#Antibiotic Residue Test Kits research | Explore Tumblr Posts and Blogs

preppernewstoday · 2 years

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Thyme is a powerful herb that has many medicinal benefits. Although you may be more familiar with using it as a flavoring for stews, seafood, and vegetarian dishes, it has a range of internal and external uses that make it ideal for survivalists. Thyme has antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties. It can heal wounds, repel insects, and treat tooth decay. Not only is thyme oil easy to make, but it also has a long shelf-life, lasting up to a year if kept in a cool, dry place. How to Make Thyme-Infused Oil You can make thyme-infused oil simply and quickly, making it a suitable alternative to essential oil. While essential oils are more potent and suitable for internal and external use, infused herbal oils also have their place in the survivalist’s first aid kit. Thyme oil is an effective treatment for external parasites, such as lice, crabs, and scabies. You can also use it to reduce inflammation and repel bugs. Thyme oil is also effective against bacterial infections and can reduce the irritation and swelling associated with skin conditions such as acne and eczema. Internally, it can be used to treat coughs and sore throats and eliminate intestinal parasites. Step One: Getting Started To make a thyme oil infusion, you’ll need: Fresh thyme leaves and flowersOil – a light oil is best for thyme, as it makes it suitable for both culinary and medicinal purposes. Thicker oils tend to clog the pores, reducing their efficiency at treating skin conditions. Either olive oil or coconut oil is ideal.A clean glass jar with an airtight lidSaucepanTea strainer Labels Step Two: Harvest and Crush Thyme There are many varieties of thyme, the most common of which is Thymus vulgaris or garden thyme. As an evergreen plant, thyme can be harvested at any point during the year, although it’s at its most potent in early summer, just before flowering. Harvest thyme early in the morning after any residual dew has dried. I find using scissors is the easiest way to harvest this delicate herb, as picking it with your hands can damage the plant. Harvesting Thyme Cut sprigs of thyme roughly five to six inches long, if you can. My thyme plants are still quite small, so I made do with slightly shorter ones. Experts recommend that you don’t wash the thyme before use as this can remove some of the essential oils. Once you’ve got a good handful of thyme, you can start processing the herb. I used garden thyme To do this, you need to crush it lightly using a pestle and mortar. This process helps to release and activate the oils in the plant, making your oil more potent. Crush to release the essential oils Step Three: Combine Herbs and Oil Place the crushed thyme in a saucepan and add one cup of oil. Combine with oil Heat the mixture gently until you see bubbles starting to form. Heat gently After five minutes, remove the saucepan from the heat and allow it to cool. Once the oil is cool, strain it into a clean jar using a tea strainer or similar utensil. Strain Label your thyme oil before storing it in a cool place out of direct sunlight. Label and store Thyme Oil Uses and Benefits Thyme-infused oil can be used externally for the following: #1 Treat and Prevent Bacterial Infections Cuts and minor wounds are an inevitable part of life and are usually harmless if a little painful. Once infected, however, even a minor wound can become potentially fatal. Research shows that thyme oil is highly effective at treating bacterial infections. In one study, researchers tested thyme oil against 120 strains of bacteria, finding it to have strong activity against all of them, particularly antibiotic-resistant strains. Not only does thyme oil kill bacteria, but it can also inhibit its growth, making it an effective treatment for intestinal infections and bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract. #2 Heal Burns and Wounds Thyme is an “antibacterial and wound healing promoting agent” that can be used instead of antibiotic cream.

Not only will it prevent infection, but it will also encourage the wound to heal faster. Thyme also has pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory qualities, making it excellent for healing burns. #3 Treat Fungal Infections Thyme oil has proved to be highly effective against stubborn fungal infections of both fingernails and toenails. These infections can be painful and difficult to treat. It’s also proved effective against athlete’s foot and other similar infections. #4 Cure Skin Problems Applied directly to the skin, thyme oil can help alleviate the symptoms of eczema and other skin conditions. It can ease both the irritation and inflammation associated with such conditions. #5 Relieve Joint and Muscle Pain Thyme oil can be used topically to ease muscle pain, tension, and inflammation. You can also use it on bumps, bruises, aching joints, and sore muscles. #6 Repel Insects Thyme oil is one of the most effective natural insect repellents around. It can provide up to around 3.5 hours of protection against mosquitos and other biting insects. You can also use thyme oil to keep insects out of your camp kitchen and tent. Apply a few drops of thyme oil to any surface to repel moths and beetles. #7 Soothe Insect Bites Not only does thyme oil repel biting insects, but it also helps to soothe any bites that do manage to sneak through. In addition to calming the bite by removing the swelling and irritation, thyme oil also reduces the risk of infection. #8 Cleanse the Skin Thyme oil can be used as a cleanser to prevent acne and reduce inflammation. #9 Soothe Menstruation Pain and Heal Fibroids Massaged into the abdomen, thyme oil increases the body’s progesterone levels, making it effective as a natural fibroid treatment. #10 Kill Parasites Thyme oil is an effective remedy for crabs, lice, and scabies. Apply the oil liberally to the affected area and leave for one hour before washing off. Thyme oil can be used internally to treat: Epileptic seizuresCoughs and sore throatsTooth decay and gum disease Worms and internal parasites It can also boost the immune system. How To Use Thyme Oil This thyme-infused oil is safe to use internally and externally, although it can cause a drop in blood pressure if taken in excess. Some people are also allergic to thyme oil and can develop diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting if they take it internally. Although this thyme-infused oil isn’t as concentrated as an essential oil, it still packs quite a punch. If you take it internally, a safer approach would be to use fresh thyme to make a mild thyme infusion or tea. If you decide to take this oil internally, start with a small dose of just a few drops and monitor your reaction. If you have no unpleasant side effects, you can gradually increase the dosage as necessary. Thyme-infused oil can be applied directly to wounds, burns, cuts, and scratches to prevent infection and promote healing. It can also be used as a massage oil to reduce inflammation and alleviate pain. Conclusion Thyme-infused oil helps to rid the body of infections and parasites. It repels insects, soothes bites, cleanses the skin, reduces inflammation, and relieves pain. Like many herbal oils, it’s safe to use internally and externally, although only in moderation. When added to food, it also acts as a preservative and prevents bacteria from forming. Further Reading

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yourwellplateblog · 2 years

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Buying The ELISA 96-Well Plates

When you're buying an ELISA kit, it's a good idea to buy a 96-well plate validated for use with the 5-mC ELISA kit. This plate features 12 x 8-well flat-bottom clear strips that can be removed for processing varying amounts of samples. The plate comes with everything you need to perform your experiments. To learn more about these ELISA kits, check out this buying guide. You can get the best 96-well plates here: www.chromtech.com.

When buying 96-well microplates for an ELISA kit, it's important to find a plate that will work with your detection method and plate reader. While most manufacturers adhere to universal standards, it's important to check the specifics of the plate before you make the purchase. To help you avoid issues down the line, check the specifications of the microplates. You can also get free samples from the manufacturer if you're unsure of its compatibility.

96-well plates are used for various immunological tests. They're a popular choice for milk testing and antibiotic residues detection. They are easy to use and separate from a strip. They increase sensitivity and dilute analytes quickly, shortening detection time. The 96-well plate has many uses, and it's worth comparing a few types before you decide which one will work best for your research. At Chrom Tech, you can get the best 96-well plates.

Another reason to buy a 96-well plate is that it has a high protein binding capacity. In addition, the high-binding 96-well plate is ideal for the specific binding of biotin-conjugated antibodies. These plates come with eight removable strips and a 96-well capacity. Each strip contains about 300 ul of biotinylated rabbit IgG.

ELISA microplates are commonly used in laboratories and are often made of a reagent-based solution. Compared to other 96-well microplates, this reagent-based format offers superior lot-to-lot and intra-well consistency. It's also compatible with standard microplate readers. Lastly, the 96-well ELISA microplate is compatible with both fluorescence and chemiluminescence detection modes. You can get more enlightened on this topic by reading here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microplate.

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marketresearchtrendsblog · 3 years

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Antibiotic Residue Test Kits Market: Global Industry Analysis, Market Size, and Forecasts up to 2030

The report on the global antibiotic residue test kits market provides qualitative and quantitative analysis for the period from 2017 to 2025. The report predicts the global antibiotic residue test kits market to grow with a CAGR of 6.67% over the forecast period from 2019-2025. The study on antibiotic residue test kits market covers the analysis of the leading geographies such as North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and RoW for the period of 2017 to 2025. The report on antibiotic residue test kits market is a comprehensive study and presentation of drivers, restraints, opportunities, demand factors, market size, forecasts, and trends in the global antibiotic residue test kits market over the period of 2017 to 2025. Moreover, the report is a collective presentation of primary and secondary research findings.

Get More Information Here: https://www.sdki.jp/sample-request-103959 Porter's five forces model in the report provides insights into the competitive rivalry, supplier and buyer positions in the market and opportunities for the new entrants in the global antibiotic residue test kits market over the period of 2017 to 2025. Further, IGR- Growth Matrix gave in the report brings an insight into the investment areas that existing or new market players can consider. Report Findings 1) Drivers • Advanced technology in the antibiotic residue test kits can control or inhibit the microorganism’s growth in food • Rising awareness for the benefits and essentiality of antibiotic residual test kits in the food & beverages as well as dairy industry 2) Restraints • Less awareness about antibiotic residue test kit and its tests 3) Opportunities • Rising the health consciousness and health benefits of antibiotic residue test kits and increasing demand from dairy and food & beverages industry Research Methodology A) Primary Research Our primary research involves extensive interviews and analysis of the opinions provided by the primary respondents. The primary research starts with identifying and approaching the primary respondents, the primary respondents are approached include 1. Key Opinion Leaders associated with Infinium Global Research 2. Internal and External subject matter experts 3. Professionals and participants from the industry Our primary research respondents typically include 1. Executives working with leading companies in the market under review 2. Product/brand/marketing managers 3. CXO level executives 4. Regional/zonal/ country managers 5. Vice President level executives. B) Secondary Research Secondary research involves extensive exploring through the secondary sources of information available in both the public domain and paid sources. At Infinium Global Research, each research study is based on over 500 hours of secondary research accompanied by primary research. The information obtained through the secondary sources is validated through the crosscheck on various data sources. The secondary sources of the data typically include 1. Company reports and publications 2. Government/institutional publications 3. Trade and associations journals 4. Databases such as WTO, OECD, World Bank, and among others. 5. Websites and publications by research agencies Segment Covered The global antibiotic residue test kits market is segmented on the basis of product type, and end user. The Global Antibiotic Residue Test Kits Market by Product Type • Tetracycline • Macrolides • Beta-lactams • Aminoglycosides • Amphenicols • Sulfonamides The Global Antibiotic Residue Test Kits Market by End User • Food and Beverages Industry • Veterinary • Independent Laboratories • Other End Users Company Profiles The companies covered in the report include • Thermo Fischer Scientific • Eurofins Scientific • Labtek Services Ltd. • Charm Sciences • DSM • NEOGEN Food Safety • R-Biopharm AG • Sciex • IDEXX Labs • Perkin Elmer (BioScientific Corp.) What does this report deliver? 1. Comprehensive analysis of the global as well as regional markets of the antibiotic residue test kits market. 2. Complete coverage of all the segments in the antibiotic residue test kits market to analyze the trends, developments in the global market and forecast of market size up to 2025. 3. Comprehensive analysis of the companies operating in the global antibiotic residue test kits market. The company profile includes analysis of product portfolio, revenue, SWOT analysis and latest developments of the company. 4. IGR- Growth Matrix presents an analysis of the product segments and geographies that market players should focus to invest, consolidate, expand and/or diversify.

The dynamic nature of business environment in the current global economy is raising the need amongst business professionals to update themselves with current situations in the market. To cater such needs, Shibuya Data Count provides market research reports to various business professionals across different industry verticals, such as healthcare & pharmaceutical, IT & telecom, chemicals and advanced materials, consumer goods & food, energy & power, manufacturing & construction, industrial automation & equipment and agriculture & allied activities amongst others.

For more information, please contact:

Hina Miyazu

Shibuya Data Count Email: [email protected] Tel: + 81 3 45720790

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juniperpublishers-toxicology · 3 years

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Toxopathological Studies on Some Antimicrobial Drugs in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) and Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus)

Introduction

Fish consider one of the healthiest food as it is low in fat and rich in protein and omega 3 Fayet-Moore [1] & Yipel [2]. The fish farming industry is rapidly expanding in Egypt, as well as in other countries, it has been associated with recurrent bacterial infectious diseases. Farmed Nile tilapia represents more than 58.45, while catfish production is about 3.08% of the total aquaculture harvest in Egypt Gafrd [3]. Antimicrobial medications are used extensively in aquacultures for prophylactic or therapeutic purposes during microbial infections which may result in environmental pollution, development of resistant bacteria and my induce toxicity to human and animals Aly [4] & Khalil [5]. The availability of adequate data on the pharmacokinetics of antimicrobial agents in farmed fish is very important in order to minimize the environmental impacts of the drugs used in aquaculture. Since the excess amount of drugs can do harm to people, the European Union (EU) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) prescribed a Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) for these drugs. The EU MRLs of CPX and SDM in fish were established at 100μg/kg Rezk [6] and 6-8μg/kg for quinolens in the edible tissues of fish Victoria [7].

Quinolones are effective antibacterial drugs widely used in human and veterinary medicine because of their potential therapeutic efficacy Plakas [8], Guo [9], Victoria [7] & Koc [10]. Ciprofloxacin is one of the most potent quinolones used to treat infections with gram negative bacteria as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and Haemophilus spp., and is also effective against some grampositive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus Davis [11] & Van Bambeke [12]. Oxytetracycline (OTC) is an antibacterial agent of tetracycline family that is extensively used for treatment of certain bacterial diseases in aquaculture all over the world Ambili [13]. The withdrawal time for edible tissue is differing according to the water temperature and the type of aquatic system Jeffry [14]. Because of the wide spread and long-time use of OTC, many residue studies have been recorded Rigos [15-16] & Julie [17].

Sulfonamides are the oldest antimicrobial agents and still play an important role in aquaculture treatments. Sulfamethazine (SMZ) is the most used antimicrobial drug in Veterinary field. Sulfonamides residues have been repeatedly detected in the aquatic environment Kolpin [18] & Batt [19]. Moreover sulphamethoxazole residues have been reported in shrimp by Wang [20]. Sulfamethoxazole is an effective bacteriostatic against gram positive as well as gram negative bacteria; it affects bacteria by inhibiting folic acid synthesis Baran [21]. Antimicrobial drug residues may be transferred through food-chain to human and induce antibiotic resistance. To our knowledge, however, very few data are available about residues of ciprofloxacin, oxytetracycline and SDM in farmed Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) and catfish (C. gariepinus) reared under field conditions. However, this study aimed to investigate serum concentration peaks of ciprofloxacin, oxytetracycline and SDM post-treatment and their residues in liver, kidney and muscles together with serum biochemical estimation and histopathological examinations.

Materials and Methods

Animals and diet

Three hundred and sixty fish from each of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus), and catfish (C.gariepinus) (weight, about 50 and 75g for tilapia and catfish, respectively) were supplied from Central Lab for Aquaculture Research (CLAR), Egypt and used in this experiment that was performed in triplicates, following the Universal Directive on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. Four different basal diets (control, CIP, oxytetracycline and sulfadimethoxine) were prepared in the form of pellets to use in the study. Basal diets were prepared by grinding the corn to granules using 0.5mm mesh (Thomes-Willey Laboratory Mill Model 4). Ingredients were mixed mechanically by horizontal mixture (Hobarts model D300T) at a low speed for 30 minutes. Oil (vegetable & cod liver) was added gradually to assure the homogeneity of the ingredients, the mixing speed increased for 5 minutes during the addition of water (600ml water) until the mixture began to clump. Pellets were then prepared using a pellet machine (CPM California pellet mill Co.) with 0.5cm diameter, and pellets were left to dry in air for 24 hrs (Table 1).

Fish with a history of no previous medication, were divided into 4 groups (each of three replicates, 30 fish each) and held in floating cages placed in fish farm ponds and group 1 fed a basal diet while groups 2-4 fed a medicated diet containing 1g CIP, 7.5g OTC and 25mg SDM/kg ration; respectively on a daily bases for five successive days. The temperature was recorded every 12h and adjusted to (26-30°C). The treatment was carried out once daily at 9 a.m. for 5 successive days at a rate of 1 .0% biomass using automatic feeders. Salinity, pH and total hardness were adjusted to, 3±1.1%, 8.21±0.21 and 38.9±1.9mg/L; respectively.

Sampling of the fish

The first sampling day was the 5th day of medication (0 day post treatment), and on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days after the end of treatment with the antimicrobials. At each time of sampling, 15 fish from each group (5fish/replicate) were netted. Fish were anesthetized by immersion in water containing 0.1ppm MS-222 and blood samples were collected. Serum samples and muscle, liver and kidney specimens were collected from all groups. Muscle samples were taken from the dorso-lateral body area just posterior to the operculum. Each specimen was placed in a polyethylene bag and stored at -80°C until they were analyzed. CIP, OTC and SDM concentrations were estimated by ELISA.

Biochemical Studies

The activities of Asparate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase (AP), creatinine and urea, were estimated using commercial diagnostic Kits (Human Diagnostics, Germany). Methods were carried out according to the company directions.

Histopathological examinations

Tissues specimens from the muscles, liver and kidneys were collected at 5th day post-treatment and processed routinely according to Drury and Wallington (1980). Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and examined by light microscope.

Statistical analysis:

Statistical analysis was performed using the one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test to determine the differences among the six fish groups (mean at significance level of P<0.05). All analyses were run on the computer using SAS program Chris Hemedinger [2].

Results

Drug residues

Mean concentrations of the drugs (mean ± SE) vs. time in the serum, liver, kidney and musculature were recorded in (Table 1-3). The peak concentrations of the three drugs in serum were at 0 day. The lowest drug residues were seen in the muscles throughout the entire experiment.

Ciprofloxacine: Results obtained after oral dose of 1 g CIP/kg ration for 5 successive days were shown in (Table 2). The highest recorded concentrations of CIP in sera of Nile tilapia and Catfish were (1.91±0.38ug/ml) and (1.78±0.36ug/ml), respectively at 0 day. CIP concentrations were identified all over the experiment in kidneys with the highest concentrations (2.1±0.65ug/g) at 1st day in Nile tilapia and (1.80±0.64ug/g) at 0 day in kidneys in catfish. CIP neither detected in muscles of Nile tilapia nor of Catfish at 14th and 21st days post-treatment while, were not detect in livers of both kinds of fish at 21st days post-treatment.

Oxytetracycline: (Table 3) shows the serum, liver, kidney and muscle concentrations of OTC versus time in Tilapia and Catfish after oral administration of 75mg OTC/kg ration for 5 successive days. Peaks of OTC in serum were (2.15±0.41ug/ ml) and (2.02±0.31ug/ml) at 0 day in Nile tilapia and Catfish; respectively while, it was not detect in sera of both fish species after 14th and 21st days but detected only in one Catfish (0.03μg / ml) at 7th day post treatment. The highest tissue residues of OTC were (6.1±1.21ug/g) and (7.4±1.35ug/g) in liver of Nile tilapia and Catfish; respectively at 0 day of the treatment. In Nile tilapia and Catfish the OCT concentrations in kidneys were 0.08±0.04 and 0.05±0.02 (μg /g); respectively at 21st day post treatment. The lowest drug residues were in muscles throughout the entire experiment. OCT concentrations were detected in muscles of Nile tilapia and Catfish at (0.10±0.03ug/g) and (0.14±0.02ug/g); respectively after 21 days post treatment

Sulphadimethoxine: (Table 4) showed the mean concentrations of SDM in Nile tilapia and Catfish sera and tissues versus time profile after oral administration of 25mg SDM/kg ration for 5 successive days. The highest serum concentrations of SDM were (3.12±0.32ug/ml) and (2.98±0.46ug/ml) at 0 day in Nile tilapia and Catfish; respectively while it was detected in only one Tilapia fish (0.04μg /ml) at 7th day of treatment and not thereafter was detected. SDM was detected in kidneys of both Tilapia and catfish all over the experiment. SDM highest concentrations in kidney were at 0 day post-treatment (44.2±5.1ug/g) and (31.2±4.6ug/g) in Nile tilapia and Catfish; respectively. At 21st day of treatment; SDM was not detected in muscles and liver of Catfish but detected only in one Tilapia fish (0.11ug/g and 0.03ug/g in liver and muscles; respectively).

Biochemical results

(Figure 1,2) represented the biochemical results at 5th day of oral administration of CIP, OTC and SDM in both Nile tilapia and Catfish. ALT was significantly increased in both fish species after 5 days of oral administration of the three drugs compared with control. In Tilapia fish AST was significantly increased after administration of the three tested drugs while, in Catfish AST was significantly increased after administration of OTC and SDM in comparison with control. Creatinine was significantly increased in Nile tilapia with all three drugs but in Catfish it was significantly increased with OTC and SDM whereas not increased with CIP. Urea was significantly increased in Tilapia fish after administration of all drugs except OTC while, in Catfish urea was significantly increased in both OTC and SDM but not significantly changed in case of CIP compared with control.

Histopathological results

The oral administration of 1g CIP/kg ration for 5 successive days in Nile tilapia and Catfish at 5th days post-treatment, revealed minimal histopatholoigical alterations in comparison with the other treated groups. The musculature exhibited hyaline degeneration in few muscle bundles (Figure 3), the liver displayed nuclear pyknosis of some hepatocytes with mild parenchymal edema (Figure 4) while the kidneys showed proliferation of melanomachrophage cells and mild tubular nephrosis in the renal epithelium (Figure 5). The oral administration of 75mg OTC/kg ration, for 5 successive days in Tilapia and Catfish at 5th day posttreatment, revealed edema and focal hyaline degeneration in the musculature (Figure 6). Focal proliferation of melanomoacrophage cells was observed in the liver and kidney parenchyma. Wide spread vacuolar degeneration in the hepatocytes (Figure 7) and tubular nephroses in the renal tubular epithelium (Figure 8) were evident.

The oral administration of 25mg SDM/kg ration, for 5 successive days in both Nile tilapia and Catfish at 5th days posttreatment, revealed edema and hyaline degeneration as well as focal Zenker’s necrosis in the musculature with focal of mononuclear leukocytic infiltration (Figure 9). The liver exhibited wide spread vacuolar degeneration as well as coagulative necrosis in the hepatocytes with some mononuclear cells infiltration and melanomacrophages (Figure 10). The kidney showed tubular nephrosis mainly vacuolar degeneration with few cells exhibited coagulative necrosis, hyaline casts and few mononuclear cells infiltrations were evident (Figure 11).

Discussion:

Using of antimicrobial drugs in aquaculture production is one of the main sources of environmental pollution Pruden [23]; Rico & Van den Brink [24]. During the past years there was increase in the occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria and this is of critical implications on public health Gouvêa [25] & Rezk [6]. Quesada [26] & Guidi [27] mentioned that tetracycline, oxytetracycline (tetracyclines), enrofloxacin (quinolones), and sulfadimethoxine (sulfonamide) are most commonly used antibiotics in aquaculture worldwide and the presence of their residues in food could resulted in health hazards and toxic effects. Therefore, understanding the depletion of drugs from different tissues of fish is of extreme importance and the drug residues must be assessed in order to determine the time needed before the antimicrobials disappear from the tissues and to judge when the treated fish can be safely consumed. There are limited data about the occurrence of drugresidues in intensive culture of freshwater fishes in Egypt, hence the goal of this study was to estimate tissue distribution and residue depletion after oral administration of CIP, OTC and SDM in Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) and catfish (C. gariepinus).

The elimination and residues of antimicrobials depend upon dose, duration, fish species, and aquaculture conditions He [28]. Nile tilapia and catfish are kinds of tropical fish and the appropriate temperature for survival is ranging between 24– 32°C. The water temperature in this study was 26-30°C and the research was conducted on healthy fish in conditions those are quite close to actual aquaculture. In this study the withdrawal time of CIP from serum in both O. niloticus and C. gariepinus was almost 7days. Guo [9] concluded that CIP in eels eliminated from plasma for about 298h, after oral gavage of a single dose (10μg / kg). Wu [30] reported that, elimination half life of enrofloxacine and its metabolite ciprofloxacin were 15.61, 16.83, and 17.19h in muscle, liver, and plasma of Tilapia; respectively. Ciprofloxacin concentration was 0.3 and 0.1μg/g in liver and muscle of Chinese mitten-handed crab after single intramuscular injection of 5.0mg enrofloxacin/kg body weight Guanghong [31]. The maximum enrofloxacin concentrations in the muscle, liver and plasma of O. niloticus were 3.61μg/g, 5.96μg/g and 1.25μg/ml; respectively after oral dose of enrofloxacine (50mg/kg) for 7 days and the predicted withdrawal time was 22 days Weihai [32]. Withdrawal

time of CIP from muscle and liver under our experimental conditions was 14 days in both O. niloticus and C. gariepinus. Enrofloxacin metabolized into ciprofloxacin therefore, extended withdrawal time for enrofloxacin is recommended. Renal CIP concentrations in both O. niloticus and C. gariepinus were 0.12μg/g and 0.10μg/g; respectively at 21 days post-treatment. The main target organ for CIP metabolism is kidney Ole [33]. Our results showed that, serum OTC concentrations at 0 day posttreatment (5th day of medication) in Nile tilapia and catfish were 2.15 and 2.02μg/mL; respectively. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations specify OTC treatment in finfish culture at 55 to 83mg/kg fish per day for 10 days with a 21-day withdrawal prior introducing for food. After 21 days, OTC concentrations must be below the tolerance of 2ppm (μg/g). The mean peak concentrations of OTC at 0 day post-treatment in fish muscle of O. niloticus and C. gariepinus were 0.94 and 0.99μg/g; respectively. Comparable to other studies carried out in farmed fish; Bjorklund & Bylund [34] found peak OTC concentrations of 0.6-1.5ug/g in farmed rainbow trout and salmon. Our study showed that, OCT concentration in muscle was 0.10μg/g and 0.14μg/g in O. niloticus and C. gariepinus at 21 day post-treatment. Rigos [16] recorded plasma and muscle concentrations of OCT were 0.9±0.2μg/ml and 3.0 ±1.1 μg/g in seabream 150 hours post single intravascular injection (40mg/kg) while, at 24h post-oral dosing (75mg/kg) muscle and liver concentrations of OCT were 0.008 and 6.2±1.8 (μg/g); respectively. Julie [17] observed that OCT concentrations in muscles of adult rainbow trout were below 2ug/g by 21 days after withdrawal of OTC medicated feed for 10 days. Bjorklund & Bylund [34] reported OCT concentration in muscle of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri ) to be below 1ug/g by 14 days after drug withdrawal. Josè [35] concluded OTC concentrations in sea bream muscle were lower than in all the other tissues and declined under 0.1ug/g 20 days after treatment ceased. Meanwhile, Rigos [17] concluded poor intestinal absorption of OCT and that oral administration was unsuccessful in sharp snout sea bream. Reda [36] found that, the OTC residues in O. niloticus muscles were 0.05ug/g after a withdrawal period of 15 days when supplemented in diet at 100mg/kg diet for 12 weeks, this level was lower than the MRLs of OTC (0.1ug/g) that established by commission regulations, EU [37]. The differences between these species are likely the result of physiological differences between species and/ or differences in experimental design. Hepatic accumulation of OCT in our work was observed in both O. niloticus & C.s gariepinus (0.51 and 0.98μg/g) 21 day post-treatment, respectively. Hepatic metabolism is the major route for OCT metabolism in different fish species. Rigos [17] and Bjorklund & Bylund [34] recorded OTC hepatic accumulation. Ole [38] recorded the highest average concentrations of SDM in plasma and muscles of Atlantic salmon (14.30μg/ml and 17.72μg/g, respectively) after oral administration in feed for 5 consecutive days as well as the withdrawal time was 288, 300 and 350 hrs in muscle, liver and kidney; respectively. The elimination half-life of SDM from blood of rainbow trout was 24.5 hours after a single oral administration (200mg/kg), at a water temperature of 15°C Kauzauki [39]. Our work showed that, the highest average concentration of SDM in liver, kidney and muscle were 8.95, 44.2 and 2.15μg/g; respectively in Nile tilapia at 0 day post-treatment. The corresponding values in catfish were 6.14, 31.2 and 2.02μg/g; respectively. SDM was not detectible at the 21th day post-treatment in muscle of C. gariepinus and detected only in one O. niloticus.

Conclusion

The antimicrobial drugs based on dose and type may negatively impact the liver and kidney functions with significant changes in enzymatic parameters and histopathological picture [48-55]. Also, the three tested medications had residues in the liver, kidney and muscles of Nile tilapia and catfish, the lowest drug residues were in muscles. CIP is considered as the safest one with the least residues. For the control of fish bacterial diseases, preventive measures should be applied and during urgent need, the selection of correct antimicrobial agent is very important through frequent antimicrobial sensitivity testing. An antimicrobial with minimal residue limit should be selected to protect animal and human health from potential hazards caused by contaminated fish. However, further studies are needed to estimate the toxicity of therapies in the aquatic creatures and environment.

Ethical approval

All the animals were maintained in accordance with the National and International Institutional Guidelines for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific purposes.

Competing interest

The authors declare that they have no significant competing financial, professional or personal interests that might have influenced the performance or presentation of the work described in this manuscript.

#Juniper Publishers #Open Access Journal #Open Access Journal of Toxicology #Toxicology

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coolsharik-blog · 4 years

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Antibiotic Residue Test Kits Market Revenue Growth Predicted by 2026

The global antibiotic residue test kits market reached ~US$ 50 Mn/Bn in 2026 and is anticipated grow at a CAGR of 6.2% over the forecast period 2017-2026. In this Antibiotic Residue Test Kits Market study, the following years are considered to predict the market footprint:

History Year: 2012 - 2016

Base Year: 2012

Estimated Year: 2016

Forecast Year: 2017 – 2026

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In a bid to recognize the growth prospects in the antibiotic residue test kits market, the market study has been geographically fragmented into important regions that are progressing faster than the overall market. Each segment of the antibiotic residue test kits market has been individually analyzed on the basis of pricing, distribution, and demand prospect for the following regions:

North America (S., Canada)

Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Rest of Latin America)

Europe (Germany, Italy, France, U.K., Spain, Benelux, Russia, Rest of Europe)

Japan

APEJ

MEA

The key players in the global antibiotic residue test kits market report consist of

Companies namely

Thermo Fischer Scientific

DSM, Charm Sciences

Perkin Elmer (BioScientific Corp)

Labtek Services Ltd

Each market player encompassed in the antibiotic residue test kits market study is assessed according to its market share, production footprint, current launches, agreements, ongoing R&D projects, and business tactics. In addition, the antibiotic residue test kits market study scrutinizes the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis.

On the basis of product type, the global antibiotic residue test kits market report covers the footprint, and consumption of the segments including

Beta-lactams

Macrolides

Tetracyline

Aminoglycosides

Amphenicols

Siulfonamides

The global antibiotic residue test kits market covers the demand trends of each end user which includes

Food and Beverage Industry

Veterinary

Independent Laboratory

Other Applications

What insights readers can gather from the antibiotic residue test kits market report?

Learn the behavior pattern of every antibiotic residue test kits market player – product launches, expansions, collaborations and acquisitions in the market currently.

Examine and study the progress outlook of the global antibiotic residue test kits landscape, which includes, revenue, production & consumption and historical & forecast.

Understand important drivers, restraints, opportunities, and trends (DROT Analysis).

Important trends, such as carbon footprint, R&D developments, prototype technologies, and globalization.

The antibiotic residue test kits market report answers the following queries:

Which players hold the significant antibiotic residue test kits market share and why?

What strategies are the antibiotic residue test kits market players forming to gain a competitive edge?

Why region is expected to lead the global antibiotic residue test kits market?

What factors are negatively affecting the antibiotic residue test kits market growth?

What will be the value of the global antibiotic residue test kits market by the end of 2026?

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#Antibiotic Residue Test Kits Market report Antibiotic Residue Test Kits Market size Antibiotic Residue Test Kits Market share Antibiotic Res

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Different Drugs in Modulating Gut Microbiome of Colitis Mice Abstract Background: The gut microbiome plays a key role in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), which has spurred the development of novel therapeutics aimed at restoring microbial community structure. Saccharomyces boulardii is a new probiotic that has not been commonly used to treatment IBD. Although the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Sijunzi Tang (SJZT) decoction has been widely used to alleviate the symptoms of ulcerative colitis (UC), its underlying mechanism remains unknown. Methods: The efficacy of four drugs named S. boulardii, SJZT, Dangshen (Codonopsis pilosula) polysaccharide or S. boulardii in combination with Dangshen polysaccharide were test during treatment with Dextran Sulphate Sodium (DSS)-induced mice colitis. Weight loss, colonic histology were measured. Furthermore, the gut microbiome of mice before and post colitis treatments were performed by 16S rRNA-based microbiome analysis. Results: All four drugs profoundly inhibited weight loss, colon shortening, and ameliorated histological damage as well as DSS-induced dysbiosis in mice. Beneficial bacteria-especially Short Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA)-producing genera were remarkably enriched in the treated mice. Roseburia, Anaerovorax and Lactobacillus were selectively enriched by S. boulardii, while Butyrivibrio, Quinella and Anaerotruncus were selectively enriched by SJZT. Most notably, Dangshen polysaccharide selectively enriched Bifidobacterium, Arthrobacter, Akkermansia, Anaerovorax, Roseburia, Prevotella, Dialister, Megamonas, Faecalibacterium and Subdoligranulum. Conclusion: S. boulardii, Sijunzi decoction, and its main component, Dangshen polysaccharide, are effective in alleviating DSS-induced colitis. Modulating the gut microbiome may be the common mechanism whereby these compounds improve colonic health. Furthermore, Dangshen polysaccharide is a powerful prebiotic that selectively promotes probiotic growth, especially SCFA-producing bacteria. Keywords: Saccharomyces boulardii; Polysaccharide; Gut microbiome; Ulcerative colitis Abbrevations: IBD: Inflammatory Bowel Disease; UC: Ulcerative Colitis; CD: Crohn’s Disease; CAMS: Complementary and Alternative Medicines; SJZT: Sijunzi Tang; DSS: Dextran Sulfate Sodium; OTUS: Operational Taxonomic Units Go to Introduction Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is the term used to describe chronic intestinal inflammatory conditions, including Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and Crohn’s Disease (CD). While IBD is especially common among western populations, the incidence of IBD in China has increased rapidly in recent years because of the widely adopted westernized lifestyle [1]. The etiology and pathogenesis of IBD are not fully understood, and effective therapeutics are lacking. A healthy, balanced intestinal microbiome plays a key role in maintaining whole-body homeostasis. Significant alterations to the gut microbiome, referred to as dysbiosis, are present in most chronic inflammatory disease. Intestinal dysbiosis is a defining feature of IBD, with some even considering it to be causative. Indeed, manipulating the gut microbiome has been shown to greatly alleviate the symptoms of IBD [2]. Pro- and prebiotics are two widely adopted therapeutic strategies that are also great examples of Complementary and Alternative Medicines (CAMs) being used in clinic. Traditional Chinese medicines have also shown remarkable curative effects as CAMs in IBD patients. Sijunzi Tang (SJZT) decoction is a classical herbal formula composed of Dangshen [Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf], Baizu (Atractylodes macrocephalae Koidz), Fuling [Poria cocos（Schw. Wolf] and Gancao (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch). Related researches claimed that SJZT were efficiently in treating UC patients in China. Its mechanism of action however remains unknown. Recent study suggests that Chinese herbal medicines could potentially be used to modulate the intestinal microbiome. Treatment with Gegen Qinlian decoction for example promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria, especially Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, to alleviate type II diabetes [3]. We therefore hypothesized that SJZT decoction could also relieve IBD symptoms by altering the gut microbiome. Furthermore, based on the theory of Chinese medicine, water- soluble polysaccharides are the key compounds in decoctions. Dangshen polysaccharide, a macromolecular substance that is hard to digest, consists of monosaccharides like D-galactose, D-rhamnose and D-arabinose and their derivatives, a backbone of (1→3)-linked-β-D-galactopyranosyl, (1→2,3)-linked-β-Dgalactopyranosyl and (1→3)-linked-α-D-rhamnopyranosyl residues [4]. Based on the fact that herbal polysaccharides such as Lentinula edodes [5] and Ganoderma lucidume [6] are very effective at modulating the gut microbiome, we hypothesized that non-digestible Dangshen polysaccharide might favor the growth of specific, beneficial microbes, i.e. act as a prebiotic. The fungi Saccharomyces is a new probiotic that is resistant to antibiotics and low pH and grows very well at 37°C [7]. Although widely used in preventing and treating diarrhea, it is rarely used to treat IBD. Most studies on S. boulardii in animal colitis models focus mainly on immune-related mechanisms [8-9]. Recently administration of S. boulardii has been reported to exert its therapeutic effects by altering the gut microbiome in obese and type 2 diabetic mice [10]. Whether S. boulardii can change microbial community structure to relieve IBD symptoms remains to be seen. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Sijunzi decoction, Dangshen polysaccharides and Saccharomyces boulardii on microbial diversity and composition during the treatment of DSS-induced acute colitis in mice, using high-throughput 16S-based sequencing. Go to Material And Methods polysaccharide preparation S. boulardii sachets were purchased from Laboratoires BIOCODEX (Bio flor®, France). In order to remove any contaminants a pure S. boulardii culture was obtained by inoculating the lyophilized yeast in YPD broth with shaking at 37°C for 18 hours; S. boulardii was then harvested and concentrated tenfold to 109CFU/ ml. The yeast was centrifuged and re-suspended in PBS solution for oral administration. The four dried raw materials used to prepare the SJZT decoction (Dangshen, Baizu, Fuling, and Gancao) were all purchased from Xukang pharmaceutical co., ltd (Lanzhou, China). The quality were all met the requirement of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Version). The voucher specimens number were DS-20150721, BZ-20150701, FL-20150718, GC-20150726 respectively. All specimens were identified by senior engineer Pingrong Yang and deposited in the Herbarium of Chinese patent medicine test laboratory of Gansu Institute of Drug Control, Lanzhou, China. Four materials mixed in a ratio of 9:9:9:6 and herbs were decocted twice with boiling water (10 times of the material’s weight) for 60min then filtered, pooled and concentrated to 1g/ ml. Mice were orally administered 10ml/kg (convert from clinical dose). Quality control of the SJZT decoction was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin from Gancao, according to an established method [11]. Briefly, chromatographic separation was performed on a Zobax SB-C18 column (4.6mm×150mm, 5μm); the mobile phase consisted of methyl alcohol -0.5% acetic acid; the flow rate was 1ml/min; the column temperature was 30°C; liquiritin was detected at 276nm, and glycyrrhizic acid at 250nm. The crude polysaccharide extract was obtained from Dangshen by water decoction and alcohol precipitation. Total carbohydrate content was then determined by phenol-sulfuric acid assay based on a standard curve determined from D-glucose at six different concentrations (μg/ml). Animal experiments and treatment design The present animal study was conducted according to protocols approved by the Ethics Committee of Animal Experiments of Lanzhou University. Female C57BL/6 mice were purchased from the Gansu university of Chinese medicine. After acclimatization for one week, mice were housed individually in plastic cages at constant temperature (21±2°C), with an alternating 12h light/ dark cycle, and animal chow and water were provided ad libitum. mice were divided into six groups and treatments lasted for 30 days A. Dangshen polysaccharide (dissolved in PBS solution, 300mg/ kg) B. Saccharomyces boulardii (resuspended in PBS to a concentration 109CFU/ml) C. Dangshen + S. boulardii, (Dangshen polysaccharide dissolved in an S. boulardii suspension) D. Sijunzi (SJZT decotion (1g/ml) at 10ml/kg; dose selection was based on that used in clinic patients) E. Colitis (DSS, PBS solution) F. Normal (no DSS, PBS solution) After 21 days of treatment, acute colitis was induced by administering 2.5% DSS solution to groups A-E for 7 days, followed by distilled water for two days. All drugs (groups A-D) were adminis tered throughout the study (see experimental design in Figures). Fresh fecal samples were collected immediately upon defecation on days 1(blank) and 21(before colitis induction), placed in sterile centrifuge tubes and stored at-80°C. On day 30 (post-colitis) mice were sacrificed and intestinal fecal samples were collected from the colon. To evaluate the therapeutic effects of the four different treatments, mice body weight was monitored daily, and following a final assessment of colon length, inflamed colon tissues were treated with formalin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Inflammation was graded according to an established system [12]. DNA isolation and illumina pyrosequencing of the V3 16S rRNA gene region Microbial DNA was extracted from fecal samples using the Qian Gen@ Stool DNA kit (Beijing, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. DNA concentration and purity were quantified on a Nano Drop 1000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific) and DNA integrity was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Universal primers were selected to span the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene: 338F (5’-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCA- 3’) and 806R (5’-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3’). In brief, PCRs were performed in 20μl reactions containing 5x Fast Pfu Buffer (4μl), 10 ng template DNA, 2μL dNTPs, 0.8μl forward and reverse primer (5μl), 0.4μl Fast Pfu Polymerase and ddH2O to 20μl. The PCR parameters were: 95°C for 3 min, 27 cycles of 95°C for 30 seconds, 55°C for 30 seconds, 72°C for 45 seconds, followed by a final extension of 72°C for 10 min. PCR products were detected on a 2% agarose gel and quantified by Quanti Fluor™-ST and all samples were pooled at mean concentrations. Library preparation and pyrosequencing were performed on an Illumina Mi Seq PE 300 platform by Shanghai Majorbio Technology Company. Bioinformatic and statistical analyses High quality sequences were assigned to each sample (demultiplexed) and clustered as Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) at a threshold of ≥ 97% similarity. OTU abundance data was used to calculate alpha diversity (Shannon index), richness and rarefaction estimates using Mothur [13]. Community structure was assessed using Uni Frac Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA), Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) based on Bray-Curtis distance, and hierarchical clustering, using R packages vegan. Heatmaps were created using Mothur and R package heatmap [14] to visualize treatment-specific changes in the microbiome. All results are presented as the mean (±SE). Group differences were assessed by ANOVA and the Mann-Whitney test in SPSS19.0. P-values < 0.05 were considered significant. Go to Results Preparation of probiotic, Sijunzi decoction, Dangshen polysaccharide An S. boulardii culture was prepared from a commercial product and typical morphologic characteristics of yeast was observed (Figure 1A). Dangshen polysaccharide constituted 38.7% of the crude, brown Dangshen polysaccharide powder (Figure 1B). HPLC-based quality control of the Sijunzi decoction was performed using glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin as indicator components (Figure 1C & 1D). The content of glycyrrhizic acid in SJZT (1g/ml) was 13.5μg/ml while that of liquiritin was 5.8μg/ml. Click here to view Large Figure 1 Different treatments alleviate DSS-induced colitis in mice An outline of the animal experiments and treatment design is shown in Figure 2. Before induction of colitis, four different treatments were administered orally for three weeks. Body weight was measured daily (from day 1) and all groups showed a steady increase in body weight. However, Dangshen and especially SJZT attenuated weight gain compared vs normal group (SJZT P<0.05). By day 20, body weight was increased in the S. boulardii and D+S groups (Figure 3A). After induction of colitis (2.5% DSS solution for 7 days) the four treatments were continued administered until the end of study. All treatments significantly inhibited weight loss by day 30 relative to the DSS-only group (P<0.05), especially S. boulardii and D+S significantly (P<0.001) (Figure 3B). Total colon length decreased in all DSS-treated mice relative to controls, while treatment groups A-D showed a slight increase in colon length relative to the DSS-only group (P<0.05, Figure 3C & 3D). Click here to view Large Figure 2 Click here to view Large Figure 3 The degree of colonic inflammation was further confirmed by histological analysis. While control mice had intact surface epithelia, stroma, cryptal glands, and submucosae, DSS-treated mice showed surface epithelium damage, cryptal gland disruption and infiltration of lymphocytes. All treatment groups had significantly lower histology scores than DSS-treated mice (P<0.05). In the S. boulardii and Dangshen + S. boulardii groups, surface epithelium and cryptal glands were more intact than in the Dangshen and SJZT groups (Figure 4A). There was no obvious infiltration of inflammatory cells in any of the treated groups, especially not in the D+S group (Figure 4B). Click here to view Large Figure 4 Gut microbiome structure in response to different treatments in DSS-induced colitis Sequencing the V3-V4 16S hypervariable region produced 2387053 high quality sequences from fecal samples collected on days 1, 21 and 30, with a mean of 43400±1901 sequences per sample. The mean number of OTUs per sample was 373. Rarefaction and diversity analysis show that the majority of the gut microbial diversity was captured at the current sequencing depth, with few new OTUs anticipated at increased sequencing depths (Figure 5A). All treatments increased gut microbiome richness in mice by day 21 relative to baseline levels at day 1 (Figure 5B), especially D+S (P<0.01), Dangshen and S. boulardii (P<0.05), and to a lesser extent SJZT (P>0.05, Figure 5C). Post-treatment (day 30), all groups had slightly more unique OTUs than DSS-only mice, but this was not significant (Figure 5D). In terms of diversity, the two polysaccharide-rich groups (Dangshen, D+S) had significantly higher Shannon indices than control mice before colitis (Figure 5E P<0.05), while the SJZT group appeared unchanged. Acute colitis rapidly decreased diversity however, the four treatments all significantly increased diversity (Figure 5F, P<0.05). The overall gut microbiome structure in response to the various treatments were further analyzed by uniFrac distance-based PCoA, which revealed that control mice had distinct microbiomes compared to all the other groups. All four treatments, except for a few outlier samples, modulated the colitis-associated microbiome, and the different treatments tended to form separate clusters (Figure 6A). NMDS analysis (Bray-Curtis distance) supported the PCoA-based result and further showed that bacterial communities in the Dangshen group are more homogenous than other groups, followed by the SJZT group (Figure 6B). These findings were confirmed by hierarchical clustering analysis and suggest that the four treatments alter the microbiome in the inflamed colon (Figure 6C). Click here to view Large Figure 5 Click here to view Large Figure 6 Gut microbiome composition in response to different treatments in DSS-induced colitis At baseline (day 1), Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were the three, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria are the three most abundant phyla, with Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes accounting for about 91% of reads. Following treatment, both Dangshen (74.97% vs 79.35%) and Sijunzi (75.43% vs 79.82%) groups had increased proportions of Bacteroidetes. Meanwhile, Bacteroidetes were decreased in the S. boulardii (81.98% vs 65.48%) and D+S (75.48% vs 70.97%) groups. Firmicutes were less abundant in the Dangshen (13.10% vs 12.88%) and SJZT groups (16.86% vs 10.64%), while the S. boulardii (11.70% vs 16.37%) and D+S (12.62% vs 16.52 %) groups had an increased proportion of Firmicutes. Proteobacteria was only decreased in the Dangshen group (9.03% vs 6.82%), and increased in all three other groups, especially in the S. boulardii group, where it was increased more than three-fold (4.62% vs 17.14%, P<0.05. Verru comicrobia was significantly decreased (P<0.01) in all treatment groups (Figure 7A). DSS administration led to a remarkable decrease in Firmicutes (17.77% vs 2.36%, P<0.05) and Proteobacteria (5.18% vs 2.52%, P<0.05), with a significant increase in Bacteroidetes (59.65% vs 78.98%, P<0.05) relative to controls. These changes could however be mitigated by the treatments, especially by Dangshen polysaccharide which increased the proportion of Firmicutes (group A: 31.54%, group C: 32.90% vs DSS-only: 17.77%, P<0.05) and decreased the proportion of Bacteroidetes (group A: 57.11%, group C: 61.66% vs DSS-only: 78.98% P<0.05), Figure 7B. Relative to the DSS-only group, the Dangshen group had a significantly higher proportion of Proteobacteria (9.65% vs 2.52%, P<0.05), while Verrucomicrobia was slightly increased by Dangshen and SJZT (0.54%, 0.047% vs 0, P<0.05). Click here to view Large Figure 7 The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio (F/B) is used as an indicator of the gut microbial composition and was used to evaluate colitis remission and relapse. Post colitis treatment, F/B ratios decreased in the Dangshen and SJZT groups and increased in the S. boulardii and D+S groups (Figure 7C). Induction of colitis (DSS-only)significantly decreased the F/B ratio relative to Normal mice (0.55 vs 0.24, P<0.05), while all four preventative treatments increased the F/B ratio (Figure 7D), which was significant in the Dangshen and D+S groups (P<0.05), where F/B ratios were close to that of controls (0.57, 0.56 vs 0.55, respectively). We next compared community differences at family level (Figure 8A & 8B), which again highlighted the modulating effect of preventative treatment on gut microbial composition. Relative to day 1, all four treatments decreased the proportion of S24-7, especially Dangshen (53.27% vs 30.52%, P<0.05) and S. boulardii (44.37% vs 23.50%, P<0.05). Prevotellaceae was increased in all four treatment groups, and significantly so in the Dangshen (16.27% vs 45.67%, P<0.05) and D+S (18.05% vs 42.84%, P<0.05) groups. S. boulardii promoted Helicobacteraceae growth (3.54% vs 14.87%, P<0.05); SJZT decreased Rikenellaceae (5.37% vs 1.39%, P<0.05), Porphyromonadaceae (1.52% vs 0.72, P<0.05) and Bacteroidaceae (1.92% vs 0.84%, P<0.05); and D+S decreased Verrucomicrobiaceae (1.16% vs 0.001%, P<0.05). Compared with control mice, DSS-induced colitis led to a drastic decrease in S24-7 (35.07% vs 15.18%, P<0.05), Lactobacillaceae (4.98% vs 0.21%, P<0.05) and Helicobacteraceae (3.17% vs 0.27%, P<0.05), while Prevotellaceae (19.27% vs 50.37%, P<0.05) and Bacteroidaceae (1.34% vs 8.67%, P<0.05) were obviously increased. In the treatment groups, S24-7 recovered in the SJZT group compared vs DSS-only (15.18% vs 30.25%, P<0.05); Prevotellaceae was inhibited by all four treatments, especially by Dangshen and SJZT (P<0.05), with Prevotellaceae levels returning to baseline in the SJZT group. Verrucomicrobiaceae was restored in the Dangshen and SJZT groups, while Dangshen and S. boulardii increased Helicobacteraceae abundance compared vs DSS-only (5.23%, 2.22% vs 0, P<0.05). Specific treatment-associated taxa in colitic mice To further compare treatment-specific changes to gut microbial the top 60 most abundant genera (omitting a few rarely reported genera) were selected for comparison between groups (Figure 9). Mice with DSS-induced acute colitis (Group E) showed signs of dysbiosis, marked by a significant decrease in beneficial bacteria and an increase in pathogenic bacteria. Lactobacillus (5.07% vs 0.17%, P<0.05), Bacillus (0.38% vs 0, P<0.05) and Lactococcus (0.32% vs 0, P<0.05) were all decreased in DSS-only vs control mice, while potentially harmful IBD-associated bacteria including Bacteroides (1.37% vs 8.97%, P<0.05), Paraprevotella (0.16% vs 1.78%, P<0.05), Escherichia_Shigella (0.03% vs 0.13%, P<0.05), and Alistipes (0.67 % vs 2.40%, P<0.05) were all notably increased in DSS-only treated mice. Preventative treatment could however alter colitis-associated dysbiosis. Lactobacillus, a commonly used probiotic, was significantly increased in the two S. boulardii-containing groups (P<0.05) yet was only slightly increased in the Dangshen and SJZT groups relative to the DSS-only group, but still far from the levels in the normal group. Bifidobacteriaceae_ unclassified, Bifidobacterium and a new probiotic, Arthrobacter, were all significantly increased in the Dangshen group, and increased (without significance) in the D+S group. Bacillus and Lactococcus could not however be restored in any of the preventative treatment groups. Akkermansia - a new beneficial microbe that plays a key role in combating metabolic disorders [15] - was significantly increased in SJZT and Dangshen groups (Table 1). Group differences in potentially harmful bacteria are summarized (Table 2). All preventative treatments led to a decrease in the relative abundance of Paraprevotella, Parasutterella, and Prevotellaceae_ uncultured; Bacteroides was significantly decreased only in the Dangshen group (P<0.05); Escherichia_Shigella was significantly decreased in all treatment groups except SJZT (P<0.05); Desulfovibrio was decreased in the S. boulardii and SJZT groups; Interestingly, there were significant increases in certain SCFA-producing bacteria, with 9 of the 13 identified genera significantly enriched in at least one treatment group relative to the DSS-only group (D) (Table3); Butyrivibrio, Quinella, and Anaerotruncus were significantly enriched in the SJZT group (P<0.05). Allobaculum Blautia and Odoribacter were marginally increased in all treatment groups (P>0.05); Faecalibacterium, Megamonas, Prevotella, Subdoligranulum and Dialister were increased in the Dangshen and D+S groups, but not in the S. boulardii-only group, which suggests that Dangshen polysaccharide (and not S. boulardii) may be mitigating these effects; Roseburia was markedly increased in all treatment groups, especially in the Dangshen and S. boulardii groups, which also promoted Anaerovorax growth. Click here to view Large Figure 8 Click here to view Large Figure 9 Click here to view Large Table 1 Click here to view Large Table 2 Click here to view Large Table 3 Go to Discussion The human gut microbiome plays a vital role in maintaining body homeostasis. Changes in bacterial compositional (i.e. dysbiosis) can profoundly impact human health, which makes the microbiome an important therapeutic target. Both bacterial diversity and abundance is altered in human IBD; however, whether dysbiosis is a consequence or cause of IBD remains controversial. The success of manipulating the gut microbiome to cure or alleviate the symptoms of IBD has encouraged the use of probiotic and prebiotic therapies. IBD-directed therapies however have variable success rates and a high risk of severe side effects with long-term use. Therefore, in recent years, the use of CAMs have become widespread due to their effectiveness and absence of side effects [16]. Besides probiotics and prebiotics, Chinese traditional medicines may be a viable microbiome-manipulating therapeutic option. In this study, we clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of four different CAMs in relieving DSS-induced colitis. Although most Chinese herbal medicines and their active polysaccharides (e.g. Astragalus membranaceus, Rheum rhabarbarum polysaccharide) have anti-inflammatory effects in a mice colitis model [17], we are the first to report the use of Dangshen [Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf] polysaccharide in the treatment of colitis in mice. In fact, Dangsheng polysaccharide was even more effective than the herbal medicine SJZT, which confirms that Dangshen polysaccharide is the key active ingredient in SJZT. In addition, we found that S. boulardii significantly alleviates the symptoms of colitis, which is in agreement with previous research [8]. S. boulardii in combination with Dangshen polysaccharide, was more effective than S. boulardii alone, which suggests a possible synergistic or synbiotic effect. Following 21 days of preventive treatments (before induction of colitis), a high proportion of Bacteroidetes were present in the Dangshen and SJZT groups. Besides Dangshen polysaccharide, the herbal decoction also contains other plant polysaccharides. On the other hand, Bacteroidetes are well equipped for carbohydrate metabolism [18] so it is not surprising that Bacteroidetes are increased in these groups. Enrichment with Bacteroidetes in polysaccharide-treated mice could be related to polysaccharide degradation in the gut. Furthermore, mice body weight was increased in the two S. boulardii-containing groups compared with the Dangshen and SJZT groups. This was associated with increased F/B ratios in S. boulardii-containing groups, which has been associated with enhanced energy harvesting [19]. The F/B ratio is also a key index in evaluating IBD remission and relapse [20]. All treatments inhibited the DSS-induced decrease in the F/B ratio, with significantly increased F/B ratios in the Dangshen and D+S groups (P<0.05) to values similar to that of the normal (non-DSS group). Modulating F/B ratios in DSS-induced colitis may represent an important underlying mechanism of these treatments. Another interesting feature is that Proteobacteria was significantly increased, especially in the S. boulardii group after 21 days of treatment yet increased only in the Dangsheng group post-colitis (day 30). Proteobacteria can induce a specific IgA response to regulate maturation of the immune maturation [21]. It has also been reported that S. boulardii stimulates intestinal IgA production [22], and that total polysaccharide extracted from SJZT can restore IgA production in a cyclophospha mide-induced lymphoid tissue injury model [23]. Therefore, the ability of S. boulardii and Dangshen polysaccharide to induce IgA may promote the growth of Proteobacteria. The most important characteristic of a good prebiotic is to selectively stimulate the growth of host-beneficial bacteria such as Bidifobacteria and Lactobacilli. Bifidobacterium, Bifidobacteriaceae_unclassified and Lactobacillus were only seen in the Dangshen and D+S group. Arthrobacter produces hydrolytic enzymes (endoinulinases [24] that degrade inulin into common prebiotic fructooligosaccharides. Arthrobacter arilaitensis can produce β-fructofuranosidase, which is used to synthesize the prebiotic kestose [25]. Most Arthrobacter species are probiotics and both Arthrobacter agilis and Arthrobacter citreus have been used to treat IBD [26]. In this study, Arthrobacter growth was facilitated by Dangshen polysaccharide, which supports its prebiotic value. Bacterially-derived SCFAs are major products of prebiotic metabolism. We found that Anaerovorax, Roseburia, Prevotella, Megamonas, Dialister, Faecalibacterium and Subdoligranulum were remarkably increased in the Dangshen group. Apart from Anaerovorax and Roseburia, the other taxa were specifically increased in the Dangshen group. Prevotella is associated with consumption of a diet rich in fiber because of its outstanding ability for cellulose and xylan hydrolysis. A long-term fiber-rich diet therefore promotes the growth of Prevotella, along with increased production of SCFAs [27]. Megamonas and Faecalibacterium are known producers of SCFA, which are decreased in IBD patients [28]. F. prausnitzii, the representative species of the Faecalibacterium genus, is a commonly administered intestinal probiotic in recent years. It produces SCFAs and increases production of IL-10 and TGF-β to control colonic inflammation by regulating the Th17/Treg balance. The common prebiotic inulin greatly facilitates Faecalibacterium growth [29]. In this study, when colitic mice were treated with Dangshen polysaccharide, Prevotella, Megamonas and Faecalibacterium all increased to > 1% (2.67%, 1.05%, 1.36% respectively), which supports the value of Dangshen polysaccharide as a powerful prebiotic. Other SCFA-producing bacteria (Butyrivibrio, Quinella and Anaerotruncus) were seen only in the SJZT group, which suggests the presence of small active molecules or medicinal polysaccharides other than Dangshen polysaccharide that promote the growth of these beneficial microbes. The exact composition of SJZT however requires further study. Roseburia, which produces SCFAs and is now used to treat UC [30], was increased in all four treatment groups. Odoribacter was reduced in DSS-induced colitis, and Odoribacter splanchnus, a typical representative of the genus Odoribacter, is a known producer of acetate and propionate [31]. S. boulardii mildly promoted Odoribacter growth. Anaerovorax metabolizes putrescine to acetate and butyrate [32] and Anaerovorax was remarkably increased in the S. boulardii group. Taken together, these results suggest that S. boulardii is an effective probiotic that facilitates the growth of the SCFA-producing bacteria: Roseburia, Odoribacter and Anaerovorax. Lactobacillus was also increased significantly in the S. boulardii group. Other yeasts have been reported to stimulate the growth of lactic acid strains in fermented products [33]. Our result therefore suggests that S. boulardii also has the ability to promote Lactobacillus growth in vivo. Akkermansia plays a key role in preventing obesity and metabolic disease. A. muciniphila is decreased significantly in diabetes patients. Recent research suggests that metformin may act by facilitating Akkermansia proliferation [34]. Akkermansia is also decreased in IBD patients and a previous study reported that extracellular vesicles derived from Akkermansia muciniphila protect against DSS-induced colitis [35]. In addition, administration of common oligofructose-containing prebiotics completely restored Akkermansia levels in both genetically and high fat-fed obese mice [15]. In this study, we found that Dangshen polysaccharide restored Akkermansia abundance in acute colitic mice, which suggests that Dangshen polysaccharide may be useful as a prebiotic in the prevention of obesity and diabetes. Desulfovibrio is the most important member of the sulphate-reducing bacteria. It breaks down SCFA and amino acids to produce H2S that harm intestinal epithelial cells. Desulfovibrio is increased in the inflamed colon [36], which can be counteracted by S. boulardii and SJZT. Bacteroides was increased in acute colitis, hich is in agreement with a previous study [37]. However, only Dangshen polysaccharide was able to control this increase in Bacteroides, while S. boulardii even promoted its growth. This is in agreement with a previous report where Bacteroides was dramatically increased by S. boulardii administration in type 2 diabetic mice [10]. This may be due to the ability of Bacteroides to utilize t cell walls as, which is made up of β-glucans, as an energy source [10]. However, it remains unclear why SJZT increased the proportion of Bacteroides. Prevotellaceae_uncultured and Parasutterella, which are enriched in IBD patients [38] and in colorectal cancer tissue [39], were inhibited by all four treatments at varying degrees. Escherichia- Shigella is a common pathogenic bacterium that was induced by DSS administration. All treatments, except SJZT, inhibited Escherichia-Shigella growth. Taken together, the common mechanism, shared by all four treatments, was to inhibit harmful bacterial growth. Go to Conclusion Chinese traditional herbal medicine SJZT, Dangshen polysaccharide and S. boulardii were all effective in alleviating DSS-induced colitis. Promoting beneficial and inhibiting pathogenic bacteria may be the shared mechanism of these potential CAM drugs in improving colonic health. Go to Acknowledgments We thank Professor Hongyu Li for providing help in data analysis. This work was supported by Jiangsu Science and Technology Major Project (BA2016036) and Gansu Science and Technology Major Project (17ZD2FA009). Go toConflict Of Interest The author has no conflicts of interest to declare

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preefacto · 5 years

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Antibiotic Residue Test Kits Market Research Investigates World Market Analysis 2026

Global Antibiotic Residue Test Kits Market - A report by Fact.MR

Fact.MR, in its latest business intelligence study, depicts the nuts and bolts of the global antibiotic residue test kits market. The antibiotic residue test kits market report presents detailed information regarding the drivers, restraints, opportunities and trends affecting market growth. Each segment along with its sub-segment is analyzed in terms of value and volume. Further, the keyword report elaborates the market behavior of each vendor operating in the antibiotic residue test kits market.

The antibiotic residue test kits market report considers the following years to present the overall market growth:

History Year: 2012-2016

Base Year: 2012

Estimated Year: 2026

Forecast Year: 2017 – 2026

Key findings of the antibiotic residue test kits market study:

Regional breakdown of the antibiotic residue test kits market based on predefined taxonomy.

Innovative manufacturing processes implemented by antibiotic residue test kits market vendors in detail.

Region-wise and country-wise fragmentation of the antibiotic residue test kits market to grasp the revenue, and growth outlook in these areas.

Changing preferences among consumers across various regions and countries.

Factors (Positive and Negative) impacting the growth of the global antibiotic residue test kits market.

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On the basis of Test Type, the antibiotic residue test kits market study consists of:

Beta-lactams

Macrolides

Tetracycline

Aminoglycosides

Amphenicols

Sulfonamides

On the basis of end use, the antibiotic residue test kits market study incorporates:

Food and Beverage Industry

Veterinary

Independent Laboratory

On the basis of region, the antibiotic residue test kits market study contains:

North America (U.S., Canada)

Latin America (Brazil , Mexico)

APEJ (Australia, Singapore)

MEA (South Africa, Nigeria)

Key players analyzed in the antibiotic residue test kits market study:

Thermo Fisher Scientific

Koninklijke DSM N.V.

Charm Sciences

Perkin Elmer

Labtek Services Ltd.

Neogen Corporation

IDEXX Labs

R-Biopharm AG

Eurofins Scientific

Danaher Corporation

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Queries addressed in the antibiotic residue test kits market report:

How has the global antibiotic residue test kits market grown over the historic period of 2012-2016?

Why are the antibiotic residue test kits market players targeting region for increased product sales?

What patented technologies are the players utilizing in the global antibiotic residue test kits market ?

Which regions are displaying the fastest growth in the antibiotic residue test kits market ?

What are the underlying micro- macroeconomic factors affecting the global antibiotic residue test kits market?

Why choose Fact.MR?

Reports published by Fact.MR are a result of the combination of our experts and digital technologies. We thrive to provide innovative business solutions to the clients as well as tailor the reports aligning with the clients’ requisites. Our analysts perform comprehensive research to offer ins and outs of the current market situation. Clients across various time zones tend to utilize our 24/7 service availability.

#Antibiotic Residue Test Kits

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databridgemarket456 · 1 year

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#Antibiotic Residue Test Kits Market #Antibiotic Residue Test Kits Market scope #Antibiotic Residue Test Kits Market size #Antibiotic Residue Test Kits Marketshare

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qyrresearch-blog · 5 years

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Antibiotic Residue Test Kits Market Trend Share Opportunities And Forecast To 2025

The global antibiotic residue test kits market is foreseen to show advancement in terms of growth due to the rise of deadly animal diseases affecting humans. Antibiotic residue test kits are not only used to measure the safety level of animal-based food but also plant-based food. The need to effectively tackle agro-terrorism that involves the use of bioweapons is predicted to increase the demand for antibiotic residue test kits. Manufacturers are expected to launch products that can provide fast results. They could also add technologically sophisticated features to their products to increase their functionality.

In May 2019, Ringbio, a Chinese manufacturer of rapid tests for food and animal safety, launched a new test kit to detect antibiotic residue in meat products in a simple, sensitive, and quick way. In June 2019, Labtek Services, a UK-based provider of instrumentation and support services to the food and beverage, dairy processing, and farming industries, introduced new adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hygiene monitoring device ENSURE TOUCH. The ATP luminometer can be used for food and beverage and healthcare applications.

Rising Preference for Food Tested for Antibiotic Residue to Increase Sales Growth

High consumer preference for food products that clear antibiotic residue tests is predicted to increase the adoption of antibiotic residue test kits in future. Increasing need to maintain the safety of food products to avoid diseases could push the demand for antibiotic residue test kits even more. Advancement in technology that has allowed manufacturers to develop multidisciplinary products is anticipated to add to the growth of the global antibiotic residue test kits market. Antibiotic residue test kits are increasingly used in veterinary applications apart from food and beverage. This could create additional revenue opportunities for manufacturers.

Manufacturers to Launch Multipurpose Products for Range of Applications

Some of the leading companies competing in the global antibiotic residue test kits market are Thermo Fischer Scientific, DSM, Charm Sciences, PerkinElmer, Labtek Services Ltd., NEOGEN Food Safety, IDEXX Labs, R-Biopharm, Eurofins, and Sciex. In the coming years, manufacturers are anticipated to launch multipurpose products for better antibiotic residue diagnostics. They could also focus on introducing more advanced antibiotic residue test kits for applications beyond examining the safety of animal-based food.

Request a Sample of this report at: https://www.qyrconsulting.com/request-sample/7342

Important Points to Remember

● Growing need to ensure food safety to augment the demand for antibiotic residue test kits

● Beta-lactams test to account for a substantial market share during the forecast period

● Global antibiotic residue test kits market to show higher growth in the food and beverage industry

● The US and Canada to support North America in collecting a remarkable market share

By Type

● Beta-lactams

● Tetracyclines

● Macrolides

● Aminoglycosides

● Sulfonamides

● Amphenicols

By Application

● Food and Beverage

● Veterinary

● Independent Laboratory

● Others

Among type segments, beta-lactams are forecast to collect a sizable share of the global antibiotic residue test kits market. These tests are largely conducted in the food and beverage industry to detect antibiotic residues in products. They are prognosticated to account for a significant sales share of the global market. Among application segments, food and beverage is foretold to become more prominent during the forecast period. This could be due to the need to ensure the safety of consumers of milk and other dairy products.

By Region

Asia Pacific and Europe are prophesied to exhibit faster growth in the global antibiotic residue test kits market because of heavy presence of dairy companies. North America is likely to secure a commanding market share in the coming years due to high demand in key countries such as the US and Canada. It is also expected to record substantial sales growth in the global market.

About Us:

QYR Consulting established as a research firm in 2007 and have since grown into a trusted brand amongst many industries. Over the years, we have consistently worked toward delivering high-quality customized solutions for wide range of clients ranging from ICT to healthcare industries. With over 50,000 satisfied clients, spread over 80 countries, we have sincerely strived to deliver the best analytics through exhaustive research methodologies.

#Antibiotic Residue Test Kits Market

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awesomerohitpatilme-blog · 5 years

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Laboratory Chemical Reagents Market Research Study Growth and Forecast 2014 - 2020

Chemical reagent is a substance or a compound that is used in a chemical reaction to detect, examine, measure or produce other chemical substance. The global market for laboratory chemical reagents is expected to witness significant growth due to increased usage of chemical reagents in the large scale commercial applications and basic research activities. Additionally, continuous technological advancements in the field of bio-therapeutics, recombinant DNA and cell culture have enhanced the scientific ability to identify and produce human therapeutics for ages. Hence, this has also contributed in robust growth of the market. View Report- https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/laboratory-chemical-reagents-market.html The global market for laboratory chemical reagents can be segmented on the basis of products segments and end users. The product segments category can be subdivided into molecular biology (gene expression, gene synthesis, vectors, monoclonal & polycolonal antibodies, extraction kits, enzymes, cloning & sequencing, PCR reagents, and others), cytokine and chemokine testing, carbohydrate analysis, immunochemistry, cell/tissue culture, environmental testing (pesticide residue & others) and biochemistry. Of these microbiology currently holds the largest share of the market whereas, cytokine and chemokine testing is expected to emerge as the fastest growing segment in near future. Biotechnology, academic segment, non-academic segment and corporate segment, are some of the end users of laboratory chemical reagents. Field of molecular biology witnessed plethora of new opportunities with the conclusion of human genome project which has expanded the usage of polymerase chain reaction. Request Brochure- https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/sample/sample.php?flag=B&rep_id=3697 At present, PCR technologies are being used in wide range of applications such as paternity testing, forensic finger printing, gene expression and DNA sequencing. The market for PCR is growing on account of rising awareness and increased acceptance of real-time PCR. The reagents used in real time PCR offer instant and quality results as compared to conventional PCR which is consequently expected to increase the sales of PCR reagents. Furthermore, the market for laboratory chemical reagents would be fuelled by increasing launch of monoclonal antibody therapeutics products and growth in cell culture manufacturing. Monoclonal antibodies are being used for effective treatment for inflammatory disease, cardiovascular disease and cancer treatment. Physicians are turning towards prescription of monoclonal antibodies due to effectiveness of the antibiotics. Hence, increasing demand of monoclonal antibodies would also benefit the market for laboratory chemical reagents. Request for TOC containing Tables and Figures: https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/sample/sample.php?flag=T&rep_id=3697 Geographically, North America is witnessed to be the largest market share holder of the global laboratory chemical reagents market. The dominance of this region is estimated on the basis of innovations in the nucleic acid testing procedures, technological advancements and improvements in cell and tissue culture technology. Additionally, advancements in molecular pathology assays is another major factor cited to drive the growth of this market. Asia-Pacific region is anticipated to emerge as the fastest growing region due to establishment of new academic centers across the region especially in the areas of chemical and biological sciences. Similarly, entry of new pharmaceutical companies in the region will increase investment in more research and development activities consequently enabling more test analysis. Similarly, increasing clinical research outsourcing activities in the Asian region will accentuate the demand for chemical lab for measuring drug quality or testing the quality of products in the chemical industry, food industry or biological areas of research and development.

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happilylilleapostblog-blog · 5 years

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Market Research Report With In Depth Study on Global Antibiotic Residue Test Kits Market by Application, Key Companies, Regions and Future Forecast with 61 pages and price US $ 1800 is added by ARCognizance.

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healthcaremarketresearch201-blog · 5 years

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Laboratory Chemical Reagents Market Scope and Opportunities Analysis 2014 - 2020

View Report: https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/laboratory-chemical-reagents-market.html

The global market for laboratory chemical reagents can be segmented on the basis of products segments and end users. The product segments category can be subdivided into molecular biology (gene expression, gene synthesis, vectors, monoclonal & polycolonal antibodies, extraction kits, enzymes, cloning & sequencing, PCR reagents, and others), cytokine and chemokine testing, carbohydrate analysis, immunochemistry, cell/tissue culture, environmental testing (pesticide residue & others) and biochemistry. Of these microbiology currently holds the largest share of the market whereas, cytokine and chemokine testing is expected to emerge as the fastest growing segment in near future. Biotechnology, academic segment, non-academic segment and corporate segment, are some of the end users of laboratory chemical reagents. Field of molecular biology witnessed plethora of new opportunities with the conclusion of human genome project which has expanded the usage of polymerase chain reaction. At present, PCR technologies are being used in wide range of applications such as paternity testing, forensic finger printing, gene expression and DNA sequencing. The market for PCR is growing on account of rising awareness and increased acceptance of real-time PCR. The reagents used in real time PCR offer instant and quality results as compared to conventional PCR which is consequently expected to increase the sales of PCR reagents.

Furthermore, the market for laboratory chemical reagents would be fuelled by increasing launch of monoclonal antibody therapeutics products and growth in cell culture manufacturing. Monoclonal antibodies are being used for effective treatment for inflammatory disease, cardiovascular disease and cancer treatment. Physicians are turning towards prescription of monoclonal antibodies due to effectiveness of the antibiotics. Hence, increasing demand of monoclonal antibodies would also benefit the market for laboratory chemical reagents.

Request a Brochure of the Report @ https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/sample/sample.php?flag=B&rep_id=3697

Geographically, North America is witnessed to be the largest market share holder of the global laboratory chemical reagents market. The dominance of this region is estimated on the basis of innovations in the nucleic acid testing procedures, technological advancements and improvements in cell and tissue culture technology. Additionally, advancements in molecular pathology assays is another major factor cited to drive the growth of this market. Asia-Pacific region is anticipated to emerge as the fastest growing region due to establishment of new academic centers across the region especially in the areas of chemical and biological sciences. Similarly, entry of new pharmaceutical companies in the region will increase investment in more research and development activities consequently enabling more test analysis. Similarly, increasing clinical research outsourcing activities in the Asian region will accentuate the demand for chemical lab for measuring drug quality or testing the quality of products in the chemical industry, food industry or biological areas of research and development.

BD Biosciences, bioMérieux, Beckman Coulter Inc., CALTAG Laboratories, GE Healthcare, EMD Chemicals Inc., Life Technologies Corporation, Meridian Life Science Inc., Lonza Biologics Ltd., PerkinElmer Inc., QIAGEN, Promega Corporation, Sigma-Aldrich Corp., Shimadzu Biotech, Takara Bio Inc., Wako Pure Chemical Industries and others are some of the major players operating in laboratory chemical reagents market.

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bestpeptidesforsale · 6 years

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Research Peptides For Sale

Peptides for Sale has the largest selections of research peptides for sale online. It sells Research Peptides and Research Chemicals USA which are of good quality for the best prices. Peptides for Sale sells peptides and chemicals for research purposes only. All Peptides are manufactured in the USA. Peptides and research chemicals on all orders $150 or more are shipped free. We have all you need for the best Peptides and Research Chems. Some of the best peptides for sale areTriptorelin, Thymosin Beta 4 (TB500), Tesamorelin, Snap Peptide 8,Semax, Sermoralin, PEG MGF, PT 141, Oxytocin, Myostatin, Melanotan2, Melanotan1, Ipamorelin, IGF 1, IGF2, GHRP 2, GHRP 6, Follistatin, Epithalon, DSIP Delta Sleep Inducing Peptide, CJC w DAC, CJC No DAC, BPC 157, AICAR, AOD 9064, Adrafinil, Ace 031 and Ace 083. We also have Bac Water for sale (bacteriostatic water for sale). We look forward to doing business with us. Definition of a peptide Peptides are compounds made up of more than two more amino acid chains connected by peptide bonds, also known as amide bonds. Peptides are classified based on their connection, composition and size. They can be classified into two main groups: OligopeptidesandPolypeptides. They can be further classified into more specific groups based on individual size such as Dipeptides, Tripeptides etc. Oligopeptides They are peptides with between two and ten amino acid chains. They can be put into several subcategories based on the number of amino acid chains. E.g., a Dipeptide has two amino chains connected by a peptide bond; a Tripeptide has three amino chains linked by an amide (peptide) bond, and so on. A peptide with 2 amino acids therefore, is both a Dipeptide and an Oligopeptide. Polypeptides These are peptides that have between 10 and 49 amino acid chains but less than 50 amino acids. Where the number of amino acids reaches 50, then the chemical compound will be classified as a Protein. Polypeptides are also a single long chain of amino acid chains that don’t branch like some of the oligopeptides. Peptide Bonds When the carboxyl group of amino acid links with the amino group of another amino acid, the water molecule present is eliminated, thereby creating a peptide. Thus, an amide bond, otherwise known as a peptide bond is created. Difference between a peptide and a protein Peptides are less than ten thousand or twelve thousand Daltons of mass, much smaller than proteins. This is the main difference between proteins and peptides. Also, unlike peptides, proteins can be formed by the attachment of several polypeptides and sometimes prosthetic groups. Peptides and proteins are created by the binding of amino acids through peptide bonds. The peptide bond is a covalent bond between the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid and the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid. The peptide bond involves the loss of a water molecule and the formation of a CO-NH covalent bond. In reality, it is a substituted amide bond. We can continue adding amino acids to the peptide, but always at the COOH endpoint. To name a peptide, one can start with the amino acid that carries the terminal -NH2 group, and end with the amino acid that carries the -COOH group. Each amino acid is usually represented by three letters in the classical system; while in the modern one, it is imposed by molecular genetics by a letter. If, for instance, the first amino acid of your peptide is alanine and the second is serine, you would have the peptide alanyl-serine, AS (Ala-Ser). Common Peptides Peptides do not only exist in living organisms, but they also exist in chemical solutions. Some of the most well-known peptides that are produced naturally are: Glucagon Glucagon is a hormone peptide which is produced by alpha cells in the body’s pancreas. It is responsible for the regulation of the body's glucose levels - an important factor for the proper functioning of the body. Insulin Insulin, which is produced by the cells in the pancreas is responsible for regulating blood sugar levels throughout the body. Several synthetic peptides which are for sale are related to Insulin, e.g. the several derivatives of IGF (Insulin-like Growth Factor) including IGF 1, IGF 2, IGF DES, IGF LR3 and many more. IGF-1 is similar in structure to insulin. This peptide plays a vital role in the growth and development in children and is important in adults for anabolic effects. Oxytocin Oxytocin acts on specific organs in the body, including the uterus and breasts in women. The hormone contains various peptides which permit a series of functions to occur in both the human body and the animal body. It acts as a chemical messenger within the brain and controls important aspects of the reproductive system (including childbirth and lactation), specific muscular activity and other human behaviours. Synthetic Peptides Several new synthetic peptides are made every day to treat different things in the body. The use of peptides in medicine has increased in recent times which is the reason Research on Peptides has become so popular. Peptides can easily imitate certain chemicals in the body and they have been used for muscle growth and repair, reproductive functions, mental illnesses and even to fight diseases. Also, peptides are used in different products such as cosmetics, scientific advances and animal tests which are performed before human clinical trials. A good example of a synthetic peptide is Antimicrobial peptides. They are used in some antibiotics to attack different microorganisms, depending on the way they are synthesized. They can be grouped into antimicrobial peptides of ribosomal synthesis or antimicrobial peptides of non-ribosomal synthesis. The peptide market has become widely known, and more countries have developed these peptides to sell them on the research market today. The industry is being controlled to prevent illegal smuggling and marketing. Abuse of these substances can cause serious harm, and in extreme cases, death. To avoid harm caused by unauthorized use, peptides are sold for research purposes only and never for human use unless prescribed by a medical doctor and sold by a licensed pharmacy. Anyone can do research on peptides; however, like any new drug, the end product needs to be left to the pharmaceutical companies that pass through the proper channels before a new peptide drug is permitted to be prescribed to the public by doctors. Where peptides are manufactured Several countries are involved in the manufacture of peptides around the world. However, the United State, China, and some countries of Europe and Asia are considered to be the largest producers of Peptides. All of the USA Peptides at peptidesforsale.net are manufactured in the United States, and strict rules are complied with. Thus, all the peptides or research chemicals are uniform in concentration and follow strictly the level of the chemical listedon the label per ml. Uses of Peptides Peptides are extremely useful in plants, animals and human beings. They help to speed up chemical reactions and to produce new ones which would be needed to stabilize a living organism and to make it function properly. Transport peptides These are peptides that selectively allow the transport of substances to the cells. For example, the glucose that goes from the blood to the muscle or cellular debris that passes from one lad to the other is with the help of these peptides. Health As earlier mentioned, some peptides have biological importance, for instance, penicillin or bacitracin which are widely used. Some peptides are in blood plasma such as vasopressin which is formed by 14 amino acid residues or angiotensin which has both central and peripheral actions and induces thirst in animals and humans when necessary. There are so many functions that peptides have which may be applied in many natural functions, but some of these functions are still unknown. Fortunately, more of these useful substances are being discovered every day through peptide research. Research Peptides for sale Peptides have diverse uses in science. They have been responsible for the obtaining of medicines and other products that may be consumed by human, animals, and vegetable. There are many laboratories and research centres across the world which are committed to discovering the peptides; their uses and functions in health; and their contribution to science. However, there are laws to regulate these activities to prevent illegal use. Advancement in the Use of Research Peptides Some developments which have been made to make peptides more useful are: • diagnostic kits for the infection of hepatitis C (detection and serotyping) • peptides inhibitors of immunosuppressive and/or fibro genic molecules, interleukin 10, transcription factors such as Foxp3 or metalloproteinase such as MMP- 10. Vaccination strategies have also been developed to help in monitoring the immune response of patients with cancer or chronic infections. Another development in the use of peptides is the finding of immunological reagents (antibodies) for the detection of proteins in serum or in tissue samples. Some of the most widely used research peptides for sale are: • Antianxiety Peptides (Clonazolam, Diclazepam,Flubrozolam,) • Analogues of IGF 1 insulin-like growth factor (IGF 1 DES, IGF LR3), IGF 2 • Skin Tanning Peptides (Melanotanii, Malanotan2) • Amino acids • Nootropics (Noopept, Tianeptine) • Growth Hormone Secretagogues (GHRP 2, GHRP 6, HGH Fragment 176-191) •Vasoactive intestinal peptides • Antimicrobial peptides • Synthetic proteins • Synthetic hormones The Sale of USA Peptides A study of co QYR Research on the use of peptides has found that North America was the leading market for selling oral peptides between 2017 and 2018 with a total market share of 40% in 2017. The United States was the leading country in North America with the highest growth rate. This may be due to advanced medical facilities and better infrastructure which are present. According to the research, there is a greater knowledge about health in the United States; more accessible information about the advantages of oral peptide drugs; a growing tendency for treatments of conical diseases; more incidences of chronic diseases; and more receptiveness of new drugs and therapies in the market. The report gave the statistics that close to 30.5 million people (almost 9.4% of the population) are stricken with diabetes in the US. The number is expected to increase at the time the forecast was made because at that time, there were 84.1 million adults with prediabetes. Besides using peptides for research, the European protein and peptide market is growing at a fast pace and will be one of the key markets for oral proteins and peptides in the global market. In 2017, it represented approximately 30% of revenues worldwide. A large number of participants present in the market and the growing knowledge among users about the benefits of oral proteins and peptides are some of the factors that are expected to boost growth in the European proteins and peptide markets. There are further expectations of Europe and the USA having the highest revenues in the protein and oral peptides market by the year 2023. There are also expectations for growth of the market in the rest of the world due to the increase in the consciousness of peptide-based treatments.

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