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Evolution timeline in MEDIA
TIMELINE
Major Events in the History of Mass Communications This timeline shows the growing importance of mass communication in increasingly compressed historical time periods. It is not an all-inclusive timeline. It is intended to provide an historical perspective and the basis for further study of the rapid development of modern media.
3000 B.C. +: Early Innovations
3300 B. C. Egyptians perfect hieroglyphics
1500 B. C. Semites devise the alphabet;
1000 B. C. Egyptian papyrus, early form of paper
60 B. C. Acta Diurna [Day’s Events], forerunner of the newspaper
1041 A. D. Printing by means of separate, movable characters in China
1446 A. D. Johannes Gutenberg introduces moveable type printing press in Germany
1468 A. D. William Caxton produces a book in England with the first printed advertisement
1500s Printing books and pamphlets increases
1600 – 1800: Colonial Era and Early Republic Years
1609 First newspapers in Europe
1638 Puritans establish Cambridge Press
1690 Ben Harris prints first Colonial newspaper [Publick Occurrences, Both Foreign and Domestic] in Boston
1721 James Franklin exercises the privilege of editorial independence (The New England Courant)
1729 Ben Franklin prints money after calling for paper currency [A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Currency]
1731 Ben Franklin founds first public library
1732 Franklin publishes Poor Richard's Almanack and helps create popular culture in America
1741 Andrew Bradford prints American Magazine
1798 Sedition Act
1800 – 1900: Telegraph Era and the Start of the Industrial Revolution
1821 National magazines [The Saturday Evening Post]
1827 First African American newspaper [Freedom’s Journal]
1828 Sara Josepha Hale, women’s magazine pioneer [Ladies’ Magazine]
1836 William McGuffey begins writing reading textbooks
1841 Horace Greeley introduces the editorial page
1844 First telegraph line set by Samuel Morse
1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin becomes the first blockbuster in U.S. book publishing
1857 James Buchanan’s Inauguration, first photographed
1858 First transatlantic cable
1865 Abraham Lincoln’s assassination is reported by telegraph and print
1876 Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone
1877 Thomas Edison invents the phonograph
1879 Congress gives discount postal rates to magazines
1880s Yellow journalism causes Joseph Pulitzer to establish criteria for journalism and literature through the Pulitzer Prize
1887 Nellie Bly joins Pulitzer’s newspaper New York World as a reporter
1885 George Eastman invents photographic film
1894 Guglielmo Marconi invents the radio
1895 Congress establishes the Government Printing Office
1899 Gilbert Grosvenor introduces photographs in National Geographic
Early 1900s: Industrial Revolution Era and Golden Ages of Radio, TV, and Movies
1902 Beatrix Potter’s The Tale of Peter Rabbit series launches small, easy to handle children’s books
1905 Robert S. Abbott founds Chicago Defender, African-American newspaper
1914 U.S.-based Spanish paper [El Diario-La Prensa] debuts
1914 Congress creates the Federal Trade Commission to prevent unfair advertising
1919 D. W. Griffith, Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford create United Artists
1920s Joseph Maxwell introduces electrical microphones
1923 Henry Luce and Briton Hadden launch Time, first newsmagazine
1923 First radio network linkup carries the World Series
1925 Calvin Coolidge’s Inauguration, first on radio
1927 Charles Lindbergh’s ticker-tape parade in NYC is filmed on 8mm news reel
1927 The Jazz Singer, first talkie
1927 William Paley creates CBS from a 16-affiliate radio network
1927 First TV transmission by Philo Farnsworth
1931 Case of Near v. Minnesota
1932 Walt Disney produces first full-color movie [Flowers and Trees]
1935 Franklin Delano Roosevelt debuts Fireside Chats on radio
1935 Swing Band recordings play constantly on the radio
1935 George Gallup founds Institute of American Public Opinion
1937 Walt Disney produces the first animated feature [Snow White]
1940s Margaret Bourke-White, celebrated photojournalist for Henry Luce’s Magazines (Life, Time, Fortune)
1940s Audiotape is developed in Germany
1940s Community antenna television system, early cable
1940s Digital technology, early Internet technology
1940s A. C. Nielsen conducts listener survey
1941 Pearl Harbor attack is reported by radio
1944 First large automatic digital computer is built at Harvard
1947 CBS and NBC begin first newscasts
1949 Harry Truman’s Inauguration, first televised
1950s Black-and-white television becomes part of the average American home
1951 Edward R. Murrow, pioneers television news
1953 Queen Elizabeth II’s Coronation at Westminster Abbey ushers in the Television Age around the world
1953 I Love Lucy, 71.7% of viewers watch the episode of Little Ricky’s birth
1955 Dwight David Eisenhower, televises press conference
1956 Elvis Presley receives his first Gold Record (over 1 million sold)
1954 Color TV system is approved by the FCC
1959 Ray Charles pioneers soul-jazz that crosses over to pop recordings
1960s: Cold War Decade
1960s Marshall McLuhan writes best sellers on mass media theory
1960s Rise of FM radio
1960s Stereo recordings and playback equipment is introduced
1960 Olympic Games are the first televised
1961 John Fitzgerald Kennedy, debuts live press conferences
1962 J.C.R. Licklider proposes concept of Internet
1963 John Kennedy’s assassination is reported by television
1963 Katherine Graham assumes presidency of The Washington Post
1963 Barbara Walters becomes female anchor of the Today Show
1963 Audiocassettes are introduced
1964 The Beatles perform in the U.S. and take rock music global
1964 Diana Ross & The Supremes pioneer the Motown Sound that redefines America as multi-cultural to the world
1966 Telstar I satellite telephone and TV signals
1967 Congress creates the Corporation for Public Broadcasting
1968 60 Minutes debuts
1969 Tinker v. Des Moines, U. S. Supreme Court decision
1969 Neil Armstrong’s walk on the Moon is televised in color globally
1969 DOD’s ARPAnet, predecessor of the Internet
1969 Sesame Street debuts
1970s: Social Issues Decade
1970s TV sitcoms address social issues
1970s Email is developed
1970 Monday Night Football debuts on television
1971 Microprocessor is developed
1971 New York Times publishes the Pentagon Papers
1974 Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn, “founding fathers” of the Internet
1975 Bill Gates and Paul Allen, co-founders of Microsoft
1975 VCRs are introduced
1975 HBO is uplinked to satellite
1976 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, co-founders of Apple Computer, Inc.
1976 Cable is broadcast by Ted Turner
1976 Ed Bradley, first African-American White House television correspondent
1977 VHS-format videocassettes
1980s: Cable Television Decade
1980s Color television replaces black-and-white in American homes
1980s Fiber-optic cable
1980s Hypertext links to Web
1980 First online newspaper [Columbus Dispatch]
1980 CNN, first 24-hour news station, debuts
1981 IBM PC is introduced
1981 Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer’s wedding, pulls in an estimated global TV audience of 750 million
1981 MTV debuts
1982 USA Today debuts
1982 CDs are introduced
1983 M*A*S*H* finale, 77% of all viewers tune in
1983 Thriller redefines the concept of music video on MTV
1984 The Cosby Show, African-American family sitcom, debuts
1985 Microsoft Windows is launched
1985 Gloria Estefan & Miami Sound Machine become America’s leading Latin recording artists
1986 MCI Mail, first commercial email service
1986 Bethel v. Fraser, U.S. Supreme Court decision
1988 Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier, U. S. Supreme Court decision
1989 Compaq laptop computer is launched
1990s: Digital Decade
1990s Rise of talk radio
1990s Rise of independent film
1991 Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee invents the World Wide Web
1991 Web expands online news and information
1993 Marc Andreessen creates predecessor to Netscape browser
1994 Direct Broadcast Satellite service is launched
1995 Microsoft Internet Explorer is launched
1995 Amazon.com launches online shopping
1997 William Jefferson Clinton’s Inauguration is live on the Internet
1997 DVDs replace VHS format
1997 Titanic records global box office sales of $1.8 billion
1997 First news blogs are introduced
1997 Diana, Princess of Wales, uses the paparazzi to spotlight worthy causes around the world
1998 J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series is translated into many languages, sells to a world-wide mass market, and launches a continuous series of blockbuster movies
1998 Beussink v. Woodland R-IV School District, U.S. District Court decision
2000+: Age of Media Convergence
2000s Rise of cell phone use and cellular technology
2001 9/11 Attacks are reported immediately through multimedia
2001 iPod and MP3 format compressed digital files debut
2001 Dominance of newspaper chains and media conglomerates
2001 Instant message services
2002 TV standard changes to digital
2002 Satellite radio is launched
2002 American Idol begins its first season
2003 iTunes online music store
2003 TiVo, video on demand, debuts
2004 24-hour coverage of the Olympic Games from Athens
2004 Broadband is in half of American homes
2005 Bruce Springsteen releases album on DualDisc (CD/DVD)
2005 U2, best-selling global superstar Irish band
2005 Google Library Book Project, digitization of books
2006 Google Video Pilot Project, digitization of National Archives films
2006 Citizen journalists record events on cellular cameras and technology
2007 Morse v. Frederick, U. S. Supreme Court decision
2007 Presidential debates on YouTube
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