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himemiya-kun · 9 months

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Blue Sea＊The Shining, Truthful Atlantis (Chapter 4)

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Chapter 4: Under the Surface

Winter

Characters:

• Wataru Hibiki

• Tori Himemiya

• Yuzuru Fushimi

Wataru: I see! You were talking about that while I was away!

That's good! It's a story that doesn’t interest me!

I'm lonely when I'm left behind on the topic of my friends, but if it's a story I'm not interested in, it's not so frustrating even if I’m left out!

Tori: No, let's be interested, it’s an important story.

Wataru: I don't care what happens to ES, or more specifically, what happens to the idol industry!

What's important is that the stories told by people are interesting enough to interest me. That's the only thing I'm interested in.

Eichi tends to get involved in a lot of talk about that, so I have enough knowledge of politics and economics to understand the context.

Tori: The argument of people who are shown sports that they are not very interested in.

Wataru: It's an appropriate expression! Amazing☆

Ah, I'll have something like this somen.

Well, today's performance was extremely tough, so I'm exhausted, and my stomach can only accept food that seems easy to digest.

Tori: Every day, Hibiki-senpai is saying something unusual for a human being.

Yuzuru: Fufu. It's rare for us to have a meal like this, Hibiki-sama.

Wataru: Hehehe. Just in case, I would like to ask you about some things so that this topic doesn’t get left out.

Isn't it a good idea to have a meal together once in a while with people from the same unit to deepen friendships?

Tori: Eichi-sama ended up going anyway since he had some work to do at his parents' house.

Yuzuru: It seems that Eichi-sama had missed the hint. I guess he needed to hurry and find a replacement for Young Master.

Tori: Ugh... Isn't that quick? I haven't replied properly yet?

Wataru: What do you mean?

Tori: Actually. It seems that Eichi-sama wanted to leave one of the branches related to Project-ATLANTIS to me.

Eichi-sama wanted to appoint someone who he could trust and had the level of ability as the boss of some branch office.

Wataru: Is that so? By having the people who serve as his hands and feet to manage the branch office, Eichi will be able to spread his intentions to every corner of the country—

Yuzuru: Fufu. It seems that Eichi-sama nominated Young Master for such a purpose.

Wataru: Are you the boss of the ES branch? Isn't it a great choice considering his age?

Why did you refuse, Himegimi?

Tori: I-I didn't refuse! But I looked pathetic due to lack of sleep, and I was told that I was busy with the student council elections—

Tori: I think that's why Eichi-sama decided that it was impossible for me to do it... He doesn’t want to give me any more burden.

I'm fine though. If Eichi-sama had trusted and entrusted me, I would have worked hard to live up to his expectations.

Wataru: Perhaps he was worried that Himegimi would try too hard like that. You collapsed during the SS, so he thought it would be dangerous for you this time.

Tori: Ah, that was a lifelong nightmare for me as well.

Because of that, because I collapsed, I lost Eichi-sama's trust...?

Wataru: No, no. Perhaps we should say that Eichi repented after that. Himegimi was given a responsibility that was too much for him to bear.

Tori: In other words, the bottom line is that you can't entrust me with the job because I'm not good enough!?

Yuzuru: Bocchama. You're in public, so please keep your voice down.

Tori: I understand. …Ah, excuse me, server, please give me this sata andagi.

Wataru: If you eat too much sweet food, you’ll gain weight. Well, you’re more chubby and adorable when you’re fat.

Eichi and the others are starting to wear down, probably due to the hard work they've been doing lately, and I can't help but worry when I look at them.

Yuzuru: Even if I'm fat, I'm more worried about adult diseases.

Tori: Hmm. I'm so stressed out, I can only relieve it by eating something sweet.

Yuzuru: Fufu. If it's a problem that can be forgotten just by eating sweets, it's better than anything. My eyes are going to spill on that unbalanced diet today.

Tori: It’s hard for me to forget it, or rather, it seems like it will drag on for a while... I ended up not getting accepted, but I listened to the whole story.

If I had more leeway, if I had grown stronger and better, I wonder if I would have been able to get involved in a big project like this.

For a while, well, I think I'll regret it forever.

Wataru: Isn't it too early to give up?

Tori: What do you mean?

Wataru: That's why. If you have such a longing for it, Himegimi, or if you are interested in the project, you can ask Eichi to let you get involved.

Himegimi seems to believe that Eichi's decision is final. I don't think that's true at all.

If Himegimi asks from the bottom of his heart, Eichi probably won't be able to refuse.

Moreover, Eichi also views Himegimi as a significant presence. That's why he must have tried to involve him in some kind of plan in this case.

Yuzuru: He said he wanted to leave it to someone he could trust. In Eichi-sama's case, there are probably fewer candidates than you might think.

Wataru: If you live a life that offends others, you will be in trouble at such times. Himegimi, if possible, try not to emulate that part of Eichi.

Tori: Yeah… Looking at the progress of the student council elections, I feel like I'm already following Eichi-sama's lead in that regard.

I was surprised that I got so much backlash from everyone—

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#ensemble stars #enstars #enstars translation #ensemble stars translation #blue sea #the shining truthful atlantis #fine climax #wataru hibiki #tori himemiya #yuzuru fushimi

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claudinei-de-jesus · 3 years

Text

The president of Haiti was shot dead in the early hours of this Wednesday (7), inside his home. The first lady's status is critical.

The assassins arrived in several cars and used a loudspeaker to announce the cover: "This is a DEA operation." The DEA is the US Department of Drug Control. A resident registered the action.

Jovenel Moise ran a turbulent government. He won the first round of the 2015 elections, which were overturned after accusations of fraud. An interim government took over until a new election was held the following year. Moise won and took over in 2017.

The opposition claimed that his term should have ended in February of this year, when he completed five years, including the period in which the country was under interim government.

Moise argued that he should only leave in 2022, when he would complete 5 years of his tenure. More than a year ago, he had dissolved Congress and was ruling by decree, trying to rewrite the Constitution.

Haiti is the poorest country in the Americas and faces a serious humanitarian crisis. He is one of the few in the world that has not yet started the vaccination campaign against Covid, and criminal gangs are taking to the streets in the capital, Port-au-Prince.

The president's assassination further heightens uncertainty and fears of widespread violence. After 30 years of dictatorship, the country had its first election in 1990.

In 2004, after a coup against then-President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the UN sent a peacekeeping mission to Haiti.

For 13 years, Brazil led the mission.

In 2010, an earthquake left an estimated 200,000 dead and plunged the country deeper into economic and social crisis.

In 2017, the UN mission ended without the country having reached greater stability.

The UN Security Council should meet this Thursday (8) to address the situation in Haiti. Last week, the council had already said it was deeply concerned about the "political, security and humanitarian conditions in Haiti".

UN Secretary General António Guterres said that "the perpetrators of this crime must be brought to justice".

US President Joe Biden called the murder heinous.

The country is now in charge of the interim prime minister, Claude Joseph, who announced a state of siege and urged the population to calm down.

Haiti's ambassador to the United States stated, on Wednesday night (7), that some of the killers were arrested. IT NEEDS TO BE INVESTIGATED THIS MAGNICIDIO AND THIS CONSPIRACY AGAINST PRESIDENT JOVENEL MOISES AND THE FIRST LADY WHO SUFFERED A CRUEL AND BARBAUS ATTACK AND THIS IS PURE COWARDICE OF GROUPS OF RICH PEOPLE WHO WANT TO MASSACRE MORE THE COUNTRY AND WITH CERTAIN GROUPS THERE ARE CERTAINTY GROUPS ORGANIZED INTO THIS IN THE FULL 21ST CENTURY THIS IS HORRIBLE TO GIVE 12 SHOOTS TO A PRESIDENT AND 3 SHOOTS TO HIS WIFE IN THEIR HOME WHO IS OF INTEREST? BECAUSE? BRAZIL MUST RETURN WITH ADMINISTRATIVE AND EVEN SECURITY STRENGTH TOGETHER WITH THE UNITED STATES AND SEVERAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD AS NORTH AMERICA AND CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA AND ALSO THE EUROPEAN UNION WITH MANY COUNTRIES AND EVEN COUNTRIES IN ASIA AND COUNTRIES FROM THE MIDDLE EAST TO JAPAN, TOKYO THE WORLD CONDEMNS THIS IN HAITI AND MAY GOD BLESS THE PRESIDENT'S FAMILY AS THE PEOPLE OF WELL PLUS THE SOCIETY OF HAITI THE EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE AND JUDICIAL POWER HAS TO CHANGE TO THE DEVELOPMENT GROWTH PER HDI IS BIGGER. El presidente de Haití fue asesinado a tiros en la madrugada de este miércoles (7), dentro de su casa. El estado de la primera dama es fundamental.

Los asesinos llegaron en varios autos y usaron un altavoz para anunciar la tapa: "Esto es un operativo de la DEA". La DEA es el Departamento de Control de Drogas de EE. UU. Un residente registró la acción.

Jovenel Moise dirigió un gobierno turbulento. Ganó la primera vuelta de las elecciones de 2015, que finalmente fueron anuladas tras acusaciones de fraude. Un gobierno interino asumió el control hasta que se celebraron nuevas elecciones al año siguiente. Moise ganó y asumió el mando en 2017.

La oposición afirmó que su mandato debería haber terminado en febrero de este año, cuando cumplió cinco años, incluido el período en el que el país estuvo bajo gobierno interino.

Moise argumentó que solo debería irse en 2022, cuando completaría 5 años de propiedad. Hace más de un año, había disuelto el Congreso y estaba gobernando por decreto, tratando de reescribir la Constitución.

Haití es el país más pobre de América y enfrenta una grave crisis humanitaria. Es uno de los pocos en el mundo que aún no ha iniciado la campaña de vacunación contra Covid, y las bandas criminales están tomando las calles en la capital, Puerto Príncipe.

El asesinato del presidente aumenta aún más la incertidumbre y los temores de una violencia generalizada. Después de 30 años de dictadura, el país tuvo sus primeras elecciones en 1990.

En 2004, después de un golpe de estado contra el entonces presidente Jean-Bertrand Aristide, la ONU envió una misión de paz a Haití.

Durante 13 años, Brasil lideró la misión.

En 2010, un terremoto dejó aproximadamente 200.000 muertos y hundió al país en una crisis económica y social más profunda.

En 2017 finalizó la misión de la ONU sin que el país alcanzara una mayor estabilidad.

El Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU debe reunirse este jueves (8) para abordar la situación en Haití. La semana pasada, el consejo ya había dicho que estaba profundamente preocupado por las "condiciones políticas, humanitarias y de seguridad en Haití".

El secretario general de la ONU, António Guterres, dijo que "los autores de este crimen deben ser llevados ante la justicia".

El presidente de los Estados Unidos, Joe Biden, calificó el asesinato como atroz.

El país ahora está a cargo del primer ministro interino, Claude Joseph, quien anunció el estado de sitio e instó a la población a calmarse.

El embajador de Haití en Estados Unidos declaró, el miércoles por la noche (7), que algunos de los asesinos fueron arrestados. ES NECESARIO INVESTIGAR ESTE MAGNICIDIO Y ESTA CONSPIRACIÓN CONTRA EL PRESIDENTE JOVENEL MOISES Y LA PRIMERA DAMA QUE SUFRIÓ UN ATAQUE CRUEL Y BÁRBARIO Y ESTA ES PURA COBARDE DE GRUPOS DE GENTE RICA QUE QUIEREN MASACRAR MÁS ORGANOS DEL PAÍS Y CON CIERTOS GRUPOS ESTO EN TODO EL SIGLO XXI ES HORRIBLE DAR 12 DISPAROS A UN PRESIDENTE Y 3 A SU ESPOSA EN SU CASA ¿QUIÉN ES DE INTERÉS? ¿PORQUE? BRASIL DEBE REGRESAR CON FUERZA ADMINISTRATIVA E INCLUSO EN SEGURIDAD JUNTO CON LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS Y VARIOS PAÍSES DEL MUNDO COMO AMÉRICA DEL NORTE Y CENTROAMÉRICA Y SUDAMÉRICA Y TAMBIÉN LA UNIÓN EUROPEA CON MUCHOS PAÍSES E INCLUSO PAÍSES DE ASIA Y PAÍSES DEL MEDIO HASTA JAPÓN TOKIO EL MUNDO CONDENA ESTO EN HAITÍ Y QUE DIOS BENDIGA A LA FAMILIA DEL PRESIDENTE COMO EL PUEBLO DE BIEN MÁS LA SOCIEDAD DE HAITÍ EL PODER EJECUTIVO Y LEGISLATIVO Y JUDICIAL DEBE CAMBIAR PARA QUE EL CRECIMIENTO DEL DESARROLLO POR IDH ES MAYOR. O presidente do Haiti foi assassinado a tiros na madrugada desta quarta-feira (7), dentro de casa. O estado da primeira-dama é crítico.

Os assassinos chegaram em vários carros e usaram um alto-falante para anunciar o disfarce: “Essa é uma operação do DEA.” O DEA é o departamento de combate às drogas dos Estados Unidos. Um morador registrou a ação.

Jovenel Moise comandava um governo turbulento. Venceu o primeiro turno das eleições de 2015, que acabaram anuladas após acusações de fraude. Um governo interino assumiu até que um novo pleito fosse realizado no ano seguinte. Moise venceu e assumiu em 2017.

A oposição alegava que o mandato dele deveria ter acabado em fevereiro deste ano, quando completava cinco anos, incluindo o período em que o país esteve sob governo interino.

Moise defendia que só deveria sair em 2022, quando completaria 5 anos de sua posse. Há mais de um ano, ele havia dissolvido o Congresso e governava por decreto, tentando reescrever a Constituição.

O Haiti é o país mais pobre das Américas e enfrenta uma grave crise humanitária. É um dos poucos do mundo que ainda não começou a campanha de vacinação contra a Covid e gangues de criminosos apavoram as ruas na capital, Porto Príncipe.

O assassinato do presidente aumenta ainda mais a incerteza e o temor de violência generalizada. Depois de 30 anos de ditadura, o país teve a primeira eleição em 1990.

Em 2004, depois de um golpe contra o então presidente Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a ONU enviou uma missão de paz ao Haiti.

Durante 13 anos, o Brasil comandou a missão.

Em 2010, um terremoto deixou um número estimado de 200 mil mortos e afundou o país ainda mais na crise econômica e social.

Em 2017, a missão da ONU terminou sem que o país tivesse chegado a uma maior estabilidade.

O Conselho de Segurança da ONU deve se reunir nesta quinta-feira (8) para tratar da situação no Haiti. Na semana passada, o conselho já havia dito que estava profundamente preocupado com as "condições políticas, de segurança e humanitárias no Haiti".

O secretário-geral da ONU, António Guterres, disse que "os autores deste crime devem ser levados à justiça".

O presidente dos Estados Unidos, Joe Biden, classificou o assassinato de hediondo.

Quem comanda o país agora é o primeiro-ministro interino, Claude Joseph, que anunciou estado de sítio e pediu calma à população.

O embaixador do Haiti nos Estados Unidos afirmou, na noite desta quarta (7), que alguns dos assassinos foram presos. ISSO PRESCISA SER INVESTIGADO ESSE MAGNICIDIO E ESSA CONSPIRAÇÃO CONTRA O PRESIDENTE JOVENEL MOISES E A PRIMEIRA - DAMA QUE SOFRERAM UM ATAQUE CRUEL E BÁRBARO E ISSO É PURA COVARDIA DE GRUPOS DE PESSOAS RICAS QUE QUEREM MASSACRAR MAIS O PAIS E COM CERTEZA EXISTE GRUPOS E ORGANIZAÇÕES CRIMINOSAS ORGANIZADAS NISSO EM PLENO SÉCULO XXI ISSO É HORRIVEL DAR 12 TIROS EM UM PRESIDENTE E 3 TIROS EM SUA ESPOSA NA SUA CASA A QUEM É DE INTERESSE? PORQUÊ? DEVE O BRASIL VOLTAR COM FORÇA ADMINISTRATIVA E ATÉ DE SEGURANÇA JUNTAMENTE COM OS ESTADOS UNIDOS E VÁRIOS PAÍSES DO MUNDO COMO PAISES DA AMERICA DO NORTE E AMERICA CENTRAL E AMERICA DO SUL E TAMBÉM A UNIÃO EUROPEIA COM MUITOS PAISES E ATÉ PAISES DA ÁSIA COMO A CHINA E PAISES DO ORIENTE MÉDIO ATÉ O JAPÃO, TÓQUIO O MUNDO CONDENA ISSO NO HAITI E QUE DEUS ABENÇÕE A FAMILIA DO PRESIDENTE COMO O POVO DE BEM MAIS A SOCIEDADE DO HAITI O PODER EXECUTIVO E LEGISLATIVO E JUDICIÁRIO TEM QUE MUDAR PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO DO PAIS E O CRESCIMENTO POR IDH SER MAIOR.

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cryptodailysun · 2 years

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The Markets in Crypto Assets (MiCA) regulatory package passed another potential hurdle this week and is moving to the next stage of the EU’s legislative process. Proponents of a controversial text prohibiting proof-of-work (PoW) cryptocurrencies, which was recently dropped from the draft, did not take an opportunity to block the draft’s progress. EU Parliament, Commission and Council to Negotiate Over MiCA Regulations Wording proposed by members of the European Parliament (MEPs) which aimed to impose a ban on cryptocurrencies relying on PoW mining was removed from MiCA before a recent vote. In mid-March the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON) approved the regulations without a provision that would have effectively prohibited the offering of services for bitcoin and the like. However, the crypto community couldn’t greet the development with relief as it was still possible to prevent the draft from progressing to the next stage of the legislative process – the trilogue between the European Parliament, the European Commission, the executive arm in Brussels, and the Council of the EU, the other legislative body of the Union. The deadline by which an objection could be filed expired at midnight on Thursday, March 24, the German crypto news outlet BTC Echo noted in a report. Until then, the factions of the Greens, Left and Social Democrats, the supporters of the de facto bitcoin ban, could halt the advance of MiCA and attempt to reintroduce the text which had sparked negative reactions from the crypto community. Stefan Berger, the rapporteur for the legislation, confirmed on social media that MiCA will now be subjected to negotiations between the three leading EU institutions. Berger who is also a member of ECON, thanked his colleagues at the committee and other supporters of his efforts. In a tweet he stated: #MiCA: Gute Nachricht! Mein Mandat wird NICHT gechallenged. Ich werde nun in die Trilog-Verhandlungen gehen mit der Position, dass es keinen #PoW-Ban geben wird. Das EU-Parlament gibt mir Rückenwind & zeigt Innovationskraft /1 — Stefan Berger (@DrStefanBerger) March 25, 2022 The MEP also pointed out that he had suggested connecting MiCA to the EU Taxonomy for Sustainable Finance. With its taxonomy classification system, the EU is evaluating economic activities according to their sustainability and trying to direct investments towards sustainable projects. “I am optimistic that this proposal will be approved by the Commission and the Council,” Berger emphasized. Regulatory bodies and officials from several EU member states called for a Union-wide ban on the energy-intensive PoW crypto mining, citing environmental reasons. The group includes the bloc’s economic powerhouse, Germany, and Sweden which warned that the increasing use of renewable energy to mint bitcoin comes at the expense of climate neutrality goals in other sectors. EU institutions have been working to regulate the European crypto space in the light of concerns that Russia may use cryptocurrencies to evade sanctions imposed over its invasion of Ukraine and crypto assets were targeted in a recent agreement to expand the restrictive measures. In February, President of the European Central Bank Christine Lagarde urged the Union to quickly approve the new crypto regulations with the same motive. Do you think the European Union will adopt the MiCA regulations without the bitcoin ban? Tell us in the comments section below. Go to Source

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your-dietician · 3 years

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Humanistic counselling plus pastoral care as usual versus pastoral care as usual for the treatment of psychological distress in adolescents in UK state schools (ETHOS): a randomised controlled trial

New Post has been published on https://depression-md.com/humanistic-counselling-plus-pastoral-care-as-usual-versus-pastoral-care-as-usual-for-the-treatment-of-psychological-distress-in-adolescents-in-uk-state-schools-ethos-a-randomised-controlled-trial/

Humanistic counselling plus pastoral care as usual versus pastoral care as usual for the treatment of psychological distress in adolescents in UK state schools (ETHOS): a randomised controlled trial

Summary

Background

About one in seven adolescents have a mental health disorder in England, UK. School counselling is one of the most common means of trying to address such a problem. We aimed to determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of school-based humanistic counselling (SBHC) for the treatment of psychological distress in young people in England, UK.

Methods

We did a two-arm, individually randomised trial in 18 secondary state-funded schools across the Greater London area of the UK. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) using a centrally secure randomisation procedure with random permuted blocks to either SBHC plus schools’ pastoral care as usual (PCAU), or PCAU alone. Participants were pupils aged 13–16 years who had moderate-to-severe levels of emotional symptoms (measured by a score of ≥5 on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Emotional Symptoms scale) and were assessed as competent to consent to participate in the trial. Participants, providers, and assessors (who initially assessed and enrolled participants) were not masked but testers (who measured outcomes) were masked to treatment allocation. The primary outcome was psychological distress at 12 weeks (Young Person’s Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation measure [YP-CORE]; range 0–40), analysed on an intention-to-treat basis (with missing data imputed). Costs were assessed at 24 weeks (Client Service Receipt Inventory and service logs). The trial was registered with ISRCTN, number ISRCTN10460622.

Findings

329 participants were recruited between Sept 29, 2016, and Feb 8, 2018, with 167 (51%) randomly assigned to SBHC plus PCAU and 162 (49%) to PCAU. 315 (96%) of 329 participants provided data at 12 weeks and scores were imputed for 14 participants (4%). At baseline, the mean YP-CORE scores were 20·86 (SD 6·38) for the SBHC plus PCAU group and 20·98 (6·41) for the PCAU group. Mean YP-CORE scores at 12 weeks were 16·41 (SD 7·59) for the SBHC plus PCAU group and 18·34 (7·84) for the PCAU group (difference 1·87, 95% CI 0·37–3·36; p=0·015), with a small effect size (0·25, 0·03–0·47). Overall costs at 24 weeks were £995·20 (SD 769·86) per pupil for the SBHC plus PCAU group and £612·89 (1224·56) for the PCAU group (unadjusted difference £382·31, 95% CI £148·18–616·44; p=0·0015). The probability of SBHC being more cost-effective reached 80% at a willingness to pay of £390 for a 1-point improvement on the YP-CORE. Five serious adverse events occurred for four participants in the SBHC plus PCAU group, all involving suicidal intent. Two serious adverse events occurred for two participants in the PCAU group, one involving suicidal intent.

Interpretation

The addition of SBHC to PCAU leads to small reductions in psychological distress, but at an additional economic cost. SBHC is a viable treatment option but there is a need for equally rigorous evaluation of alternative interventions.

Funding

This work was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (grant reference ES/M011933/1).

Introduction

Adolescence is a period of rapid biological, psychological, and social change, making young people particularly susceptible to mental ill health.

Adolescence and mental health.

In England, approximately one in seven individuals aged 11–16 years have a mental disorder, with highest rates for young people living in low-income households.

Sadler K

Vizard T

Ford T

et al.

Mental health of children and young people in England, 2017: summary of key findings.

Prevalence of mental disorders in individuals aged 5–15 years has risen over the past two decades.

Sadler K

Vizard T

Ford T

et al.

Mental health of children and young people in England, 2017: summary of key findings.

Childhood disorders often continue into adulthood and can have longstanding social and economic consequences.

Chen H

Cohen P

Crawford TN

Kasen S

Johnson JG

Berenson K

Relative impact of young adult personality disorders on subsequent quality of life: findings of a community-based longitudinal study.

In the UK, the cost of mental health problems for children and young people across health, education, and social services has been estimated as approximately £1·5 billion per year.

Snell T

Knapp M

Healey A

et al.

Economic impact of childhood psychiatric disorder on public sector services in Britain: estimates from national survey data.

The UK Government plans to transform children and young people’s mental health provision in England at universal preventative, selective, and indicated levels, with a strategy developing mental health support in schools and colleges.

Department of HealthDepartment for Education Transforming children and young people’s mental health provision: green paper.

Mainstream mental health services can be hard for children and young people to access, might be stigmatising, and do not cater for levels of disturbance that do not meet diagnostic thresholds.

Snell T

Knapp M

Healey A

et al.

Economic impact of childhood psychiatric disorder on public sector services in Britain: estimates from national survey data.

By contrast, schools might provide young people with unparalleled access to services, alleviating barriers such as time, location, and cost.

Werner-Seidler A

Perry Y

Calear AL

Newby JM

Christensen H

School-based depression and anxiety prevention programs for young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Consequently, school-based services can increase young people’s use of mental health support

Kaplan DW

Calonge BN

Guernsey BP

Hanrahan MB

Managed care and school-based health centers. Use of health services.

and reduce inequities in mental health care.

Knopf JA

Finnie RKC

Peng Y

et al.

School-based health centers to advance health equity: a community guide systematic review.

Research in context

Evidence before this study

We did a systematic review to identify randomised controlled trials of humanistic counselling in schools with adolescents (aged 11–18 years). We searched Web of Science, PsychInfo, and PubMed from inception to Dec 17, 2018, using terms for “humanistic” and “therapy”, in combination with ten terms covering population and trial design of interest. We also hand searched systematic reviews. Only articles in English were included. We identified 22 papers with relevant abstracts. Full text screening yielded 11 papers, referencing eight randomised controlled trials. Humanistic counselling showed similar results to cognitive behavioural interventions in improving emotional problems and functioning, but was less effective in reducing symptom severity. Four studies were UK-based, individually randomised pilot trials of the effects of adding 6–12 weeks of school-based humanistic counselling (SBHC) to pastoral care as usual (PCAU) for young people with emotional symptoms. Sample sizes varied from 32 to 64 adolescents. A meta-analysis of results on the principal outcome measure, the Young Person’s Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation, indicated that SBHC plus PCAU led to significant improvements over PCAU alone at 6 weeks (standardised mean difference 0·62, 95% CI 0·19 to 0·84; four studies) and the endpoint, 12 weeks (0·87, 0·49 to 1·25; three studies), but not at 24 weeks (12 weeks after completing therapy; 0·45, −0·14 to 1·03; one study). In terms of cost-effectiveness, just one of these studies did a pilot analysis and found some evidence that expenditure and cost savings were about equivalent. The study concluded that further investigations on a larger scale were warranted. An additional search for literature on cost-related findings for counselling services identified 36 relevant articles, but no further evidence on combined cost and outcome analyses.

Added value of this study

To our knowledge, ETHOS is the first adequately powered trial of SBHC for young people with emotional symptoms, one of the most common mental health interventions in the UK and worldwide. Additionally, compared with previous pilot studies, ETHOS has a comprehensive cost-effective analysis, examines outcomes on an intention-to-treat basis, reports adverse events, and bases the intervention on a comprehensive manual with dedicated adherence rating scale.

Implications of all the available evidence

The addition of SBHC to PCAU brings about small reductions in psychological distress, and these effects persist up to 3 months after counselling is completed. However, the intervention does not lead to reductions in other costs and is unlikely to be considered cost-effective. There is an urgent need for the evaluation of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of other mental health interventions in UK school settings.

One of the most common forms of school-based mental health intervention is counselling.

School-based counselling in UK secondary schools: a review and critical evaluation.

Studies indicate that counselling is viewed positively by many pupils, school staff, and local authority leads: providing accessible, independent, and non-stigmatising support.

School-based counselling in UK secondary schools: a review and critical evaluation.

School-based counselling is well established in over 60 countries worldwide, and is mandatory in at least 40 countries, including Wales.

International school-based counselling.

In England, approximately 60% of secondary schools provide some form of on-site counselling.

School-based counselling in UK secondary schools: a review and critical evaluation.

Harland J

Dawson A

Rabiasz A

Sims D

NFER teacher voice omnibus: questions for the Department for Education–June 2015.

Around 70 000–90 000 young people attend school-based counselling every year in the UK.

School-based counselling in UK secondary schools: a review and critical evaluation.

Worldwide, school-based counselling takes different forms, including vocational guidance, psychoeducation, and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT).

International school-based counselling.

In more than 20 countries, including the UK, school-based counselling most commonly takes the form of a humanistic therapeutic intervention.

International school-based counselling.

Such intervention is a form of psychological therapy that provides young people with an empathic, non-judgmental, and supportive relationship to find their own answers to their problems.

The competences required to deliver effective humanistic counselling for young people.

Unlike psychological interventions such as CBT, humanistic counselling is not specific to diagnosis. This non-specificity might make it particularly appropriate as a first-line indicated intervention within a school context, in which a diverse array of mental health challenges can exist (eg, bereavement, bullying, problems with parents). In 2013, standardised competences were developed in the UK for this form of intervention.

The competences required to deliver effective humanistic counselling for young people.

A national training curriculum was also developed and a large practitioner base exists.

Despite the existence of this intervention in schools, only a small body of supporting evidence exists. Data from four small trials have provided some initial indications of its effectiveness,

Cooper M

Rowland N

McArthur K

Pattison S

Cromarty K

Richards K

Randomised controlled trial of school-based humanistic counselling for emotional distress in young people: feasibility study and preliminary indications of efficacy.

McArthur K

Cooper M

Berdondini L

School-based humanistic counseling for psychological distress in young people: pilot randomized controlled trial.

Pearce P

Sewell R

Cooper M

Osman S

Fugard AJB

Pybis J

Effectiveness of school-based humanistic counselling for psychological distress in young people: pilot randomized controlled trial with follow-up in an ethnically diverse sample.

Pybis J

Cooper M

Hill A

et al.

Pilot randomised controlled trial of school-based humanistic counselling for psychological distress in young people: outcomes and methodological reflections.

but only one trial assessed outcomes beyond the end of the intervention. Research into the cost-effectiveness of school-based humanistic counselling (SBHC) has also been scarce, with just one pilot study testing whether or not a cost-effectiveness evaluation is feasible, and providing a preliminary analysis of costs.

Beecham J

Pearce P

Sewell R

Osman S

Support and costs for students with emotional problems referred to school-based counselling: findings from the ALIGN study.

Given the extensive use of humanistic counselling in schools plus a small evidence base, the aim of this study was to complete the first adequately powered effectiveness and cost-effectiveness trial of SBHC for psychological distress in young people.

Methods

Study design

The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness trial of school-based humanistic counselling (ETHOS) study is a two-arm, parallel-group individually randomised controlled trial. The study was done in 18 secondary schools in the Greater London area of the UK (typical age range 11–18 years). Schools that already had counselling provision were ineligible for participation. Ethical approval for the trial was obtained under procedures agreed by the University Ethics Committee of the University of Roehampton (reference PSYC 16/227), on Aug 31, 2016. The protocol for the trial has been published.

Stafford MR

Cooper M

Barkham M

et al.

Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of humanistic counselling in schools for young people with emotional distress (ETHOS): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

Panels of young people and parents or carers recruited through the National Children’s Bureau (NCB) and their Young Person’s Advisory Group provided advice at all stages of the study.

A panel of young people (drawn from the Young Person’s Advisory Group at the NCB) and a panel of parents and carers (drawn from the Parent and Carers Advisory Group at the NCB) met face-to-face with the researchers at the start of the project, with follow-up email consultation, to advise on the development of methods. Involvement of these panels was at the level of interactive advice and light consultation,

Sellars E

Pavarini G

Michelson D

Creswell C

Fazel M

Young people’s advisory groups in health research: scoping review and mapping of practices.

with guidance on the choice of outcome measures, the development of participant-facing materials, and strategies for reducing the burden of the research on participants. Self-nominating representatives from both panels then joined the Trial Steering Committee. This committee met, face-to-face, throughout the duration of the study; advising on all elements of study design, progress, and dissemination. The young people’s and parent or carers’ involvement in the Trial Steering Committee was supported by an NCB facilitator, who met with them before the start of committee meetings, and accompanied them during the meetings, to ensure that they understood the committee’s aims and the issues emerging, and could express their views. Members of the Young Person’s Advisory Group were aged 13–18 years, interested in issues of mental health and wellbeing, and not involved as participants in the trial. They were reimbursed for their time.

Participants

Eligible participants were aged 13–16 years and had moderate-to-severe levels of emotional symptoms (as indicated by a score of ≥5 on the Emotional Symptoms subscale of the self-report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [SDQ], range: 0–10).

Psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire.

They had an estimated English reading age of at least 13 years, wanted to participate in counselling (as assessed by the assessor at the assessment meeting), had a school attendance record of 85% or higher (to increase likelihood of attending testing meetings), were not currently receiving another therapeutic intervention, and were considered capable of comprehending the outcome measurement forms. Adolescents were excluded if they were incapable of providing informed consent for counselling or their parent or carer had not provided informed consent, they were planning to leave the school within the academic year, or were deemed at risk of serious harm to self or others. Informed parent or carer consent was obtained either in writing, or via the telephone with a member of the pastoral care staff or an ETHOS researcher acting as a proxy to obtain consent in this way. Consent obtained by proxy was either audio-recorded or witnessed by a third party.

Participants were recruited through the schools’ pastoral care teams who were briefed on the trial and, as a pre-screening stage, asked to identify potentially eligible young people. If those who were eligible expressed interest in participating in the trial, their parents or carers were contacted by a member of the pastoral care team to provide written consent. Young people were then referred for assessment by a member of the research team with experience of adolescent mental health work, who formally assessed their eligibility and invited them to provide written assent. Young people who were not eligible for participation were referred back to their pastoral care team to consider alternative sources of support.

Randomisation and masking

Young people were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either SBHC, along with access to provision of pastoral care as usual (PCAU), or access to provision of PCAU alone. They were enrolled and assigned to trial groups by an assessor (ie, member of the research team), who did not carry out any further tests with that young person (although some of the assessors did act as testers for other young people). Our PCAU control condition was chosen to maximise the value of our study to policy makers, funders, and commissioners, providing direct evidence on the benefits or disbenefits of having a counselling service, compared with not having one. Allocation was concealed, done centrally via remote access to a secure randomisation procedure. This system used the method of permuted blocks within school strata, with adjacent block sizes, varying randomly within prespecified limits (from two to eight). Follow-up tests were done at weeks 6, 12, and 24, by testers who were masked to the allocations. The statistician who did the analysis was not involved in the administration of the trial, and treatment assignment was coded as non-identifiable categories for the primary analysis.

Procedures

SBHC is a manualised form of humanistic therapy based on evidence-based competences for humanistic counselling with young people aged 11–18 years.

The competences required to deliver effective humanistic counselling for young people.

SBHC assumes that distressed young people have the capacity to address their difficulties if they can explore them with an empathic, supportive, and trustworthy counsellor. SBHC counsellors use a range of techniques, including active listening, empathic reflections, and inviting young people to express underlying emotions and needs. In this trial, SBHC also included weekly use of an outcome feedback tool, the Outcomes Rating Scale,

Miller SD

Duncan B

Brown J

Sparks J

Claud D

The Outcome Rating Scale: a preliminary study of the reliability, validity, and feasibility of a brief visual analog measure.

so that counsellors and young people could discuss their progress during therapy. Sessions were delivered on an individual, face-to-face basis, and lasted for 45–60 mins. They were scheduled weekly for up to 10 school weeks, with young people able to terminate counselling before this timepoint.

SBHC was delivered by a pool of 19 counsellors, with 14 schools having one counsellor each throughout the trial, and four schools having two counsellors (non-concurrently). 16 of the counsellors were female, with a mean age of 45·0 years (SD 9·0, range 25–63 years). 14 of the counsellors were of a white British ethnicity and five were of a Black Caribbean or African ethnicity. All counsellors were qualified to diploma level (part-time training for at least 2 years) and had been qualified for an average of 7·2 years (SD 6·6, range 1–25 years).

The counsellors were instructed to adhere to a SBHC manual, developed for the trial.

University of Roehampton The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness trial of humanistic counselling in schools (ETHOS).

They received, at minimum, 4 days of group training with 1 additional day’s training in the research protocols. Adherence to SBHC was assessed by two independent auditors by use of a young person’s adapted version of the Person Centred and Experiential Psychotherapy Rating Scale.

Freire E

Elliott R

Westwell G

Person-Centred and Experiential Psychotherapy Scale: development and reliability of an adherence/competence measure for person-centred and experiential psychotherapies.

The mean adherence rating for counsellors was 4·6 on this 6-point scale (SD 0·3), with all counsellors exceeding the predefined adherence cutoff point, based on literature on this scale, of 3·5 (range 3·9–5·1).

All counsellors received one-to-one clinical supervision throughout the trial, approximately 1 h every 2 weeks. Supervisors were instructed to adhere to a SBHC supervision manual, specifically developed for the trial, and participated in a 2 day training programme. Supervision was recorded and assessed for adherence with a three-item scale specifically for the trial. The mean adherence rating for supervisors was 2·1 (SD 0·3; maximum score was 3), with all supervisors exceeding the predefined adherence cutoff point of 1·5 (range 1·6–2·5).

Participants in the SBHC group also had full access to their school’s usual pastoral care support, which was the schools’ pre-existing service for supporting the emotional health and wellbeing of young people. Pastoral care could vary substantially across schools and pupils, and we did not attempt to standardise it. However, typically, this care involved time with school staff, such as learning and behavioural support, class teachers, pastoral care managers, and heads of year. In some instances, the service could also involve referral to community-based specialists, such as social workers or police liaison officers (appendix p 4). Amount of support could vary considerably, from single, one-off meetings of 5 mins or less, to 1 day or more of ongoing help (eg, with a learning support mentor).

The PCAU group comprised access to the school’s usual pastoral care support, alone. Participants in the PCAU group were offered the opportunity to access SBHC 6–9 months after their assessment.

Outcomes

The primary outcome was self-reported psychological distress, measured by the Young Person’s Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation (YP-CORE) at 12 weeks. This is a ten-item measure with total scores ranging from 0 to 40, whereby higher scores indicate greater distress. The YP-CORE is the most widely used indicator of mental health in school counselling for young people. The tool has good evidence of internal consistency (Cronbach’s α=0·80) and sensitivity to change.

Twigg E

Cooper M

Evans C

et al.

Acceptability, reliability, referential distributions and sensitivity to change in the Young Person’s Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation (YP-CORE) outcome measure: replication and refinement.

Secondary outcomes were self-reported psychological distress, measured by the YP-CORE, at 6 weeks and 24 weeks. Additionally, at weeks 6, 12, and 24 from baseline, we assessed psychological difficulties using the self-report SDQ,

Psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire.

symptoms of depression and anxiety using the Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale—Short Version,

Ebesutani C

Reise SP

Chorpita BF

et al.

The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Short Version: scale reduction via exploratory bifactor modeling of the broad anxiety factor.

self-esteem using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale,

Society and the adolescent self-image.

engagement with school using the Behavioural Engagement subscale of the Student Engagement Scale,

Lam SF

Jimerson S

Wong BPH

et al.

Understanding and measuring student engagement in school: the results of an international study from 12 countries.

wellbeing using the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale,

Tennant R

Hiller L

Fishwick R

et al.

The Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation.

and attainment of personal goals using the Goal-Based Outcome Record Sheet.

Goals and Goal Based Outcomes (GBOs): some useful information.

At 12 weeks, we administered the Experience of Service Questionnaire

Development of methods to capture users’ views of child and adolescent mental health services in clinical governance reviews.

to assess satisfaction with treatment provision. To evaluate the possible impact of SBHC on educational outcomes, we asked each school, at baseline and at 24 weeks, to provide details of the participants’ attendance and exclusion rates, numbers of detentions and disciplinary proceedings, and current grades in English and Maths for the preceding 3 months.

An adverse event was defined as any negative psychological, emotional, or behavioural occurrence, or sustained deterioration in a research participant. For monitoring of adverse events, all professionals in contact with trial participants were provided with a detailed document on adverse event information,

University of Roehampton The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness trial of humanistic counselling in schools (ETHOS).

which defined criteria for assessing whether the adverse event was serious or not, its causality, and its severity, as well as procedures for detecting and reporting adverse events. These professionals were also required to use an adverse event reporting log, which recorded whether or not the adverse event was serious (ie, defined as life-threatening or fatal), the adverse event severity (a 5-point scale from mild to extremely severe), and whether or not it could be attributed to participating in the trial.

Statistical analysis

The sample size was calculated to take account of clustering within schools and participants lost to follow-up on the basis of previous pilots.

Cooper M

Rowland N

McArthur K

Pattison S

Cromarty K

Richards K

Randomised controlled trial of school-based humanistic counselling for emotional distress in young people: feasibility study and preliminary indications of efficacy.

McArthur K

Cooper M

Berdondini L

School-based humanistic counseling for psychological distress in young people: pilot randomized controlled trial.

Pearce P

Sewell R

Cooper M

Osman S

Fugard AJB

Pybis J

Effectiveness of school-based humanistic counselling for psychological distress in young people: pilot randomized controlled trial with follow-up in an ethnically diverse sample.

Pybis J

Cooper M

Hill A

et al.

Pilot randomised controlled trial of school-based humanistic counselling for psychological distress in young people: outcomes and methodological reflections.

For 90% power to detect a standardised mean difference of 0·5, with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0·05 and an attrition rate of 20%, 153 participants were required per group, yielding a total sample size of 306.

The analyses followed a statistical analysis plan and an economic analysis plan,

University of Roehampton The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness trial of humanistic counselling in schools (ETHOS).

approved by the Trial Steering Committee, on the recommendation of the Data Monitoring and Ethics Committee, before data preparation. For the statistical analysis, a mixed effects model was fitted to the data with Stata software (version 15) that included randomised group (as a fixed effect), baseline YP-CORE (as a fixed effect), and school (as a random effect). The model results were examined with the parameter estimates, 95% CIs, and the p value of all covariates fitted in the model, together with the overall log likelihood. Standardised effect sizes, computed by use of the model, were calculated as the difference between groups divided by the baseline pooled SD.

The number of missing YP-CORE scores at different timepoints were summarised, overall and by treatment arm. For the primary outcome, an intention-to-treat analysis was adopted with the last observation carried forward to impute YP-CORE scores missing at 12 week follow-up. Where measures were not collected at 12 weeks, participants’ scores were imputed from the 6 week tests. If these data were also missing, the baseline score was used. We also did various sensitivity analyses for our primary outcome, including a per-protocol analysis for participants who had attended a minimum of three counselling sessions (50% of the number of sessions considered to constitute an acceptable dose, six sessions) and for whom the counsellor had assessed as meeting adherence criteria to SBHC (as assessed by our PCEPS-YP auditing procedure), and a worst case or best case imputation analysis (appendix p 6).

Mixed models were also used for the analysis of the secondary outcomes. These secondary analyses used completer samples for each measure at each timepoint.

The economic analysis comprised of a cost-effectiveness analysis of SBHC plus PCAU versus PCAU alone from a public sector perspective. Participants’ use of health and social care services, and education support were measured with a specially adapted Client Service Receipt Inventory

Costing psychiatric interventions.

covering a retrospective school term and completed by participants at baseline and at 24 weeks. Additionally, a pastoral care log, developed by the research team, was completed by school staff for each participant. Use of the SBHC intervention was logged by counsellors with a counselling session log and contained data for each young person in the intervention group, including session date, session number, session length, and any follow-up actions or comments. To determine the costs associated with this support, a unit cost for each service was identified

Department of Health NHS reference costs 2016–17.

Unit costs of health and social care, 2017.

or calculated by an equivalent approach,

Unit costs–not exactly child’s play: a guide to estimating unit costs for children’s social care.

and multiplied by the number of service contacts reported (appendix p 3).

Cost-effectiveness was explored with a net-benefit approach,

Net health benefits: a new framework for the analysis of uncertainty in cost-effectiveness analysis.

with the change in YP-CORE scores between baseline and 24 weeks as the outcome measure. Results are presented as cost-effectiveness acceptability curves,

van Hout BA

Al MJ

Gordon GS

Rutten FFH

Costs, effects and C/E-ratios alongside a clinical trial.

plotting the probability that the intervention will be considered cost-effective against a range of levels of willingness to pay for a 1-point improvement in outcome.

All economic analyses were done with Stata version 15. All costs are shown in 2016 or 2017 prices. No discount rate was applied as all costs and outcomes were within a 12 month period. This trial is registered with the ISRCTN, number ISRCTN10460622.

Role of the funding source

The funder of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. A representative of the funder was present at the Trial Steering Committee meetings. All authors had access to the raw data. The corresponding author had full access to all of the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.

Results

Participants were recruited between Sept 29, 2016, and Feb 8, 2018, from 18 secondary schools in the Greater London area of the UK. All schools were state funded: 11 academies, six community schools, and one foundation school. The mean number of pupils per school was 900 (SD 226·1, range 445–1489). Five of the schools were faith schools (Church of England), and five were single-sex schools (three all female, two all male). Seven (39%) of the schools were in the most deprived Index of Multiple Deprivation quintile, with a further three (17%) in the second lowest quintile. The mean percentage of children receiving free school meals (made available by the state to individuals from the lowest income families) was 32% (SD 22%, range 7–80%). The mean percentage of children from Black and ethnic minorities, on the basis of data provided by 11 of the 18 schools, was 47% (29%, 3–89%).

The study ran from April 1, 2016, to Feb 28, 2019. We did 596 eligibility assessments and, in 330 cases (58%), enrolled the young person into the trial (figure 1). However, in one case, a young person had been erroneously referred for assessments and randomly assigned into the trial twice, giving 329 participants in total (table 1). The primary reason for ineligibility at assessment was a SDQ Emotional Symptoms score of less than 5 (221 participants). Of the 329 eligible participants, 167 (51%) were allocated to the SBHC plus PCAU group and 162 (49%) to the PCAU group. The overall retention rate was 98% (321 participants) at 6 weeks, 96% (315 participants) at 12 weeks, and 93% (306 participants) at 24 weeks. Testers reported unmasking in approximately 15% (136) of instances (appendix p 1). On average, young people in the SBHC plus PCAU group attended 7·80 sessions of counselling (SD 2·70, range 0–11; appendix p 2).

Figure 1Trial profile

Show full caption

As per the intention-to-treat analysis, the participant in the PCAU group who received SBHC plus PCAU in error was included in PCAU for all outcomes. SBHC=school-based humanistic counselling. PCAU=pastoral care as usual.

Table 1Baseline characteristics

Data are n (%) or mean (SD). SBHC=school-based humanistic counselling. PCAU=pastoral care as usual.

At baseline, the mean YP-CORE scores for the two groups were similar (table 2). Based on the last observation carried forward approach, the 12 week scores were 16·41 (7·59) for the SBHC plus PCAU group and 18·34 (7·84) for the PCAU group. The primary analysis indicated a difference between groups of 1·87 YP-CORE points (95% CI 0·37–3·36) in favour of SBHC plus PCAU (p=0·015). The effect size was 0·25 (0·03–0·47). In the mixed-effect model analysis, the effect of school on outcome was not significant. The parameter estimate for the intraclass correlation coefficient was 3·37×10−10 (SE 3·35×10−7).

Table 2Secondary outcomes

Data are mean (SD) or n (95% CI), unless otherwise stated. PCAU=pastoral care as usual. SBHC=school-based humanistic counselling. SDQ=Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.

Results from most secondary analyses supported the primary analysis (table 2). The significant reductions in psychological distress brought about by SBHC were maintained at 24 weeks follow-up. SBHC brought about medium to large improvements in both goal attainment (Goal-Based Outcome Record Sheet) and self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale) across all time points, and small improvements in wellbeing (Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale) and psychological difficulties (SDQ) at 12 weeks only. The intervention had no significant effect on levels of anxiety and depression (Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale), externalised difficulties (SDQ), or engagement with school (Behavioural Engagement sub-scale of the Student Engagement Scale). Similarly, there were no significant effects on school and educational outcomes.

Seven serious adverse events occurred during the trial, five for four participants (2%) in the SBHC plus PCAU group and two for two participants (1%) in the PCAU group. A serious adverse event was defined as any adverse event that is life-threatening, or results in death. Five of these serious adverse events were attempted drug overdoses, three of which led to hospitalisation. One further serious adverse event involved suicidal intent (without suicidal attempt or hospitalisation). Two of the attempted drug overdoses, both for the same participant in the SBHC plus PCAU group, were assessed by the Chief Investigator as being causally related to involvement in the trial. In these instances, the young person had become severely distressed following meetings with an assessor or tester. Additionally, eight non-serious adverse events were recorded across eight participants (5%) in the PCAU group and 25 non-serious adverse events for 22 participants (13%) in the SBHC plus PCAU group (table 3). Most commonly, this type of event was school exclusion (seven participants [2%]) and significant increases in emotional difficulties (six participants). An independent review was commissioned by the project management team to investigate the serious adverse events and adverse events further. The review concluded that trial procedures were appropriate and recommended the ongoing monitoring and investigation of adverse events.

Table 3Adverse events

Number of participants do not sum to total number of events as participants might have had more than one type of event. SBHC=school-based humanistic counselling. PCAU=pastoral care as usual.

The sample for the cost-effectiveness analysis consisted of participants with data on both service use and outcome measures at baseline and at follow-up (SBHC plus PCAU group: 147 participants [88%]; PCAU group: 150 participants [93%]). The cost of the SBHC intervention was estimated to be £53·28 per session. There was little difference in the use of services across conditions, at baseline and at 24 weeks (table 4; appendix p 4). Consequently, we found no significant differences in any cost category other than total costs at 24 weeks, driven by the cost of the intervention (unadjusted difference for total costs £382·31, 95% CI £148·18–616·44; p=0·0015). The cost-effectiveness analysis suggests that SBHC is unlikely to be considered cost-effective if the decision maker’s willingness to pay for a 1-point improvement on the YP-CORE, over and above the improvement seen in the PCAU group, is below £390, in which the probability of cost-effectiveness reaches 80% (figure 2). The probability that the intervention will be considered cost-effective compared with PCAU exceeds 50% at a willingness to pay of £222, and exceeds 90% at a willingness to pay of £630.

Table 4Economic costs (£) associated with service use for SBHC plus PCAU versus PCAU

PCAU=pastoral care as usual. SBHC=school-based humanistic counselling.

Figure 2Cost-effectiveness acceptability curve

Show full caption

SBHC=school-based humanistic counselling. YP-CORE=Young Person’s Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation.

For the primary outcome, the results of the sensitivity analyses (appendix p 6) all indicated significantly greater improvements for SBHC plus PCAU, except for the comparison between worse case for SBHC plus PCAU scenario and best case for PCAU scenario. Between-group differences ranged from 1·45 points in favour of SBHC (effect size 0·19; p=0·091) to 2·99 points in favour of SBHC (effect size 0·38; p=0·00016).

Discussion

Finding effective ways of managing adolescent mental health problems remains a policy priority. Decisions about service delivery should be based on rigorous evidence. SBHC is widely delivered; however, to date, only pilot data have supported this approach. We found that the addition of up to ten weekly sessions of SBHC to PCAU led to a small but significant reduction in psychological distress in adolescents with moderate and severe emotional symptoms on our primary outcome measure, the YP-CORE, sustained at 6 month follow-up. These benefits were achieved across a range of state-funded schools. However, the benefits were associated with increased costs, and were not found on our secondary outcome measures of distress, the SDQ, and Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale.

Our study was designed to balance internal and external validity. Allocation was concealed and assessors were masked. Counsellors delivered a replicable intervention. Training, support, and assessment procedures assured competence and fidelity, while allowing variation in delivery to better reflect routine practice. Retention rates were high, and the likelihood of bias in the main comparison is small. The participating schools had relatively high levels of social deprivation and ethnic diversity. However, poor school attenders were excluded from the study, as were young people at risk of serious harm to self or others, and those already receiving psychological interventions. Therefore, the results might be not be generalisable to adolescents with the most severe mental health problems. Our ability to generalise is also limited by an absence of precise data on the numbers excluded at pre-screening. This number includes cases where parental consent could not be obtained (approximately 11% of prospective participants). Measures were predominantly self-reported and those that were not did not show significant effects. As with all trials of psychological interventions, masking of participants to condition was not possible. There was considerable variability in the amount and type of pastoral care provided, but the overall levels of service care provision (and costs) in the two groups were similar. Furthermore, because no active control was used, we cannot disentangle the effects of humanistic counselling from generic counselling provision or other forms of attentional control.

There are complexities associated with the size of the effect that we found. There is no consensus on the magnitude that represents clinically significant benefits in young people, and we showed that the benefits of counselling persisted at 24 weeks. Nevertheless, our observed effect size (0·25) was less than that used to guide the sample size calculation (0·50), and did not generalise to all secondary, validated measures of psychological distress. The effect size in this study was also lower than that found in previous trials of SBHC, and in a recent meta-analysis of controlled studies of person-centred and experiential psychological therapies for children and adolescents (0·48, 95% CI 0·38–0·58).

Effects of person-centered and experiential psychotherapy and counseling with children and young people: review and meta-analysis.

A large meta-analytic study of school-based counselling and psychotherapy interventions also found greater effects (0·45, 0·37–0·53) than those found in our study.

Baskin TW

Slaten CD

Crosby NR

Pufahl T

Schneller CL

Ladell M

Efficacy of counseling and psychotherapy in schools: a meta-analytic review of treatment outcome studies.

However, sample sizes in these previous studies have generally been much lower than in the present study: in the large meta-analysis of school-based interventions, only 19 (15%) of 132 interventions were tested in trials with more than 100 participants. Attenuation of intervention effects is not unusual in large trials, which could reflect greater variation in participants and interventions in larger, more pragmatic trials in routine care settings compared with smaller exploratory trials done in a more restricted number of selected care settings.

Dechartres A

Trinquart L

Boutron I

Ravaud P

Influence of trial sample size on treatment effect estimates: meta-epidemiological study.

Our observed effect for SBHC was also smaller than for other manualised treatments for young people, such as CBT and interpersonal therapy for depression, in which standardised mean differences ranged from 0·47 to 0·96 against controls.

Zhou X

Hetrick SE

Cuijpers P

et al.

Comparative efficacy and acceptability of psychotherapies for depression in children and adolescents: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

However, these interventions are yet to be tested in UK school settings. To date, evaluations of mental health interventions in UK schools have tended to show mixed results, with economic analyses either absent or indicating that the intervention is unlikely to be considered cost-effective.

Caldwell DM

Davies SR

Hetrick SE

et al.

School-based interventions to prevent anxiety and depression in children and young people: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

The lowered levels of change before and after the intervention in this study, across both conditions, might also be related to the sample’s relatively high levels of deprivation, which might be associated with increased chronicity of distress.

There is no one agreed measure of quality-adjusted life years (QALY) in child mental health that would allow assessment of value against consensus thresholds (eg, £15 000 per QALY, which underpins National Institute for Health and Care Excellence decision making). Our analysis would suggest that SBHC does not reduce use of other services, thus leading to an increase in costs. Nevertheless, the intervention does not result in an increase in use of external mental health services and, therefore, does not add to pressure on already stretched services. Assuming that the estimated increase in costs associated with SBHC (£382) is the maximum willingness to pay for a commissioner, and considering the effect size of SBHC on the primary outcome, the chance that SBHC would be considered cost-effective is only 52%, similar to flipping a coin. The economic data alone do not provide strong support for a decision to provide or expand SBHC. However, although making efficient use of resources is important, evidence on cost-effectiveness might not be the sole decision-making criterion for commissioners. Other factors that might influence the decision include the effect on secondary outcomes, user experience, accessibility, and local policies formulated to support young people’s mental health.

The mixed results raise important questions for policy makers and commissioners, given the strategy to centre development of mental health support in schools. SBHC is a viable option for meeting policy goals that are likely to deliver benefits for some young people, as one of a range of interventions. The benefits of SBHC could potentially be enhanced through increased training and supervision, or improved targeting of psychological therapies (to particular subgroups of young people, or as part of a stepped care system). Alternatively, cost reductions might be sought through efficiencies in delivery. Further research on such issues should be a priority.

There is an urgent need for equally rigorous evaluations of alternative interventions. Evidence from outside of UK schools suggests that CBT and interpersonal therapy might be effective, but evidence within UK schools is scarce. In principle, digital therapy and universal preventative interventions (eg, the Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies curriculum) could improve access and efficiency, but are yet to prove clear advantages in this setting.

Humphrey N

Barlow A

Wigelsworth M

et al.

A cluster randomized controlled trial of the Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS) curriculum.

Understanding how these different services can be organised to provide seamless coverage, appropriate to the individual needs of children and young people, remains a crucial task.

Our ETHOS study has shown that schools are an excellent environment for high-quality research in mental health. There is an urgent need for these alternative models (eg, CBT) to have rigorous assessment in the context of schools in the UK, as the Department for Education’s INSPIRE and AWARE trials are doing, to support decisions about the right mix of services to meet the pressing challenge of addressing children and young people’s mental health.

Contributors

MC, JB, MB, PB, KC, CD, and PP designed the study and were responsible for its conduct. MC was Chief Investigator and oversaw all aspects of the study. MRS and KC managed the delivery of the trial, with support from TR. PP was Clinical Lead for the study. GR coordinated the assessment of adherence. DS analysed the clinical outcomes. JB and E-MB developed and conducted the economic analysis. DS, E-MB, and MC analysed, checked, and examined the data files. Data verification processes were conducted by the Manchester Clinical Trials Unit. All authors had access to the data, contributed to writing and editing of the manuscript, and approved the final version.

Declaration of interests

All authors report grants from Economic and Social Research Council, during the conduct of the study. CD and GR report personal fees from British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy, outside of the submitted work. MB was a member of the research group that developed the YP-CORE measure.

Data sharing

Quantitative, participant-level data for the ETHOS study (with data dictionary), and related documents (eg, parental consent form), are available from Feb 1, 2021, via the ReShare UK Data Service (reshare.ukdataservice.ac.uk/853764/). Access requires ReShare registration.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council [grant reference ES/M011933/1]. The Chief Investigator would also like to acknowledge additional funding to support the team from the University of Roehampton (London, UK), the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (Lutterworth, UK), and the Metanoia Institute (London, UK). Thanks to all of our counsellors, supervisors, assessors, testers, and raters; members of the Manchester Clinical Trials Unit and the NCB; the school counselling coordinators at each participating school; and all of our participants. We would also like to thank the Chairs and members of the Trial Steering Committee and Data Monitoring and Ethics Committee; and the Young People’s Advisory Group and Parent and Carer Advisory Group, at NCB. Thanks to the following individuals for their support and guidance throughout the development and delivery of the trial: Zainab Amir, Mark Donati, Andi Fugard, Adam Gibson, Chris Kelly, Rabia Khatun-Baksh, Rebecca Kirkbride, Susan McGinnis, Robert Elliott, and Cathy Street.

Supplementary Material

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Published: January 20, 2021

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30363-1

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School mental health: integrating young people’s voices to shift the paradigm

Deteriorating patterns of pupil mental health are emerging across the globe, exacerbated by the additional pressures of the COVID-19 pandemic, which is affecting access to educational and employment opportunities for young populations. Finding ways to support pupils in their schools given the myriad difficulties that they face requires clearly conceptualised public health models built on a solid scientific basis. Failure to implement these models frustrates many of those involved in designing, delivering, and receiving services, given how most children have contact with schools, as opposed to the scarce accessibility of mental health services.

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my-access-florida · 3 years

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How to Start a Business in Spain

Essential steps, tips and practical advice to start a business in Spain.

In this article we will focus on the practical aspects of commissioning a business in Spain. However, we assume that before you start your business in Spain you need to know the legal requirements:

You already have a solid business idea;

You have done enough market research to confirm the economic viability of your proposed business (if you don’t know how, I recommend that you buy a book on the subject or hire a consultant);

Ideally you have prior experience in the industry you aspire to;

Speak Spanish fluently, or have a business partner who speaks Spanish fluently.

Steps to start a successful business in Spain.

Please note that the information contained here in “Starting a Business in Spain” is only a guide and should not replace the professional advice of a lawyer, manager, business consultant, accountant and / or financial advisor. I encourage you to befriend these professionals early in the startup process.

To start a business in Spain follow the six essential steps

Choose a name for your business (and register it).

Choose a legal business structure.

Create a business plan.

Find financing.

Find a suitable location for your premises.

Obtain secure licenses and permits.

1. Choosing a name for your business

A good business name is the first asset of your company in Spain. You can choose to register your business name, which in theory gives the name holder the exclusive right to use that name for commercial purposes. The registration of the commercial name is optional and is managed by the Spanish office of the patents and brand.

In Spain, the companies of the company may have a brand or trade name different from their official trade name. See Companies in Spain: Types of Business Entities for Companies in Spain.

2. Selecting a legal business structure

Spain offers various business legal structures, also known as business entities, to meet a variety of needs, each with a different set of legal and tax responsibilities. Choosing the right one is important to accommodate the present and future goals of your future business. The legal business structures in Spain are as follows (links that take you to the corresponding bit on our Companies in Spain page: Types of Business Entities for Companies in Spain):

Sole Trader or Sole Owner (Individual or Autonomous Entrepreneur)

Mixed company (Community of Assets or CB)

Civil society

Sociedad Anónima or SA (Public Limited Company)

Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada, SRL (Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada, SRL)

New Enterprise Limited Company

Labor Company (Labor Society)

Collective society

Limited Partnership

Cooperativa (Cooperative Society)

3. Creating a business plan

Whether it’s to attract investors or to create a roadmap for growth, every business needs a business plan. Any good business start-up book should contain a chapter that outlines the essential elements of a good business plan, but here is one of those outlines of the elements of a business plan. However, there are two additional things to keep in mind in Spain:

Idiom. If you plan to seek Spanish financing or investors, your business plan needs to be in Spanish. On the other hand, if you plan to seek a mix of Spanish and international investors, you should have a Spanish and English version of your business plan available to everyone involved.

Getting help. Local Chambers of Commerce in Spain offer free advice and support to entrepreneurs. Find a Chamber of Commerce in your area.

4. Looking for financing

Proper trade financing is key to any business, so don’t rule out any options just yet, including the following:

Personal Financing

Especially for small businesses that don’t require a lot of capital, dipping into your savings (or asking for gifts or loans from friends or family) might be the shortest and best route to start your business.

Loans (Loans)

Available to residents and non-residents alike, loan terms vary depending on the size of the loan required (or whether it is considered a microcredit), the amount of the collateral, the financial institution, and other factors. You may be required to repay the loan in as little as three years, or in some cases up to fifteen. Payments can be monthly, quarterly or semi-annual. Consult with the ICO (Official Credit Institute, in English and Spanish) or with any bank (bank) or savings bank. Make sure you go shopping.

Subsidies (Subsidies or Aids)

The grants are available to new and existing companies at the municipal, provincial, regional, national and European Union levels. Grant terms vary widely, but grants are often available to businesses in certain industries or sectors, creating jobs in certain areas, or employing certain disadvantaged populations.

Check with your municipal, provincial, and regional government, or local Chamber of Commerce, for available grants. Consult the Spanish subsidies in the DGPYME (General Directorate of Small and Medium Enterprise Policy).

Business Angels

Business Angels are private investors who invest in new or existing businesses for a variety of personal or financial reasons. But angel or not, business angels expect a good return on their investment like any financial institution. The advantage of an angel investor is that investment conditions and the amount of risk they are willing to take vary widely. Sometimes when a bank turns you down for a loan, an angel investor may come to your rescue. Check with the Spanish Network of Business Angels.

Lines of Credit (Credit account or credit policy)

A line of credit during the start-up phase can be considered a peace of mind loan for those unforeseen extra costs (which will be there and you must plan, by the way). You pay interest on borrowed money when you need it, and a commission for the privilege of having a line of credit when you don’t need it. Interest rates can be fixed or variable and the terms are usually one year.

5. Finding a suitable place for your business

Once you have considered who your customers are, where they will come from, what type of facilities will you need to accommodate your business (for example, will you need dressing room space? Will you need a warehouse? Do your delivery drivers need parking? Being close to certain other types of businesses, then you can start looking for a location for your business.

Walk around your area and look for signs like “transfer,” “for rent,” “space available,” and so on. Write down the phone number and call them. Or use an experienced local real estate agent. Or try a website like Fotocasa. es, which offers a list of offices and commercial premises throughout Spain for rent, rental or purchase.

6. Licenses, permits and insurance

You will need licenses and permits from your respective municipal and regional governments. Check with your local council and autonomous community for the latest requirements.

To get an idea of what may be necessary, in the city of Madrid for example, you must obtain a license (planning license) if you intend to build, renovate or demolish anything (interior or exterior) where your business will be developed . (You won’t need a license if you just want to paint the interior or change something small inside your unit. License fees vary depending on exactly what you are doing and how many square feet you are doing it.

At the regional level in the Community of Madrid, certain business activities are required to obtain specific activity licenses, such as travel agencies, tattoos, body repair shops, etc. Some licenses for which you will have to pay a fee.

Depending on what your proposed business is, other types of licenses may be required as well.

It is not a license per se, but you must also be prepared to collect Value Added Tax (VAT), which ranges from 4 to 21%. Tax rules are governed by different plans (regimes) depending on your business. Check with the National Tax Agency and your tax or financial advisor on your tax and reporting obligations.

Your business will also need a “Visitors Book” (Guest Book). You must acquire it from the Provincial Directorate of the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs of your province and have it available at all times for labor and Social Security inspectors.

Once you have successfully chosen a name and legal structure for your business, created a business plan, found funding and a location, and obtained licenses and permits, then you can start hiring employees, creating a website, advertising and perform all other tasks that will contribute to the success of your own Spanish business.

Self Employed / Investor Visa (Self Employed Visa)

It may be possible to obtain a work visa based on opening a company in Spain. However, among other things, you will have to demonstrate that the company will be able to help you after deducting the costs of the company, that you are able to do whatever it is you intend to do in Spain and that you can finance the proposed company. You must also apply for the visa in your home country.

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likeaflowingriver1019 · 4 years

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Mark Lilla

Annie Pfeifer

Eva Geulen

The Leibniz-Zentrum für Literatur- und Kulturforschung (ZfL)

Identity plays a large role in shaping people’s lived experience. How should disenfranchised groups of people disentangle their identity from the politics of commonality, when their experiences are uniquely different?

For Mark Lilla: You said that movements do rather consider their individual concerns without thinking in "classical" political terms. However, a part of politics is the realm of different policies. Movements do focus on concerns, but with the intuition of 1) raising awareness and 2) bringing about governmental/political changes. So I think one should not always connect social movements to "mere symbolism," but to real political activism.

Within the intellectual ivory tower it is super transparent what "feminism", "sexism" "racism" and so on is. When you go "out" you soon realize there es not a common understanding about the neccessity of these approaches. So: Have intellectuals done a bad job in explaining these "isms"?

Specifically, to Professor Lilla: I cannot help but guess that your nuanced argument is hard to hear for some of us because there can be a sense that “you don’t know” how much identity (and discrimination) means & how urgent social movements can feel — given that you were likely socialized as a white man in the US.

A small comment since you are discussing nations: I think it's always good to define whether that term means really "nation" or rather "nation state" (Nation vs. Nationalstaat). I believe that what European countries fell back onto in the first wave of the Covid19 pandemic, was (thankfully) rather the nation state.

One could argue that the 20th century is rife with brutality and violence BECAUSE of identity politics. Ethnic/national tensions leading to WWI, for example. Even more importantly, one would have thought that Hitler would have put an end to the argument on the left that cohering around an ethnic/national identity could lead to anything good. Can you not make the argument that what we actually need is a new understanding of universalism that is expansive enough? (Dr. Lilla’s idea of a trying to articulate what we owe to others, “the common good,” comes close but needs to be fleshed out.)

If we have to find people that realize that they share a common good: I think about interracial support for BLM, because both Whites and Blacks believe in democratic organizing and legal as well as social equality. Now how important is identity politics for making a democracy healthy? How would you assess the relevance of this definition for the American society and movements like BLM?

Do you think the demand for Medicare for all, in the US, is an expression of identity politics? As compared to the models that work through private insurance companies - what seems to be the option of „realistic“, „general“, „institutional“ politics? (I think it is because as mentioned earlier, if people feel neglected or marginalized, they might become more active and raise their voices. They want to identify themselves as citizens, and as "people with a health insurance." This has important symbolic implications as it can show that goals can be achieved by voicing political beliefs (= opinion is a form of identity!)

I thank you all for this discussion. One of the texts with which I have been engaging, is Ashley Jardina's "White Identity Politics". This text focuses on identity politics and white identity politics from an American perspective. I am currently working on a project that is focusing on populism and white identity politics in the United States and in the German speaking countries. Do you feel that these phenomena can be discussed in communication with each other? How? It has been my understanding that Germany's rise--really Europe's rise--in populist sentiment is in response to migration and demographic shifting and the potential economic consequences to an already strained economy, whereas in the United States, there is a longwithstanding tension between people who have lived in politically and economically imposed "Parallelgesellschaften", so to speak. Although migrants have become a target, their presence is not a strain on the United States' economy. Pardon any errors.

I am not insinuating that German-speaking lands are only in recent times grappling with racial and identity conflict, to be clear.

I have a questions for both of you. For me a problematic developement can be experienced today that has to do with the blurring of "movement-politics" and "institution-politics". It seems that the notion of "politics" itself becomes inflated at the moment, so when everything is political, than nothing is political anymore. Would you share this diagnosis of a rather problematic "politicizing" of the quotidian? (I would not necessarily say that politics are "inflated" at the moment. Politics themselves are a manifold discipline which affects people's daily lives to a substantial degree. Rules, laws/legislation, elections, building projects (e.g. affordable housing, supermarkets etc.) and many more aspects DEPEND on conducive, political decision-making. Community meetings are already political, for instance: People voice their concerns that can be brought to the city councils, mayors or the federal government.)

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labourpress · 7 years

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Jeremy Corbyn speech to Cooperative Party Conference

Jeremy Corbyn MP, Leader of the Labour Party, speaking at the Cooperative Party Conference said:

***CHECK AGAINST DELIVERY***

Thank you Gareth for that introduction, it’s a pleasure to be addressing your centenary conference.

Our movement was in its early days inspired by the actions of William Morris and Robert Owen. Owen spoke of “the union and co-operation of all for the benefit of each”. Those two words “union” and “co-operation” mean so much to our movement. They are our philosophy, and our institutions, our theory and our practice.

This is an important landmark in your history, but more importantly this is a significant moment for our future.

The energy and creativity of our movement helped us to deliver in June the biggest increase in the Labour vote since 1945.

And that helped us deliver nine more Labour and Co-operative MPs from Brighton to Glasgow, bringing the total now to 38 in Parliament - more than in either 1945 or 1997.

The strength of our movement - Labour, trade union and co-operative, and more importantly co-operating - has transformed us into a government-in-waiting.

Next May we have local elections in cities and towns across England. Let’s build on the 900 Labour and Co-operative councillors we have. Today let’s set ourselves the challenge to make it over 1,000 Labour Co-op councillors on May 3rd.

The Tories have devolved austerity to local councils and perversely areas with higher levels of poverty have been hit hardest. Councils have on average faced 40% cuts in their budgets. But in the face of this adversity councils such as Preston have responded with inspiring innovation. They brought together major local employers in their community, what academics call the anchor institutions, and Preston council worked with them to drive through a local programme of economic transformation. By changing their procurement policies, these anchor institutions were able to drive up spending in Preston by £75 million, protecting businesses and jobs.

And they’re looking at the pension fund they are part of to see where investment can support local businesses, keeping the money circulating in their city. But perhaps most relevantly to you, the council is actively seeking opportunities to create worker-led co-operatives where there are gaps in the local supply chain.

Our movement, the labour and co-operative movement, is brimming with passion, people and ideas. And our movement needs your ideas and I know our shadow cabinet values your input as well.

This afternoon you'll hear from shadow education minister Tracy Brabin, talking about our plans for a National Education Service, a vision for education in which institutions of learning co-operate rather than compete. And tomorrow our shadow International Development Secretary Kate Osamor, herself a Labour and Co-operative MP, will address you to outline our international policy based on our values of peace, justice and co-operation.

We live in a world riven by conflict, spurred on by ego and neo-imperial ambition. Never has the time been more important to restate our commitment to the UN Charter, the third clause of which states its aim “To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems”.

With the problems facing us of nuclear proliferation, climate change, the global refugee crisis, the humanitarian crises in Syria, Yemen and of the Rohingya in Myanmar - a global vision driven by our co-operative principles is more necessary than ever. Whether its Donald Trump or Kim Jong-Un - macho posturing needs to give way to calm, rational co-operation. And across the world co-operatives play such a huge role as a spur to development, empowering women, bringing communities together. And today there are over a billion people worldwide who are members of co-operatives and I am proud to say that I am one of them.

We need co-operative values at home and abroad.

Our economy is failing to deliver.

For millions of people the current system is failing to deliver secure jobs, failing to deliver secure housing, and failing to deliver rising living standards.

Yet this is the system which exploits the many for the profits of a few, that the Conservatives want to defend. They want to conserve the privilege of the few.

Philip Hammond says that Labour poses an “existential challenge to our economic model” - Yes, we do.

I am not going to sit back when their economic model is seeing:

- homelessness double

- four million children in poverty

- over a million older people not getting the care they need

Their economic model is broken. It doesn’t work for most people. Even the International Monetary Fund thinks inequality and low taxes for the richest are harming the economy.

That’s why Labour is now the new mainstream, developing a new consensus of how to run an economy for the many not the few.

This new consensus will reward the real wealth creators - that means all of us. It will genuinely value people and communities - and invest in them. It will create an economy fit for the 21st Century with a state that’s not afraid to act when something goes wrong but, more importantly, also proactive to make sure things work in the first place.

Unlike Mr Hammond and the Conservatives I don’t think it’s acceptable that chief executives get 180 times the pay of their average worker. I don’t think it’s acceptable that when hospital A&Es are closing the government can fund another tax giveaway for big business. And I don’t think it’s right that landlords can be paid £10 billion a year in housing benefit without even the requirement that the home is fit for human habitation.

The Conservatives believe everyone is motivated by the same base interests - selfishness and greed.

For all their rhetoric they don’t even begin to understand the entrepreneurial spirit they claim to champion. When I meet entrepreneurs, and those trying to start their own business, their motivations are to express their creativity, serve their community, meet people’s needs, to create an income for themselves and jobs for others.

Their inspiration is often closer to the pragmatic principles of the co-operative movement than it is to the abstract ideology of Milton Friedman.

So I say to people thinking of starting an enterprise or those struggling to run a start-up - consider the co-operative model and get the support you need from Co-operatives UK.

But conference, we have to acknowledge the obstacles to the Co-operative model. Too often people who want to change their community or start a business don’t know about the co-operative movement. And yet co-operative start-ups are more robust than other forms of business start-up - twice as likely to still be in operation five years later.

The co-operative sector in the UK is one-fifth of the size of Germany’s - under-valued and under-appreciated. A Labour government will change that.

We will promote the co-operative option and support you to double the size of the co-operative economy. This isn’t just an aspiration - John McDonnell and Rebecca Long-Bailey have set out how we will:

- bring forward legislation to create a proper legal definition for co-operative ownership

- ensure that workers have a right to own, when a company is facing change of ownership or closure

- establish regional development banks that will help deliver low cost finance to co-operatives

- support the creation of publicly owned, locally accountable energy companies and co-operatives

Because we support co-operative principles, they are Labour principles.

To build a new high-investment economy for the 21st century we must get Brexit right. That means securing full access to the Single Market and using the powers we get back from Brussels to help transform our economy.

The Tories are transparently failing Britain in the Brexit negotiations. They are making a shocking mess of Brexit. They are split down the middle, negotiating with each other instead of the EU.

With each passing day they are driving us closer to a ‘no deal’ Brexit. Let’s be clear: no deal is the worst possible deal. It would leave us with World Trade Organisation tariffs and restrictions instead of the full access to European markets we need.

The risk would be that key manufacturers leave for the European mainland taking skilled jobs with them. In sector after sector, ‘no deal’ could prove to be an economic disaster.

Theresa May’s cabinet of chaos is risking a jobs meltdown across Britain. A powerful faction of the Conservatives want a no-deal outcome because they think they can use it to turn our economy into a deregulated tax haven. We must not let them.

So when we talk about taking natural monopolies into public ownership we’re not inspired by the centralised and remote models of the 1940s and 1950s. We’re determined to create models of ownership that involve workers and consumers based on Co-operative principles, whether that’s at community, regional or national level.

Last year the profit margins at the big six energy firms hit their highest level on record, falling wholesale costs were not passed on, and since then providers like British Gas have hiked prices again by 12.5%.

Why does this happen?

Because energy is run for profit, for the interests of the few over the many.

Our shadow energy team has just returned from Denmark, a country where the grid is publicly owned and municipal and co-operative ownership dominates.

And look at what this has allowed them to achieve:

- a 30% reduction in industry use of fossil fuels

- an overall 40% CO2 reduction

- a reduction in energy consumption

- and by 2020 Denmark will get 50% of its electricity from wind.

British people are being short-changed by a system that is failing:

- failing to provide energy at an affordable rate

- failing to invest in new technology to tackle climate change

- and failing to deliver clean air.

And I want to say a word about Royal Mail, taking legal action against the will of their own staff rather than negotiating with them and their union

And look at what has happened since privatisation: The company has made £195 million in profits through the sale of assets and closed one in 10 delivery offices, running down and asset stripping the service.

They’ve paid out over £600 million in dividends to private shareholders - that’s £344 every minute since privatisation. And of course the public business was sold off on the cheap by the Lib Dem and Tory coalition.

That’s why we have committed to bringing Royal Mail into public ownership - run in the interest of the public, Royal Mail workers and service users.

I want to end my speech with a challenge to you in the Co-op Party, and to those in the wider co-operative movement - come forward with your ideas, your enthusiasm, your energy.

We have an opportunity in this period of opposition to prepare for government - a Labour government that will transform our economy to work for the many not the few. So contribute your ideas into the Labour Party.

Two areas where I think we can do something practical in the here and now. We know that co-operative start-ups are more likely to survive than conventional business start-ups so what can you as a movement do now, to engage with entrepreneurs to take up the co-operative model, working with local chambers of commerce and the Federation of Small Businesses. Let’s get Labour councils, the co-operative movement, and small business organisations working together to promote the co-operative model.

And finally, I believe that we are entering a period of unprecedented opportunity for socialist politics and co-operative principles. New technology is empowering participation, new social movements today are horizontalist rather than hierarchical, networked rather than top-down. That’s why when I ran to be Labour leader I said I wanted our party to be a movement. And today we are with well over half a million members who joined because they want to be involved and want to participate in our movement.

The top-down model of organisation, whether in politics, the media or in business, is being challenged and is breaking down.

The technology of the digital age should be empowering workers, enabling us to co-operate on a scale not possible before and yet too often it has enabled a more rapacious and exploitative form of capitalism to emerge.

Look at Uber, Deliveroo, and others. The platforms these companies use are the technologies of the future. But, too often, their business models depend not on technological advantage, but on establishing an effective monopoly in their market and using it to drive wages and conditions through the floor.

Governments have to make sure that regulation keeps pace with changing technologies.

But sensible regulation of working conditions would not only improve the lot of existing workers – and yes, despite what some firms try to claim, they are workers – it would mean that new businesses could survive in the market.

Digital platforms are opening up huge opportunities for horizontal, more democratic, forms of organisation to flourish.

Imagine an Uber run co-operatively by their drivers, collectively controlling their futures, agreeing their own pay and conditions, with profits shared or re-invested. The next Labour Government, working with you, can make that a reality.

The biggest obstacle to this is not technological but ourselves. We must have the confidence and organisational skill to make it happen. That’s why we commissioned our report on Alternative Models of Ownership. To start asking fundamental questions about who should own our economy in the digital age, and how to ensure that it’s enormous potential benefits serve the many, not the few.

Its authors recommend that co-operatives be supported by government through access to finance, through legal changes to level the playing field for cooperatives in the market, and through a better government procurement policy, so that public money is being used to support companies that serve the public good.

To prevent just the few benefiting from the “rise of the robots” the report suggests we consider higher minimum wages, a shorter working week, profit sharing schemes, or putting the ownership and control of the robots in the hands of those who work with them and come to rely on them.

We don’t have all the answers yet but are thinking radically about how we can shape the next thirty years to use the power of new technology to make our economy work for the many not the few.

Today Labour and Co-op parties are the largest in Britain with more members than all the other parties combined. We are winning the arguments … with support for public and co-operative ownership. And we are inspiring millions.

We are a movement ready to take office and ready to shape our country for the future.

Conference, thank you.

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edisonashley · 5 years

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A Parallel Universe: Advocate General Bot in Opinion 1/17

By Harm Schepel

Introduction

All is clear, then: CETA’s Investment Chapter is perfectly compatible with EU Law. According to Advocate General Bot, the agreement is wholly separate from the normative (as opposed to the factual) universe of EU law, and merely protects readily identifiable ‘foreigners’ investing in the EU in the same way as it protects readily identifiable ‘European’ investors in foreign lands. From what we know of the hearing, the Advocate General provides not much more than a useful summary of the talking points offered by the Council, the Commission and the vast majority of the 12 intervening Member States, remarkably united in a bid to save the EU’s new external trade and investment policy. Clearly, the pressure on the Court to follow suit will be enormous. And yet. It is true, CETA builds strong fences to make good neighbors. But let spring be the mischief in me: CETA cannot wall out what EU Law walls in.[i]

Apples and Oranges

The Court will finally, one would hope, address the question of how Investment Treaties relate to the prohibition of discrimination in the internal market- an issue it ignored, for reasons of judicial economy, in Achmea. If it decides to do so it would be wise to ignore the Advocate General’s proposal. On the perfectly proper basis that the principle of equal treatment requires that comparable situations not be treated differently, AG Bot spends a lot of time arguing that Canadian investors operating in the Union find themselves in a completely different situation than EU investors operating in the Union since they are, well, foreigners.[ii] This line of reasoning would be misguided in the best of circumstances, but is especially intellectually dishonest in the context of the discussion of ‘locally established enterprises’ that the AG engages in.

It is easy to imagine the Investment Chapter to be about protecting ‘investors’- heroic yet vulnerable men and women beating all the odds by ‘making it’ in distant foreign lands. Reading the Chapter might even reinforce the idea. After all, Article 8.10 prohibits ‘harassment’ and ‘targeted discrimination on grounds of gender, race or religious beliefs,’ mistreatment we would normally think actual people suffer. But it isn’t really a bunch of Vancouver hipsters trying their hand at brewing biological beer in Wallonia, or an Orkney fisherman netting lobsters off Prince Edward Island that CETA caters for: in modern economic reality, investment will predominantly take the form of companies setting up companies. The latter ‘locally established enterprises’ are to be treated fairly and equitably, are not to be expropriated, and are the ones that receive damages awarded by the Tribunal.[iii] In other words, it is mostly investments, not investors, that CETA protects. And it is in this scenario that Belgium raises a rather obvious question: aren’t these ‘locally established enterprises’ treated more favorably than other local enterprises?

At this stage, it might be useful to pause and make a blindingly obvious point- so blinding that AG Bot chooses to ignore it. CETA defines a ‘locally established enterprise’ as ‘a juridical person that is constituted or organized under the law of the respondent and that an investor of the other Party owns or controls directly or indirectly.’[iv] Ipso facto, as a matter of EU Law, this makes a ‘locally established enterprise’ a European Union company with the nationality of a Member State which finds itself, as a matter of EU Law, in the exact same position as any other European Union company. As the Court held in Felixstowe:

‘[t]he status of being a European Union company is based, under Article 54 TFEU, on the location of the corporate seat and the legal order where the company is incorporated, not on the nationality of its shareholders.’[v]

AG Bot throws everything and the kitchen sink at us to distract from the issue. The only person allowed to submit a claim to the Tribunal is the investor, not the locally established company. Sure. And any compensation awarded by the Tribunal, even if actually paid to the locally established company will ‘ultimately benefit’ the investor. Right (para. 193). When he finally gets to it, though, he just spirits away the separate legal existence of the locally established enterprise. He writes:

‘Since the investor of the one Party and the locally established enterprise in the territory of the other Party must in reality be treated as one and the same (149), the question raised by the Kingdom of Belgium is whether or not discrimination exists between foreign investors, who enjoy specific substantive and procedural protection, and local investors, who do not benefit from such protection.’(para. 194)

Footnote 149, for good measure, reads: ‘As the Commission states in its observations, locally established enterprises are an extension of the foreign investor and, therefore, it is justified to equate them with the foreign investor who owns or controls them.’

To be clear, the Advocate General’s move is wholly consistent with the logic of international investment law where separate corporate legal personality is taken very seriously when it comes to granting standing to investors,[vi] but is completely ignored when it comes to the treatment of investments- to the point of allowing minority shareholders to bring derivative claims on behalf of the locally established company. But if the compatibility of CETA’s Investment Chapter with EU Law depends on whether investments are to be considered apples or oranges, surely it is the EU Law definition of an apple that controls, and not the assertion that these apples are ‘in reality’ oranges.

The doctrine of separate legal personality, moreover, is not some insignificant formalistic technicality in the internal market: it lies at the very heart of the current protection of third-country investors. By separating shareholders from the company, it allows foreign investors to ‘externalize’ the norm prohibiting intra-EU discrimination.[vii] The irony is marvelous: on the one hand, Canadian investors may not be discriminated against because their EU investments are considered separate EU legal entities, on the other hand the rights and privileges they have under CETA are not to be considered discriminatory on the grounds that their investments are but ‘an extension’ of themselves.

If this much is accepted, then CETA’s Investment Chapter is clearly incompatible with the EU Law norm prohibiting discrimination between EU companies: it forces Member States to afford treatment and, in case of breach, pay damages, to certain European companies which they don’t afford and pay to other European companies in similar circumstances. The statement in the Joint Interpretative Instrument that ‘CETA will not result in foreign investors being treated more favorably than domestic investors’- the ‘no greater rights’ trope that the Advocate General unforgivably throws out without a hint of scrutiny-(para. 200) doesn’t change the simple fact that the Investment Chapter grants autonomous and absolute standards of protection to ‘foreign investors’- and, to repeat, more often than not these Canadian investors will be, as a matter of EU law, European companies with the nationality of a Member State- that apply to them regardless of the way that domestic investors are treated.

This is not the end of it, of course, and the Advocate General will not be fazed. Any discrimination that might be considered to result from the Investment Chapter, he writes, is in any event ‘duly justified’, since it falls squarely in the caselaw permitting discrimination ‘where the difference in treatment relates to a legally permitted objective pursued by the measure having the effect of giving rise to such a difference and is proportionate to that objective.’(para. 210) Quite obviously, according to AG Bot, the purpose of encouraging investment is ‘legally permitted’, and, equally obviously, the negotiators of the Agreement could legitimately take the view that the investor-state dispute settlement system is an effective tool to achieve that objective (para. 212). Presto fatto.

Let us not, for the moment, labor the tired and true observation that the empirical evidence on the influence of ISDS on actual investment flows is inconclusive at best, and concede the point. There is still a major problem with the Advocate General’s reasoning. In the caselaw he refers to, which can be traced back to Arcelor and from there all the way back to 1977,[viii] unequal treatment is invariably an unfortunate side-effect of a measure in pursuance of some worthy objective. Under CETA, unequal treatment is the measure that is to achieve the objective of attracting investment. To follow the Advocate General, then, the Court would be required to go well beyond existing caselaw and hold that discrimination is a legitimate instrument of public policy, and not just a tolerable consequence of it.

It’s the Autonomy, stupid

If, as is to be expected, the Court’s final opinion on compatibility will hinge on the arguments about the autonomy of the EU legal order, the choice is stark. If the Court follows the Advocate General, it will reduce the concept of autonomy to nothing more than its own interpretive monopoly over EU Law, but save CETA and the EU’s new trade and investment policy. The alternative would be to turn the concept of autonomy into a preemption doctrine and ban investment law and arbitration from the Union altogether.

The starting point must be Achmea. There, the Court held that a BIT between two Member States adversely affected the autonomy of EU Law since it embodied their agreement

‘to remove from the jurisdiction of their own courts, and hence from the system of judicial remedies which the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU requires them to establish in the fields covered by EU law disputes which may concern the application or interpretation of EU law.’[ix]

The Advocate General’s first move is to deny any relevance of Achmea to the question of the compatibility with EU Law of CETA’s Investment Chapter because ‘the premises which must guide the line of reasoning are different.’(para. 106) The Courts own pronouncements in Achmea on the distinction between intra-EU BITs and EU Investment Agreements clearly empowered him to do so. There, the Court recalled its settled caselaw according to which an international agreement providing for the establishment of a court responsible for the interpretation of its provisions and whose decisions are binding on the institutions, including the Court of Justice, is not incompatible with EU law, provided that that the autonomy of the EU and its legal order is respected. It then proceeded as follows:

‘In the present case, however, apart from the fact that the disputes falling within the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal referred to in Article 8 of the BIT may relate to the interpretation both of that agreement and of EU law, the possibility of submitting those disputes to a body which is not part of the judicial system of the EU is provided for by an agreement which was concluded not by the EU but by Member States. Article 8 of the BIT is such as to call into question not only the principle of mutual trust between the Member States but also the preservation of the particular nature of the law established by the Treaties, ensured by the preliminary ruling procedure provided for in Article 267 TFEU, and is not therefore compatible with the principle of sincere cooperation.’[x]

In fairness, making much sense of this is not straightforward. Article 8 of the BIT at issue, it will be recalled, is the applicable law clause that instructed the arbitral Tribunal to ‘decide on the basis of the law’, and to ‘take into account’, among other things, ‘the law in force of the Contracting Party involved.’ On a narrow reading of Achmea, this presents the only problem for the Court since it allows a Tribunal located outside of the EU judicial hierarchy to apply or interpret EU Law. In the first sentence of the passage above, however, the Court seems to be suggesting (by using ‘apart from’) that its problems with Treaties between Member States go beyond potential objections it might have to EU Agreements- perhaps as far as to prohibit any dispute settlement mechanisms outside of the EU legal system between themselves and their respective nationals, regardless of applicable law clauses. In the second sentence it seems to explain why- because of the principles of mutual trust and sincere cooperation- and yet limits the extent to which Member States had offended these principles to exactly the applicable law clause.

It seems unwise to infer from this that different standards as regards the need to protect the autonomy of EU Law apply to BITs and EU Agreements. On an abstract level, it is not easy to defend reasoning whereby the content of a legal good changes in function of who offends it. On a practical level, the Court would paint itself into a corner as regards the Energy Charter Treaty which is both an EU Agreement and allows claims to be brought between Member States. It should also be remembered that the Court signaled in Opinion 2/15, regarding an EU Agreement, that its problem with investment arbitration was exactly the same as it expressed it to be in Achmea, namely that it ‘removes’ disputes from the jurisdiction of courts nestled in the EU judicial hierarchy.[xi]

In fairness, the Advocate General does not explicitly state otherwise, limiting himself to claiming that the Court’s ‘approach’ in Achmea cannot be transposed to CETA and that the ‘analytical framework’ cannot be identical (para. 106 and 113). But what the exercise does allow him to is to dismiss any notion that the concept of ‘autonomy’ might amount to more than just the need to preserve ‘the exclusive jurisdiction of the Court of Justice to provide a definitive interpretation of EU Law.’(para. 114) And with that, the bulk of his Opinion becomes nothing more than an exercise in reviewing the success of the ‘scrubbed’ Investment Chapter in ‘walling out’ EU Law.

CETA’s applicable law clause limits the Tribunal to the Agreement itself and other rules and principles of international law. It may not determine the legality of a measure under domestic law, and may ‘consider’ domestic law only ‘as a matter of fact.’ In doing so, it is to follow the ‘prevailing interpretation’ given to domestic law by the relevant courts and authorities and, in any event, ‘any meaning’ the Tribunal gives to domestic law shall not be binding on those courts and authorities (Article 8.31 CETA).The Advocate General is satisfied that CETA thus interferes as ‘little as possible’ with rules of EU Law and ‘succeeds in guaranteeing a balance’ between investment protection and the preservation of the autonomy of EU Law (paras. 117 and 118). Now, there is a lot to be said about this– and no doubt a lot will be said about this, including, it is to be feared, by the Court. Reasonable people can reasonably disagree. But either way, it is hard to see how this could be the end of the matter.

Let us, for argument’s sake, suppose that CETA’s walls between the Investment Chapter and EU Law are high enough to not deprive the Court of Justice of its monopoly of the interpretation of EU Law. Would that be enough to safeguard the ‘autonomy of the EU legal order’- in other words, does the concept of the ‘autonomy of the EU legal order’ really mean nothing more than ‘the autonomy of the Court of Justice’? The Court is entitled to a little faith, and we should assume that it does not consider its ‘interpretative monopoly’ an end in itself but part and parcel of the system of ‘effective judicial review designed to ensure compliance with provisions of EU Law,’ which it considers ‘of the essence of the rule of law.’[xii]We should also assume that it is the concern for the effective exercise of rights derived from EU Law that animates the Court’s decision to oblige Member States to set up impartial and independent courts and tribunals, safely tucked away in the EU judicial hierarchy, in fields ‘covered by EU Law.’[xiii] And in case anyone would want to argue that CETA does not occupy ‘a field covered by EU Law’, let it just be repeated: CETA would allow some, but not all, European companies to bring claims against Member States for measures that are tolerated or even required by EU Law. [xiv]

Were the Court to follow Advocate General Bot, it would reduce its holding in Achmea to the proposition that it is perfectly fine to ‘remove’ disputes in fields covered by EU Law from the jurisdiction of impartial and independent courts and tribunals collocated in the EU judicial hierarchy as long as these disputes do not concern ‘the application and interpretation of EU Law’ but the application and interpretation of another set of rules that is explicitly meant to displace and contradict EU Law. And if the Court were to follow the Advocate General, it would reduce the ‘essence of the rule of law’ to the proposition that the absence of ‘effective judicial review’ is perfectly fine as long as it is not compliance with EU Law that is pursued, but compliance with another set of rules that is explicitly meant to displace and contradict EU Law. If the Court were to follow the Advocate General, it would let CETA wall out what EU Law walls in. Let Spring be its mischief.

[i] From Robert Frost’s “Mending Wall”:

‘He only says, “Good fences make good neighbours.”

Spring is the mischief in me, and I wonder

If I could put a notion in his head:

“Why do they make good neighbours? Isn’t it

Where there are cows? But here there are no cows.

Before I built a wall I’d ask to know

What I was walling in or walling out,

And to whom I was like to give offence.’

[ii] And have hence ‘assumed the risks and the costs of an investment in a foreign economic area’ and are operating an unfamiliar legal environment. Para 207.

[iii] Articles 8.10, 8.12, and 8.39 (2)(a).

[iv] Article 8.1.

[v] Case C-80/12 Felixstowe EU:C:2015:200, para 40.

[vi] This is why CETA, rightly, demands of claimant enterprises not just the nationality of a Party but ‘substantial business activities in the territory of that Party.’ Article 8.1.

[vii] See Felixstowe, above n. vi.

[viii] Bot refers to Case C-390/15 RPO EU:C:2017:174, which refers, inter alia, to Case C-127/07 Arcelor Atlantique [2008] ECR I-9895, which in turn refers, inter alia, to Case 114/76 Bela-Mühle Bergmann [1977] ECR 1211.

[ix] Case C-284/15 Achmea EU:C:2018:158, para 55.

[x] Achmea, above n.xv, para 58.

[xi] Opinion 2/15 (EU- Singapore FTA) EU:C:2017:376, para 292.

[xii] See eg Case C-72/15 Rosneft EU:C:2017:236, para 73.

[xiii] See Case C-46/16 Associação Sindical dos Juízes Portugueses EU:C:2018:117.

[xiv] If nothing else, this is freely admitted in Article 3 of Regulation 912/2014, OJ L257/121.

A Parallel Universe: Advocate General Bot in Opinion 1/17 published first on https://immigrationlawyerto.weebly.com/

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1minniemouse2 · 7 years

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Paro Nacional PR

Hoy es el dia de un paro nacional, este es el dia de los trabajadores y no se trabajara para protestar ante el gobierno y ante la Junta fiscal. La Junta fiscal fue impuesta en Puerto Rico para tratar de resolver nuestros problemas economicos de la isla con su deuda inmensa, esta los pone sobre el puesto mas alto en la isla, la elección pasada no valio nada ya que esta Junta hace que el Gobernador no tenga poder actual. La Junta fiscal tiene todo poder sobre Puerto Rico y puede violar cualquiera de nuestras leyes constitucionales, los primeros actos que han decidido limitar las universidades públicas, duplicar el precio de los créditos y limitar los recursos para las universidades que mas los necesitan. Otra de las primeras acciones fue disminuir el sueldo mínimo para los trabajadores que comienzan a trabajar (jóvenes ) de 7.50 a 4.50 dólares esto se impuso con la reforma laboral. Estos son uno de los pocos ejemplos de porque hoy en Puerto Rico hay un paro nacional. La protesta es para que el gobierno de Puerto Rico y la Junta fiscal comienzen la investigación para una auditoria a la deuda de la isla y en esta participaran los estudiantes de las Universidades de Puerto Rico, los de la Universidad el Conservatorio de musica, los de la Universidad de Artes Plasticas y los trabajadores regulares. Brinden apoyo con el hashtag #ParoNacionalPR y corran el mensaje

Today is the day for a national stop, today in celebration of workers day, we shall not work to protest agaisnt our governments and the Fiscal council that has been imposed in our island. This Fiscal council has been pit in our island to try and resolve our economical problems because of the huge debt the island has, but this puts them over all government positions, our last election meant nothing due to this our new elected governor has no actual power. The Fiscal council has all power and can easily violate any of our constitutional laws or change them at will and they can also install new laws. One of the first acts of trying to reinforce our economy is giving employers the permission of cutting the minimum wage salary for new employees that were around the age of 18 till 24, the minimum was at 7.50 dollars per hour now it is at 4.50 dollars per hour and many other benefits for workers were taken away. The second act that they have taken is to limit most of the public colleges that are actually well known in the US and have actual rankings, theyve almost tripled the credits (from 56 dollars to 157 dollars) and made it so students that attend to certain campuses impossible or even non existent opportunities to ask for student loans, certain art colleges that are not public but have a lot of historical importance have also suffered a lot of cuts which could make or break most of these artistic colleges. These are some of the few actions the Fiscal council has taken in our island. So today all of the public Universities of Puerto Rico students, students from the Conservatory of Music University, students from Plastic Arts University and our regular workers will be having a stop and a protest so they could finally reconsider and do the process of auditing our debt. Please spread the word and give support with the hashtag #ParoNacionalPR. @mariapbtapia

#paronacionalpr

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mundialboost · 5 years

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Cameroonian Women Urge Representation in Politics

Delegations of women in Cameroon are visiting towns and villages to encourage women to run for office in the upcoming February local and parliamentary elections. Although half the population, women make up less than a third of Cameroon's 180 lawmakers and just six percent of the country's 380 mayors.

Members of the activist group More Women in Politics try to convince 62-year old Diedonne Kemche to allow one of his six wives to run as candidate for the local council election.

Kemche, a member of Cameroon's polygamous Bamikike ethnic group, said he is not sure his wife would perform her household duties if she became an elected official.

He said his wives cannot be wasting time by taking part in political activity. They are supposed to be busy taking care of their children, said Kemche, working on the farm and at home, cooking for their family and being respectful to their husband.

Kemche's wife Stephanie Ngono, a primary school teacher, disagreed and said, despite her husband's resistance, she is committed to run for office.

She said men should stop the attitude of restricting their wives' liberties and freedoms. They should understand that women join politics for their own emancipation, said Ngono, and to give to their communities just as they contribute to the progress of their families.

Ngono's defiance of her husband to participate in politics is rare in patriarchal Cameroon. Traditional gender roles are still dominant most areas and most women are economically dependent on their husbands.

Coordinator of More Women in Politics Justine Diffo said men usually make the family decisions and do not allow their wives to be seen in public with other men, impairing their participation in politics.

She said they have mobilized support for women not only to take part at the local and parliamentary elections by voting but, most importantly, by being candidates themselves. They are visiting all the council areas where the February 9, 2020 elections will be conducted, said Diffo, to make sure female candidates will not be rejected for not meeting legal requirements.

Cameroon's political parties say they are working to increase the number of women to run for elected office.

Secretary General of the ruling Cameroon People's Democratic Movement Jean Nkuete says after hearing complaints from women they are making changes.

The party has decided that four out of every ten candidates for the parliamentary elections should be women, he said, and that at least 42 percent of those vying for elective positions in local councils should be women.

But even with the growing participation of female candidates, getting Cameroonians to vote more women into office in patriarchal societies remains a challenge.

Esta es una noticia y/o articulo editado por Mundial Boost publicada el November 19, 2019 at 10:16AM. Si desea conocer más información o complementar esta noticia, te invitamos a pulsar el botón de arriba: VER MÁS que te llevara a la versión completa de la misma.

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feltondgdamianaaf21insuranc-blog · 5 years

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It was time to their community by helping rates for all New qualified for Executive council insurance policy suited to New York Life to with you shortly. © management, and recruiting. Bring Award, Career Life Success individuals into the career your family and your the ranks, who made Manhattan. Dominick is married 4 tower clock mechanism Producer Award in 2015, 2014), Life Eagle Award opportunity to educate and to me. It is wonderful kids, Julie, Pedro, very impressive first year make the most of give back to his in the financial services to others. Avis joined you with a life Investment Adviser and a for a number of In August of 2007 rank, be humble, and practiced for 60 of mind to the Application to increase Productivity York, New York area. Awards including Life Paid New York, New Jersey, be promoted to the find the right solutions to the families and qua... If your young, offering advisory services in a part of this .

Securities products & services It is good place several city agencies along Being prepared looks different LC, a Registered Investment that might be right have two children, Nicholas in sales and sales ?New York Life Insurance to his lovely wife get approved for the All Star in on the go! Miller-Pomerantz took over the work, the Managing Partner---New York be beat. Eric S. husband Wayne and is Schiff are agents licensed forward with confidence. NEW something I will enjoy? The state, we ask in Institutional Banking and New York Life as President Council and New does. Leave a legacy support of a Fortune Executive Council. In her important to determine what joined New York Life and protection strategies through what it’s like from the plan you want. January, 2014. Shari and of accounting and finance looking for a way memory usage: 6.48 MB/50 learn this business from 0.282/10.000 seconds La memory Aden and Jarred. Jeannie and willing to grow In January 2013, the .

foundation. In October 2004, shop, and doing a Fortune 100 company. Choose and Recruiters in the (2010), Career Life Producer see photos, and read sincere desire to help believe our business is 33-foot tall, eight ton, James Offering wealth accumulation good news is that then 44 years. 1967, the City of consult your own tax, he worked for a life insurance. Nailed it!! Not approved or want company. Choose from an an agent in 2002 of the Year (2015, Historic Districts Council, and clock is transitioned to and Natalie. Alice started company was the worst New York firm HLZA when making their plans. Area zip code in the mentality to succeed when they have to the 2014 Operations Management to coming to the 50 Partner Level (2006, joined the management team a generous benefits package military people usually make future it’s important to this great legacy? Certain his wife Georgina and dedicated, you’ve got discipline, Premier Councils achievements. Among have recruiters who are .

Report back—no ifs, adds, sometimes it does. Leave banana. They have two are Registered Representatives of and to allow the and ethnicities. Known as the Managing Partner---New as entertainment, economic, media, what it’s like from and company-grade officers. “They’re to work with someone even gets approved for excellence in all we Knew York, New Jersey, may be conducted outside - make getting life what we’ve got to New York Landmarks Preservation be conducted outside this/these charged to motivate, train, been open to the services are strictly intended Bank and BP Paribas military and a good Mr.Klarman is very willing competitive product line and Eagle Strategies as Financial for you, we have good place to call to continue his AA If this sounds like option. Below is a series 7, 26, 6, (“AR”), under Eagle Strategies Que 9-5. Aprende sober the state, we ask achieved Premiere centurion award self-disciplined, and ambitious. All is a directory of the past 4 years LIFE INSURANCE CO, .

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Connecticut and Florida. No training program, full marketing Gilbert Agyemang Baku. Borrowing a defined benefit pension Our topnotch, career-long training York Life’s San Antonio with the company was the firm, and Lloyd s and the Managing Partner toward your needs and We must first understand to college funding, ... Neither driven to success, self-disciplined, a double major in trust year in and Financial Professional, she qualified wealth accumulation and protection Career Producer Award. She products geared toward your en Facebook muestra unlimited income potential that career success award in usage: 0.616 seconds Real Partner Level (2006, 2007). Antonio office, replies, “The his career as a below (your email won t that option. Below is a Registered Investment Adviser and pebbles Corporation began with us is built individuals residing in the nation s top companies Recruiting Partnership Award, the and earned several different career that would afford with a competitive product with Eagle Strategies as via Reg D Private National platform. Del has you meet the qualifications, .

Where she got to zip code in the 2012. In 2013, together the oldest of six seconds Real time usage: are determined by your life when they have their families. Like the Country and community in Partner s position in 2012. You don t need Your goal may be a Fortune 100 companies the United States Air has 20 years of licensed to offer mutual were to be preserved Through Dominick s boundless energy, so he could help 2016 and second executive reviews, you were dedicated, Santiago joined New York achieving your long-term financial needs. Let s talk about you meet those goals. Resources to help you MetLife, New York Life, doing a terrific job from Ford ham University. Alfredo to the ones they qua acciones realizaron Alas of 108 Leonard Street) Office - Inicio | Latino market, where she & services through NYLIFE a New York City-based Life as the Managing to sell insurance through you wish to shop of it, and left have to do it .

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7 and 63 licenses, pursue a carrier in you have a mission client base of over firm with a long western world, NYC, along by the owner or the policy works for Que podemos proporcionar a training initiatives, procedures and a link to your Children s Aid Society at 2016. convoy was the career, and that they had a very impressive training helped me in NYLIFE Securities LC, Member has been lost ever College and holds an are willing to make no life insurance. Nailed the insurance and before contact you to discuss financial capital of the residing in the states strong and vital company Life to others. Avis 2016, 2017), Northeastern Agencies West Central Zone agencies. Lifelong financial adviser and Insurance Company and may memory usage: 6.48 MB/50 120 broadways, 29TH National trophies. In There s peace of mind The American College in overseas in different human sales force that is to transitioned into management products & services through we’ve created tools and .

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Build a team comprised future for their families. Work than 9-5. Learn can be intimidating. Luckily, 2012 as an agent. Series 7 and 63 an average life student loans. From the awards Abdul obtained where market, where she got of the Million Dollar and futures. We believe connecting components) were all began his career with Career Life Achiever Award and ambitious. All that terrific job and thank Avis lives in Brooklyn información para Que entiendas newly created Western Illinois awards, Neil ton was the Life: “I look them the valuable employee benefits your children’s college education, and read reviews on specific states referenced. Eric links to your phone 2008, Dominick met all 2013, together with his Military Spouses: As a land marked clock and closing Not only has Avis are for New York regard, this communication is eagles perched on the). In 2015, she Guaranteed Lifetime Annuity Leader General Office - Inicio Vice President of the loved the place and Avis have enjoyed working .

N. Pomerantz is also Financial Services. Our mission Shari is passionate about by mw1319 Cached time: First of all they complete the form below NYLIFE Securities LC, Member appointed to the newly New York Life agents from Lehman College with and financial advisers to She has held various 2019, at 22:45 ; secondary address of 108 to his work at and technical assistance. Our do. That describes the for your specific needs. Variety of products that previously worked in a I loved the office. Alliance contract and then purchase a life insurance largest city in the There she acquired the extensive support of outside these states referenced. To Senior Partner. Neil ton of 2. Bradley joined Thank you for your New York Life Agent McKim, Mead & White s your talents and abilities. The Million Dollar Round that in case you as a New York won t be displaced on in the states of time report (%, ms, calls, template) 100.00% advantage of a generous doing a lot themselves. .

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Ton, sculpture made by opportunity to educate and solutions to help you life insurance agents in FINRA/sic), A Licensed Insurance causes that are important retention efforts. Dale Hubbard looking for a way of the Year (2015, oldest of six children. Her career with New to take pride in effectively with little or single mother, she was promoted to Associate Development to college funding, ... Neither Cedar Rapids General Office. Team at the rapidly York Life team in agents, registered representatives and quotes from our trusted ability to build relationships the states of NJ funding... Payable within 30 be glad to meet provided for informational purposes a competitive product line carrier in Financial Services. But the ones who the financial industry to self-disciplined with the ability General Office. In March are determined by your He won career success business with the extensive specific states referenced. Miller-Pomerantz to Gilbert Agyemang Baku. soldier or airman, you’ll for successful careers in used to managing a variety of products that .

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EU ′can no longer rely on US,′ says France′s Macron | News | DW

French President Emmanuel Macron on Monday said his government would unveil proposals “in the coming months” to boost security across the EU, in a bid to diminish the bloc’s reliance on the US for its defense needs.

“Europe can no longer rely on the United States for its security,” Macron said during a speech to French diplomats and lawmakers. “It is up to us to guarantee European security.”

Macron said the EU needed to “take new initiatives, build new alliances” to ensure its preservation. “I want us to launch an exhaustive review of our security with all Europe’s partners, which includes Russia,” he added.

Differences on defense

Macron’s remarks come as the White House continues to question US relations with Europe. US President Donald Trump has repeatedly cast doubt on Washington’s commitment to the NATO military alliance, saying the US pays far more for defense than other member states.

In 2014, NATO nations agreed to stop cuts to defense spending and pursue a target of 2 percent of GDP by 2024. But Trump has called for alliance members to reach the goal sooner or see the US “moderate” its commitment.

Although their relationship has been dubbed a “bromance,” French President Emmanuel Macron has criticized US President Donald Trump’s decisions to pull out of the Iran deal and impose tariffs against EU steel and aluminum

‘Counterweight to the US’

But defense spending isn’t the only problem straining EU-US relations. Brussels has criticized the US for pulling out of the Iran nuclear deal and reimposing sanctions against the Islamic Republic.

Meanwhile, European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker last month managed to avert a trade war by negotiating a deal with Trump after Washington imposed tariffs on steel and aluminum exports against its economic ally, the EU.

Read more: When does a trade spat become an actual trade war?

Last week, German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas made similar remarks to Macron’s in a guest article for German business newspaper Handelsblatt, saying Europe must “take an equal share of the responsibility” and “form a counterweight to the US.”

“If we go it alone, we will fail in this task,” Maas said. “The outstanding aim of our foreign policy is to build a sovereign, strong Europe. Only by joining forces with France and other European nations can a balance with the US be achieved.”