#leinster history

[oceancentury]

Aristocrats (1999), set from 1744 to 1798, it is based on the lives of the Lennox sisters, daughters of the Duke of Richmond (played by Julian Fellowes). Their paternal grandfather was an illegitimate son of King Charles II.

#bbc #period tv #period drama #julian fellowes #downton abbey #aristocrats #Georgian era #George iii #Duchess of Leinster #Duke of Richmond #irish history #british history #history #drama #tv shows #British tv #European tv #Ben Daniels #Anne-Marie duff #tv and film #oceancentury

[stairnaheireann]

#OTD in 1918 – Over five hundred die in the Irish Sea following the sinking of the R.M.S. Leinster by U-boat 123.

The Leinster was operating as a passenger ship and mail boat, although most of those who died were soldiers returning from leave, many of them Irishmen who fought in the British Army in World War I. First World War 1914-1918. On one side were Germany, Austro-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria. On the other side were the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Britain’s colonies, France, Italy and,…

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#Allied Forces #British Army #Dún Laoghaire #England #Germany #History #Ireland #Irish History #Irish Sea #Kingstown #RMS Leinster #Scotland #UB-123 #United States of America #World War I

[vintagegeekculture]

In the 1920s, we thought giant insects would destroy mankind

In the 1920s, there was a decade-long trend of stories where a destroyed earth is ruled over by insects that have grown to colossal size. Giant Insects were believed to be the most likely cause of the end of the world all through that decade.

Hugo Gernsback especially was a big believer in giant bugs ending the human race, and as many pulp historians have pointed out, most of the published giant bug stories were in April and May, just around the time to appeal to fears of spring and allergy season.

This trend was inspired by "Red Dust," a hugely popular story from 1920 by Murray Leinster. This story got a lot of imitators, and it seemed that every single end of the world story in that decade involved a world ruled by giant bugs. In fairness, this isn't completely from left field. The science behind this is that oxygen levels in the atmosphere change over time in earth's history, and the more oxygen in the atmosphere, the bigger the bugs get.

Another cause of this might have been a 1908 article in the Strand that imagined what would happen if Giant Insects invaded London.

The "giant insects end the world" story was a cliché by the end of the decade, and letters pages in Astounding grew cranky whenever a story was done with that theme. By the 1940s, you could only get away with doing a story with this theme if you put a wrinkle in it, like in 1935's the Insect World, where thousands of years in the future, alien bugs arrive on earth to find it without humans, only to discover that mankind invented a race of termite-ants to do all our work, only to be destroyed by them when we lapsed into apathy.

Heinlein of course, wrote Starship Troopers in 1959, where his pseudo-arachnid bug race had weapons and technology, but the idea of giant bugs warring against mankind was already well-trod ground by the time the Old Man got to them.

#pulp scifi #pulp history #1920s

[irelandseyeonmythology]

DIAS Black Friday Sale

Once a year, the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (DIAS), offers a sale for Black Friday -- DIAS is one of the major publishers for Celtic Studies, many of the best studies of medieval Irish material have come through there.

Some books that I recommend, personally:

Fergus Kelly, A Guide to Early Irish Law (26.25 Euro, normally 35) (THE introduction to law in medieval Ireland)

"", Early Irish Farming (26.25 Euro, normally 35) (Everything you wanted to know about day to day life in medieval Ireland but were afraid to ask. Literally. Everything.)

Medieval Irish Prose

Fergus Kelly, Audacht Morainn (18.75 Euro, normally 25)

Are you planning on becoming a medieval Irish king? Do you want to know what you should do to involve the total destruction of the natural order? Then this is the text for you! Now with English translation!

In all seriousness, this text is used a LOT with regards to studies of ideal kingship in medieval Ireland.

Cecile O'Rahilly, The Táin from the Book of Leinster (26.25 Euro, usually 35)

I'll be real with you, lads: I hate Cú Chulainn. I hate him. I hate his smug, misogynistic face. His creepy multi-pupiled eyes. The shitty way he treats Emer. The way that his presence is like this black hole in the study of medieval Irish literature that means that the Ulster Cycle can get a prestigious yearly conference held in its honor while the other cycles are left with either crumbs or outright dismissal. I think the Táin is boring and episodic as a piece of lit and I've never found anything overly redeeming about it over any other piece of medieval Irish literature, especially since imo other pieces of literature do women (and homoeroticism) much better and get much less praise for it.

...that being said. It's important. It IS iconic, both as a piece of medieval Irish literature and, in general, to Irish literature. Its status as The Irish Iliad means that, if you want to study medieval Irish stuff...you have to read the Táin. And this is a version of the Táin that you might not have gotten, translated and edited by a master of Old Irish, with commentary.

"", Táin Bó Cúailnge: recension I (10 Euro, normally 35)

See above.

Early Irish History and Genealogy

T.F. O'Rahilly, Early Irish History and Genealogy (30 Euro, normally 40)

So. On the record, a lot of what he says here is absolutely not currently believed in the field. Just. No. BUT. There's a reason why I always recommend him anyway, and it's because if you're serious about doing a study of Irish Mythology, whatever we take that to mean...you will not be able to avoid this man. His ideas were very popular for decades and still often are to people who don't really focus on mythology. It's better to know where these ideas come from and to identify them than not, and O'Rahilly, in his defense, had an *excellent* knowledge of his sources. It's dense, it's difficult (rather like the author himself, from the accounts I've heard), but it's necessary if you really want to attack this.

Joan Radner, Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (22.50, normally 30)

There is so much weird shit in the Fragmentary Annals. So much.

Welsh

Patrick Sims Williams, Buchedd Beuno: The Middle Welsh Life of St Beuno (22.50 Euro, normally 30)

I know what you're thinking: "Why the FUCK are they recommending this book about a random Welsh saint? Answer: Because this is how I learned Middle Welsh. The introduction to Welsh at the front of the book + the VERY good index at the back is still one of the best ways to learn Middle Welsh. Also if anyone was watching the Green Knight film and going "Why is there a lady with her head chopped off?" this answers that question.

 R. L. Thomson, Pwyll Pendeuic Dyuet: the first of the Four Branches of the Mabinogi, edited from the White Book of Rhydderch, with variants from the Red Book of Hergest (15 Euro, normally 20)

Once you've gotten enough of a hang of Middle Welsh to know the basics, it's time to dive into the classics, and what better way to do it than with the Mabinogi, starting at the very beginning, with the First Branch? Personally, I dislike a lot of Thomson's orthographic decisions, but, hey, it's the First Branch, and that's Middle Welsh orthography for you.

Ian Hughes, Math uab Mathonwy (22.50 Euro, normally 30)

The Fourth Branch, my beloved. Incest, rape, bestiality (well...pseudo bestiality, really), creating a new life while not being willing to deal with the consequences of it...it truly has it all. Not for the faint of heart, but absolutely worth the read if you can stomach it because imo it handles its themes very well and it's incredibly haunting.

And a lot more -- go in, shop around, see what's available. Even with the older books, they're often things that we're still referencing in some way into the present.

#long post

[greeneyed-thestral]

PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN LONDON OR HAVE BEEN THERE!

Hi! I'll soon be in London for a few days, for the very first time. My idea is not to really plan anything, I just wanna walk around and see what this city is like. I pinned down some places I wanna visit (inspired mostly by The Beatles, Sherlock, Good Omens, Doctor Who and other british series).

Could you tell me if I'm missing something or if there are things I should avoid? Really, any do's and don'ts, I would really appreciate it. + Big Ben + Broadgate Tower + Buckingham Palace + Carlton House Terrace + Harrods + King's Cross + London Eye + Leinster Gardens + Piccadilly Circus + Reform Club + Savini at Criterion + Scotland Yard + Southbank Skate Space + Speedy's Sandwich Bar & Cafe + St Bartholomew's Hospital + St James the Less Church + St Paul's Cathedral + The Ritz Restaurant + Tower of London + Westminster + British Museum + Lincoln's Inn Library + Madame Tussauds + National Gallery + Natural History Museum + Battersea Park + Crystal Palace Park + Finsbury Park + Hyde Park + St. James's Park + Tavistock Square Gardens + West End + Royal National Theatre + Shakespeare's Globe + The Old Vic + Young Vic + Camden Town + Chinatown + Covent Garden + More London + Shad Thames + Soho + 44 Eaton Square + Berkeley Square + Russell Square + Trafalgar Square + Tower Bridge + Waterloo Bridge + Westminster Bridge + 3 Savile Row + 10 Downing St + 187N Gower St + 221B Baker St + Abingdon St + Berwick St + Whitfield St + Abbey Rd. + Cardwell Rd + Crayford Rd + Heddon St + Hornsey Rd + Eastfields Ave Also, some questions: - What's the weather like now? What should I wear? - Which are the districts I should avoid? - Should I be worried about public transport? - Where and when should I have afternoon tea? - Can I access the British Museum just to have tea/eat? - Any other suggestions on where to eat? Thank you so so much to whoever answers, either under this post or in private! 🙏

#london #london tips #uk #united kingdom

[yuri-goth]

hi @charlottan, book tag game :3

Favorite books: It is so so hard for me to pick favourites. uhhhhhh... Night Watch by Pratchett, and honestly I could put a lot of Pratchett's books on here. but I won't. Wiedźmin Sapkowskiego, a lot of polish romanticism, satire, and war nonfiction; Sienkiewicz, Mickiewicz, Krasicki, Białoszewski, Borowski. A lot of Brandon Sanderson books; mistborn came to mind first

Favorite authors: a lot were mentioned above. Pratchett is probably the highest up there.

Favorite genres: fantasy, post-apocalyptic (or what I like to call: post post-apocalyptic) and historic nonfiction. Yuri.

Book(s) you’re currently reading: Sideways in time by Murray Leinster, After Sappho by Selby Wynn Schwartz, Macbeth by Shakespeare (plays count, shut up)

Books on your to read list: waaah too many to mention. I still have like 8 ones I've picked up from various used bookstores, my library holds currently are for The Terror by Dan Simmons, Hamlet (particularly choice audiobook), & The city and the city by China Miéville.

Books you loved as a child: Felix, Net i Nika Rafała Kosika, Animorphs by Katherine Applegate, Eragon by Christopher Paolini, Strrraszna Historia (various authors)

Preferred book length: with how I get INTO a book and refuse to put it down until it's over; I wanna say like. 100-150k words??? I dunno tho, I also like small books I can devour in one day, and I also like Project Books.

Books you couldn’t finish: I generally don't bother to remember things that I didn't enjoy or at least disliked in an interesting way. The most recent book I didn't finish was a 2 dollar used bookstore pickup Falling off the map: some lonely places of the world by Pico Iyer. the premise was amazing but then it just ended up being a bunch of British privileged takes on people the author clearly deemed as lesser. HOW IS ICELAND OR CUBA "FORGOTTEN"???? I THOUGHT IT WOULD BE TINY TOWNS, ACTUALLY INTERESTING THINGS, NOT WHOLE FUCKING CULTURES YOU FUC-

Fiction or nonfiction: as a Writer I lean fiction 95%, and as such read a lot of it and learn from a lot of it, but also as someone who was always interested in history of People's, not armies, I've read a lot of nonfiction; journals and such. Both are great, recently I've been on a larger nonfiction kick tho

Buy, borrow from library, or read online: I'm sadly also a buycel, I love physical books. However, I'm also huge on audiobooks, and used to use my kindle a lot. In reality my sortof. division would be: buy from used bookstores, borrow audiobooks from your local libraries, steal ebooks and put them onto a cracked eReader as last resort.

Author you’ve read the most of, but DON’T recommend: I dunno! I mean, hm. I don't know how the Witcher translations are, translating from a nice and juicy language into English is lossy as hell so those version gotta be mid and I would not recommend anyone learn Polish unless you have a damn good reason.

Favorite book character: Can I put a cop on here? cause first character I thought of was Vimes from Pratchett's city watch. He's complicated and a bastard. honestly, a lot of Pratchett's characters. Angua, Carrot, Vetinari even.

If you at some point stopped reading but then started again, what book/books got you into reading again: Gideon the ninth :) I used to read 2-4 books a week as a child, then depression hit, then immigration, money and space and house insecurity, and I stopped until pretty recently :) now I'm back babey

Tagging ANYONE in this, if you do do this, please tag me :)

#lilyism #books #longass post #thanks charlotte this was a fun thing to write up while soaking in da bathtub

[moorishflower]

I'm taking a course on medieval literature and culture next semester purely because Hob

Anon lemme tell you you are in for a treat because once you get past the disconnect of medieval lit often being in a language that's MOSTLY YOURS but not quite, it is EXTREMELY rewarding. You get some absolutely wild mystical and holy literature from women like Hildegard of Bingen, The Decameron which is a really cool look not only at Florentine Tuscan vernacular in the 1300s but ALSO at plague history, there's Beowulf, Le Morte d'Arthur, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight for if you want CLASSIC classics, the Book of Leinster which contains the Táin Bó Cúailnge (often called the Irish Iliad! it's about stealing cows!)

ANYWAYS I could go on and on but like pre-1600s literature is SO important and so so cool and I hope that you enjoy it because it's the way it lives on, you know? We still know about these people and how they lived their lives and how they loved and ate and fucked and laughed because people like you are inspired, in whatever way, to keep them alive forever!

#ask response

[history-time-out]

Brian Boru “Ireland’s Greatest King”

Brian Boru was an Irish king who lived from 941 to 1014. He is widely regarded as one of the most significant figures in medieval Irish history and is remembered for his leadership and military prowess in unifying a number of warring factions in Ireland and achieving a brief period of peace known as the “Golden Age”. His life and legacy have been the subject of much academic research and debate, with historians differing on many points regarding Boru’s life, achievements, and impact on early medieval Ireland. This paper will provide an overview of Brian Boru's life story, his major accomplishments, and how his legacy has been interpreted throughout history.

​​Brian Boru was born in 941 at Killaloe, County Clare in what is now modern day Ireland. He was of Dalcassian origin, descended from Conmhaícne Mara (the Clann Cian), a branch of the Uí Néill dynasty that ruled over much of northern Ireland during this period. From an early age he was groomed to be a leader within the Dalcassian confederation by his father Cennétig mac Lorcáin , who had become King of Thomond (modern day Munster) at a young age himself.

​​Boru's rise to power began with his appointment as chief councillor for Máel Sechnaill II mac Domnaill , High King of Ireland from 980-1002. During this period he gained control over much of Munster through military campaigns against rival clans and eventually became its king; he also gained influence over Leinster which enabled him to consolidate more power through political alliances. His rise to become High King began when Máel Sechnaill abdicated in 1002 upon having defeated several Viking invaders in battle; Brian was appointed High King soon after by the other Irish rulers.

​​

Boru's reign as High King proved to be hugely successful for the people of Ireland; he managed to bring a period of relative peace between various warring factions throughout the country, earning him great respect amongst all those living there at the time. In addition to this, Brian also promoted Christianity; according to chroniclers such as Marianus Scotus , he built churches throughout Munster and had relics from Rome brought back to Armagh . Moreover, he worked hard to ensure that justice prevailed throughout his kingdom: according to historical records he held court hearings every two weeks where grievances could be heard without fear or favouritism .

​​However, not all aspects of Brian’s rule were seen positively; some historians have criticised him for being overly authoritarian in dealings with other Irish rulers who opposed him. Nonetheless it cannot be denied that Boru put forward ambitious plans for creating a united Ireland under one ruler which unsettled many experienced political leaders .

​​Ultimately Brian's reign ended with his death on Good Friday 1014 at Clontarf where he led an army against forces led by Sweyn Forkbeard , King of Denmark ; despite defeating many opposing forces it is believed that Boru died after being attacked by a group while praying near his tent during battle . Although it can be argued that Brian failed to achieve lasting peace in Ireland due to subsequent warfare after his death it cannot be denied that he made significant advances towards unity during his lifetime .

​​​In conclusion Brian Boru has gone down in history as one of the most important figures in medieval Irish history; often seen as a heroic figure whose strong leadership qualities allowed him brief periods peace for those living within its borders . He is remembered for numerous achievements including consolidating power across various regions , promoting Christianity throughout Munster , enacting justice without fear or favouritism , and attempting unifying politics which set foundations for future generations . As such it could be argued that despite not achieving long lasting unification during his lifetime there are numerous aspects regarding Brian's rule which continue impacting upon modern day Ireland today both politically and culturally .

​​References:

​​​​1. Duffy S., 1993 The World Of The Gallowglass: Kings, Warlords And Warriors In Early Ireland 1250 - 1600 Dublin: Four Courts Press pp 24-25

​​​2. Byrne FJ., 1973 Ages Of Invasions In Early Medieval History Dublin: Maunsel & Co Ltd pp 79-84

​​3. O Corrain D., 2000 A New History Of Ireland Volume I Oxford University Press pp 144-151

​​4. Edwards NF., 2011 A Military History Of Medieval Ireland Edinburgh University Press pp 175-180

​​​​5. Ó Corráin D., 1972 Prehistoric And Early Christian Ireland London: Thames & Hudson Ltd pp 26-31

#brian boru #ireland #Ireland kings #history of ireland #european history #world history #history #Youtube

[cincinnatusvirtue]

Isabel de Clare 4th Countess of Pembroke (1172-1220 AD).  Anglo-Irish women of the nobility in profile...

Isabel de Clare’s life is largely known in detail for her proximity to people in her life during the late 12th & early 13th centuries of Medieval England.  Her parents and ancestors were of noble & royal extraction.  Her husband rose through the ranks from son of a relatively minor noble to being the man regarded as the best knight and most trustworthy nobleman in all of the Angevin Empire and a powerful statesman who ruled in England in all but name for a brief period.  In death he was lionized as the “greatest knight who had lived” and their children would either become nobles & warriors in 13th century England themselves or marry into other noble families of note.

All of this overlooks just how important, strong and capable Isabel was of her own merit.  Something her husband and indeed Anglo-Norman law at the time recognized.  Despite its male dominance, there were women capable of being major power players in the ranks of nobility & royalty and Isabel played a contribution to that.  Her life offers us a unique glimpse into a noble woman’s life during the High Middle Ages in Western Europe.

Royal Roots, Birth & Early Life: 

-Isabel de Clare was born circa 1172 AD, somewhere in Leinster (southeastern), Ireland.  From the start she was a symbolic & physical bridge between two cultures.  She was the result of a political but dutiful marriage, and her physical being would be of crucial importance in later years.

-Her father was Richard FitzGilbert, also known as Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (1130-1176).  Richard would be best known to history by his nickname Strongbow.  He was an Anglo-Norman nobleman of the De Clare family.  The De Clare or Clare family originated in Normandy and came to England where they accompanied William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy who would become the first Norman King of England.

-The first Richard FitzGilbert (1035-1090) was a companion of Duke William and distant kinsman.  They both shared a common ancestor in Richard I of Normandy (932-996), Count of Rouen & Duke of Normandy.  The name De Clare was from the Norman French for a place name, to be from or “of” said location.  As a reward for being companion to Duke William in the Norman Conquest of England. Richard FitzGilbert like other Norman nobles was granted landholdings in England, becoming the new English nobility which replaced the Anglo-Saxons of old.  Richard’s particular land holding was in centered in the town of Clare in Suffolk England which made him the first Lord of Clare.  He also gained territory in Tonbridge in Kent, England.

-Over the generations the family expanded its holdings in England and in the Welsh Marches, Anglo-Norman controlled portions of southern Wales.  Strongbow’s father Gilbert de Clare (1100-1148) became 1st Earl of Pembroke under King Stephen of England, gaining control of important parts of the Welsh Marches, including the Pembroke peninsula in southwest Wales.  He also held Striguil in southeastern Wales on the River Wye, forming the strategic border between England & Wales.  

-Gilbert de Clare was married to Isabel Beaumont, a former mistress of King Henry I of England & daughter of Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester & his wife Elizabeth de Vermandois.  Elizabeth was a French noblewoman was the paternal granddaughter of French King Henry I (1008-1060) of the House of Capet.  While her maternal grandfather Herbert IV, Count of Vermandois (1028-1080) was a descendant of Charlemagne and the Carolingian dynasty of Franks.  Also, by virtue of Henry I’ of France’s marriage to Princess Anne of Kiev, Strongbow and subsequently Isabel de Clare were direct descendants of the Kievan Rus’s royal ruling House of Rurik which ruled Medieval Ukraine & Russia.  Also confirmed among their ancestors from this line were Swedish royalty, Polish tribal royalty & possibly Byzantine Greek royalty, if the debated connections regarding Anne of Kiev’s purported paternal grandmother (Anna Porphyrogenita) are indeed true.

-Isabel de Clare’s mother and the wife of Strongbow was Aoife MacMurrough of Eva of Leinster (1145-1188) an Irish princess who was daughter of Dermot MacMurrough, King of Leinster.  Ireland at the time was not ruled by one king but was instead made up of several feudal petty kingdoms, Leinster being one of them located in the southeast of the country, a land of rivers, hills and the famed Wicklow Mountains.  Aoife’s and subsequently Isabel’s ancestry in Ireland went back to various Irish petty kings & even the vaunted High Kings of Ireland, who ruled as a somewhat symbolic overlord of the other petty kings.  This included her paternal ancestor through Brian Boru, High King of Ireland & King of Munster and founder of the O’Brien dynasty who defeated the Vikings at their settlement in Dublin in 1014, taking the area back for the Gaelic natives of Ireland after years of Viking rule.  Though Brian Boru died in the process.

-Isabel de Clare’s parents came together in the 1170′s following a power struggle in Ireland between her maternal grandfather Dermot MacMurrough & then High King of Ireland, Rory O’Connor who worried that Dermot would become too powerful as King of Leinster, so he launched an invasion of Leinster, this forced Dermot off his throne and into exile in 1166.

-Dermot’s exile took him to the court of Henry II, King of England & Duke of Normandy who was in France at the time, trying to hold together his many French possessions (Normandy, Brittany, Aquitaine, Anjou etc.) which made up his Angevin Empire.  Henry would not personally partake in restoring Dermot to the throne in Ireland, but he did authorize Dermot to negotiate and make mercenary use of some of his Anglo-Norman nobility and their knightly retinues.  Strongbow would be one of these Norman nobles Dermot would negotiate with.

-Strongbow promised to assist Dermot in the recapture of his throne, in exchange for Aoife’s hand in marriage and kingship of Leinster upon Dermot’s death, co-ruling with Aoife to give it air of legitimacy among the native Irish.  The Norman invasion of Ireland commenced in small waves as early as 1169 with Strongbow himself arriving in 1170 where his Anglo-Norman forces, some 200 mounted knights and 1,000-foot soldiers teamed with earlier Norman war parties from the prior year, they took the port city of Waterford, once a Viking a stronghold.  Here Aoife & Strongbow were married, uniting the Irish royalty with Anglo-Norman nobility in a political manner.  

-Children would of course cement this marriage with the birth of Isabel probably in 1172 and her brother Gilbert.

-Dermot’s gamble paid off, his Norman mercenaries overwhelmed the forces loyal to High King Rory O’Connor.  The Gaelic Irish military in terms of arms & armor were no match for the Anglo-Normans who sported the most high-quality weapons and armor of their day in Western Europe.  Dermot was once again agreed to be King of Leinster in agreement with O’Connor.  However, his deals with his new son-in-law Strongbow & the other Anglo-Normans unintentionally and unbeknown to them opened the door to the start of England’s several centuries of involvement in Ireland...  

-Dermot would die in 1171 shortly after the retaking of the kingdom, leaving his son and son-in-law (Strongbow) to claim kingship of Leinster.  His son and Aoife’s brother claimed it under traditional Brehon law while his deal with Strongbow left it as part of the dowry for marriage.  

-Meanwhile. Henry II of England was concerned about his Anglo-Norman nobles over in Ireland. Strongbow in particular had through marriage and acquisition of lands, begun a private colonization of Ireland.  Other nobles who took part in Dermot’s operation did so too.   This resulted in Henry and Strongbow making a deal, in exchange for keeping Leinster and the restoration of Strongbow’s English, Welsh & French landholdings, he would surrender the ports of Wexford, Waterford & Dublin to royal authority directly.  He’d also be required to assist Henry on campaign in France against rebels.  He was made in title by Henry II, Lord of Leinster & Justiciar of Ireland (chief justice).  Henry II arrived in Ireland in late 1172 for a six month stay where royal troops directly loyal to him took over the key cities of Wexford, Waterford & Dublin from the earlier Anglo-Norman mercenaries.  All the Anglo-Norman nobles who gained land in Ireland during the initial invasion were forced to pledge fealty to Henry II as Lord of Ireland in exchange for their right to keep their newly colonized lands.  Likewise, the native Gaelic kings were to pledge fealty to Henry II as their feudal overlord, essentially ending the now meaningless institution of High King of Ireland.  Waves of Anglo-Norman, Welsh, & Flemish colonists began to settle and establish new English towns in Ireland.  Some established relations with the Gaelic Irish, intermarrying, becoming a new cultural group which would expand, ebb and flow over the centuries, the Anglo-Irish.  Thus began a fusion of Anglo-Norman architecture, warfare, language and with a gradual cultural assimilation of Gaelic customs that began to blur the differences overtime until the early Anglo-Normans became just accepted as Irish.  Nevertheless, politically the longer lasting implications of England’s occupation of Ireland had begun.

-Isabel de Clare was born into this new political realty, her maternal ancestral homeland permanently transformed within a few years due to her maternal grandfather’s personal struggle to regain power in his homebase.  None of the the participants, including her parents & grandfather had the slightest notion of the longer-term implications of their decisions.  Isabel & her brother were, nevertheless, the flesh and blood realty of this new political & cultural fusion.  Meant in part as political bridges between two worlds.

-Strongbow intended for his son Gilbert to inherit Leinster and the various holdings in Wales, England and Normandy.  His own death came about in 1176 following an infection of the leg.  He was buried in Dublin, with his tomb & effigy still found Christ Church Dublin.  Aoife took charge of her children’s upbringing hoping to ensure their inheritance.  She was by many accounts fierce in this regard, she was also seemingly well-educated for anybody in that time period but especially a woman, a trait she passed on to Isabel.  She is also said to have led Anglo-Norman & Irish loyalist troops into battle against those who tried to take Leinster from her, she earned the nickname Red Eva.

-Gilbert de Clare, died as a teenager around 1185.  Thus, all the inheritance remained with his mother Aoife and would by right of Anglo-Norman law pass on to his nearest relative, his sister Isabel and any man she would marry.  

-Aoife died in 1188 by some accounts, this left the teenage Isabel orphaned without and without her brother.  She was, nevertheless, rightful heir to Leinster, the castles in Wales & England that had belonged to her father and paternal grandfather (Gilbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke).  She was the 4th Countess of Pembroke in this line after her brother’s brief tenure.  Isabel, became a royal ward of Henry II personally.  Meaning he would ensure the safekeeping of her legal inheritance and person.  He entrusted this to Ranulf of Glanville, Justiciar of England.  She was therefore kept in London for her safekeeping.

-In practical terms this royal wardship was essentially a foster home for orphaned nobility until the king could marry them off to some other noble.  Sometimes, other nobles would be entrusted as their personal guardian and be tasked with arranging the marriage of the ward to another noble, sometimes to their guardian’s child or even the guardian themself for personal gain.  This would of course require the king’s blessing.  

-Isabel was described as beautiful, kind & intelligent “the good, the wise and courteous lady of high degree.”  She was among the wealthiest heiresses in the Angevin Empire (Henry II’s personal empire which through conquest, inheritance and diplomacy included all of England, parts of Wales, Ireland and most of Northern & Western France).  She was well educated like her mother and could speak her father’s language of French, the courtly language of the English royalty and the Anglo-Norman nobility at the time.  She could also speak her mother’s native Irish (Gaelic) & Latin, the language of clergy, diplomacy and government bureaucracy.  This coupled with her bloodlines would be of tremendous political import, meaning she could navigate the Irish and Anglo-Norman cultures she was born of.  Rather than her education in language, courtly manners, warfare, diplomacy and politics being perceived as a threat to any husband, it would have likely been seen as a great asset.

-Her hand in marriage was promised by Henry II, to one William Marshal in 1189.  Marshal was himself an Anglo-Norman noble born and raised in England around 1147.  He was the son of a relatively minor noble in England’s West Country with his mother coming from a more distinct Norman family.  He came of age through training as a knight with his mother’s relative in Normandy, enduring a six-year apprenticeship in knightly warfare, court etiquette & the arts.  He saw some combat but was assigned to the personal service of England’s Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine and then the service of her and Henry II’s son, Henry the Younger.  They bonded especially in the late 1170′s by becoming famous knights on the European knightly tournament circuit that was just blossoming at the time.  Marshal became perhaps the most renowned tournament knight of all, capturing or unhorsing some 500 knights.  Henry the Younger would eventually die after Marshal served him for over a decade loyally.

-Marshal then found himself in Henry II’s personal service and during a war against the King of France who was briefly joined by Henry II’s son and heir Richard where he personally unhorsed Richard with a lance, killing the horse but sparing the prince.  Supposedly, the only man to do so.  After Henry II’s death, Richard rose to the throne of England & Normandy.  He was preparing to go on Crusade to the Middle East and liberate Jerusalem from Muslim rule.  He would in time be known as Richard the Lionheart.

-Despite Marshal’s recent opposition with King Richard, the new monarch kept Marshal in his service.  He also fulfilled his father’s promise to wed Isabel de Clare to William Marshal.  This would make Marshal not only a wealthy and increasingly influential knight but by right of marriage make him now one of the wealthiest landowners & nobles in the Angevin Empire.       

Marriage, until death do you part;

-William Marshal & Isabel de Clare were married in August 1189 in London.  There was an age difference, she was not quite 18 and he was in is early 40′s.  Despite the political nature of the marriage, it appears to have been a genuinely happy one by all accounts.  Neither party appears to have been unfaithful to one another.  The written records show a great mutual appreciation for one another and produced 10 children, 5 sons and 5 daughters over the next several decades.  

-Marshal was technically by right of marriage, Earl of Pembroke but he would not officially acquire the title in his own name until 1199, a decade after his marriage.  Nevertheless, he was overlord of Leinster and Striguil and set about making improvements to the castles both he had acquired in England & France for loyal service to the monarchs but his marital gains in Wales & Ireland.

-For the first decade of marriage, William was in service to Richard the Lionheart, particularly when he was gone on Crusade, he stayed behind as a member of the ruling council.  This kept him in England, Wales & France mostly, with little attention to affairs in Ireland.  Isabel for her part focused on raising a family and supporting her husband as he navigated politics.  Though his wartime commitments to defending England from rebels & the French throne often kept them separated.  Isabel, appears to have been like her mother before devoted to ensuring the cultured learning of her children.

-Affairs in her native Ireland wouldn’t be pressing for the Marshal family until around the year 1200, during the reign of Henry II’s youngest son with Eleanor of Aquitaine, John.  John became king after the death of his eldest brother Richard who had returned from years in the Crusades and then a captive in Germany from a rival monarch, found himself campaigning against Philip II of France (his father’s rival) to regain territory that had been lost under John’s regency of throne.  John was eventually back in Richard’s good graces when the Lionheart died of infection from a crossbow wound fired by a rebel soldier in southern France where Richard was campaigning to suppress a revolt.

-John was now King of England and had a reputation for being paranoid, highly emotional and making rash decisions, making him more unpredictable than his older brothers and father.

-Marshal found himself both in John’s good graces and bad graces at various times over the years.  He and Isabel were turning to press their rightful rule in Leinster in the early 1200′s despite John’s warnings he not to do so.  John like his father Henry II had been concerned about Strongbow now worried Marshal and Isabel would be too powerful and independent in Ireland. Indeed, in the two decades since the Norman invasion of Ireland, the Anglo-Norman nobility who settled there had become accustomed to their own relative autonomy.  Loyalty to the king was in name but in practice, so long as they didn’t rebel against the king, they were basically free to do as they please.  John’s predecessors did little to enforce this and initially John was more concerned about England & France.

-Marshal & Isabel helped develop the town of New Ross in Leinster, an English town separate from the Gaelic towns nearby, it was peopled with English & Welsh colonists, many of whom were part of the Marshal family retinue and to whom they owed their feudal allegiance.  The castles of Kilkenny, Trim & others were developed and expanded by Marshal & Isabel.  

-Meanwhile, Marshal earned John’s ire for having paid homage to Philip II of France in exchange for retention of Norman lands after the French kicked John’s English armies out of Normandy, forever losing his ancestral duchy of Normandy to France.

-Concerned of Marshal’s power in Ireland and anger over his dueling homages to John in England and Philip in France.  John organized for Marshal to come pay homage in England where he was duly placed under house arrest at the royal court.  Meanwhile his own Justiciar in Ireland, Meiler Fitzhenry who had his own ambitions on Leinster invaded using his own Irish & Anglo-Norman forces with John’s blessing.  John sought to teach Marshal a lesson and increase personal control over Ireland by having a Norman noble with more loyalty.  It also worked in Fitzhenry’s favor.  

-Marshal himself was considered fair if not especially popular among the Anglo-Normans already settled in Leinster under his rule.  While the native Gaels were less than enthused by him or any other Anglo-Norman lord.  Isabel, however, appears to have been the critical element & saving grace for Marshal.  Given her ancestry including the native Irish rulers of Leinster and the Anglo-Norman new elite, her command of language & diplomacy appears to have held things together while this Anglo-Norman civil war with the king’s blessing raged in Ireland.  

-in 1208 Fitzhenry’s men besieged Isabel (who was pregnant) and the Anglo-Normans who were loyal to Marshal all while Marshal himself and his sons remained personal hostages of King John.  Only thanks to an alliance between Marshal’s & Isabel Anglo-Norman loyalists with another rival of Fitzhenry, Hugh de Lacy (1176-1242) Anglo-Norman noble who was first Earl of Ulster did the war come to an end in Marshal & Isabel’s favor.  Isabel is said to have helped direct the defense of her castles under siege while de Lacy’s men came to their relief, defeating and capturing the men John had sent to assist Fitzhenry.

-Fitzhenry remained a noble in Ireland but he was removed as Justiciar.  Marshal was released by John, and he was allowed to reunite with Isabel.

-Isabel’s day to day to involvement in the civil war is hard to gauge but almost certainly if not the military matters, the diplomatic ones she learned from her Irish princess mother, along with her symbolic blood ties to the Irish & Anglo-Norman nobility of Leinster still held important sway.  As Marshal had said prior to his departure to his custody in England, all he had emanates from her.  This was mostly true in a political and legal sense, but he appears to have meant it in a romantic sense since she was his faithful wife & mother of his children, the vessel to his dynastic future.

-In the coming years, Isabel & Marshal looked to marrying off their children to important Anglo-Norman nobility.  Though successful in this regard and Marshal & Isabel have thousands if not millions of descendants today, none of their sons would bring about descendants meaning, their holdings in Ireland, Wales and England would transfer to other families since their daughters were married off into other noble families and hence the Marshal dynasty was short lived-in terms of male direct descendants.  All five daughters Maud, Isabel, Joan, Eva & Sibyl all had children that lived and went onto have descendants that live into the modern era, including members of the British royal family today as well as numerous people in America and elsewhere due to colonial descendants from English nobility.

-Marshal found himself back in John’s good favor and counselled him during the rough times of the First Baron’s Rebellion (1215-1217).  He also helped guide John to signing the famed Magna Carta, meant as a peace treaty to ensure certain royal guarantees for the rebellious nobility.  Making Marshal one of the Magna Carta “signers”, though the peace was broken shortly thereafter, and John died of illness during rebellion.  To make matters worse England’s civil war between nobles revolting against John’s excesses and those loyal to him, including Marshal now attracted the attention of the French king Philip II and his son Louis.   The rebel barons now swore fealty to Louis and asked he take over as King of England.  Marshal had been made guardian of John’s son 9-year son who was crowned Henry III, making him the 4th crowned King of England that Marshal would serve.  Marshal was styled as “Guardian of the Realm” and swore to defending England and its rightful king from the predations of the rebel barons and the French pretender.

-As regent he was now the head of the country in practical matters, yet he was also 70 years old.  Marshal would help Henry III and England’s royalist forces when the war when at age 70 and donning knight’s armor one last time he would lead a royalist force to defeat a combined Anglo (rebel)-French force in the Battle of Lincoln in May 1217.  This along with the English naval victory over France at Sandwich ended the war in the royalist favor.  Henry III was recognized by France at the rightful King of England and the rebels would be forgiven in exchange.  

-Marshal won the war for England but his old age was catching up with him.  He now set about as Regent of England on behalf of Henry III to try and restore the treasury which was drained under John.  He also reissued updated versions of Magna Carta, later cited by historians as a cornerstone moment in the gradual expanding of human rights and democracy, though the original document was narrow in scope and intended for the nobility and the preservation of their rights against royal abuse.  It would influence English common law and American Constitutional law in centuries to come.

-From 1217-1219 Marshal was the de-facto the ruler of England, he wasn’t always successful, but he did ensure some measure of peace and lay a foundation that Henry III’s other regents and the king himself could later build upon.

-Isabel remained faithful to the very when Marshal died at home near Reading England in May 1219.  She was said to have wept uncontrollably at his passing and could not walk during his funeral procession to London where he was buried in Temple Church.

-Nevertheless, evidence shows that despite her husband’s passing she immediately set about ensuring inheritance was due.  Writing the other regents that her lands in Ireland, Wales (minus Pembroke which went to their eldest son) and England were duly granted in her name.  She also negotiated with the French king to ensure inheritance of her Norman lands.  She even got William Marshal II, their eldest son the hand in marriage to Henry III’s younger sister Princess Eleanor, though this marriage would produce no heirs. 

-Isabel’s son William Marshal II was effective as agent managing her various estates, but illness caught up with her in March 1220 and she died in Wales ten months after her husband’s death.  She was buried Tintern Abbey near Striguil Castle, now Chepstow Castle which had belonged her father Strongbow and his father before him.  Her grave is there to this day alongside her mother Aoife of Leinster.  Though the abbey which the De Clare & Marshal families patroned is now in ruin, the grave markers are located on the ground.

-So passed a woman of high birth within the High Middle Ages of Western Europe. She was born of two different cultures and served as a living bridge immersed in the customs of both.  As a result, she was given a unique and rich in-depth education unusual for anybody for the times but especially someone of her sex.  Her life is mostly known for a seemingly peripheral role in relation to her family and acquaintances of great political importance but the evidence we have suggests she was regarded by especially her family and husband in particular as an absolutely vital and strong character in the events of the time.  She played a part in shaping the history of nations, by dint of her birth and by her cultured and determined character.   

#middle ages #england #france #anglo-norman #medieval #William Marshal #knighthood #chivalry #ireland #leinster #castles #normans #nomandy #de clare #strongbow #wales #chepstow castle #princesses #countess #brehon law #eva of leinster #high middle ages #henry ii #richard the lionheart

[oceancentury]

Emily Fitzgerald (neé Lennox) (1731–1814), Duchess of Leinster by Allan Ramsay.

#art #art history #history #irish history #Duchess of Leinster

[finnlongman]

Hi, hope you're having a good day. Your posts about OCC got me thinking: without one of the "supernatural" variables in Cú Chulainn's death - would it have succeeded? Like if they had the spears but didn't get him to break his geis/geass (whichever is the proper spelling) or if they still got him to eat the dog meat but didn't have the spears. Basically, how much of a "everything had to go right" situation do you think the plan was? (Also, do both those elements appear in OCC or are they Aided exclusives?) Thank you for your time and I hope you have a great day.

This is a good question! And honestly, one I feel I'm not fully equipped to answer right now, but will be able to tackle with more confidence once I've got further through translating OCC.

The various supernatural elements do appear in OCC, but they're not identical to the versions in BMMM. For example, the spears in OCC were forged by Vulcan, and Clann Cailitín got them on a trip to Hell; that's a detail that doesn't show up in BMMM. (Though we are missing the beginning in the Book of Leinster, so some details may have fallen out of the narrative that used to be there. But I think they are firmly attributed to human craft, not random appearances of Classical gods.) If I remember rightly, the dog meat incident also goes down slightly differently. OCC has most things that are in BMMM, but greatly elaborated on and extended, because it's much longer; the details are what differ rather than the broad outline of the plot.

I think to some extent all of these supernatural elements are there for narrative purposes. They're setting up the inevitability of Cú Chulainn's fall: every sign, every prophecy that he ignores or is unable to act upon, is further foreshadowing what's coming. This kind of inevitability often shows up with gessi/geasa (pick your spelling according to what century you're hanging out in right now!) – in Togail Bruidne Da Derga, from the moment Conaire's prohibitions are listed, we know that somehow, before the end of the story, they'll be broken. Like Shakespeare opening Romeo & Juliet by telling us this is going to end in blood: they're a warning to the audience. This is inescapable. This ending has been marked out since before the story actually began.

Within the narrative, though... I'd have to go back to BMMM to speak for that, but in the section of OCC I've been looking at the last couple of days, Conchobar and the Ulaid certainly seem concerned that an "unfair combat" of Cú Chulainn vs a massed army would kill him. They don't know about the Hell-forged spears, and none of the rest has been mentioned on page yet, so they're basing their concern purely on ordinary combat rules. That certainly implies that Cú Chulainn is at risk even if the supernatural conditions aren't met, but the Ulaid might also be wrong, since Cú Chulainn has a history of defying the odds in battle.

But the men of Ireland believe they need all of those extras to kill him – all the magic and the learning and dozens of allies and so on. Which has the effect of casting Cú Chulainn as a mythical monster who can't be taken down through human means; this is a dragon-slaying expedition more than a murder plot. And if they believe it, who's to say they would have succeeded if they acted against their belief? Perhaps their doubt would have made them fail. They're living in a story too, and obeying its rules.

Maybe I'll think differently about this once I've actually got further with OCC – every paragraph I translate ends up answering questions I didn't know I had, and filling in gaps I hadn't realised were left by the summaries I read before. But that's where I'm at right now. They're there because they're setting up the story, but the characters as much as the audience are bound by the rhythms and rules of narrative.

#oidheadh con culainn #brislech mor maige muirthemni #answered #oddnub-eye #cu chulainn #finn vs occ

[fotoflingscotland]

Putting the Shot by FotoFling Scotland Via Flickr: An album featuring the sport known as putting the shot. Scottish Highland Games historians believe the shot put originated from the ancient Celtic tradition of "putting the stone" which, according to Scottish folklore, was used by Clan chieftains to help them identify their strongest men for battle purposes. The earliest documented evidence of the tradition can be found in an Irish book titled the "Book of Leinster," which was written in the 12th century and describes the events of the Tailteann Games held in County Meath. One of the events included is stone throwing, but how much further back in history the tradition stretches remains unproven.

#Flickr #highland games #scotland #kilt #sport #put the shot #shot putter #scottish

[torneodeteniscincinnati2023]

¿Cuál equipo ha ganado más veces la Copa de Campeones Europeos de Rugby?

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¿Cuál equipo ha ganado más veces la Copa de Campeones Europeos de Rugby?

Historial de campeones de la Copa de Campeones Europeos de Rugby

La Copa de Campeones Europeos de Rugby, también conocida como la European Rugby Champions Cup, es uno de los torneos más prestigiosos de rugby a nivel de clubes en Europa. A lo largo de los años, varios equipos han logrado alzarse con el título de campeón en esta competición, dejando un legado impresionante en la historia del rugby europeo.

Uno de los equipos más dominantes en la historia de la Copa de Campeones Europeos de Rugby ha sido el Toulouse, de Francia. Con cuatro títulos en su haber, el Toulouse se destaca como uno de los clubes más exitosos en la competición. Otros equipos destacados que han levantado el trofeo en múltiples ocasiones incluyen al Leinster de Irlanda y al Saracens de Inglaterra.

A lo largo de los años, la Copa de Campeones Europeos de Rugby ha visto a equipos de diferentes países competir por la gloria en los campos de rugby. Equipos de Francia, Inglaterra, Irlanda, Gales y Escocia han dejado su huella en la competición, demostrando la diversidad y la calidad del rugby europeo.

Cada temporada, equipos de élite se enfrentan en emocionantes encuentros que culminan en una intensa batalla por el título de campeón. La Copa de Campeones Europeos de Rugby continúa siendo un escaparate del mejor rugby de clubes en Europa, atrayendo a aficionados de todo el continente para disfrutar de la emoción y la pasión de este deporte tan apasionante.

Estadísticas de equipos ganadores en la Copa de Campeones Europeos de Rugby

La Copa de Campeones Europeos de Rugby, también conocida como la European Rugby Champions Cup, es uno de los torneos más prestigiosos en el rugby de clubes en Europa. Cada año, los mejores equipos del continente compiten por el codiciado título, mostrando un nivel de juego excepcional y pasión por el deporte.

Las estadísticas de los equipos ganadores en la Copa de Campeones Europeos de Rugby son impresionantes y revelan la grandeza de los clubes que han logrado alzar el trofeo. Equipos legendarios como el Leinster Rugby, Toulouse, y el Leicester Tigers han dominado el torneo en diferentes épocas, dejando una huella imborrable en la historia del rugby europeo.

Estos equipos han demostrado una capacidad excepcional para enfrentar a los mejores rivales de Europa, superando obstáculos y mostrando un juego táctico y físico de alto nivel. Sus victorias en la Copa de Campeones Europeos de Rugby no solo se basan en el talento individual de sus jugadores, sino también en una sólida estrategia de equipo, un entrenamiento riguroso y un compromiso inquebrantable con el éxito.

Además, las estadísticas muestran la consistencia de estos equipos en el tiempo, con múltiples títulos y apariciones en finales, lo que demuestra su dominio continuo en el rugby europeo. Su legado perdura en la memoria de los aficionados y en la historia del deporte, inspirando a nuevas generaciones de jugadores a aspirar a la grandeza en la Copa de Campeones Europeos de Rugby.

En resumen, las estadísticas de los equipos ganadores en la Copa de Campeones Europeos de Rugby son un testimonio del talento, la dedicación y el espíritu competitivo que define a este emocionante torneo, y continúan siendo un punto de referencia para el rugby de clubes en Europa.

Clubes con más títulos en la Copa de Campeones Europeos de Rugby

En la Copa de Campeones Europeos de Rugby, varios clubes se han destacado por la cantidad de títulos obtenidos a lo largo de los años. Entre ellos, el equipo con más títulos es el Stade Toulousain de Francia, que ha logrado alzarse con la victoria en la competición en varias ocasiones.

Otro club destacado en la Copa de Campeones Europeos de Rugby es el Leicester Tigers de Inglaterra, que también ha tenido un gran desempeño en el torneo y ha conseguido varios títulos a lo largo de su historia.

Asimismo, el Munster Rugby de Irlanda es otro de los clubes más exitosos en la competición, habiéndose consagrado campeón en varias ocasiones y demostrando su calidad en cada edición.

Otros equipos que han destacado en la Copa de Campeones Europeos de Rugby por su gran número de títulos son el RC Toulonnais de Francia, el Leinster Rugby de Irlanda y el London Wasps de Inglaterra, entre otros.

Estos clubes han demostrado su dominio en la competición a lo largo de los años y siguen siendo referentes en el mundo del rugby europeo. Su trayectoria y éxito en la Copa de Campeones Europeos de Rugby los consolidan como equipos de élite y de gran prestigio en el deporte.

Equipo dominante en la historia de la Copa de Campeones Europeos de Rugby

En la historia de la Copa de Campeones Europeos de Rugby, también conocida como la Champions Cup, ha habido equipos que se han destacado por su dominio y éxito en la competición. Uno de los equipos más dominantes en la historia de este torneo es el Leicester Tigers de Inglaterra.

El Leicester Tigers ha logrado ganar la Copa de Campeones Europeos en dos ocasiones, en las temporadas 2000 y 2002. Además, ha sido finalista en otras dos ocasiones, en 1997 y en 2007. Su consistencia y habilidad en el terreno de juego les han permitido ser uno de los equipos más temidos en esta competición.

Otro equipo que ha dejado huella en la historia de la Copa de Campeones Europeos de Rugby es el Toulouse de Francia. Con cuatro títulos en su haber (1996, 2003, 2005 y 2010), el Toulouse ha demostrado su calidad y dominio en el rugby europeo. Su estilo de juego dinámico y su tradición en la competición lo han convertido en un equipo emblemático en el torneo.

Estos equipos han marcado una época en la historia de la Copa de Campeones Europeos de Rugby con su dominio y éxito en la competición. Su legado perdurará en la memoria de los aficionados al rugby y seguirá inspirando a las futuras generaciones de jugadores y equipos que busquen alcanzar la gloria en este prestigioso torneo europeo.

Palmarés completo de la Copa de Campeones Europeos de Rugby

La Copa de Campeones Europeos de Rugby, también conocida como la Heineken Champions Cup, es el torneo de clubes de rugby más prestigioso de Europa. Fundada en 1995, esta competición reúne a los mejores equipos de rugby de toda Europa en una emocionante batalla por el título de campeón.

A lo largo de los años, la Copa de Campeones Europeos de Rugby ha visto a equipos legendarios levantar el trofeo, demostrando su dominio en el terreno de juego. Equipos como el Toulouse, Leinster, y el Leicester Tigers han dejado una marca imborrable en la historia de la competición, con múltiples títulos en sus vitrinas.

Uno de los momentos más memorables en la historia de la Heineken Champions Cup fue la final de 2009, cuando el Leinster logró una épica remontada frente al Northampton Saints para coronarse campeón. Otro hito destacado fue la victoria del Toulouse en la temporada 2020-2021, donde demostraron una vez más su excelencia en el rugby europeo.

Con un legado lleno de emoción y grandes gestas deportivas, la Copa de Campeones Europeos de Rugby sigue siendo el santo grial para los clubes de rugby en Europa. Cada temporada, los equipos compiten ferozmente por la oportunidad de unirse a la lista de campeones y dejar su huella en la historia de este apasionante torneo.

[reventalavelada3]

¿Cuál equipo ha ganado más títulos de la Copa Europa de Rugby?

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¿Cuál equipo ha ganado más títulos de la Copa Europa de Rugby?

Equipo con más títulos de la Copa Europa de Rugby

El título del equipo con más títulos de la Copa Europa de Rugby pertenece al equipo irlandés Leinster, con un total de 4 títulos en su haber. Leinster Rugby es un club de rugby con sede en Dublín, fundado en 1879 y con una larga trayectoria llena de éxitos en el rugby europeo.

Los títulos de la Copa Europa de Rugby de Leinster datan de las temporadas 2008-2009, 2010-2011, 2011-2012 y 2017-2018, consolidando su posición como uno de los equipos más exitosos en la historia de este torneo. El equipo ha demostrado una constante capacidad para competir al más alto nivel y ha construido una reputación sólida en el mundo del rugby.

Los logros de Leinster en la Copa Europa de Rugby reflejan el arduo trabajo, dedicación y talento de sus jugadores, entrenadores y personal de apoyo. El equipo ha sabido mantener una mentalidad ganadora a lo largo de los años y ha sido capaz de superar desafíos y adversidades en el camino hacia la gloria.

Con su impresionante historial de títulos, Leinster Rugby se ha ganado un lugar destacado en la historia del rugby europeo y continúa siendo un referente para futuras generaciones de jugadores y aficionados. Su legado en la Copa Europa de Rugby perdurará en el tiempo como un testimonio de perseverancia, excelencia deportiva y pasión por este apasionante deporte.

Historial de campeones de la Copa Europa de Rugby

La Copa Europa de Rugby, también conocida como la Copa Europea de Clubes, es el campeonato de rugby más prestigioso a nivel de clubes en Europa. Desde su creación en 1995, ha sido el escenario de emocionantes competencias que han dado lugar a una rica historia de campeones.

Equipos de toda Europa compiten en esta competición anual, mostrando lo mejor del rugby de clubes del continente. Algunos de los clubes más destacados, como el Toulouse, el Leicester Tigers y el Leinster, han dejado su huella en la historia de la Copa Europa de Rugby con múltiples victorias y actuaciones memorables.

El equipo inglés Leicester Tigers es uno de los más exitosos en la historia del torneo, habiendo ganado la copa en varias ocasiones. Por su parte, el club irlandés Leinster ha demostrado su dominio en los últimos años, con múltiples títulos en la última década.

El rugby de clubes en Europa sigue creciendo en popularidad y competitividad, lo que hace que cada edición de la Copa Europa de Rugby sea aún más emocionante que la anterior. Los aficionados al rugby disfrutan viendo a los mejores equipos del continente competir por el prestigioso título de campeón, en una tradición que ha perdurado a lo largo de los años y que sigue emocionando a los amantes de este apasionante deporte.

Estadísticas de títulos en la Copa Europa de Rugby

La Copa Europa de Rugby es una de las competiciones más prestigiosas del rugby en Europa, donde equipos de diferentes países se enfrentan en intensos encuentros deportivos. Una de las estadísticas más interesantes de esta competición es la cantidad de títulos que han conseguido los distintos equipos a lo largo de los años.

En la historia de la Copa Europa de Rugby, equipos legendarios como el Leinster Rugby de Irlanda, el Stade Toulousain de Francia y el Leicester Tigers de Inglaterra han dominado la competición, acumulando múltiples títulos entre ellos. Estos equipos son conocidos por su excelencia en el campo de juego y por su capacidad para mantener un alto nivel de rendimiento a lo largo de las temporadas.

Además, la Copa Europa de Rugby ha sido testigo de sorpresas y victorias inesperadas a lo largo de los años, con equipos menos tradicionales logrando alzarse con el codiciado trofeo. Estas historias de superación y esfuerzo han contribuido a enriquecer la historia de la competición y a mantener vivo el espíritu competitivo del rugby en Europa.

En resumen, las estadísticas de títulos en la Copa Europa de Rugby reflejan la intensidad y la emoción que rodea a este apasionante deporte, así como la dedicación y el talento de los equipos que compiten en ella. Cada título ganado representa años de entrenamiento, sacrificio y trabajo en equipo, convirtiéndolo en un logro invaluable para cualquier club de rugby.

Grandes ganadores de la Copa Europa de Rugby

La Copa Europa de Rugby es uno de los torneos más prestigiosos en el mundo de este deporte. A lo largo de los años, ha habido grandes ganadores que han dejado su huella en la historia de este campeonato.

Uno de los equipos más exitosos en la historia de la Copa Europa de Rugby es el Stade Toulousain de Francia. Con múltiples títulos en su haber, el Stade Toulousain ha demostrado ser un rival formidable en la competición. Su estilo de juego agresivo y su dedicación al deporte los han llevado a la cima en numerosas ocasiones.

Otro equipo destacado en la Copa Europa de Rugby es el Leinster Rugby de Irlanda. Con una combinación de talento local y jugadores internacionales, el Leinster Rugby ha logrado varios triunfos en el torneo. Su enfoque en el trabajo en equipo y la táctica los ha convertido en un rival temido por muchos.

Además, no se puede dejar de mencionar al RC Toulonnais de Francia, otro equipo histórico que ha sabido dominar la Copa Europa de Rugby. Con una larga tradición de excelencia en el deporte, el RC Toulonnais ha dejado una marca imborrable en la competición.

En resumen, la Copa Europa de Rugby ha sido testigo de grandes ganadores a lo largo de los años, equipos que han demostrado su valía en el terreno de juego y han emocionado a los fanáticos con su pasión por el deporte. Estos equipos seguirán siendo recordados como leyendas en la historia del rugby europeo.

Registro de victorias en la Copa Europa de Rugby

El torneo de la Copa Europa de Rugby es una competición emocionante que reúne a los mejores equipos de rugby de Europa en una lucha por la supremacía en el continente. A lo largo de los años, ha habido equipos que se han destacado por su desempeño excepcional en este prestigioso torneo, logrando múltiples victorias que los han llevado a la gloria.

Uno de los equipos más exitosos en la historia de la Copa Europa de Rugby es el equipo de Francia, que ha logrado un impresionante número de victorias a lo largo de los años. Con un estilo de juego dinámico y un talento excepcional en su plantel, Francia ha sido un rival temido por muchos equipos en el torneo.

Otro equipo que ha dejado su marca en la Copa Europa de Rugby es el equipo de Inglaterra, que ha demostrado ser un contendiente formidable en varias ediciones del torneo. Con una dedicación férrea y un espíritu competitivo, Inglaterra ha sabido imponerse en el campo de juego y cosechar importantes triunfos.

Además de Francia y Inglaterra, otros equipos como Irlanda, Gales y Escocia también han tenido un desempeño destacado en la Copa Europa de Rugby, sumando victorias y construyendo una rica historia en este torneo tan prestigioso.

En definitiva, la Copa Europa de Rugby es un escenario donde se han escrito grandes gestas deportivas y donde los equipos más talentosos del continente se han enfrentado en busca de la gloria. Con cada victoria, estos equipos han dejado una huella imborrable en la historia del rugby europeo.

[marz-writes-shit]

NAME — Conrad Allicio Cinntehart GENDER + PRONOUNS — Male | He/Him NATIONALITY — Irish AGE — 19 BIRTHPLACE — Wexford County, Leinster, Ireland BIRTHDAY — ♒ 1/13 OCCUPATION — Ma'at agent (formerly), Isfet trainee ——— APPEARANCE — 6'1" Caucasian man with sandy blond hair, lime green eyes, & Type 1 complexion. A small scar runs perpendicular to the right corner of his thin lips, & faint bruising can be seen on his torso, wrists & ankles. He wears mostly black sprinkled with neutral tones. CURRENT GOAL/PURPOSE — Trying not to die while taking a shot at a happier life. TALENTS + SKILLS — Hand-to-hand combat, short weapon wielding, knife throwing, short-term strategizing, stealth, flower weaving. INABILITIES — Initiating a proper social interaction, public speaking. FEARS — Losing his loved ones, the return of Ma'at, falling out of Isfet's favor. GENERAL PERSONALITY — The kid in the back type. Tries not to use fillers, demands complete honesty, prefers professionalist/short & (not so) sweet wording. INNER PERSONALITY — Craves affection & recognition of his efforts, but doesn't know how to properly ask for them. Expresses liking for a person nonverbally (gift-giving) & keenly observes their everyday activities when given the opportunity to. ——— GENERAL HISTORY — Conrad's parents offended a terrorist organization Ma'at by getting two of their agents arrested for B&E. Ma'at gave the family 2 options: die, or give up their only son. The 2nd option was what they took, & he was surrendered to them as a new member. In Ma'at, they forcibly gave him a Stand named Mafdet, instilled all the skills he needed as an agent, then put him under the mentorship of one of their leaders. Conrad's mentor was quite abusive to say the least — grooming, even, though the boy never gave in to the hopelessness of his situation. After six years, Ma'at deemed him ready to take out Isfet, their rival, so they sent him along with his mentor to the enemy side. (Un)fortunately, he ended up snapping & murdered his mentor in front of Isfet agents, but the enemy was more merciful than he was led to believe — they took him in, cared for him & gave him a second chance to better himself away from the clutches of Ma'at. PRESENT LIFE — Currently a trainee in Isfet's care.

#𝓸𝓱 𝓼𝓱𝓲𝓽 𝓶𝔂 𝓱𝓪𝓷𝓭 𝓼𝓵𝓲𝓹𝓹𝓮𝓭 — 🖋️ #𝓬𝓱𝓪𝓻𝓪𝓬𝓽𝓮𝓻𝓼 — 🖋️🧍 #character info #original character #jjba #jjba oc #jjba original character

[jcmarchi]

The Next Frontier: How 3D Printing is Revolutionizing Manufacturing - Technology Org

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The Next Frontier: How 3D Printing is Revolutionizing Manufacturing - Technology Org

3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, has gained significant popularity in recent years, revolutionizing the manufacturing industry. The concept of 3D printing dates back to the 1980s when it was first introduced as a rapid prototyping technology. However, it is only in the past decade that 3D printing has gained widespread recognition and adoption in various industries.

The growing popularity of 3D printing can be attributed to its ability to create complex and customized objects with ease. Traditional manufacturing methods often involve multiple steps and processes, which can be time-consuming and costly. 3D printing simplifies the manufacturing process by directly creating objects layer by layer from a digital design, eliminating the need for molds or tooling.

The central piece of a 3D printer – illustrative photo. Image credit: Christian Englmeier via Unsplash, free license

The History of 3D Pringting

The concept of additive manufacturing has existed since the 1940s. In 1945, sci-fi author Murray Leinster described a machine that could “make drawings in the air” and output plastic parts layer-by-layer in his short story “A Logic Named Joe.” However, it took a few more decades for this vision to become reality.

1980s: Early Prototyping

In 1981, Dr. Hideo Kodama of Nagoya Municipal Industrial Research Institute invented one of the first working rapid prototyping systems. It used photopolymers that could be cured by UV light to build parts additively.

In 1984, Charles “Chuck” Hull filed a patent for stereolithography (SLA), which described an additive manufacturing process using photopolymers cured layer-by-layer by UV lasers. He later co-founded the company 3D Systems to commercialize SLA 3D printers.

In 1986, Carl Deckard, an undergraduate at the University of Texas, filed a patent for selective laser sintering (SLS), another 3D printing process that used a laser to fuse powder material. Deckard’s patent was licensed by DTM corporation, which released the Sinterstation 2000, the first SLS machine, in 1992.

In 1989, S. Scott Crump invented fused deposition modeling (FDM) and patented the technology. This process used a heated nozzle to extrude thermoplastic filament material layer by layer. Crump later commercialized it through the company Stratasys, which he co-founded.

1990s: Industry Growth

In 1992, 3D Systems released the SLA-250, which was the first commercially available 3D printer. Meanwhile, Stratasys introduced their first commercial FDM 3D printer in 1992 as well.

Through the 1990s and 2000s, the industry saw rising adoption and usage of additive manufacturing for rapid prototyping across automotive, aerospace, medical, consumer goods and other industries. Both established corporations and startups expanded the capabilities of 3D printing during this period.

2000s: Patent Expiration, Desktop 3D Printers

A significant milestone came in 2009 when key SLA patents expired, opening up the technology. This allowed for the rise of desktop SLA 3D printers like the Form 1, developed by startup Formlabs in 2012.

The expiration of FDM patents around 2010 similarly saw a wave of open source FDM/FFF desktop 3D printers like the RepRap, inspiring companies like MakerBot. This drove increased adoption of desktop 3D printing.

The Basics of 3D Printing: How it Works and its Advantages

The process of 3D printing involves several steps. First, a digital design of the object is created using computer-aided design (CAD) software. This design is then converted into a format that can be read by the 3D printer. The printer then builds the object layer by layer using various materials such as plastic, metal, or even biological materials.

One of the key advantages of 3D printing is its ability to create complex geometries that are difficult or impossible to achieve with traditional manufacturing methods. Traditional methods often involve subtractive processes, where material is removed from a larger block to create the desired shape. In contrast, 3D printing is an additive process, where material is added layer by layer to create the final object.

Another advantage of 3D printing is its ability to create customized products. With traditional manufacturing methods, producing customized products can be expensive and time-consuming. However, with 3D printing, each object can be easily customized by simply modifying the digital design before printing.

From Prototyping to Production: How 3D Printing is Changing the Manufacturing Process

One of the key roles of 3D printing in manufacturing is in the prototyping stage. Traditionally, prototyping involved creating molds or tooling, which can be expensive and time-consuming. With 3D printing, prototypes can be created quickly and cost-effectively, allowing for faster iteration and refinement of designs.

However, 3D printing is not limited to prototyping alone. It has the potential to replace traditional manufacturing methods in certain applications. For example, in industries such as aerospace and automotive, where complex geometries are often required, 3D printing can offer significant advantages over traditional methods. By eliminating the need for molds or tooling, 3D printing can reduce costs and lead times while enabling the production of lightweight and optimized components.

Customization and Personalization: The Power of 3D Printing in Meeting Customer Demands

One of the key advantages of 3D printing is its ability to create customized products. Traditional manufacturing methods often involve producing large quantities of identical products, which may not meet the specific needs or preferences of individual customers. With 3D printing, each product can be easily customized to meet the unique requirements of each customer.

This ability to create customized products has a significant impact on the customer experience. Customers today are increasingly looking for personalized products that reflect their individual tastes and preferences. By offering customized products, companies can differentiate themselves from their competitors and build stronger relationships with their customers.

Reducing Costs and Waste: The Economic Benefits of 3D Printing in Manufacturing

One of the key advantages of 3D printing is its potential to reduce manufacturing costs. Traditional manufacturing methods often involve multiple steps and processes, each adding to the overall cost of production. In contrast, 3D printing simplifies the manufacturing process by directly creating objects from a digital design, eliminating the need for molds or tooling.

By reducing the number of steps and processes involved in manufacturing, 3D printing can significantly reduce costs. This is particularly beneficial for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that may not have the resources to invest in expensive molds or tooling. With 3D printing, SMEs can compete with larger companies by offering customized products at a lower cost.

In addition to reducing costs, 3D printing also has the potential to reduce waste. Traditional manufacturing methods often result in significant material waste, as excess material is removed during the production process. With 3D printing, only the required amount of material is used, minimizing waste and reducing environmental impact.

Sustainability and Environmental Impact: How 3D Printing is Helping to Reduce Carbon Footprint

In addition to reducing waste, 3D printing also has the potential to reduce carbon footprint. Traditional manufacturing methods often involve transporting raw materials and finished products over long distances, resulting in significant carbon emissions. With 3D printing, products can be manufactured locally, reducing the need for transportation and lowering carbon emissions.

Furthermore, 3D printing enables the use of more sustainable materials. For example, bio-based materials can be used in 3D printing, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and minimizing environmental impact. Additionally, 3D printing allows for the optimization of designs, resulting in lighter and more efficient products that require less energy to produce and use.

The Role of 3D Printing in Industry

The impact of 3D printing on various industries is significant. In the healthcare industry, 3D printing has revolutionized medical device manufacturing by enabling the production of customized implants and prosthetics. In the aerospace industry, 3D printing has been used to create lightweight components that improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions.

The potential for 3D printing to disrupt traditional manufacturing industries is also significant. For example, in the automotive industry, 3D printing has the potential to transform the production of spare parts. Instead of maintaining large inventories of spare parts, manufacturers can simply 3D print the required parts on demand, reducing costs and lead times.

The Future of Manufacturing

The potential for 3D printing to revolutionize the manufacturing industry is immense. As the technology continues to evolve and improve, we can expect to see even greater adoption of 3D printing in various industries. The ability to create complex and customized objects with ease will continue to drive the growth of 3D printing in manufacturing.

However, there are also challenges and opportunities associated with 3D printing in manufacturing. One of the key challenges is the need for skilled operators who can design and operate 3D printers effectively. Additionally, there are regulatory challenges that need to be addressed, particularly in industries such as healthcare where safety and quality standards are critical.

The Challenges of 3D Printing in Manufacturing: Overcoming Technical and Regulatory Hurdles

One of the key technical challenges of 3D printing in manufacturing is the limited range of materials that can be used. While 3D printing has made significant advancements in recent years, there are still limitations in terms of the types of materials that can be used. For example, metals such as titanium and aluminum are commonly used in traditional manufacturing methods but are more challenging to 3D print.

Another technical challenge is the need for post-processing and finishing. While 3D printing can create complex geometries with ease, the surface finish of 3D printed objects is often rough and requires additional processing to achieve the desired quality. This can add time and cost to the manufacturing process.

In addition to technical challenges, there are also regulatory challenges associated with 3D printing in manufacturing. In industries such as healthcare, where safety and quality standards are critical, there is a need for regulatory frameworks to ensure that 3D printed products meet the required standards. This includes the need for validation and certification processes to ensure the safety and efficacy of 3D printed medical devices.

The Impact of 3D Printing on Supply Chain Management: Opportunities and Challenges

The potential for 3D printing to disrupt supply chain management is significant. With traditional manufacturing methods, products are often manufactured in one location and then transported to various distribution centers or retail stores. This can result in long lead times and high transportation costs.

With 3D printing, products can be manufactured locally, reducing the need for transportation and lowering lead times. This has the potential to transform supply chain management by enabling companies to produce products on demand, reducing inventory costs and improving responsiveness to customer demands.

However, integrating 3D printing into supply chain management also presents challenges. For example, companies will need to invest in 3D printing infrastructure and develop new processes and workflows to support on-demand manufacturing. Additionally, there may be challenges in terms of intellectual property protection and ensuring product quality and consistency across different manufacturing locations.

The Future of 3D Printing in Manufacturing: Emerging Trends and Technologies

The future of 3D printing in manufacturing is promising, with several emerging trends and technologies driving its growth. One of the key trends is the development of new materials that can be used in 3D printing. Researchers are exploring the use of materials such as graphene, carbon fiber, and biodegradable polymers, which offer improved strength, durability, and sustainability.

Another emerging trend is the development of multi-material and multi-color 3D printing technologies. Currently, most 3D printers can only print objects using a single material or color. However, researchers are working on developing printers that can print objects using multiple materials or colors simultaneously, opening up new possibilities for complex and customized designs.

The Promise of 3D Printing in Revolutionizing Manufacturing

3D printing has the potential to revolutionize the manufacturing industry. Its ability to create complex and customized objects with ease, reduce costs and waste, and promote sustainability makes it an attractive option for manufacturers across various industries.

While there are challenges and opportunities associated with 3D printing in manufacturing, the promise of this technology is immense. As the technology continues to evolve and improve, we can expect to see even greater adoption of 3D printing in manufacturing, leading to a more efficient, sustainable, and customer-centric manufacturing industry.

3D printing is transforming manufacturing across industries in revolutionary ways. Its ability to rapidly prototype designs, create complex geometries, enable mass customization, reduce waste, and distribute production is disrupting traditional processes. Companies are adopting 3D printing to accelerate product development, unlock new design possibilities, produce specialized components, and manufacture goods on-demand. While the technology does have some limitations currently, advancements around speed, materials, and costs are helping address these.

Overall, 3D printing provides unmatched flexibility that is spurring a manufacturing revolution. It allows for more sustainable production methods with less waste and emissions. As the capabilities of 3D printing continue to advance, its applications will expand even further. Forward-thinking companies that leverage this technology now will gain key competitive advantages. Adoption is still in early phases, signaling immense room for growth. 3D printing is undoubtedly redefining manufacturing as we know it and enabling the factories of the future.

#1980s #250 #3d #3D printing #additive manufacturing #aerospace #aerospace industry #air #aluminum #applications #automotive #automotive industry #biodegradable #Biodegradable Polymers #carbon #carbon emissions #carbon fiber #carbon footprint #certification #challenge #Chemistry & materials science news #Color #colors #Companies #computer #customer experience #dates #Design #desktop #development