#hepatocellular carcinoma
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Liver Delivery
Worldwide, obesity has tripled since 1975, creating a global health crisis. Being obese increases our risk of 13 different cancers, including the most common liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). If you have HCC, being obese increases your risk of dying by up to four times. Understanding how obesity triggers this cancer is key to identifying at-risk people and finding new treatments. Here, we see a liver (red) from a mouse missing the BNIP3 gene. When scientists treated mice with a chemical that causes HCC, tumours (white) grew faster and bigger in those lacking BNIP3. Researchers also showed that people with HCC and low BNIP3 activity have fattier livers and worse survival rates. This gene slows the growth of HCC by delivering fat stores in the liver to our cellular disposal machinery. Finding ways to switch BNIP3 back on in HCC could be a new strategy to treat the disease.
Written by Henry Stennett
Image from work by Damian E. Berardi and Althea Bock-Hughes, and colleagues
The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The Gordon Center for Integrative Sciences, W-338, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Video originally published with a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Published in Science Advances, October 2022
You can also follow BPoD on Instagram, Twitter and Facebook
#science#biomedicine#liver#hepatocellular carcinoma#cancer#liver cancer#obesity#fat#tumours#gross appearance#oncology
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Cirrhosis causes increased INR because the liver makes clotting factors 2, 7, 9, and 10. If the liver is cirrhotic, you can’t make those clotting factors. Risk of bleeding.
So you monitor the INR. Also monitor albumin. The liver lakes albumin, so if it's cirrhotic, albumin is low.
The liver detoxifies things. If the liver doesn't work, you get build up of ammonia-> hepatic encephalopathy. Ammonium builds up in brain-> asterixis (flapping tremor).
Hepatic encephalopathy is diagnosed clinically with confusion and asterixis. Tx: lactulose (eliminates nitrogen through the gut). Rifaximin and zinc can also be used to eliminate excess nitrogen.
The liver metabolizes estrogen. Without liver function, estrogen builds up-> gynecomastia, palmar erythema, spider angiomata.
Portal hypertension-> thrombocytopenia, ascites, varices (porto-caval shunts). Caput medusa, hemorrhoids, esophageal varices result.
Do EGD to evaluate for varices. Tx of bleeding varices is banding and beta blockers (nadolol or propranolol). In the pts we have, octreotide is given for bleeding. Propranolol is to prevent bleeding when the pt is no longer bleeding. Must be a non-selective beta blocker.
If pt has bleeding varices, give octreotide and ceftriaxone. Octreotide reduces portal pressures acutely. If that doesn't work and pt is bleeding, TIPS can be done. TIPS bypasses the liver; connects portal vein to hepatic vein. It saves the pt from bleeding but also increases ammonia because now blood isn't going through the liver, which detoxifies the blood, increasing risk of hepatic encephalopathy.
Serum Ascites Albumin Gradient (SAAG) helps you determine the cause of the ascites. It tells you whether the ascites is due to portal HTN or not. Get paracentesis and determine the difference between the pt's serum albumin and the ascitic fluid albumin. A score greater than 1.1 means the ascites is due to portal HTN. It means there's mostly fluid in the abdomen. A SAAG less than 1.1 means there are cells in the ascitic fluid, so ascites is due to something like TB or cancer.
Ascites presentation: bulging flanks, shifting dullness, fluid wave.
Tx ascites with furosemide and spironolactone; restrict sodium and water intake, therapeutic paracentesis.
SBP = streptococcus and/or gram negative rods. Dx SBP with paracentesis showing polymorphonuclear cells greater than 250. If greater than 250 neutrophils, tx with IV ceftriaxone. If total protein of ascitic fluid is less than 1, give fluoroquinolone for SBP prophylaxis.
Secondary bacterial peritonitis occurs if the ascitic fluid culture shows lots of different bugs, meaning there's a bowel perforation and pt will require exploratory surgery.
Don't wait for the culture to return--if neutrophils are greater than 250, treat SBP with antibiotics. Even if the culture comes back negative, keep treating SBP.
Chronic liver inflammation (cirrhosis or hep B)-> hepatocellular carcinoma. Screen for hepatocellular carcinoma with RUQ US and AFP. Confirm the diagnosis with a triple phase CT (this is the one cancer you don't need a biopsy to diagnose). During the arterial phase of the triple phase CT, cancer lights up.
Hepatocellular carcinoma that's small is treated with resection. If it's big, pt needs liver transplant, if it's really big or multiple sites in liver are affected, tx with radio-frequency ablation or chemo embolization.
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Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) Risk Calculator
The REACH-B Score for Hepatocellular Carcinoma estimates risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B.
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Role of Alpha Fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma by MuhammadWaqar Mazhar in Journal of Clinical and Medical Images, Case Reports
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma prevelance rate is higher in Pakistan due to HCV mortality rate, consumption of Alchol, and regular smoking, higher level of AFP progression normal liver cells into fatty liver cells, after inflammation it convert into HCC.In this study, we find the correlation between AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma. AFP involve in development of liver cancer, LFT’s test elevation and HCV also cause of cancer.
Keywords: Hepatocellular Carcinoma; Alpha Fetoprotein; alanine amino transferases; aspartate aminotransferases.
Introduction
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the 4th most common malignancy in worldwide and it is leading cause of cancer like disease in liver, and it exceed more than 1 million deaths per year by 2030 [1]. Acute hepatitis and acute liver failure are the most serious medical condition that require early diagnosis by release of IL-6, TNF-α and elevated alanine amino transferases, aspartate aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase and α -Fetoprotein that progress healthy liver in to fatty liver known as steatosis and then inflammation occur in this and leads to hepatocellular carcinoma [2]. Most cases of HCC due to the virus like HCV and HBV, Diabetic and obesity, alcohol related diseases, non- alcohol related diseases, carcinogens like aflatoxins compounds [3]. HCC is the most common cancer that have high mortality rate in cancers due to mortality of HCV and NLFD. In Pakistan HCC ratio high due to prevalence and mortality rate of HCV [4]. The major treatment of HCC are chemotherapy, radiotherapy, transplantation and surgery. Because the most cases diagnose at the late stage, surgery cannot be performed and drugs are the only treatment of HCC [5]. Most patients in HCC become more drug resistance drug resistance. Drug treatment is the best choice of patients who are not edible for surgery. HCC is usually resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Because it hinders liver cancer treatment. In recent years targeted drugs use as medication and immune checkpoint inhibitors are introduce for treatment [6].
In the previous research evidence indicates that alpha-fetoprotein has high false-positive rate in diagnosis of early stage of HCC. The EASL clinic practices shows that AFP as a biomarker for liver transplantation and drug indicator [7]. The AFP level increased in many patients’ ad its risk for progression of HCC. AFP, currently the only biomarker available for HCC drug treatment, function as immune suppressor and promote malignancy transformation in HCC [8]. HCC is resistant to traditional chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin, tetrahydrofolate, oxaliplatin, cisplatin, and gemcitabine. currently the recommended drugs include such as targeted therapeutics and immune checkpoint inhibitors [9].
AFP is a glycoprotein that secreted by endoderm embryonic tissue. The lower level of AFP in blood due to AFP is decrease in mature hepatocytes and that AFP gene expression is blocked. It is possible that AFP involved in HCC development and progression become an important factor affecting HCC diagnosis and treatment. AFP plays an important role in promoting cancer cell proliferation and, inhibition cancer cell apoptosis.
LFT’s test performed for liver injury, alanine aminotransferases, aspartate aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase. These enzymes are commonly elevated in liver disease patients. Alkaline phosphatase and AFP play important role in the diagnosis of cancer.
Case Study
The patient name was sikandar, age 56 patient feel pain in their abdomen and sudden loss of weight. The patient has already hepatitis C infection and their PCR results were positive with high viral load. Due to serious illness it admitted in emergency ward 12, Nishter Hospital Multan. The doctors panel referred some test and kept in observations for better health condition.
The total bilirubin level was 2.05mg/dl in their blood and their normal values 0.6 - 1.2. The serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase level is 43U/L and normal values up to 40. Aspartate amino transferases and alkaline phosphatase level were high in blood respectively 151 U/L and 493 U/l show in (Figure 1). Its indicate liver injury and cirrhosis. The AFP test indicates correlation with Hepatocellular carcinoma. The AFP level in patient was 6101ng/ml and normal values were 0.1 – 10. Higher level of AFP indicates that HCC have positive relation with AFP to proliferate cancer. The test formed by fully automated state of the Art analyzer Beckman Coulter 700 AIJ.
Figure 1: Liver function and Alpha Feto Protein test in patient.
After blood reports, doctor suggest ultarosund Computrised Tomography whole abdominal view. In view, spleen size becomes enlarged 6cm, calculi in gall bladder, heterogeneous patchy atrial enhancement of right lobe, and some nodules seen in both lobes of liver. The doctor findings the AFP correlation with HCC, splenomegaly, ascites, cholelithiasis and protosystematic collaterals.
Figure 2: Ultrasound Computrised Tomography whole abdomen.
The patient diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma at last stage, and doctor reffered to liver transplantation in india. But after 4 weeks he cannot survive.
Conclusion
Hepatitis C was the major risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Pakistan. Smoking and alcohol have big problem to influence HCC in humans. The case study show that alpha fetoprotein has correlation with HCC. Higher Alkaline phosphatase and serum Bilirubin level enhance the liver carcinoma. AFP play role in cell proliferation, cancer cell differentiation and cell cycle arrest.
For more details : https://jcmimagescasereports.org/author-guidelines/
#Hepatocellular Carcinoma#Alpha Fetoprotein#alanine amino transferases#aspartate aminotransferases#malignancy#HCV#HCC#doxorubicin#tetrahydrofolate#oxaliplatin#Tomography#MuhammadWaqar Mazhar#JCMICR
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Current Advancements in HCC Diagnosis & Treatment in South-East Asian Countries
Hepatocellular carcinoma, or HCC, the most common liver cancer type, is a significant public health concern in South-East Asian countries. Over the past few years, remarkable advancements have been made in HCC diagnosis and treatment, offering new hope to patients and healthcare providers. This blog discusses the current state of HCC diagnosis and treatment in South-East Asian countries, highlighting the latest technologies and approaches that have improved patient outcomes.
Read Full Blog here: https://www.grgonline.com/post/current-advancements-in-hcc-diagnosis-treatment-in-south-east-asian-countries
Advanced Diagnostic Techniques:
a. Liquid Biopsy:
Liquid biopsy has gained popularity as a promising non-invasive diagnostic tool for HCC detection in South-East Asia. By analyzing circulating tumor DNA and other biomarkers in blood samples, liquid biopsy enables early detection, monitoring of treatment response, and identifying potential relapse in HCC patients. Its convenience and accuracy make it valuable to traditional imaging and biopsy methods.
b. Imaging Advancements:
South-East Asian countries have embraced cutting-edge imaging technologies, such as contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These techniques offer higher sensitivity and specificity in detecting small liver lesions, aiding in early-stage HCC diagnosis and precise treatment planning.
Personalized Treatment Approaches:
a. Targeted Therapies:
Advancements in targeted therapies have revolutionized HCC treatment in South-East Asia. Sorafenib and Lenvatinib are among the FDA-approved targeted drugs that inhibit specific molecular pathways responsible for tumor growth. Their introduction has improved survival rates and provided viable treatment options for patients with advanced-stage HCC.
b. Immunotherapy:
Immunotherapy, specifically immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab, has shown promising results in HCC patients. These drugs stimulate the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells, offering new possibilities for patients who previously had limited treatment options.
3. Minimally Invasive Interventions:
a. Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA):
RFA has become a widely adopted treatment option in South-East Asian countries, particularly for early-stage HCC patients. Using thermal energy to destroy cancer cells, RFA is a minimally invasive procedure that preserves healthy liver tissue and results in faster patient recovery times.
b. Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE):
TACE is an interventional radiology technique used to deliver chemotherapy directly to the tumor site, cutting off its blood supply. This procedure effectively manages intermediate-stage HCC, slows tumor progression, and improves overall survival rates.
Multi-disciplinary Care:
South-East Asian countries have recognized the importance of a multi-disciplinary approach in managing HCC. Comprehensive cancer centers bring together oncologists, hepatologists, radiologists, surgeons, and other specialists to develop personalized treatment plans for each patient. This collaboration ensures the best possible outcome and a holistic approach to HCC care.
Conclusion:
HCC diagnosis and treatment in South-East Asia have improved with liquid biopsy and advanced imaging techniques, leading to better patient outcomes. Targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and minimally invasive interventions have extended survival rates and reduced patient burden. Multi-disciplinary care ensures comprehensive treatment and ongoing research, and technology advancements offer hope for even more effective approaches to combat HCC. South-East Asian countries are making significant strides toward improving patient outcomes and enhancing the quality of life.
Visit our website now: https://www.grgonline.com/
#liver cancer#livercare#hepatocellular carcinoma#cancer#cancer treatment#HCCTherapies#AdvancedLiverCancer#LiverTherapeutics#LiverCancerDiagnosis
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Liver Cancer (Hepatocellular Carcinoma)
Liver cancer, also known as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is a type of cancer that originates in the liver. The liver is an essential organ that performs important functions in the body, including filtering toxins from the blood and producing bile to help digest fats. When liver cells become abnormal and start to grow out of control, they can form a mass called a tumor.
Causes of Liver…
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Y-90 or Yttrium 90 uses and side effects: Explain by Dr. Ishita who has the experience of more than 20 year's in Nuclear Medicine and currently hold the position of the Head of the Department of Fortis Memorial Research Institute Gurgaon India.
https://nuclearmedicinetherapy.in/blog/use-of-yttrium-90-y-90-and-its-effects
#Yttrium-90 radioembolization#Transarterial Radioembolization#hepatocellular carcinoma#Y90 PRRT#Lutetium Therapy#Lutetium Treatment#Nuclear Medicine Therapy#Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy#PRRT in Neuroendocrine Tumors#PRRT Therapy#PRRT Treatment
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Understanding the Integrated Gene Regulatory Networks for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Abstract
Hepatic cancer is a malignant tumor that begins in the cells of the liver. The leading cause is a viral infection with hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has become the most common form of hepatic cancer. It is the fastest-growing cause of cancer deaths in the United States. HCC is also found to be associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes and fatty liver disease. To understand the gene expression regulation during HCC development, scientists have identified a few related transcription factors (TFs) and characterize their roles such as E2F1[1], Foxm1b [2] and hepatic nuclear factors [3]. However, these findings still cannot fully explain the underlying molecular mechanism during liver tumorigenesis. It is necessary to systematically study the global gene regulatory network (GRN) during HCC development.
Read More About This Article : https://irispublishers.com/ajgh/fulltext/understanding-the-integrated-gene-regulatory-networks-for-hepatocellular-carcinoma.ID.000501.php
Read More Iris Publishers Google Scholar Article: https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=Wws4PocAAAAJ&cstart=20&pagesize=80&citation_for_view=Wws4PocAAAAJ:IjCSPb-OGe4C
#Iris Publishers#Iris Publishers LLC#Iris Publishers google scholar#Integrated Gene#Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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Metabolomics and integrated network pharmacology analysis reveal SNKAF decoction suppresses cell proliferation and induced cell apoptisis in hepatocellular carcinoma via PI3K/Akt/P53/FoxO signaling axis
Guo et al., Chin Med. 2022; 17: 76.
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Call for Abstract: Track 2 : Hepatology
We are happy to announce the call for abstracts for the 14th World Gastroenterology, IBD & Hepatology Conference from December 17-19, 2024, in Holiday Inn Dubai, UAE & Virtual.
Submit your abstract/papers here: https://gastroenterology.universeconferences.com/hepatology/
WhatsApp us: https://wa.me/442033222718?text=
#Hepatology#LiverHealth#LiverDisease#Hepatitis#Cirrhosis#FattyLiver#LiverTransplant#LiverCancer#HepB#HepC#LiverPathology#LiverCare#HepatologyConference#LiverImaging#Hepatocellular#Carcinoma
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The Global Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Market is projected to grow at a CAGR of around 10.20% during the forecast period, i.e., 2022-27. The growth of the market is driven primarily by the increasing instances of liver cancer & rising mortality rates owing to severe lifestyle changes and increasing obesity on account of poor eating habits, coupled with significant investments in research activities associated with the development of advanced therapeutics for HCC.
#Global Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Market#Global Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Market NewwsGlobal Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Market Growth
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Improved on-treatment fibrosis-4 during antiviral therapy and lower hepatocellular carcinoma risk in cirrhotic patients with hepatitis B.
Chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) is a leading cause of liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and liver-related mortality globally. By lowering hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, the treatment goals of CHB infection are to reduce the risk of cirrhosis and HCC and enhance survival. Although these goals can be fulfilled by the early and total eradication of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) from hepatocytes, complete eradication of HBV is likely to be unachievable with current antiviral therapies (AVT). Nucloes(t)ide analogues (NAs) such as entecavir and tenofovir are not virucidal but virustatic. Although HBV replication might be effectively suppressed, covalently closed circular DNA could persist in hepatocytes and continue to induce low-grade inflammation. Patients taking NAs are still at risk of cirrhosis and HCC. Therefore, regular monitoring after starting NAs is required.
#liver cirrhosis#hepatitis b#hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)#liver-related mortality#hepatitis treatment#scientific reports
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Hepatocellular Carcinoma Market demand will reach a value of US$ 41.57 Billion by the year 2030 at a CAGR of 11.5% | Growth Plus Reports
Newark, New Castle, USA – Growth Plus Reports’ most recent study examines the Global Hepatocellular Carcinoma Market’s production, prospective uses, demand, key companies, and SWOT analysis.
You may get insights into the TOC, and Statistics for essential facts, information, trends, and competitive landscape information.
Download Free Sample Report Now @ https://www.growthplusreports.com/inquiry/request-sample/hepatocellular-carcinoma-market/8027
The following are the leading companies in the Global Hepatocellular Carcinoma market:
Bayer AG
Bristol-Myers Squibb
Genentech Inc.
Eisai Inc.
Merch & Co. Inc.
Eli Lilly & Company
Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma
Growth Plus Reports studies the key trends in each category and sub-segment of the Hepatocellular Carcinoma market, along with Global and regional projections from 2023 to 2031. Our research splits the market into product type and application segments.
SEGMENTATION
GLOBAL HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA MARKET – ANALYSIS & FORECAST, BY MARKETED DRUG
Sorafenib (Nexavar)
Nivolumab (Opdivo)
Bevacizumab (Avastin)
Regorafenib (Stivarga)
Lenvatinib Mesylate (Lenvima)
Pembrolizumab (Keytruda)
Atezolizumab (Tecentriq)
Cabozantinib (Cabometyx)
Ramucirumab (Cyramza)
Miriplatin (Miripla)
For More Information or Query or Customization visit: https://www.growthplusreports.com/inquiry/customization/hepatocellular-carcinoma-market/8027
Companies may utilize Hepatocellular Carcinoma market report to get insights on market variables and any restraints that may affect the manufacturing of their product. Companies that are expanding abroad require thorough Global market research that includes real market data to assist with their marketing strategy. This Global market Hepatocellular Carcinoma industry study analyzes important market dynamics and provides in-depth information and statistics to help companies flourish. This research report on the Hepatocellular Carcinoma market takes advantage of advanced and professional approaches such as SWOT analysis and GRG Health’s unique GrowthMIX strategy.
This report is useful in addressing various essential issues for market participants, while also supporting them in making investments and leveraging the market opportunities.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Market TOC: https://www.growthplusreports.com/report/toc/hepatocellular-carcinoma-market/8027
Market segment by Region/Country including: –
-North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
-Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia and Spain etc.)
-Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Australia and Southeast Asia etc.)
-South America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia etc.)
-Middle East and Africa (South Africa, UAE and Saudi Arabia etc.)
QUICK BUY: https://www.growthplusreports.com/checkout-8027
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Role of Alpha Fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma by MuhammadWaqar Mazhar in Journal of Clinical and Medical Images, Case Reports
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma prevelance rate is higher in Pakistan due to HCV mortality rate, consumption of Alchol, and regular smoking, higher level of AFP progression normal liver cells into fatty liver cells, after inflammation it convert into HCC.In this study, we find the correlation between AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma. AFP involve in development of liver cancer, LFT’s test elevation and HCV also cause of cancer.
Keywords: Hepatocellular Carcinoma; Alpha Fetoprotein; alanine amino transferases; aspartate aminotransferases.
Introduction
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the 4th most common malignancy in worldwide and it is leading cause of cancer like disease in liver, and it exceed more than 1 million deaths per year by 2030 [1]. Acute hepatitis and acute liver failure are the most serious medical condition that require early diagnosis by release of IL-6, TNF-α and elevated alanine amino transferases, aspartate aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase and α -Fetoprotein that progress healthy liver in to fatty liver known as steatosis and then inflammation occur in this and leads to hepatocellular carcinoma [2]. Most cases of HCC due to the virus like HCV and HBV, Diabetic and obesity, alcohol related diseases, non- alcohol related diseases, carcinogens like aflatoxins compounds [3]. HCC is the most common cancer that have high mortality rate in cancers due to mortality of HCV and NLFD. In Pakistan HCC ratio high due to prevalence and mortality rate of HCV [4]. The major treatment of HCC are chemotherapy, radiotherapy, transplantation and surgery. Because the most cases diagnose at the late stage, surgery cannot be performed and drugs are the only treatment of HCC [5]. Most patients in HCC become more drug resistance drug resistance. Drug treatment is the best choice of patients who are not edible for surgery. HCC is usually resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Because it hinders liver cancer treatment. In recent years targeted drugs use as medication and immune checkpoint inhibitors are introduce for treatment [6].
In the previous research evidence indicates that alpha-fetoprotein has high false-positive rate in diagnosis of early stage of HCC. The EASL clinic practices shows that AFP as a biomarker for liver transplantation and drug indicator [7]. The AFP level increased in many patients’ ad its risk for progression of HCC. AFP, currently the only biomarker available for HCC drug treatment, function as immune suppressor and promote malignancy transformation in HCC [8]. HCC is resistant to traditional chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin, tetrahydrofolate, oxaliplatin, cisplatin, and gemcitabine. currently the recommended drugs include such as targeted therapeutics and immune checkpoint inhibitors [9].
AFP is a glycoprotein that secreted by endoderm embryonic tissue. The lower level of AFP in blood due to AFP is decrease in mature hepatocytes and that AFP gene expression is blocked. It is possible that AFP involved in HCC development and progression become an important factor affecting HCC diagnosis and treatment. AFP plays an important role in promoting cancer cell proliferation and, inhibition cancer cell apoptosis.
LFT’s test performed for liver injury, alanine aminotransferases, aspartate aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase. These enzymes are commonly elevated in liver disease patients. Alkaline phosphatase and AFP play important role in the diagnosis of cancer.
Case Study
The patient name was sikandar, age 56 patient feel pain in their abdomen and sudden loss of weight. The patient has already hepatitis C infection and their PCR results were positive with high viral load. Due to serious illness it admitted in emergency ward 12, Nishter Hospital Multan. The doctors panel referred some test and kept in observations for better health condition.
The total bilirubin level was 2.05mg/dl in their blood and their normal values 0.6 - 1.2. The serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase level is 43U/L and normal values up to 40. Aspartate amino transferases and alkaline phosphatase level were high in blood respectively 151 U/L and 493 U/l show in (Figure 1). Its indicate liver injury and cirrhosis. The AFP test indicates correlation with Hepatocellular carcinoma. The AFP level in patient was 6101ng/ml and normal values were 0.1 – 10. Higher level of AFP indicates that HCC have positive relation with AFP to proliferate cancer. The test formed by fully automated state of the Art analyzer Beckman Coulter 700 AIJ.
https://jcmimagescasereports.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/fig-1-10.jpg
Figure 1: Liver function and Alpha Feto Protein test in patient.
After blood reports, doctor suggest ultarosund Computrised Tomography whole abdominal view. In view, spleen size becomes enlarged 6cm, calculi in gall bladder, heterogeneous patchy atrial enhancement of right lobe, and some nodules seen in both lobes of liver. The doctor findings the AFP correlation with HCC, splenomegaly, ascites, cholelithiasis and protosystematic collaterals.
https://jcmimagescasereports.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/fig-2-10.jpg
Figure 2: Ultrasound Computrised Tomography whole abdomen.
The patient diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma at last stage, and doctor reffered to liver transplantation in india. But after 4 weeks he cannot survive.
Conclusion
Hepatitis C was the major risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Pakistan. Smoking and alcohol have big problem to influence HCC in humans. The case study show that alpha fetoprotein has correlation with HCC. Higher Alkaline phosphatase and serum Bilirubin level enhance the liver carcinoma. AFP play role in cell proliferation, cancer cell differentiation and cell cycle arrest.
For more details : https://jcmimagescasereports.org/author-guidelines/
#Hepatocellular Carcinoma#Alpha Fetoprotein#alanine amino transferases#aspartate aminotransferases#AFP#HCC#HCV#aminotransferases#enzymes#MuhammadWaqar Mazhar#JCMICR
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