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mbaljeetsingh · 4 years

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Create A Responsive Dashboard With Angular Material And ng2-Charts

Zara Cooper

2020-07-27T10:00:00+00:002020-07-27T11:33:48+00:00

Creating a dashboard from scratch is often pretty complicated. You have to create tools to collect data on items of interest. Once collected this data has to be presented in an easy to understand and meaningful way to your users. It involves intricate planning of what data to include and how to display it effectively. Once you have a plan, implementing the design is a massive task especially since it involves building multiple components.

With Angular Material and ng2-charts, you can take advantage of schematics to cut down the effort and time you may spend building a dashboard. Angular Material ships with a number of schematics that you could use to generate a dashboard. Similarly, ng2-charts provides schematics for generating multiple chart components. In this article, I’ll illustrate how to use both ng2-charts and Angular Material to set up a dashboard fairly quickly.

An Example

To illustrate how to build a dashboard, we’ll take the example of an online store selling leather goods like bags, wallets, key holders, and so on. The store owner would like to track information such as where customers come from to their online store, how their products sell, how traffic sources relate to sales, among other things.

We’ll build a dashboard to display this information and help the store owner analyze it. The dashboard will contain four small summary cards, four different kinds of charts, and a table listing most recent orders made. The four summary cards will display information such as total revenue from sales, average order value, the total number of orders, and number of returning customers. The charts will display the number of units sold for each product, sales by traffic source, online store sessions over time, and sales for the week.

Prerequisites

To follow along, you’ll need to have Angular CLI installed. If you do not have it installed, you can find out how to get it at cli.angular.io. If you’re not starting from a pre-existing Angular project, you need to generate one by running ng new <your project name>. For instance, to create an admin panel for the aforementioned store, we’ll run:

ng new store-admin-panel

Your project also needs to have routes configured for it. If you’re starting from a new app, select yes when prompted on whether to add an Angular Routing module during your project setup above.

Add Angular Material And Ng2-Charts To Your Project

Angular Material ships with various schematics for generating a variety of useful components like address books, trees, tables, navigation, and so on. To add Angular Material to your project, run:

ng add @angular/material

Pick a theme from the options provided in subsequent prompts. Next, you’ll be prompted to choose whether to add Angular Material typography styles and browser animations. You do not need these and could just respond no.

Next, you’ll need to install ng2-charts. ng2-charts requires charts.js as a dependency. To install ng2-charts run:

npm install ng2-charts --save

Then install charts.js:

npm install chart.js --save

To access the charts, add the ChartsModule to the AppModule’s imports.

import { ChartsModule } from 'ng2-charts'; @NgModule({ imports: [ … ChartsModule, … ] })

Lastly, install ng2-charts schematics as a dev dependency because they do not ship with ng2-charts by default.

npm install --save-dev ng2-charts-schematics

Generating A Navigation Component

First off, we’ll need to add a navigation component to help users maneuver through the app comfortably. The navigation should contain links to the dashboard and other pages that will be part of the admin panel. Angular material provides a schematic that generates a navigation component. We’ll name this component nav. Adding a side nav to the application is accomplished by running:

ng generate @angular/material:navigation nav

To link other routes in the navigation, use the routerLink directive and change the page name in the toolbar depending on what route a user is on.

// nav.component.ts ... menuItems = ['dashboard', ’sales', 'orders', 'customers', 'products'];

... <mat-nav-list> <a *ngFor="let item of menuItems" mat-list-item [routerLink]="'/'+item"> </a> ...

To see this component, add it to app.component.html.

<app-nav></app-nav>

This is what the NavComponent looks like.

Navigation component (Large preview)

Since the nav will be displayed alongside other components, adding a router-outlet to it would help switch between the other different components. In the nav.component.html template, just after the closing </mat-toolbar>, replace the  comment with <router-outlet></router-outlet>.

<mat-sidenav-container> ... <mat-sidenav-content> <mat-toolbar> ... </mat-toolbar> <router-outlet></router-outlet> </mat-sidenav-content> </mat-sidenav-container>

In the screenshots that follow in this article, this nav component will be omitted to better highlight the dashboard we’ll be generating for the sake of the tutorial. If you’re following along while building this dashboard, the nav will still appear as pictured above in your browser with the dashboard within it.

Generate The Dashboard

The most important part of the dashboard is its layout. It needs to hold all the components mentioned earlier and be responsive when displayed on different devices. To generate the dashboard layout, you’ll need to run the @angular/material:dashboard schematic. It will generate a responsive dashboard component. Pass the preferred name for your dashboard to the schematic. In this instance, let’s name it dash.

ng generate @angular/material:dashboard dash

To view the newly generated dashboard within the nav component, add a route for it to the router.

// app-routing.module.ts import { DashComponent } from './dash/dash.component'; const routes: Routes = [{ path: 'dashboard', component: DashComponent }]; @NgModule({ imports: [RouterModule.forRoot(routes)], exports: [RouterModule] })

Once done, to see the results, run npm start and head on over to localhost:4200/dashboard. You should see this:

Generated dashboard component (Large preview)

The schematic generates four cards in the template and displays them in a responsive grid. The Angular Material CDK uses the Layout package to style this responsive card grid. The BreakpointObserver utility of the Layout package assesses media queries and makes UI changes based on them. There are various breakpoints available but within the generated component, only two categories are catered for. The Breakpoints.Handset and other queries that do not match it. The Layout package specifies 14 breakpoint states that you can use to customize the responsiveness of your dashboard.

// dashboard.component.js ... cards = this.breakpointObserver.observe(Breakpoints.Handset).pipe( map(({ matches }) => { if (matches) { ... } ... }) );

Going back to the dashboard, since four summary cards, four charts, and a table will be on the dashboard, we need nine cards in total. Breakpoints.Handset and Breakpoints.Tablet matches will display in a one-column grid where:

The four summary cards will span one row.

The charts will span two rows.

The table will span four rows.

Non-Breakpoints.Handset and non-Breakpoints.Tablet matches will display in four columns where:

The four summary cards will span one row and one column.

The charts will span two rows and two columns.

The table will span four rows and four columns.

It should look something like the screenshot below in non-Breakpoints.Handset and non-Breakpoints.Tablet matches. On Breakpoints.Handset and Breakpoints.Tablet matches, everything will just display in one column.

Dashboard component with additional cards (Large preview)

Create A Card Component

In the dashboard component, all the cards are generated through iteration. To prevent repetition, when adding all the new components, we’ll create a reusable card component. The card component will accept a title as input and use ng-content to dynamically add the rest of the content. To create the card component, run:

ng g c card -m app --style css

From the dashboard component template, we’ll just take the markup enclosed within the <mat-card> tag and place it In the card template:

<mat-card class="dashboard-card"> <mat-card-header> <mat-card-title> <button mat-icon-button class="more-button" [matMenuTriggerFor]="menu" aria-label="Toggle menu"> <mat-icon>more_vert</mat-icon> </button> <mat-menu #menu="matMenu" xPosition="before"> <button mat-menu-item>Expand</button> <button mat-menu-item>Remove</button> </mat-menu> </mat-card-title> </mat-card-header> <mat-card-content class="dashboard-card-content"> <ng-content></ng-content> </mat-card-content> </mat-card>

To add the title as input to the card:

// card.component.ts import { Component, Input } from '@angular/core'; ... export class CardComponent{ @Input() title: string; ... }

To style the card:

/*card.component.css*/ .more-button { position: absolute; top: 5px; right: 10px; } .dashboard-card { position: absolute; top: 15px; left: 15px; right: 15px; bottom: 15px; } .dashboard-card-content { text-align: center; flex-grow: 1; display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; max-height: 100%; justify-content: center; align-items: stretch; } mat-card { display: flex; flex-direction: column; }

Adding Cards To The Dashboard

Since the dashboard elements will be added individually and not through iteration, the dashboard component needs to be modified to account for this. In dashboard.component.ts, remove the cards property and replace it with a cardLayout property instead. The cardLayout variable will define the number of columns for the material grid list and how many rows and columns each of the dashboard cards will span. Breakpoints.Handset and Breakpoints.Tablet query matches will display in 1 column and those that do not match will display in 4 columns.

// dashboard.component.js ... cardLayout = this.breakpointObserver.observe(Breakpoints.Handset).pipe( map(({ matches }) => { if (matches) { return { columns: 1, miniCard: { cols: 1, rows: 1 }, chart: { cols: 1, rows: 2 }, table: { cols: 1, rows: 4 }, }; } return { columns: 4, miniCard: { cols: 1, rows: 1 }, chart: { cols: 2, rows: 2 }, table: { cols: 4, rows: 4 }, }; }) ); ...

In the dash.component.html template, replace the colspan and rowspan values of mat-grid-tile elements and the cols property of the mat-grid-list element.

<div class="grid-container"> <h1 class="mat-h1">Dashboard</h1> <mat-grid-list cols="" rowHeight="200px">  <mat-grid-tile *ngFor="let i of [1, 2, 3, 4]" [colspan]="( cardLayout | async )?.miniCard.cols" [rowspan]="( cardLayout | async )?.miniCard.rows"> <app-card title="Card "><div>Mini Card Content Here</div></app-card> </mat-grid-tile>  <mat-grid-tile *ngFor="let i of [5, 6, 7, 8]" [colspan]="( cardLayout | async )?.chart.cols" [rowspan]="( cardLayout | async )?.chart.rows"> <app-card title="Card "><div>Chart Content Here</div></app-card> </mat-grid-tile>  <mat-grid-tile [colspan]="( cardLayout | async )?.table.cols" [rowspan]="( cardLayout | async )?.table.rows"> <app-card title="Card 9"><div>Table Content Here</div></app-card> </mat-grid-tile> </mat-grid-list> </div>

The dashboard will end up looking exactly like the most recent screenshot linked above.

Generating The Charts

The four charts that we need for the dashboard are:

A radar chart of products by unit sold.

A pie chart of sales by traffic source.

A bar chart of online store sessions.

A line chart of sales across the year.

Similar to creating the dashboard, generating chart components involves running a schematic. Using the ng2-charts schematics, generate the four different charts. We’ll place them in a folder called charts. Run ng generate ng2-charts-schematics:<chart type> <chart name>.

ng generate ng2-charts-schematics:radar charts/product-sales-chart ng generate ng2-charts-schematics:pie charts/sales-traffic-chart ng generate ng2-charts-schematics:line charts/annual-sales-chart ng generate ng2-charts-schematics:bar charts/store-sessions-chart

After running these commands, all four chart components are generated and are populated with sample data ready for display. Depending on what data you’d like to show, pick charts that most suit your data visualization needs. For each of the charts generated above, add the chartContainer class to the divs that enclose the canvas element in the chart templates.

<div class="chartContainer"> <canvas baseChart width="400" height="400"> ...

Next, add this styling to styles.css so that they could be accessible to all the chart components.

/*styles.css*/ ... .chartContainer canvas { max-height: 250px; width: auto; } .chartContainer{ height: 100%; display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; justify-content: center; }

Adding Data To The Charts

The generated chart components come with sample data already plugged in. If you have pre-existing services that provide your own data, you can add this data from them to the chart components. The charts take labels for the x-axis, data or data sets, a chart type, colors, a legend as well as other customization options. To provide the data and labels to the charts, create a service that will fetch data from a source of your choice and return it in a form that the charts accept. For instance, the AnnualSalesChartComponent receives its dataset and labels from the SalesService’s getSalesByMonth method which returns an array of sales for each month for the current year. You can find this service here and data it returns here. Inject the service as a private property to the AnnualSalesChartComponent constructor. Call the method that returns the required chart data from the service within the ngOnInit lifecycle hook.

// annual-sales-chart.component.ts import { SalesService } from ’src/app/sales/sales.service'; ... export class AnnualSalesChartComponent implements OnInit { public salesChartData: ChartDataSets[] = [ { data: [], label: 'Total Sales' }, ]; public salesChartLabels: Label[] = []; ... constructor(private salesService: SalesService) { } ngOnInit() { this.salesService.getSalesByMonth().subscribe({ next: salesItems => { salesItems.forEach(li => { this.salesChartData[0].data.push(li.revenue); this.salesChartLabels.push(li.month); }); }, ... }); } }

Adding Charts To The Dashboard

The next step involves adding the charts to the dashboard, in dash.component.html. Here’s what that looks like:

...  <mat-grid-tile [colspan]="( cardLayout | async )?.chart.cols" [rowspan]="( cardLayout | async )?.chart.rows"> <app-card title="Monthly Revenue"> <app-annual-sale-chart></app-annual-sale-chart> </app-card> </mat-grid-tile> <mat-grid-tile [colspan]="( cardLayout | async )?.chart.cols" [rowspan]="( cardLayout | async )?.chart.rows"> <app-card title="Product Sales"> <app-product-sales-chart></app-product-sales-chart> </app-card> </mat-grid-tile> <mat-grid-tile [colspan]="( cardLayout | async )?.chart.cols" [rowspan]="( cardLayout | async )?.chart.rows"> <app-card title="Sales by Traffic Source"> <app-sales-traffic-chart></app-sales-traffic-chart> </app-card> </mat-grid-tile> <mat-grid-tile [colspan]="( cardLayout | async )?.chart.cols" [rowspan]="( cardLayout | async )?.chart.rows"> <app-card title="Online Store Sessions by Traffic Source"> <app-store-sessions-chart></app-store-sessions-chart> </app-card> </mat-grid-tile> ...

This is what the resultant responsive dashboard looks like.

Dashboard with charts (Large preview)

Generating A Table

We’ll add an orders table to give the shop owner an overview of the most recent orders placed and their status. To generate the orders table component, run the schematic:

ng generate @angular/material:table orders-table

This will generate a table component that will look like this.

Table generated by Angular Material schematic (Large preview)

Tables with many columns may be difficult to make responsive for handset and tablet views. When adding the table to a card, make it horizontally scrollable so that all the data can be viewed properly and is not obstructed. You can do this by adding the styling below to your table component:

<div class="mat-elevation-z8 small-table"> <table mat-table class="full-width-table" matSort aria-label="Elements"> ...

/*table.component.css*/ ... .small-table{ overflow-x: scroll !important; }

To add the table to the dash component:

<!-- dashboard.component.html> ... <mat-grid-tile [colspan]="( cardLayout | async )?.table.cols" [rowspan]="( cardLayout | async )?.table.rows"> <app-card title="Latest Orders"> <app-orders-table></app-orders-table> </app-card> </mat-grid-tile> ...

Adding Data To The Table

Like with charts, you can add data to the table in the ngOnInit method from a service. Additionally, you will need to modify your table’s generated data source to consume data from the service. To start off, inject the service in the table’s class constructor. Let’s take the example of a table listing the latest orders for this dashboard. To get data for the table, let’s inject the OrderService in the OrdersTableComponent constructor, change the MatTable type assertion of the table view child, and amend the list of displayed columns to reflect an order interface. If you’re interested in the data being added to the table, you can find it here. The last thing involves getting the total length of the data items available to be used to set the total in the table’s <mat-paginator>.

// orders-table.component.ts import { OrderService } from '../orders.service'; import { Order } from '../order'; ... export class OrdersTableComponent implements AfterViewInit, OnInit { ... @ViewChild(MatTable) table: MatTable

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siva3155 · 4 years

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JAVA Interview Questions and Answers

java interview questions for freshers experienced developers

1. What is Java? Java is a object-oriented programming language originally developed by Sun Micro systems and released in 1995. Java runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of UNIX. 2. What are the supported platforms by Java Programming Language? Java runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of UNIX/Linux like HP-Unix, Sun Solaris, Red hat Linux, Ubuntu, Cent OS, etc. 3. List any five features of Java? Some features include Object Oriented Platform Independent Robust Interpreted Multi-threaded 4. Why is Java Architectural Neutral? It’s compiler generates an architecture-neutral object file format, which makes the compiled code to be executable on many processors, with the presence of Java runtime system. 5. What is a singleton class? Give a practical example of its usage. A singleton class in java can have only one instance and hence all its methods and variables belong to just one instance. Singleton class concept is useful for the situations when there is a need to limit the number of objects for a class. The best example of singleton usage scenario is when there is a limit of having only one connection to a database due to some driver limitations or because of any licensing issues. 6. What are the access modifiers in Java? There are 3 access modifiers. Public, protected and private, and the default one if no identifier is specified is called friendly, but programmer cannot specify the friendly identifier explicitly. 7. What is are packages? A package is a collection of related classes and interfaces providing access protection and namespace management. 8. What is meant by Inheritance and What are its advantages? Inheritance is the process of inheriting all the features from a class. The advantages of inheritance are reusability of code and accessibility of variables and methods of the super class by subclasses. 9. What is the difference between superclass and subclass? A super class is a class that is inherited whereas sub class is a class that does the inheriting. 10. What is an abstract class? An abstract class is a class designed with implementation gaps for subclasses to fill in and is deliberately incomplete.

JAVA Interview Questions 11. What are the states associated in the thread? Thread contains ready, running, waiting and dead states. 12. What is synchronization? Synchronization is the mechanism that ensures that only one thread is accessed the resources at a time. 13. What is deadlock? When two threads are waiting each other and can’t precede the program is said to be deadlock. 14. What is an applet? Applet is a dynamic and interactive program that runs inside a web page displayed by a java capable browser 15. What is the lifecycle of an applet? init() method - Can be called when an applet is first loaded start() method - Can be called each time an applet is started. paint() method - Can be called when the applet is minimized or maximized. stop() method - Can be used when the browser moves off the applet’s page. destroy() method - Can be called when the browser is finished with the applet. 16. Define How do you set security in applets? using setSecurityManager() method 17. 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RMI architecture consists of four layers and each layer performs specific functions: a) Application layer - contains the actual object definition. b) Proxy layer - consists of stub and skeleton. c) Remote Reference layer - gets the stream of bytes from the transport layer and sends it to the proxy layer. d) Transportation layer - responsible for handling the actual machine-to-machine communication. 31. What is a Java Bean? A Java Bean is a software component that has been designed to be reusable in a variety of different environments. 32. What are checked exceptions? Checked exception are those which the Java compiler forces you to catch. e.g. IOException are checked Exceptions. 33. What are runtime exceptions? Runtime exceptions are those exceptions that are thrown at runtime because of either wrong input data or because of wrong business logic etc. These are not checked by the compiler at compile time. 34. What is the difference between error and an exception? 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Really, just a very fast compiler… In this incarnation, pretty much a one-pass compiler — no offline computations. So you can’t look at the whole method, rank the expressions according to which ones are re-used the most, and then generate code. In theory terms, it’s an on-line problem. 41. What is nested class? If all the methods of a inner class is static then it is a nested class. 42. What is HashMap and Map? Map is Interface and Hashmap is class that implements that. 43. What are different types of access modifiers? public: Any thing declared as public can be accessed from anywhere. private: Any thing declared as private can’t be seen outside of its class. protected: Any thing declared as protected can be accessed by classes in the same package and subclasses in the other packages. default modifier : Can be accessed only to classes in the same package. 44. What is the difference between Reader/Writer and InputStream/Output Stream? 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The EJBs can be used to integrate business processes in Business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce applications.In Enterprise Application Integration applications, EJBs can be used to house processing and mapping between different applications. 55. What is JSP? JSP is a technology that returns dynamic content to the Web client using HTML, XML and JAVA elements. JSP page looks like a HTML page but is a servlet. It contains Presentation logic and business logic of a web application. 56. What is the purpose of apache tomcat? Apache server is a standalone server that is used to test servlets and create JSP pages. It is free and open source that is integrated in the Apache web server. It is fast, reliable server to configure the applications but it is hard to install. It is a servlet container that includes tools to configure and manage the server to run the applications. It can also be configured by editing XML configuration files. 57. Where pragma is used? Pragma is used inside the servlets in the header with a certain value. The value is of no-cache that tells that a servlets is acting as a proxy and it has to forward request. Pragma directives allow the compiler to use machine and operating system features while keeping the overall functionality with the Java language. These are different for different compilers. 58. Briefly explain daemon thread. Daemon thread is a low priority thread which runs in the background performs garbage collection operation for the java runtime system. 59. What is a native method? A native method is a method that is implemented in a language other than Java. 60. Explain different way of using thread? A Java thread could be implemented by using Runnable interface or by extending the Thread class. The Runnable is more advantageous, when you are going for multiple inheritance. 61. What are the two major components of JDBC? One implementation interface for database manufacturers, the other implementation interface for application and applet writers. 62. What kind of thread is the Garbage collector thread? It is a daemon thread. 63. What are the different ways to handle exceptions? There are two ways to handle exceptions, By wrapping the desired code in a try block followed by a catch block to catch the exceptions. and List the desired exceptions in the throws clause of the method and let the caller of the method handle those exceptions. 64. Define How many objects are created in the following piece of code? MyClass c1, c2, c3; c1 = new MyClass (); c3 = new MyClass (); Answer: Only 2 objects are created, c1 and c3. The reference c2 is only declared and not initialized. 65.What is UNICODE? Unicode is used for internal representation of characters and strings and it uses 16 bits to represent each other. 66. Can a constructor have different name than a Class name in Java? Constructor in Java must have same name as the class name and if the name is different, it doesn’t act as a constructor and compiler thinks of it as a normal method. 67. What will be the output of Round(3.7) and Ceil(3.7)? Round(3.7) returns 4 and Ceil(3.7) returns 4. 68: Can we use goto in Java to go to a particular line? In Java, there is not goto keyword and java doesn’t support this feature of going to a particular labeled line. 69. Can a dead thread be started again? In java, a thread which is in dead state can’t be started again. There is no way to restart a dead thread. 70. Is the following class declaration correct? public abstract final class testClass { // Class methods and variables } The above class declaration is incorrect as an abstract class can’t be declared as Final. 71. Is JDK required on each machine to run a Java program? JDK is development Kit of Java and is required for development only and to run a Java program on a machine, JDK isn’t required. Only JRE is required. 72. Which object oriented Concept is achieved by using overloading and overriding? Polymorphism 73. Is it possible to define a method in Java class but provide it’s implementation in the code of another language like C? Yes, we can do this by use of native methods. In case of native method based development, we define public static methods in our Java class without its implementation and then implementation is done in another language like C separately. 74. Define How destructors are defined in Java? In Java, there are no destructors defined in the class as there is no need to do so. Java has its own garbage collection mechanism which does the job automatically by destroying the objects when no longer referenced. 75. Can a variable be local and static at the same time? No a variable can’t be static as well as local at the same time. Defining a local variable as static gives compilation error. 76. Can we have static methods in an Interface? Static methods can’t be overridden in any class while any methods in an interface are by default abstract and are supposed to be implemented in the classes being implementing the interface. So it makes no sense to have static methods in an interface in Java. 77. In a class implementing an interface, can we change the value of any variable defined in the interface? No, we can’t change the value of any variable of an interface in the implementing class as all variables defined in the interface are by default public, static and Final and final variables are like constants which can’t be changed later. 78. Is it correct to say that due to garbage collection feature in Java, a java program never goes out of memory? Even though automatic garbage collection is provided by Java, it doesn’t ensure that a Java program will not go out of memory as there is a possibility that creation of Java objects is being done at a faster pace compared to garbage collection resulting in filling of all the available memory resources. So, garbage collection helps in reducing the chances of a program going out of memory but it doesn’t ensure that. 79. Can we have any other return type than void for main method? No, Java class main method can have only void return type for the program to get successfully executed. Nonetheless , if you absolutely must return a value to at the completion of main method , you can use System.exit(int status) 80. I want to re-reach and use an object once it has been garbage collected. Define How it’s possible? Once an object has been destroyed by garbage collector, it no longer exists on the heap and it can’t be accessed again. There is no way to reference it again. 81. In Java thread programming, which method is a must implementation for all threads? Run() is a method of Runnable interface that must be implemented by all threads. 82. I want to control database connections in my program and want that only one thread should be able to make database connection at a time. Define How can I implement this logic? This can be implemented by use of the concept of synchronization. Database related code can be placed in a method which hs synchronized keyword so that only one thread can access it at a time. 83. Can an Interface extend another Interface? Yes an Interface can inherit another Interface, for that matter an Interface can extend more than one Interface. 84. I want my class to be developed in such a way that no other class (even derived class) can create its objects. Define How can I do so? If we declare the constructor of a class as private, it will not be accessible by any other class and hence, no other class will be able to instantiate it and formation of its object will be limited to itself only. 85. Define How objects are stored in Java? In java, each object when created gets a memory space from a heap. When an object is destroyed by a garbage collector, the space allocated to it from the heap is re-allocated to the heap and becomes available for any new objects. 86. Define How can we find the actual size of an object on the heap? In java, there is no way to find out the exact size of an object on the heap. 87. Which of the following classes will have more memory allocated? Class Three methods, four variables, no object Class B: Five methods, three variables, no object Memory isn’t allocated before creation of objects. Since for both classes, there are no objects created so no memory is allocated on heap for any class. 88. What happens if an exception is not handled in a program? If an exception is not handled in a program using try catch blocks, program gets aborted and no statement executes after the statement which caused exception throwing. 89. I have multiple constructors defined in a class. Is it possible to call a constructor from another constructor’s body? If a class has multiple constructors, it’s possible to call one constructor from the body of another one using this(). 90. What’s meant by anonymous class? An anonymous class is a class defined without any name in a single line of code using new keyword. For example, in below code we have defined an anonymous class in one line of code: public java.util.Enumeration testMethod() { return new java.util.Enumeration() { @Override public boolean hasMoreElements() { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return false; } @Override public Object nextElement() { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return null; } 91. Is there a way to increase the size of an array after its declaration? Arrays are static and once we have specified its size, we can’t change it. If we want to use such collections where we may require a change of size ( no of items), we should prefer vector over array. 92. If an application has multiple classes in it, is it okay to have a main method in more than one class? If there is main method in more than one classes in a java application, it won’t cause any issue as entry point for any application will be a specific class and code will start from the main method of that particular class only. 93. I want to persist data of objects for later use. What’s the best approach to do so? The best way to persist data for future use is to use the concept of serialization. 94. What is a Local class in Java? In Java, if we define a new class inside a particular block, it’s called a local class. Such a class has local scope and isn’t usable outside the block where its defined. 95. String and StringBuffer both represent String objects. Can we compare String and StringBuffer in Java? Although String and StringBuffer both represent String objects, we can’t compare them with each other and if we try to compare them, we get an error. 96. Which API is provided by Java for operations on set of objects? Java provides a Collection API which provides many useful methods which can be applied on a set of objects. Some of the important classes provided by Collection API include ArrayList, HashMap, TreeSet and TreeMap. 97. Can we cast any other type to Boolean Type with type casting? No, we can neither cast any other primitive type to Boolean data type nor can cast Boolean data type to any other primitive data type. 98. What are synchronized methods and synchronized statements? Synchronized methods are methods that are used to control access to an object. A synchronized statement can only be executed after a thread has acquired the lock for the object or class referenced in the synchronized statement. 99. Define How does a try statement determine which catch clause should be used to handle an exception? When an exception is thrown within the body of a try statement, the catch clauses of the try statement are examined in the order in which they appear. The first catch clause that is capable of handling the exception is executed. The remaining catch clauses are ignored. 100. What will be the default values of all the elements of an array defined as an instance variable? If the array is an array of primitive types, then all the elements of the array will be initialized to the default value corresponding to that primitive type. Basic JAVA Questions with Answers pdf download 101. What is the difference between static and non-static variables? A static variable is associated with the class as a whole rather than with specific instances of a class. Non-static variables take on unique values with each object instance. 102. What is Serialization and deserialization? Serialization is the process of writing the state of an object to a byte stream. Deserialization is the process of restoring these objects. 103. What are use cases? It is part of the analysis of a program and describes a situation that a program might encounter and what behavior the program should exhibit in that circumstance. 104. Explain the use of sublass in a Java program? Sub class inherits all the public and protected methods and the implementation. It also inherits all the default modifier methods and their implementation. 105. How to add menushortcut to menu item? If there is a button instance called b1, you may add menu short cut by calling b1.setMnemonic('F'), so the user may be able to use Alt+F to click the button. 106. Can you write a Java class that could be used both as an applet as well as an application? Yes, just add a main() method to the applet. 107. What is the difference between Swing and AWT components? AWT components are heavy-weight, whereas Swing components are lightweight. Heavy weight components depend on the local windowing toolkit. For example, java.awt.Button is a heavy weight component, when it is running on the Java platform for Unix platform, it maps to a real Motif button. 108. What's the difference between constructors and other methods? Constructors must have the same name as the class and can not return a value. They are only called once while regular methods could be called many times. 109. Is there any limitation of using Inheritance? Yes, since inheritance inherits everything from the super class and interface, it may make the subclass too clustering and sometimes error-prone when dynamic overriding or dynamic overloading in some situation. 109. When is the ArrayStoreException thrown? When copying elements between different arrays, if the source or destination arguments are not arrays or their types are not compatible, an ArrayStoreException will be thrown. 110. Can you call one constructor from another if a class has multiple constructors? Yes, use this() syntax. 111. What's the difference between the methods sleep() and wait()? The code sleep(2000); puts thread aside for exactly two seconds. The code wait(2000), causes a wait of up to two second. A thread could stop waiting earlier if it receives the notify() or notifyAll() call. The method wait() is defined in the class Object and the method sleep() is defined in the class Thread. 112. When ArithmeticException is thrown? The ArithmeticException is thrown when integer is divided by zero or taking the remainder of a number by zero. It is never thrown in floating-point operations. 113. What is a transient variable? A transient variable is a variable that may not be serialized during Serialization and which is initialized by its default value during de-serialization, 114. What is synchronization? Synchronization is the capability to control the access of multiple threads to shared resources. synchronized keyword in java provides locking which ensures mutual exclusive access of shared resource and prevent data race. 115. What is the Collections API? The Collections API is a set of classes and interfaces that support operations on collections of objects. 116. Does garbage collection guarantee that a program will not run out of memory? Garbage collection does not guarantee that a program will not run out of memory. It is possible for programs to use up memory resources faster than they are garbage collected. It is also possible for programs to create objects that are not subject to garbage collection. 117. The immediate super class of the Applet class? Panel is the immediate super class. A panel provides space in which an application can attach any other component, including other panels. 118. Which Java operator is right associative? The = operator is right associative. 119. What is the difference between a break statement and a continue statement? A break statement results in the termination of the statement to which it applies (switch, for, do, or while). A continue statement is used to end the current loop iteration and return control to the loop statement. 120. If a variable is declared as private, where may the variable be accessed? A private variable may only be accessed within the class in which it is declared. 121. What is the purpose of the System class? The purpose of the System class is to provide access to system resources. 122. List primitive Java types? The eight primitive types are byte, char, short, int, long, float, double, and boolean. 123. What is the relationship between clipping and repainting under AWT? When a window is repainted by the AWT painting thread, it sets the clipping regions to the area of the window that requires repainting. 124. Which class is the immediate superclass of the Container class? Component class is the immediate super class. 125. What class of exceptions are generated by the Java run-time system? The Java runtime system generates RuntimeException and Error exceptions. 126. Under what conditions is an object's finalize() method invoked by the garbage collector? The garbage collector invokes an object's finalize() method when it detects that the object has become unreachable. 127. How can a dead thread be restarted? A dead thread cannot be restarted. 128. Which arithmetic operations can result in the throwing of an ArithmeticException? Integer / and % can result in the throwing of an ArithmeticException. 129. Variable of the boolean type is automatically initialized as? The default value of the boolean type is false. 130. What are ClassLoaders? A class loader is an object that is responsible for loading classes. The class ClassLoader is an abstract class. 131. What is the difference between an Interface and an Abstract class? An abstract class can have instance methods that implement a default behavior. An Interface can only declare constants and instance methods, but cannot implement default behavior and all methods are implicitly abstract. An interface has all public members and no implementation. 132. What will happen if static modifier is removed from the signature of the main method? Program throws "NoSuchMethodError" error at runtime . 133. Can try statements be nested? Yes 134. What is the default value of an object reference declared as an instance variable? Null, unless it is defined explicitly. 135. Can a top level class be private or protected? No, a top level class can not be private or protected. It can have either "public" or no modifier. 136. Why do we need wrapper classes? We can pass them around as method parameters where a method expects an object. It also provides utility methods. 137. What is the difference between error and an exception? An error is an irrecoverable condition occurring at runtime. Such as OutOfMemory error. Exceptions are conditions that occur because of bad input etc. e.g. FileNotFoundException will be thrown if the specified file does not exist. 138. Is it necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block? It is not necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block. It should be followed by either a catch block or a finally block. 139. When a thread is created and started, what is its initial state? A thread is in the ready state as initial state after it has been created and started. 140. What is the Locale class? The Locale class is used to tailor program output to the conventions of a particular geographic, political, or cultural region. 141. What are synchronized methods and synchronized statements? Synchronized methods are methods that are used to control access to an object. A synchronized statement can only be executed after a thread has acquired the lock for the object or class referenced in the synchronized statement. 142. What is runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch? Runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch is a process in which a call to an overridden method is resolved at runtime rather than at compile-time. In this process, an overridden method is called through the reference variable of a superclass. 143. What is Dynamic Binding(late binding)? Binding refers to the linking of a procedure call to the code to be executed in response to the call. Dynamic binding means that the code associated with a given procedure call is not known until the time of the call at run-time. 144. Can constructor be inherited? No, constructor cannot be inherited. 145. What are the advantages of ArrayList over arrays? ArrayList can grow dynamically and provides more powerful insertion and search mechanisms than arrays. 146. Why deletion in LinkedList is fast than ArrayList? Deletion in linked list is fast because it involves only updating the next pointer in the node before the deleted node and updating the previous pointer in the node after the deleted node. 147. How do you decide when to use ArrayList and LinkedList? If you need to frequently add and remove elements from the middle of the list and only access the list elements sequentially, then LinkedList should be used. If you need to support random access, without inserting or removing elements from any place other than the end, then ArrayList should be used. 148. What is a Values Collection View ? It is a collection returned by the values() method of the Map Interface, It contains all the objects present as values in the map. 149. What is dot operator? The dot operator(.) is used to access the instance variables and methods of class objects.It is also used to access classes and sub-packages from a package. 150. Where and how can you use a private constructor? Private constructor is used if you do not want other classes to instantiate the object and to prevent subclassing.T 151. What is type casting? Type casting means treating a variable of one type as though it is another type. Q: Describe life cycle of thread? A thread is a execution in a program. The life cycle of a thread include:Newborn state Runnable state Running state Blocked state Dead state 152. What is the difference between the >> and >>> operators? The >> operator carries the sign bit when shifting right. The >>> zero-fills bits that have been shifted out. 153. Which method of the Component class is used to set the position and size of a component? setBounds() method is used for this purpose. 154. What is the range of the short type? The range of the short type is -(2^15) to 2^15 - 1. 155. What is the immediate superclass of Menu? MenuItem class 156. Does Java allow Default Arguments? No, Java does not allow Default Arguments. 157. Which number is denoted by leading zero in java? Octal Numbers are denoted by leading zero in java, example: 06 158. Which number is denoted by leading 0x or 0X in java? Hexadecimal Numbers are denoted by leading 0x or 0X in java, example: 0XF 159. Break statement can be used as labels in Java? Yes, an example can be break one; 160. Where import statement is used in a Java program? Import statement is allowed at the beginning of the program file after package statement. 161. Explain suspend() method under Thread class> It is used to pause or temporarily stop the execution of the thread. 162. Explain isAlive() method under Thread class? It is used to find out whether a thread is still running or not. 163. What is currentThread()? It is a public static method used to obtain a reference to the current thread. 164. Explain main thread under Thread class execution? The main thread is created automatically and it begins to execute immediately when a program starts. It ia thread from which all other child threads originate. 165. Life cycle of an applet includes which steps? Life cycle involves the following steps: Initialization Starting Stopping Destroying Painting 166. Why is the role of init() method under applets? It initializes the applet and is the first method to be called. 167. Which method is called by Applet class to load an image? getImage(URL object, filename) is used for this purpose. 168. Define code as an attribute of Applet? It is used to specify the name of the applet class. 169. Define canvas? It is a simple drawing surface which are used for painting images or to perform other graphical operations. 170. Define Network Programming? It refers to writing programs that execute across multiple devices (computers), in which the devices are all connected to each other using a network. 171. What is a Socket? Sockets provide the communication mechanism between two computers using TCP. A client program creates a socket on its end of the communication and attempts to connect that socket to a server. 172. Advantages of Java Sockets? Sockets are flexible and sufficient. Efficient socket based programming can be easily implemented for general communications. It cause low network traffic. 173. Disadvantages of Java Sockets? Socket based communications allows only to send packets of raw data between applications. Both the client-side and server-side have to provide mechanisms to make the data useful in any way. 174. Which class is used by server applications to obtain a port and listen for client requests? java.net.ServerSocket class is used by server applications to obtain a port and listen for client requests 175. Which class represents the socket that both the client and server use to communicate with each other? java.net.Socket class represents the socket that both the client and server use to communicate with each other. 176. Why Generics are used in Java? Generics provide compile-time type safety that allows programmers to catch invalid types at compile time. Java Generic methods and generic classes enable programmers to specify, with a single method declaration, a set of related methods or, with a single class declaration, a set of related types. 177. What environment variables do I need to set on my machine in order to be able to run Java programs? CLASSPATH and PATH are the two variables. 178. Is there any need to import java.lang package? No, there is no need to import this package. It is by default loaded internally by the JVM. 179. What is Nested top-level class? If a class is declared within a class and specify the static modifier, the compiler treats the class just like any other top-level class. Nested top-level class is an Inner class. 180. What is Externalizable interface? Externalizable is an interface which contains two methods readExternal and writeExternal. These methods give you a control over the serialization mechanism. 181. If System.exit (0); is written at the end of the try block, will the finally block still execute? No in this case the finally block will not execute because when you say System.exit (0); the control immediately goes out of the program, and thus finally never executes. 182. What is daemon thread? Daemon thread is a low priority thread, which runs intermittently in the back ground doing the garbage collection operation for the java runtime system. 183. Which method is used to create the daemon thread? setDaemon method is used to create a daemon thread. 184. Which method must be implemented by all threads? All tasks must implement the run() method 185. What is the GregorianCalendar class? The GregorianCalendar provides support for traditional Western calendars 186. What is the SimpleTimeZone class? The SimpleTimeZone class provides support for a Gregorian calendar . 187. What is the difference between the size and capacity of a Vector? The size is the number of elements actually stored in the vector, while capacity is the maximum number of elements it can store at a given instance of time. 188. Can a vector contain heterogenous objects? Yes a Vector can contain heterogenous objects. Because a Vector stores everything in terms of Object. 189. What is an enumeration? An enumeration is an interface containing methods for accessing the underlying data structure from which the enumeration is obtained. It allows sequential access to all the elements stored in the collection. 190. What is difference between Path and Classpath? Path and Classpath are operating system level environment variales. Path is defines where the system can find the executables(.exe) files and classpath is used to specify the location of .class files. 191. Can a class declared as private be accessed outside it's package? No, it's not possible to accessed outside it's package. 192. What are the restriction imposed on a static method or a static block of code? A static method should not refer to instance variables without creating an instance and cannot use "this" operator to refer the instance. 240. Can an Interface extend another Interface? Yes an Interface can inherit another Interface, for that matter an Interface can extend more than one Interface. 241. Which object oriented Concept is achieved by using overloading and overriding? Polymorphism 242. What is an object's lock and which object's have locks? An object's lock is a mechanism that is used by multiple threads to obtain synchronized access to the object. A thread may execute a synchronized method of an object only after it has acquired the object's lock. 243. What is Downcasting? It is the casting from a general to a more specific type, i.e. casting down the hierarchy. 244. What are order of precedence and associativity and how are they used? Order of precedence determines the order in which operators are evaluated in expressions. Associatity determines whether an expression is evaluated left-to-right or right-to-left. 245. If a method is declared as protected, where may the method be accessed? A protected method may only be accessed by classes or interfaces of the same package or by subclasses of the class in which it is declared. 246. What is the difference between inner class and nested class? When a class is defined within a scope of another class, then it becomes inner class. If the access modifier of the inner class is static, then it becomes nested class. 247. What restrictions are placed on method overriding? Overridden methods must have the same name, argument list, and return type. The overriding method may not limit the access of the method it overrides. 248. What is constructor chaining and how is it achieved in Java? A child object constructor always first needs to construct its parent. In Java it is done via an implicit call to the no-args constructor as the first statement. 249. Can a double value be cast to a byte? Yes, a double value can be cast to a byte. 250. How does a try statement determine which catch clause should be used to handle an exception? When an exception is thrown within the body of a try statement, the catch clauses of the try statement are examined in the order in which they appear. The first catch clause that is capable of handling the exception is executed. The remaining catch clauses are ignored. Core Java Interview Questions JAVA Online Test Java Interview Questions for Freshers & Experienced #java interview questions for experienced #java interview questions pdf #java interview questions and answers for freshers #java interview questions geeksforgeeks #java interview questions for experienced professionals #java interview questions for 5 years experience #java interview questions and answers for freshers pdf Read the full article

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freecourses-blog · 5 years

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Become A Professional Java Developer From Scratch

Master The Worlds Most Popular Programming Language And Become A Pro Developer From Scratch. Become A Professional Java Developer From Scratch What you’ll learn: 103 LecturesUnderstand variables and perform operations with themCreate Arrays to store dataCreate multidimensional arrays to store dataGet the input from the userCreate and manipulate files on the systemUse text input and output to store dataUse binary input and output to store dataUnderstand Object Orient Programming principals in depthUse abstract classes and interfaces to model your classesHandle exceptionsUse Java GUI API to create user interfaces for your Java programsUse the collections framework to store your dataUse multithreading to make your program execute multiple tasks at the same timeConnect you program to a database, store and fetch dataUse Java servlets to create dynamic web contentUse Java server pages to create dynamic web contentUse Java Server Faces to create dynamic web content Requirements: Eclipse and Netbeans(We will download both in the first video) Become A Professional Java Developer From Scratch Description: Over 4400 Enrolled Students Are Already Learning Java, Enroll Now And Start Learning Today Join me on this fantastic journey where we are going to explore Java from ground up. If you never coded before and want to learn Java this is a perfect course for you. We are going to start from basics so that you will feel comfortable writing your own code. This course assumes no previous experience and takes you from beginner concepts like variables, functions and classes and then goes into more detail while we explore advanced Java concepts. We are also going to learn Object Oriented Programming principles which will help you learn any other programming language after you have mastered Java in this course!! I have also added challenging task for you to complete and test your knowledge which is going to bring you from a complete beginner to an experienced developer comfortable writing any program in Java. You will also benefit from my quick response (I check Udemy forums every day if some student has encountered a problem) and you will also get assistance from the other students taking the course. If you are a complete beginner join now and master the worlds most popular programming language, on the other hand if you are a developer already, then it will not hurt you to add one more powerful programming language at your disposal!! Topics Covered Variables Loops Conditionals Classes Objects Methods Arrays Multidimensional Arrays Inheritance Polymorphism Abstract Classes Interfaces Handling Exceptions Creating Files Text Input / Output Binary Input / Output Java Graphical User Interface Collections Multithreading Java Database Programming Java Servlets Java Server Pages Java Server Faces Enroll Now You Will Not Be Disappointed!! Who this course is for: Complete Beginners Students with programming experience who want to learn Java Who is the target audience? Complete BeginnersStudents with programming experience who want to learn Java Course content of Become A Professional Java Developer From Scratch: Total Lecture:81 How To Study This Course Downloading and setting up our environments Variables Numeric operations and String concatenation Augmented Assignment Operators and Increment and Decrement Operators Getting Input from the user Displaying Current time Assignment The if statement Nested If-else statements Switch statement Logical Operators Using if-else statement to controll the input from the user Conditional Expressions Loops Nested Loops Using loops to controll the user input Assignment Classes Constructors with parameters Methods Static, final and scope of a variable Visibility Modifiers Data encapsulation Passing objects to methods Assignment Introducing arrays Processing arrays For each loop Arrays and methods The Arrays class Multidimensional arrays Assignment Inheritance Super, overriding and overloading The Object class Primitive and Reference variables The equals method The protected modifier and preventing Extending and Overriding Assignment Abstract Classes Interfaces Assignment Exceptions Getting information from exceptions and throwing our own exceptions The finally clause The File class Writing and reading data Reading data from the web Assignment FileInputStream and FileOutputStream DataInputStream and DataOutputStream BufferedInputStream and BufferedOutputStream ObjectInputStream and ObjectOutputStream RandomAccessFile class Assignment JFrame Adding a button to our JFrame Layout Managers Using JPanel as a subcontainer Helper Classes Image Icons Other components Listeners and Inner classes Alternative ways to create listeners Mouse Listeners and Mouse Adapters The Timer class Simple Login App More GUI Components Processing JComboBox and JList JScrollBar and JSlider CardLayout, BoxLayout and Box JTabbedPane Menus Dialogs JColorChooser and JFileChooser Assignment ArrayList and LinkedList Stacks, Vectors, Sets and Maps Note About Collections 6 more sections Become A Professional Java Developer From Scratch course Read the full article

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javatutorialcorner · 7 years

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Design Patterns - Strategy Pattern

Strategy Pattern

Definition

Use strategy when you need to define a family of algorithms, encapsulate each one, and make them interchangeable. Strategy lets the algorithm vary independently from clients that use it. Related patterns include State, Flyweight, Decorator, Composite.

Where to use

•When you need to use one of several algorithms dynamically. •When you want to configure a class with one of many related classes (behaviors). •When an algorithm uses data that clients shouldn't know about.

Benefits

•Reduces multiple conditional statements in a client. •Hides complex, algorithmic-specific data from the client. •Provides an alternative to subclassing. •Can be used to hide data that an algorithm uses that clients shouldn't know about.

Drawbacks/consequences

•Clients must be aware of different strategies. A client must understand how strategies differ before it can select the appropriate one. •Increases the number of objects in an application.

Strategy Pattern Class Diagram

In the class-diagram above: •The Strategy interface defines the behavior that is common to all the concrete implementations. •The ConcreteStrategy encapsulates an implementation of a specific algorithm or behavior that is defined through the Strategy interface. •The Context provides certain services that is defined by the Strategy interface and implemented by different ConcreteStrategy classes depending on behavior.

Strategy Pattern Example

This example uses sorting algorithms. Two sorting algorithms (Bubble sort and Quick sort) are implemented and the client can select either of the algorithms. The SortInterface describes what the algorithms must be able to do, sort(). The classes QuickSort and BubbleSort both implements the SortInterface and each have their own algorithm for sorting. SortingContext maintains a reference to a Strategy object and forwards client requests to the strategy. SortingClient set the concrete strategy in the context and invokes the context to run the algorithm.

public interface SortInterface { public void sort(double[] list); } public class QuickSort implements SortInterface { public void sort(double[] u) { sort(u, 0, u.length - 1); } private void sort(double[] a, int left, int right) { if (right <= left) return; int i = part(a, left, right); sort(a, left, i-1); sort(a, i+1, right); } private int part(double[] a, int left, int right) { int i = left; int j = right; while (true) { while (a[i]< a[right]) i++; while (smaller(a[right], a[--j])) if (j == left) break; if (i >= j) break; swap(a, i, j); } swap(a, i, right); return i; } private boolean smaller(double x, double y) { return (x < y); } private void swap(double[] a, int i, int j) { double swap = a[i]; a[i] = a[j]; a[j] = swap; } } public class BubbleSort implements SortInterface { public void sort(double[] list) { //Bubblesort algorithm here } } public class SortingContext { private SortInterface sorter = null; public void sortDouble(double[] list) { sorter.sort(list); } public SortInterface getSorter() { return sorter; } public void setSorter(SortInterface sorter) { this.sorter = sorter; } } public class SortingClient { public static void main(String[] args) { double[] list = {1,2.4,7.9,3.2,1.2,0.2,10.2, 22.5,19.6,14,12,16,17}; SortingContext context = new SortingContext(); context.setSorter(new QuickSort()); context.sortDouble(list); for(int i =0; i< list.length; i++) { System.out.println(list[i]); } } }

When SortingClient is executed the result is:

c:>0.2 c:>1.0 c:>1.2 c:>2.4 c:>3.2 c:>7.9 c:>10.2 c:>12.0 c:>14.0 c:>16.0 c:>17.0 c:>19.6 c:>22.5

Strategy Pattern Usage Example

The strategy pattern is used in the implementation of the LayoutManager in Java. The LayoutManager can be configured to work with different layout objects, such as FlowLayout, CardLayout, GridLayout, etc. These classes encapsulate the actual algorithms for laying out visual components that the LayoutManager uses to render the interface on the screen. By changing the Layout (algorithm) we can dynamically change how the interface is rendered.

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apparelfactory-blog · 7 years

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Stripy Polo Shirt 2017/6/17

Ivy League is a style of men's dress, popular during the late 1950s in the Northeastern United States, and said to have originated on college campuses, particularly those of the Ivy League. It was the predecessor to the preppy style of dress.

Ivy League clothing is derived from the casual attire worn by the British and American upper classes during the 1920s, for sporting pursuits such as golf, polo, sailing, rugby football, hunting, and tennis. Typical summer attire for this time included navy two button blazers with gold buttons, striped college blazers, Ascot ties, cable knit tank tops, Oxford shirts, Breton striped shirts, and wingtip shoes. For fall, trendsetters such as the Duke of Windsor combined the latest American fashions with traditional British country clothing such as brogue boots, Argyll socks and jumpers, and tweed cloth sportcoats, Irish walking hats and plus fours in houndstooth, herringbone, or the Prince of Wales check popularized by Edward VII of England.

During the mid to late 1950s, many young college guys adopted the Ivy League look due to its association with the upper classes at leisure. The clothing stores J. Press and Brooks Brothers represented perhaps the quintessential Ivy League dress manner, the former with two of its four locations found at Harvard and Yale universities (the Princeton branch closed in 1942). The Ivy League style was epitomized by the sack suit, which is defined as being a 3-to-2 (3 buttons with the top button "rolled" back to reveal only two usable buttons) blazer without darts and a single "hooked" vent. The pants were typically cuffed and without pleats. It was also characterized by the use of natural fabrics, shirts with button-down collars, and penny loafers. In suits, the Ivy League style was promoted by clothier Brooks Brothers and included natural shoulder single-breasted suit jackets. In 1957 and 1958, about 70% of all suits sold were in the "Ivy League" style.

Typical hairstyles included the crew cut, Harvard clip, and regular haircut, and common clothing accessories included cardigan sweaters, sweater vests, Nantucket reds, khaki chino pants, knitted ties, white Oxford shirts, Tootal or Brooks Brothers ties, Ascot neckties, tartan, grey tweed cloth or flannel sportcoats, and seersucker blazers in the South.

Mainstream popularity and decline

Mod band the Small Faces wearing Ivy League inspired Glen plaid sportcoats.

From the late 1950s until the mid 1960s, Ivy League clothing was considered desirable mainstream apparel for middle class adults in the US. In Britain during the mid and late 60s, the Mod subculture combined the latest Italian fashions with the attire worn by the heroes in contemporary American films such as Steve McQueen, James Dean or Paul Newman Particularly popular were the grey flannel, Tonic, or houndstooth suits, polo shirts, chino pants, Argyle socks, sweater vests, cardigan sweaters, basketweave loafers, Madras plaid, and narrow brimmed Irish walking hats and Trilbys. The style remained fashionable in America until it was supplanted by more casual everyday clothing influenced by the hippie counterculture during the late 1960s and early 1970s.

Revival

An American style known as preppy is similar to Ivy League but intended for today's mainstream culture. Preppy style tends to be more colorful, especially in spring and summer, and incorporates more casual chic attire. It was first popularized in the early 1980s as a return to Ivy League styles after a decade of more modern trends, but today, preppy differs from historic Ivy League. Preppy fashion is influenced by traditional collegiate trends, rather than reproducing them exactly, and various clothing items can be considered preppy based on how they are worn or accented. During the 1990s and 2000s Polo Ralph Lauren, Vineyard Vines, J. Crew and J. Press were large marketers of preppy clothing, modernised to accommodate new trends inspired by indie pop and urban fashion. Controversially, in a recently revised form, a version of this style is sometimes promoted and marketed as "American Trad" or simply "Trad," although there are marked differences between the two styles. Trad is considerably narrower in scope than the original Ivy League style.

By the 2010s, many American preps opted to dress in a more classic, tailored style closer to the original Ivy League look. Popular clothings include loafers, Sperry Top-Sider boat shoes, Aran sweaters, cardigans, Oxford shirts, Cricket pullovers, wingtips, stripy polo shirts, hats like the fedora, khaki or pastel colored Vineyard Vines, Nantucket Reds, white or bright pastel color socks worn with sneakers and Sperry Top-Sider boat shoes, colored jeans, baseball jackets, khaki cargo shorts, and tapered chinos. Blazers, especially those made from seersucker, had made a comeback as informal or smart casual wear by the mid 2010s, and the traditional two button style was updated with throwback styling inspired by The Great Gatsby.

In popular culture

During the 1950s, the wealthy and clean cut Squares, Rahs and Socs (Soc being short for social) with their Ivy League clothes were the rivals to the working class Greaser subculture. The conflict between the two groups features in Grease, The Outsiders, Indiana Jones and the Crystal Skull, and Cry-Baby. In a scene in The Godfather, set in 1946, Michael Corleone is derided as an unlikely assassin because he is a "college boy" who wears an "Ivy League suit." The style was parodied in Clark Gesner's musical The Ivy League Look.

��/x&7Ϣ��:{ ith a\u0026nbsp;different one.\n","examples":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"red\"\u003eIncorrect: Jordan doesn’t remember \u003cb\u003ewere\u003c/b\u003e he\u0026nbsp;parked his car.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"green\"\u003eCorrect: Jordan doesn’t remember \u003cb\u003ewhere\u003c/b\u003e he\u0026nbsp;parked his car.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"red\"\u003eIncorrect: Which sign is\u0026nbsp;usually \u003cb\u003epaced\u003c/b\u003e on\u0026nbsp;street corners to\u0026nbsp;warn you of\u0026nbsp;cross traffic?\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"green\"\u003eCorrect: Which sign is\u0026nbsp;usually \u003cb\u003eplaced\u003c/b\u003e on\u0026nbsp;street corners to\u0026nbsp;warn you of\u0026nbsp;cross traffic?\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e","todo":"correct your spelling","handbookLink":"","sentence_no":0,"free":true,"cardLayout":{"category":"Accuracy","group":"Spelling","groupDescription":"Checks spelling, confused words, capitalization","rank":10},"category":"AccidentallyConfused","pid":643814,"rid":643814,"sid":1,"begin":4280,"end":4285,"text":"preps","group":"Spelling","pname":"Spelling/AccidentallyConfused/General","rev":1,"highlightBegin":4280,"highlightEnd":4285,"highlightText":"preps","replacements":["press"],"extra_properties":{"priority":"1","did_you_mean":"true"},"action":"alert","id":54}{"point":"General","transforms":["\u003cspan class\u003d\u0027gr_grammar_del\u0027\u003eTrad\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\u0027gr_grammar_ins\u0027\u003eTrade\u003c/span\u003e"],"title":"Possibly confused word: \u003ci\u003eTrad\u003c/i\u003e","details":"","explanation":"\u003cp\u003eThe word \u003cb\u003eTrad\u003c/b\u003e doesn’t seem to\u0026nbsp;fit this context. Consider replacing it\u0026nbsp;with a\u0026nbsp;different one.\n","examples":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"red\"\u003eIncorrect: Jordan doesn’t remember \u003cb\u003ewere\u003c/b\u003e he\u0026nbsp;parked his car.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"green\"\u003eCorrect: Jordan doesn’t remember \u003cb\u003ewhere\u003c/b\u003e he\u0026nbsp;parked his car.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"red\"\u003eIncorrect: Which sign is\u0026nbsp;usually \u003cb\u003epaced\u003c/b\u003e on\u0026nbsp;street corners to\u0026nbsp;warn you of\u0026nbsp;cross traffic?\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"green\"\u003eCorrect: Which sign is\u0026nbsp;usually \u003cb\u003eplaced\u003c/b\u003e on\u0026nbsp;street corners to\u0026nbsp;warn you of\u0026nbsp;cross traffic?\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e","todo":"correct your spelling","handbookLink":"","sentence_no":0,"free":true,"cardLayout":{"category":"Accuracy","group":"Spelling","groupDescription":"Checks spelling, confused words, capitalization","rank":10},"category":"AccidentallyConfused","pid":643814,"rid":643814,"sid":1,"begin":4176,"end":4180,"text":"Trad","group":"Spelling","pname":"Spelling/AccidentallyConfused/General","rev":1,"highlightBegin":4176,"highlightEnd":4180,"highlightText":"Trad","replacements":["Trade"],"extra_properties":{"priority":"1","did_you_mean":"true"},"action":"alert","id":59}{"sid":1,"rev":1,"scores":{"Accuracy":94.0,"Originality":81.0,"Effectiveness":91.0,"Clarity":97.0},"score":80,"removed":[],"errors":0,"interrupts":0,"skipped":0,"rejected":0,"blocked":0,"dialect":"american","action":"finished"}lled/MissingHyphen/General","rev":1,"highlightBegin":2382,"highlightEnd":2397,"highlightText":"League inspired","replacements":["League-inspired"],"extra_properties":{"priority":"1"},"action":"alert","id":45}{"hidden":true,"category":"WordChoice","pid":551521,"rid":551521,"sid":1,"begin":4992,"end":4999,"text":"popular","group":"Enhancement","pname":"Enhancement/WordChoice/Vague","rev":1,"highlightBegin":4992,"highlightEnd":4999,"highlightText":"popular","replacements":[],"extra_properties":{},"action":"alert","id":46}{"point":"General","transforms":["\u003cspan class\u003d\u0027gr_grammar_del\u0027\u003eTootal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\u0027gr_grammar_ins\u0027\u003eTotal\u003c/span\u003e","\u003cspan class\u003d\u0027gr_grammar_del\u0027\u003eTootal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\u0027gr_grammar_ins\u0027\u003eTool\u003c/span\u003e","\u003cspan class\u003d\u0027gr_grammar_del\u0027\u003eTootal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\u0027gr_grammar_ins\u0027\u003eToyota\u003c/span\u003e"],"title":"Misspelled word: \u003ci\u003eTootal\u003c/i\u003e","details":"","explanation":"\u003cp\u003eThe word \u003cb\u003eTootal\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;is not in\u0026nbsp;our dictionary. If\u0026nbsp;you’re sure this spelling is\u0026nbsp;correct, you can add it\u0026nbsp;to\u0026nbsp;your personal dictionary to\u0026nbsp;prevent future alerts.\n","examples":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"red\"\u003eIncorrect: Nina will go\u0026nbsp;\u003cb\u003esohpping\u003c/b\u003e this afternoon.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"green\"\u003eCorrect: Nina will go\u0026nbsp;\u003cb\u003eshopping\u003c/b\u003e this afternoon.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"red\"\u003eIncorrect: Dolphins, \u003cb\u003eot\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;course, are not fish.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"green\"\u003eCorrect: Dolphins, \u003cb\u003eof\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;course, are not fish.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e","todo":"correct your spelling","handbookLink":"","sentence_no":0,"free":true,"cardLayout":{"category":"Accuracy","group":"Spelling","groupDescription":"Checks spelling, confused words, capitalization","rank":10},"category":"Misspelled","pid":893584,"rid":893584,"sid":1,"begin":2177,"end":2183,"text":"Tootal","group":"Spelling","pname":"Spelling/Misspelled/General/Names","rev":1,"highlightBegin":2177,"highlightEnd":2183,"highlightText":"Tootal","replacements":["Total","Tool","Toyota"],"extra_properties":{"priority":"1","add_to_dict":"true"},"action":"alert","id":48}{"hidden":true,"category":"WordChoice","pid":551521,"rid":551521,"sid":1,"begin":4375,"end":4382,"text":"Popular","group":"Enhancement","pname":"Enhancement/WordChoice/Vague","rev":1,"highlightBegin":4375,"highlightEnd":4382,"highlightText":"Popular","replacements":[],"extra_properties":{},"action":"alert","id":49}{"hidden":true,"category":"WordChoice","pid":1066724,"rid":1066724,"sid":1,"begin":2629,"end":2656,"text":"the latest Italian fashions","group":"Enhancement","pname":"Enhancement/WordChoice/Repeated/Phrase","rev":1,"highlightBegin":2629,"highlightEnd":2656,"highlightText":"the latest Italian fashions","replacements":[],"extra_properties":{},"action":"alert","id":50}{"hidden":true,"category":"WordChoice","pid":551521,"rid":551521,"sid":1,"begin":3670,"end":3677,"text":"exactly","group":"Enhancement","pname":"Enhancement/WordChoice/Vague","rev":1,"highlightBegin":3670,"highlightEnd":3677,"highlightText":"exactly","replacements":[],"extra_properties":{},"action":"alert","id":51}{"hidden":true,"category":"WordChoice","pid":1063711,"rid":1063711,"sid":1,"begin":4168,"end":4174,"text":"styles","group":"Enhancement","pname":"Enhancement/WordChoice/Repeated/Nouns","rev":1,"highlightBegin":4168,"highlightEnd":4174,"highlightText":"styles","replacements":[],"extra_properties":{},"action":"alert","id":52}{"hidden":true,"category":"Wordiness","pid":810977,"rid":810977,"sid":1,"begin":1955,"end":2309,"text":"Typical hairstyles included the crew cut, Harvard clip, and regular haircut, and common clothing accessories included cardigan sweaters, sweater vests, Nantucket reds, khaki chino pants, knitted ties, white Oxford shirts, Tootal or Brooks Brothers ties, Ascot neckties, tartan, grey tweed cloth or flannel sportcoats, and seersucker blazers in the South.","group":"Style","pname":"Style/Wordiness/LongSentence/General","pversion":"3.3.385","rev":1,"highlightBegin":1955,"highlightEnd":2309,"highlightText":"Typical hairstyles included the crew cut, Harvard clip, and regular haircut, and common clothing accessories included cardigan sweaters, sweater vests, Nantucket reds, khaki chino pants, knitted ties, white Oxford shirts, Tootal or Brooks Brothers ties, Ascot neckties, tartan, grey tweed cloth or flannel sportcoats, and seersucker blazers in the South.","replacements":[],"extra_properties":{},"action":"alert","id":53}{"point":"Capitalization","transforms":["\u003cspan class\u003d\u0027gr_grammar_del\u0027\u003eshirts\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\u0027gr_grammar_ins\u0027\u003eShirts\u003c/span\u003e"],"title":"Capitalization","details":"","explanation":"\u003cp\u003eIt\u0026nbsp;appears that the word \u003cb\u003eshirts\u003c/b\u003e may be\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;proper noun in\u0026nbsp;this context. Consider capitalizing the word.\n","examples":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"red\"\u003eIncorrect: What did\u0026nbsp;Ms. \u003cb\u003esmith\u003c/b\u003e think about that?\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"green\"\u003eCorrect: What did Ms. \u003cb\u003eSmith\u003c/b\u003e think about that?\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"red\"\u003eIncorrect: Jesse is\u0026nbsp;fluent in\u0026nbsp;\u003cb\u003efrench\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"green\"\u003eCorrect: Jesse is\u0026nbsp;fluent in\u0026nbsp;\u003cb\u003eFrench\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"red\"\u003eIncorrect: Do\u0026nbsp;you have plans for Christmas \u003cb\u003eeve\u003c/b\u003e?\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"green\"\u003eCorrect: Do\u0026nbsp;you have plans for Christmas \u003cb\u003eEve\u003c/b\u003e?\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e","todo":"change the capitalization","handbookLink":"","sentence_no":0,"free":true,"cardLayout":{"category":"Accuracy","group":"Spelling","groupDescription":"Checks spelling, confused words, capitalization","rank":10},"category":"Misspelled","pid":1037847,"rid":1037847,"sid":1,"begin":4472,"end":4478,"text":"shirts","group":"Spelling","pname":"Spelling/Misspelled/Capitalization/General","rev":1,"highlightBegin":4472,"highlightEnd":4478,"highlightText":"shirts","replacements":["Shirts"],"extra_properties":{"priority":"1"},"action":"alert","id":55}{"point":"MissingHyphenInPrefixes","transforms":["\u003cspan class\u003d\u0027gr_grammar_del\u0027\u003emid 1960s\u003c/span\u003e→\u003cspan class\u003d\u0027gr_grammar_ins\u0027\u003emid-1960s\u003c/span\u003e"],"title":"Missing hyphen","details":"\u003cp\u003eWords that start with the prefixes\u0026nbsp;\u003cb\u003eex\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eself\u003c/b\u003e, or\u0026nbsp;\u003cb\u003eall\u003c/b\u003e (\u003ci\u003eex-wife, self-interest, all-inclusive\u003c/i\u003e) should always be\u0026nbsp;hyphenated.\n\u003cp\u003eThe prefix \u003cb\u003enon\u003c/b\u003e is\u0026nbsp;usually hyphenated in\u0026nbsp;British English. In\u0026nbsp;American English, it\u0026nbsp;can be\u0026nbsp;written either as\u0026nbsp;one word or\u0026nbsp;with a\u0026nbsp;hyphen (\u003ci\u003enonprofit\u003c/i\u003e or\u0026nbsp;\u003ci\u003enon-profit\u003c/i\u003e).\n\u003cp\u003ePrefixes are sometimes hyphenated to\u0026nbsp;avoid confusion with the unhyphenated word: \u003ci\u003ere-cover\u003c/i\u003e means to\u0026nbsp;cover again and \u003ci\u003erecover\u003c/i\u003e means to\u0026nbsp;regain.\n\u003cp\u003eAny prefix should be\u0026nbsp;hyphenated when used with a\u0026nbsp;proper noun (\u003ci\u003epre-Civil War, \u003cnobr\u003emid-December\u003c/nobr\u003e\u003c/i\u003e) or\u0026nbsp;date (\u003ci\u003epost-1990s\u003c/i\u003e).\n\u003cp\u003eSuffixes are never hyphenated, though some words act like a\u0026nbsp;suffix and should use a\u0026nbsp;hyphen. These include \u003cb\u003eelect\u003c/b\u003e (\u003ci\u003emayor-elect\u003c/i\u003e Smith), \u003cb\u003efree\u003c/b\u003e (\u003ci\u003esugar-free\u003c/i\u003e cookies), and \u003cb\u003eodd\u003c/b\u003e (\u003ci\u003etwenty-odd\u003c/i\u003e examples).\n","explanation":"\u003cp\u003eIt\u0026nbsp;appears that \u003cb\u003emid\u0026nbsp;1960s\u003c/b\u003e is\u0026nbsp;missing a\u0026nbsp;hyphen. Consider adding the hyphen(s).\n","examples":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"red\"\u003eIncorrect: We\u0026nbsp;stayed at\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;\u003cb\u003edog friendly\u003c/b\u003e hotel.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"green\"\u003eCorrect: We\u0026nbsp;stayed at\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;\u003cb\u003edog-friendly\u003c/b\u003e hotel.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"red\"\u003eIncorrect: Don is\u0026nbsp;\u003cb\u003eself employed\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"green\"\u003eCorrect: Don is\u0026nbsp;\u003cb\u003eself-employed\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e","todo":"add a\u0026nbsp;hyphen","handbookLink":"","sentence_no":0,"free":true,"cardLayout":{"category":"Accuracy","group":"Spelling","groupDescription":"Checks spelling, confused words, capitalization","rank":10},"category":"Misspelled","pid":1265082,"rid":1265082,"sid":1,"begin":2451,"end":2460,"text":"mid 1960s","group":"Spelling","pname":"Spelling/Misspelled/MissingHyphenInPrefixes/PrefixesCapital","phash":"694F62D652628E8F2F3338D6129F02A2","pversion":"3.3.385","rev":1,"highlightBegin":2451,"highlightEnd":2460,"highlightText":"mid 1960s","replacements":["mid-1960s"],"extra_properties":{"priority":"2"},"action":"alert","id":57}{"point":"MissingHyphen","transforms":["\u003cspan class\u003d\u0027gr_grammar_del\u0027\u003emiddle class\u003c/span\u003e→\u003cspan class\u003d\u0027gr_grammar_ins\u0027\u003emiddle-class\u003c/span\u003e"],"title":"Missing hyphen","details":"\u003cp\u003eA\u0026nbsp;hyphen is\u0026nbsp;used to\u0026nbsp;create compound words. Often, the two words joined by\u0026nbsp;the hyphen act as\u0026nbsp;an\u0026nbsp;adjective that describes a\u0026nbsp;noun in\u0026nbsp;the sentence. However, you don’t need a\u0026nbsp;hyphen to\u0026nbsp;join the word \u003ci\u003every\u003c/i\u003e or\u0026nbsp;an\u0026nbsp;adverb ending in \u003ci\u003e-ly\u003c/i\u003e to\u0026nbsp;another word (\u003ci\u003every pretty flowers, oddly dressed man\u003c/i\u003e). When an\u0026nbsp;age or\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;period of\u0026nbsp;time is\u0026nbsp;used as\u0026nbsp;an\u0026nbsp;adjective before a\u0026nbsp;noun, use two hyphens (\u003ci\u003emy\u0026nbsp;two-year-old son\u003c/i\u003e), but leave the hyphens out if\u0026nbsp;the noun comes first (\u003ci\u003ehe\u0026nbsp;is\u0026nbsp;two years old\u003c/i\u003e). Both cardinal and ordinal numbers may be\u0026nbsp;part of\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;compound word (\u003ci\u003eone-time pass, first-year student\u003c/i\u003e).\n","explanation":"\u003cp\u003eIt\u0026nbsp;appears that \u003cb\u003emiddle\u0026nbsp;class\u003c/b\u003e is\u0026nbsp;missing a\u0026nbsp;hyphen. Consider adding the hyphen(s).\n","examples":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"red\"\u003eIncorrect: Clara finished a\u0026nbsp;\u003cb\u003e400 page book\u003c/b\u003e last week.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"green\"\u003eCorrect: Clara finished a\u0026nbsp;\u003cb\u003e\u003cnobr\u003e400-page\u003c/nobr\u003e book\u003c/b\u003e last week.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"red\"\u003eIncorrect: Jake served on\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;\u003cb\u003enuclear powered submarine\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"green\"\u003eCorrect: Jake served on\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;\u003cb\u003enuclear-powered submarine\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"red\"\u003eIncorrect: My\u0026nbsp;\u003cb\u003eten year old brother\u003c/b\u003e loves dinosaurs.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"green\"\u003eCorrect: My\u0026nbsp;\u003cb\u003eten-year-old brother\u003c/b\u003e loves dinosaurs.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e","todo":"add a\u0026nbsp;hyphen","handbookLink":"","sentence_no":0,"free":true,"cardLayout":{"category":"Accuracy","group":"Spelling","groupDescription":"Checks spelling, confused words, capitalization","rank":10},"category":"Misspelled","pid":1017034,"rid":1017034,"sid":1,"begin":2530,"end":2542,"text":"middle class","group":"Spelling","pname":"Spelling/Misspelled/MissingHyphen/HighLow","phash":"C78E4B3D9F82EBF264D8993BA8A9833A","pversion":"3.3.385","rev":1,"highlightBegin":2530,"highlightEnd":2542,"highlightText":"middle class","replacements":["middle-class"],"extra_properties":{"priority":"2"},"action":"alert","id":56}{"hidden":true,"category":"Wordiness","pid":810977,"rid":810977,"sid":1,"begin":2561,"end":3004,"text":"In Britain during the mid and late 60s, the Mod subculture combined the latest Italian fashions with the attire worn by the heroes in contemporary American films such as Steve McQueen, James Dean or Paul Newman Particularly popular were the grey flannel, Tonic, or houndstooth suits, polo shirts, chino pants, Argyle socks, sweater vests, cardigan sweaters, basketweave loafers, Madras plaid, and narrow brimmed Irish walking hats and Trilbys.","group":"Style","pname":"Style/Wordiness/LongSentence/General","pversion":"3.3.385","rev":1,"highlightBegin":2561,"highlightEnd":3004,"highlightText":"In Britain during the mid and late 60s, the Mod subculture combined the latest Italian fashions with the attire worn by the heroes in contemporary American films such as Steve McQueen, James Dean or Paul Newman Particularly popular were the grey flannel, Tonic, or houndstooth suits, polo shirts, chino pants, Argyle socks, sweater vests, cardigan sweaters, basketweave loafers, Madras plaid, and narrow brimmed Irish walking hats and Trilbys.","replacements":[],"extra_properties":{},"action":"alert","id":58}{"hidden":true,"category":"Wordiness","pid":810977,"rid":810977,"sid":1,"begin":4375,"end":4766,"text":"Popular clothings include loafers, Sperry Top-Sider boat shoes, Aran sweaters, cardigans, Oxford shirts, Cricket pullovers, wingtips, stripy polo shirts, hats like the fedora, khaki or pastel colored Vineyard Vines, Nantucket Reds, white or bright pastel color socks worn with sneakers and Sperry Top-Sider boat shoes, colored jeans, baseball jackets, khaki cargo shorts, and tapered chinos.","group":"Style","pname":"Style/Wordiness/LongSentence/General","pversion":"3.3.385","rev":1,"highlightBegin":4375,"highlightEnd":4766,"highlightText":"Popular clothings include loafers, Sperry Top-Sider boat shoes, Aran sweaters, cardigans, Oxford shirts, Cricket pullovers, wingtips, stripy polo shirts, hats like the fedora, khaki or pastel colored Vineyard Vines, Nantucket Reds, white or bright pastel color socks worn with sneakers and Sperry Top-Sider boat shoes, colored jeans, baseball jackets, khaki cargo shorts, and tapered chinos.","replacements":[],"extra_properties":{},"action":"alert","id":60}{"hidden":true,"category":"WordChoice","pid":1156710,"rid":1156710,"sid":1,"begin":4838,"end":4846,"text":"informal","group":"Enhancement","pname":"Enhancement/WordChoice/Collocation/CollocateAmod","phash":"BBC54F635D66A162CDF8EDC023851CAB","pversion":"3.3.385","rev":1,"highlightBegin":4838,"highlightEnd":4846,"highlightText":"informal","replacements":[],"extra_properties":{},"action":"alert","id":61}{"point":"MissingHyphenInPrefixes","transforms":["\u003cspan class\u003d\u0027gr_grammar_del\u0027\u003emid 2010s\u003c/span\u003e→\u003cspan class\u003d\u0027gr_grammar_ins\u0027\u003emid-2010s\u003c/span\u003e"],"title":"Missing hyphen","details":"\u003cp\u003eWords that start with the prefixes\u0026nbsp;\u003cb\u003eex\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eself\u003c/b\u003e, or\u0026nbsp;\u003cb\u003eall\u003c/b\u003e (\u003ci\u003eex-wife, self-interest, all-inclusive\u003c/i\u003e) should always be\u0026nbsp;hyphenated.\n\u003cp\u003eThe prefix \u003cb\u003enon\u003c/b\u003e is\u0026nbsp;usually hyphenated in\u0026nbsp;British English. In\u0026nbsp;American English, it\u0026nbsp;can be\u0026nbsp;written either as\u0026nbsp;one word or\u0026nbsp;with a\u0026nbsp;hyphen (\u003ci\u003enonprofit\u003c/i\u003e or\u0026nbsp;\u003ci\u003enon-profit\u003c/i\u003e).\n\u003cp\u003ePrefixes are sometimes hyphenated to\u0026nbsp;avoid confusion with the unhyphenated word: \u003ci\u003ere-cover\u003c/i\u003e means to\u0026nbsp;cover again and \u003ci\u003erecover\u003c/i\u003e means to\u0026nbsp;regain.\n\u003cp\u003eAny prefix should be\u0026nbsp;hyphenated when used with a\u0026nbsp;proper noun (\u003ci\u003epre-Civil War, \u003cnobr\u003emid-December\u003c/nobr\u003e\u003c/i\u003e) or\u0026nbsp;date (\u003ci\u003epost-1990s\u003c/i\u003e).\n\u003cp\u003eSuffixes are never hyphenated, though some words act like a\u0026nbsp;suffix and should use a\u0026nbsp;hyphen. These include \u003cb\u003eelect\u003c/b\u003e (\u003ci\u003emayor-elect\u003c/i\u003e Smith), \u003cb\u003efree\u003c/b\u003e (\u003ci\u003esugar-free\u003c/i\u003e cookies), and \u003cb\u003eodd\u003c/b\u003e (\u003ci\u003etwenty-odd\u003c/i\u003e examples).\n","explanation":"\u003cp\u003eIt\u0026nbsp;appears that \u003cb\u003emid\u0026nbsp;2010s\u003c/b\u003e is\u0026nbsp;missing a\u0026nbsp;hyphen. Consider adding the hyphen(s).\n","examples":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"red\"\u003eIncorrect: We\u0026nbsp;stayed at\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;\u003cb\u003edog friendly\u003c/b\u003e hotel.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"green\"\u003eCorrect: We\u0026nbsp;stayed at\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;\u003cb\u003edog-friendly\u003c/b\u003e hotel.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"red\"\u003eIncorrect: Don is\u0026nbsp;\u003cb\u003eself employed\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"green\"\u003eCorrect: Don is\u0026nbsp;\u003cb\u003eself-employed\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e","todo":"add a\u0026nbsp;hyphen","handbookLink":"","sentence_no":0,"free":true,"cardLayout":{"category":"Accuracy","group":"Spelling","groupDescription":"Checks spelling, confused words, capitalization","rank":10},"category":"Misspelled","pid":1265082,"rid":1265082,"sid":1,"begin":4875,"end":4884,"text":"mid 2010s","group":"Spelling","pname":"Spelling/Misspelled/MissingHyphenInPrefixes/PrefixesCapital","phash":"694F62D652628E8F2F3338D6129F02A2","pversion":"3.3.385","rev":1,"highlightBegin":4875,"highlightEnd":4884,"highlightText":"mid 2010s","replacements":["mid-2010s"],"extra_properties":{"priority":"2"},"action":"alert","id":62}{"point":"CommaInCompPred","transforms":["summer\u003cspan class\u003d\u0027gr_grammar_del\u0027\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e"],"title":"Incorrect use of comma","details":"\u003cp\u003eA\u0026nbsp;predicate tells\u0026nbsp;us something about the subject. It\u0026nbsp;includes a\u0026nbsp;verb and any other modifiers. A\u0026nbsp;compound predicate includes verbs that go\u0026nbsp;with the same subject. Commas separate multiple predicates when there are three or\u0026nbsp;more verb phrases, but a\u0026nbsp;compound predicate with only two requires no\u0026nbsp;punctuation to\u0026nbsp;separate them.\n","explanation":"\u003cp\u003eIt\u0026nbsp;appears that you have an\u0026nbsp;unnecessary comma in\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;compound predicate. Consider removing\u0026nbsp;it.\n","examples":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"red\"\u003eIncorrect: Deb walked to\u0026nbsp;the store, but forgot her wallet.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"green\"\u003eCorrect: Deb walked to\u0026nbsp;the store but forgot her wallet.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"red\"\u003eIncorrect: Carleigh loves cooking, but hates washing dishes.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"green\"\u003eCorrect: Carleigh loves cooking but hates washing dishes.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"red\"\u003eIncorrect: Tina called her mother, and invited her to\u0026nbsp;lunch.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"green\"\u003eCorrect: Tina called her mother and invited her to\u0026nbsp;lunch.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e","todo":"remove the comma","handbookLink":"","sentence_no":0,"free":true,"cardLayout":{"category":"Accuracy","group":"Punctuation","groupDescription":"Checks punctuation use","rank":80},"category":"BasicPunct","pid":1190444,"rid":1190444,"sid":1,"begin":3367,"end":3369,"text":", ","group":"Punctuation","pname":"Punctuation/BasicPunct/CommaInCompPred/VPCC","phash":"91D154E4C9AF07F8558F650FF3D6635C","pversion":"3.3.385","rev":1,"highlightBegin":3361,"highlightEnd":3368,"highlightText":"summer,","replacements":[" "],"extra_properties":{"priority":"2"},"action":"alert","id":63}{"point":"AdjWithVerb","transforms":["\u003cspan class\u003d\u0027gr_grammar_del\u0027\u003epreppy\u003c/span\u003e→\u003cspan class\u003d\u0027gr_grammar_ins\u0027\u003epreppily\u003c/span\u003e"],"title":"Adjective instead of adverb","details":"\u003cp\u003eAdjectives can only modify nouns and pronouns. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. If\u0026nbsp;you are describing \u003ci\u003ewhen\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003ewhere\u003c/i\u003e, or\u0026nbsp;\u003ci\u003ehow\u003c/i\u003e, you need an\u0026nbsp;adverb.\n","explanation":"\u003cp\u003eThe adjective \u003cb\u003epreppy\u003c/b\u003e is\u0026nbsp;modifying \u003cb\u003ediffers\u003c/b\u003e instead of\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;noun or\u0026nbsp;pronoun. Use an\u0026nbsp;adverb to\u0026nbsp;modify a\u0026nbsp;verb, adjective, or\u0026nbsp;other adverb.\n","examples":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"red\"\u003eIncorrect: The artist is\u0026nbsp;\u003cb\u003ecurrent working\u003c/b\u003e on\u0026nbsp;the sculpture.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"green\"\u003eCorrect: The artist is\u0026nbsp;\u003cb\u003ecurrently working\u003c/b\u003e on\u0026nbsp;the sculpture.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"red\"\u003eIncorrect: Mary cooks \u003cb\u003egood\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"green\"\u003eCorrect: Mary cooks \u003cb\u003ewell\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"red\"\u003eIncorrect: The plan worked \u003cb\u003eperfect\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"green\"\u003eCorrect: The plan worked \u003cb\u003eperfectly\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e","todo":"change the adjective","handbookLink":"","sentence_no":0,"free":true,"cardLayout":{"category":"Accuracy","group":"Modifiers","groupDescription":"Checks use of adjectives and adverbs","rank":110},"category":"Modifiers","pid":988004,"rid":988004,"sid":1,"begin":3537,"end":3543,"text":"preppy","group":"Grammar","pname":"Grammar/Modifiers/AdjWithVerb/AdjectiveMiddleOfNounPhrase2","phash":"CE49446283DB794BE5142A495702BAC6","pversion":"3.3.385","rev":1,"highlightBegin":3537,"highlightEnd":3543,"highlightText":"preppy","replacements":["preppily"],"extra_properties":{"priority":"2"},"action":"alert","id":65}{"hidden":true,"category":"Lexical","pid":1091224,"rid":1091224,"sid":1,"begin":3557,"end":3565,"text":"historic","group":"Grammar","pname":"Grammar/Lexical/HistoricVsHistorical/HistoricalInstOfHistoric","phash":"0F3B29BCC3E337A7C9BEDEFECB7BBC85","pversion":"3.3.385","rev":1,"highlightBegin":3557,"highlightEnd":3565,"highlightText":"historic","replacements":[],"extra_properties":{},"action":"alert","id":64}{"hidden":true,"category":"WordChoice","pid":1156710,"rid":1156710,"sid":1,"begin":3859,"end":3864,"text":"large","group":"Enhancement","pname":"Enhancement/WordChoice/Collocation/CollocateAmod","phash":"BBC54F635D66A162CDF8EDC023851CAB","pversion":"3.3.385","rev":1,"highlightBegin":3859,"highlightEnd":3864,"highlightText":"large","replacements":[],"extra_properties":{},"action":"alert","id":66}{"point":"BrInstOfAm","transforms":["\u003cspan class\u003d\u0027gr_grammar_del\u0027\u003emodernised\u003c/span\u003e→\u003cspan class\u003d\u0027gr_grammar_ins\u0027\u003emodernized\u003c/span\u003e"],"title":"Inconsistent spelling","details":"\u003cp\u003eOne of\u0026nbsp;the most obvious differences between American and British English is\u0026nbsp;the spelling of\u0026nbsp;certain words such as\u0026nbsp;\u003cb\u003ecolor/colour, learned/learnt,\u003c/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003etoward/towards\u003c/b\u003e. Typically, the spelling of\u0026nbsp;words like these only varies by\u0026nbsp;one or\u0026nbsp;two letters. In\u0026nbsp;the interest of\u0026nbsp;consistency and clarity, you should use the spelling that will be\u0026nbsp;more familiar to\u0026nbsp;your intended audience.\n","explanation":"\u003cp\u003eThe word \u003cb\u003emodernised\u003c/b\u003e is\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;British English spelling. In\u0026nbsp;the interest of\u0026nbsp;consistency, consider replacing it\u0026nbsp;with the American English spelling.\n","examples":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"grey\"\u003eBritish: I\u0026nbsp;wish you success in\u0026nbsp;all your endeavours.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"grey\"\u003eAmerican: I\u0026nbsp;wish you success in\u0026nbsp;all your endeavors.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"grey\"\u003eBritish: Sweet yoghurts contain a\u0026nbsp;lot of\u0026nbsp;sugar.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"grey\"\u003eAmerican: Sweet yogurts contain a\u0026nbsp;lot of\u0026nbsp;sugar.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"grey\"\u003eBritish: Serena moved towards the blinking light.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"grey\"\u003eAmerican: Serena moved toward the blinking light.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e","todo":"change the spelling","handbookLink":"","sentence_no":0,"free":true,"cardLayout":{"category":"Accuracy","group":"Spelling","groupDescription":"Checks spelling, confused words, capitalization","rank":10},"category":"BritishVsAmerican","pid":1213987,"rid":1213987,"sid":1,"begin":3895,"end":3905,"text":"modernised","group":"Spelling","pname":"Spelling/BritishVsAmerican/BrInstOfAm/BrInstOfAm","phash":"38F46608FEEDBD95A701CD23F7099B4B","pversion":"3.3.385","rev":1,"highlightBegin":3895,"highlightEnd":3905,"highlightText":"modernised","replacements":["modernized"],"extra_properties":{"priority":"2"},"action":"alert","id":67}{"point":"General","transforms":["\u003cspan class\u003d\u0027gr_grammar_del\u0027\u003esportcoats\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\u0027gr_grammar_ins\u0027\u003esport coats\u003c/span\u003e"],"title":"Possibly confused word: \u003ci\u003esportcoats\u003c/i\u003e","details":"","explanation":"\u003cp\u003eThe word \u003cb\u003esportcoats\u003c/b\u003e doesn’t seem to\u0026nbsp;fit this context. Consider replacing it\u0026nbsp;with a\u0026nbsp;different one.\n","examples":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"red\"\u003eIncorrect: Jordan doesn’t remember \u003cb\u003ewere\u003c/b\u003e he\u0026nbsp;parked his car.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"green\"\u003eCorrect: Jordan doesn’t remember \u003cb\u003ewhere\u003c/b\u003e he\u0026nbsp;parked his car.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"red\"\u003eIncorrect: Which sign is\u0026nbsp;usually \u003cb\u003epaced\u003c/b\u003e on\u0026nbsp;street corners to\u0026nbsp;warn you of\u0026nbsp;cross traffic?\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\"green\"\u003eCorrect: Which sign is\u0026nbsp;usually \u003cb\u003eplaced\u003c/b\u003e on\u0026nbsp;street corners to\u0026nbsp;warn you of\u0026nbsp;cross traffic?\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e","todo":"correct your spelling","handbookLink":"","sentence_no":0,"free":true,"cardLayout":{"category":"Accuracy","group":"Spelling","groupDescription":"Checks spelling, confused words, capitalization","rank":10},"category":"AccidentallyConfused","pid":643814,"rid":643814,"sid":1,"begin":2261,"end":2271,"text":"sportcoats","group":"Spelling","pname":"Spelling/AccidentallyConfused/General","rev":1,"highlightBegin":2261,"highlightEnd":2271,"highlightText":"sportcoats","replacements":["sport coats"],"extra_properties":{"priority":"1","did_you_mean":"true"},"action":"alert","id":47}{"point":"General","transforms":["\u003cspan class\u003d\u0027gr_grammar_del\u0027\u003epreps\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class\u003d\u0027gr_grammar_ins\u0027\u003epress\u003c/span\u003e"],"title":"Possibly confused word: \u003ci\u003epreps\u003c/i\u003e","details":"","explanation":"\u003cp\u003eThe word \u003cb\u003epreps\u003c/b\u003e doesn’t seem to\u0026nbsp;fit this context. Consider replacing it\u0026nbsp;w��)|>|�U3m�Ivy League is a style of men’s dress, popular during the late 1950s in the Northeastern United States, and said to have originated on college campuses, particularly those of the Ivy League. It was the predecessor to the preppy style of dress. Ivy League clothing is derived from the casual attire worn by the British and American upper classes during the 1920s, for sporting pursuits such as golf, polo, sailing, rugby football, hunting, and tennis. Typical summer attire for this time included navy two button blazers with gold buttons, striped college blazers, Ascot ties, cable knit tank tops, Oxford shirts, Breton striped shirts, and wingtip shoes. For fall, trendsetters such as the Duke of Windsor combined the latest American fashions with traditional British country clothing such as brogue boots, Argyll socks and jumpers, and tweed cloth sportcoats, Irish walking hats and plus fours in houndstooth, herringbone, or the Prince of Wales check popularized by Edward VII of England. During the mid to late 1950s, many young college guys adopted the Ivy League look due to its association with the upper classes at leisure. The clothing stores J. Press and Brooks Brothers represented perhaps the quintessential Ivy League dress manner, the former with two of its four locations found at Harvard and Yale universities (the Princeton branch closed in 1942). The Ivy League style was epitomized by the sack suit, which is defined as being a 3-to-2 (3 buttons with the top button “rolled” back to reveal only two usable buttons) blazer without darts and a single “hooked” vent. The pants were typically cuffed and without pleats. It was also characterized by the use of natural fabrics, shirts with button-down collars, and penny loafers. In suits, the Ivy League style was promoted by clothier Brooks Brothers and included natural shoulder single-breasted suit jackets. In 1957 and 1958, about 70% of all suits sold were in the “Ivy League” style. Typical hairstyles included the crew cut, Harvard clip, and regular haircut, and common clothing accessories included cardigan sweaters, sweater vests, Nantucket reds, khaki chino pants, knitted ties, white Oxford shirts, Tootal or Brooks Brothers ties, Ascot neckties, tartan, grey tweed cloth or flannel sportcoats, and seersucker blazers in the South. Mainstream popularity and decline Mod band the Small Faces wearing Ivy League inspired Glen plaid sportcoats. From the late 1950s until the mid 1960s, Ivy League clothing was considered desirable mainstream apparel for middle class adults in the US. In Britain during the mid and late 60s, the Mod subculture combined the latest Italian fashions with the attire worn by the heroes in contemporary American films such as Steve McQueen, James Dean or Paul Newman Particularly popular were the grey flannel, Tonic, or houndstooth suits, polo shirts, chino pants, Argyle socks, sweater vests, cardigan sweaters, basketweave loafers, Madras plaid, and narrow brimmed Irish walking hats and Trilbys. The style remained fashionable in America until it was supplanted by more casual everyday clothing influenced by the hippie counterculture during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Revival An American style known as preppy is similar to Ivy League but intended for today’s mainstream culture. Preppy style tends to be more colorful, especially in spring and summer, and incorporates more casual chic attire. It was first popularized in the early 1980s as a return to Ivy League styles after a decade of more modern trends, but today, preppy differs from historic Ivy League. Preppy fashion is influenced by traditional collegiate trends, rather than reproducing them exactly, and various clothing items can be considered preppy based on how they are worn or accented. During the 1990s and 2000s Polo Ralph Lauren, Vineyard Vines, J. Crew and J. Press were large marketers of preppy clothing, modernised to accommodate new trends inspired by indie pop and urban fashion. Controversially, in a recently revised form, a version of this style is sometimes promoted and marketed as “American Trad” or simply “Trad,” although there are marked differences between the two styles. Trad is considerably narrower in scope than the original Ivy League style. By the 2010s, many American preps opted to dress in a more classic, tailored style closer to the original Ivy League look. Popular clothings include loafers, Sperry Top-Sider boat shoes, Aran sweaters, cardigans, Oxford shirts, Cricket pullovers, wingtips, stripy polo shirts, hats like the fedora, khaki or pastel colored Vineyard Vines, Nantucket Reds, white or bright pastel color socks worn with sneakers and Sperry Top-Sider boat shoes, colored jeans, baseball jackets, khaki cargo shorts, and tapered chinos. Blazers, especially those made from seersucker, had made a comeback as informal or smart casual wear by the mid 2010s, and the traditional two button style was updated with throwback styling inspired by The Great Gatsby. In popular culture During the 1950s, the wealthy and clean cut Squares, Rahs and Socs (Soc being short for social) with their Ivy League clothes were the rivals to the working class Greaser subculture. The conflict between the two groups features in Grease, The Outsiders, Indiana Jones and the Crystal Skull, and Cry-Baby. In a scene in The Godfather, set in 1946, Michael Corleone is derided as an unlikely assassin because he is a “college boy” who wears an “Ivy League suit.” The style was parodied in Clark Gesner’s musical The Ivy League Look. ��/x&7Ϣ��:{ {”sid”:0,”action”:”start”,”id”:0}{”rev”:0,”action”:”submit_ot”,”id”:1}{”action”:”option”,”id”:2} EndFragment:0000042412 Ivy League is a style of men’s dress, popular during the late 1950s in the Northeastern United States, and said to have originated on college campuses, particularly those of the Ivy League. It was the predecessor to the preppy style of dress. Ivy League clothing is derived from the casual attire worn by the British and American upper classes during the 1920s, for sporting pursuits such as golf, polo, sailing, rugby football, hunting, and tennis. Typical summer attire for this time included navy two button blazers with gold buttons, striped college blazers, Ascot ties, cable knit tank tops, Oxford shirts, Breton striped shirts, and wingtip shoes. For fall, trendsetters such as the Duke of Windsor combined the latest American fashions with traditional British country clothing such as brogue boots, Argyll socks and jumpers, and tweed cloth sportcoats, Irish walking hats and plus fours in houndstooth, herringbone, or the Prince of Wales check popularized by Edward VII of England. During the mid to late 1950s, many young college guys adopted the Ivy League look due to its association with the upper classes at leisure. The clothing stores J. Press and Brooks Brothers represented perhaps the quintessential Ivy League dress manner, the former with two of its four locations found at Harvard and Yʺ�|>|

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