2005 Google Library Book Project, digitization of books
2006 Google Video Pilot Project, digitization of National Archives films
2006 Citizen journalists record events on cellular cameras and technology
2007 Morse v. Frederick, U. S. Supreme Court decision
2007 Presidential debates on YouTube
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Mother Nature
This is video footage of Maya Angelou reciting her poem "On the Pulse of Morning" at the 1993 Presidential Inaugural.
This footage is official public record produced by the White House Television (WHTV) crew, provided by the Clinton Presidential Library.
Date: January 20, 1993
Location: US Capitol. Washington, DC
ARC Identifier: 1261433
http://www.archives.gov/research/search/
Courtesy; William J. Clinton Presidential Library," and no exclusive rights or permissions are granted for usage.
#1.#repost#maya angelou#2.#on the pulse of morning#4.#inauguration#event#6.#nature#earth#7.#video#poetry#8.#USA#9.#20.01.1993#11.#portfolio
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Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum
Este museu foi inaugurado em 2005 e é o mais frequentado dos museus e bibliotecas presidenciais. Os outros desses museus fazem referência à: Herbert Hoover, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Baines Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald R. Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George Bush, William J. Clinton, George W. Bush e Barack Obama.
Projetado, criado e produzido pela BRC Imaginations Arts para a Agência de Preservação Histórica de Illinois, sua construção inclui arquivo, museu e biblioteca. Possui tecnologias com as quais os visitantes podem interagir e conta a história de Lincoln desde sua infância até a morte. Há um salão principal que dá acesso às nove galerias, incluindo restaurante, loja de presentes, teatro e as exposições em si. Uma das galerias é exclusiva para a apresentação dos objetos históricos que pertenceram ao presidente.
A biblioteca armazena os arquivos da antiga Biblioteca Histórica do Estado de Illinois, com 12 milhões de livros, documentos e artefatos, dos quais 47 mil são artefatos da Coleção Lincoln, incluindo os originais da Proclamação de Emancipação e do Discurso de Gettysburg.
O Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum fica localizado em Illinois e está aberto ao público das 09:00 às 17:00 todos os dias, exceto no Ano Novo, Dia de Ação de Graças e Natal. A venda dos tickets de entrada acabam às 16:00. A Biblioteca funciona nos mesmos horários e dias para o público em geral, contudo, para pesquisas, fica aberta de segunda a sexta das 09:00 às 16:30, no sábado das 09:00 às 15:30 e fechada aos domingos.
Para mais informações, visite a página oficial do museu no Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Lincoln.Museum/
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Archivist of the United States Committed to Transparency, Upholding Rule of Law, in Supreme Court Nominee Records Releases
By David S. Ferriero | Archivist of the United States
The mission of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is to provide access to the permanent records of the Federal government, which include Presidential records from NARA’s Presidential Libraries.
President Donald Trump nominated Judge Brett M. Kavanaugh to the U.S. Supreme Court on July 9, 2018. NARA has permanent records related to Judge Kavanaugh, because he served in the White House Counsel’s Office and the White House Office of the Staff Secretary under the Administration of President George W. Bush, and he also served as an Associate Independent Counsel in the Office of Independent Counsel Kenneth W. Starr during the Administration of President William J. Clinton.
Each time a candidate is nominated to the Supreme Court by the President, the staff at the National Archives and Records Administration immediately begin the task of reviewing and releasing records related to that nominee. The process is governed by several laws, including the Presidential Records Act, the Federal Records Act, and the Freedom of Information Act. All of the records, electronic and paper, must be reviewed by archival staff before being released by NARA.
In addition to the challenges of reviewing the records, the archival staff face an enormous number of documents—in Judge Brett Kavanaugh’s case, far more than previous nominees. While National Archives processed and released roughly 70,000 pages on Chief Justice John Roberts and 170,000 pages on Justice Elena Kagan, there are the equivalent of several million pages of paper and email records related to Judge Kavanaugh in the holdings of the George W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum and in the National Archives.
This is a challenging task that National Archives staff are currently working to meet. These are not open records under the Presidential Records Act, and the way we’re reviewing and releasing them is governed by the processes specified in the law, including that we must give first priority to records requested by a chairman of a congressional committee. Some records might be withheld or released in redacted form for various reasons: to preserve the secrecy of grand jury proceedings; to protect the personal privacy of living individuals; to protect the identities of confidential sources; and to protect confidential communications within the White House. The PRA representative of former President George W. Bush, who has an independent right of access to Presidential records of his administration, is also engaged in a separate process to review and provide records to the Senate Judiciary Committee.
In our efforts towards transparency, we have created a new webpage summarizing the Judge Kavanaugh records. Presidential records are being reviewed by NARA archivists and will be released on NARA’s George W. Bush Presidential Library’s website, along with previously released records. NARA has released the records from the Office of Independent Counsel Starr on the National Archives website. Additionally, correspondence between NARA and the Senate Judiciary Committee related to the overall process can be found in NARA’s FOIA Electronic Reading Room. I encourage anyone with a deep interest in how this process works to read these exchanges for the latest and most accurate information.
I remain deeply committed to the efforts of archives in providing transparency as our best hope in combating low public trust in government. Transparency also supports active public engagement with government, and NARA is seeing high levels of engagement and interest in what we do. After all, archives and open government records are one of the pillars of democracy. When I became Archivist of the United States, I took an Oath of Office just as every Federal employee. I swore to support and defend the Constitution of the United States and the Rule of Law. That is what I have been doing, that is what I am doing, and that is what I will continue to do as long as I am the Archivist of the United States.
Keep up with the AOTUS blog or subscribe to receive via email here.
#transparency#opengovernment#records#kavanaugh#federalrecordsact#presidentialrecordsact#supremecourt
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