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guestprouser · 8 months

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History of Chandrayaan

Chandrayaan is India's series of lunar exploration missions conducted by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Here is a brief history of the Chandrayaan missions:

Chandrayaan-1 (2008):

Chandrayaan-1 was India's first lunar exploration mission, launched on October 22, 2008.

It marked a significant milestone as it made India the fourth country in the world to reach the Moon's surface, after the United States, the Soviet Union, and China.

The spacecraft's objectives included mapping the Moon's surface, studying its mineral composition, and searching for water molecules in the lunar regolith.

The mission had several scientific instruments on board, including the Moon Impact Probe (MIP) that was released and impacted the Moon's surface, providing valuable data.

Chandrayaan-1's mission was initially planned for two years, but it was prematurely terminated in August 2009 after the spacecraft lost communication with ISRO. Despite the shortened mission, it achieved significant scientific discoveries.

Chandrayaan-2 (2019):

Chandrayaan-2 was launched on July 22, 2019, with the goal of further advancing India's lunar exploration efforts.

Unlike its predecessor, Chandrayaan-2 featured an orbiter, a lander named Vikram, and a rover called Pragyan.

The orbiter continues to operate successfully, conducting various lunar studies, including mapping and studying the Moon's exosphere.

While the lander Vikram did not successfully perform a soft landing on the lunar surface, it provided valuable data and lessons for future missions.Chandrayaan-2's rover Pragyan was designed to explore the lunar surface, but its deployment was unsuccessful due to the lander's difficulties.

Chandrayaan-3 (2023):

India has embarked on three lunar missions, with two successful orbiters and one earlier unsuccessful lander and rover, as part of Chandrayaan 2 due to a software issue that led to the loss of communication just moments before lunar landing. However, on August 23, 2023, India achieved a historic milestone with the successful landing of Chandrayaan 3 on the moon's surface, marking a significant accomplishment for the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The 40-day journey culminated in a soft landing at the moon's south pole, making India the fourth country to achieve this feat after the USSR, USA, and China. Leading this achievement is ISRO Chairman S. Somanath, an aerospace engineer who assumed the role in 2022. His instrumental role in developing the formidable Launch Vehicle Mark-3, known as the Bahubali rocket, facilitated the launch of Chandrayaan 3 into lunar orbit.

#chandrayaan

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gicaxewaho · 2 years

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graysonworld · 2 years

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Should you invest in Land Rover Discovery?

Land Rover Discovery is a reputed SUV. Boasting a powerful turbocharged engine and a smooth ride, it offers off-road performance unmatched by most others in its class.

https://mynewsfits.com/2022/08/should-you-invest-in-land-rover-discovery/

#Land Rover Discovery

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technologistsinsync · 2 years

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UAE’s HOPE MARS MISSION CAPTURES STUNNING IMAGE.

The Hope mission of the @uaspaceagency snapped a stunning new image of Mars.

In February 2022, the spacecraft sent the raw data, which amateur image processor @jpmajor utilized to produce this picture.

Near the middle of this image is the massive Valles Marineris canyon system, and the ice fields at either pole truly stand out against the rest of the red planet.

Hope, the Mars mission of the United Arab Emirates.

United Arab Emirates orbiter Hope arrives on Mars in February 2021. To better grasp what Mars was like when its atmosphere may have supported life, Hope is researching the planet's environment.

The Arab world's first space mission is called Hope. Greater nations researching our solar system will lead to more discoveries and chances for international cooperation.

Why did Mars' atmosphere change?

Mars is a frigid, arid desert with an atmosphere 100 times thinner than Earth's that is packed with carbon dioxide. But things weren't always that way. We are aware that liquid water originally flowed across its surface, supported by a possible life-supporting atmosphere.

Then, though, something occurred. Mars' magnetic field vanished around 3 billion years ago, just as life first emerged on Earth.

The solar wind, a continuous stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun, cannot reach Earth because of our planet's magnetic field.

Without a magnetic field to shield it, the solar wind took most of Mars' atmosphere away, causing the planet to gradually change into what it is today.

These discoveries were produced by NASA's MAVEN mission, which is still on Mars.

How is Hope researching the atmosphere of Mars?

The goal is to get a thorough understanding of the Martian atmosphere and track the evolution of Mars' climate. This will help researchers understand the history of Mars and whether or not life may have ever been there. Additionally, it will clarify the causes and effects of the climatic changes that are taking place on our own planet.

Hope also highlights the significance and potential of global space exploration.

The United Arab Emirates is in charge of the expedition, and scientists and engineers from American colleges are taking part. The spacecraft was launched by Japan. Space exploration unites us all, and everyone benefits when additional countries take part and work together.

What time did Hope launch, and what time did it land on Mars?

Amidst the additional burden of the worldwide COVID-19 epidemic, Hope was introduced on July 19, 2020. In February 2021, it came.

How Hope researches the ambiance of Mars

By investigating Mars from a considerably higher orbit (22,000 by 44,000 kilometers as opposed to 4,500 by 150 kilometers), Hope will expand on MAVEN's research.

Several Mars missions, including MAVEN, have orbits that are ideal for transmitting communications between rovers on Mars' surface and Earth.

Hope will observe Mars' upper atmosphere from its vantage point in orbit, tracking the escape of hydrogen and oxygen, vestiges of Mars' wetter past.

The spacecraft will also investigate the interactions between the planet's top and lower atmospheres. Beautiful images of the earth may be captured with a high-resolution digital camera.

The main scientific mission of Hope is expected to run for two years. After then, the mission can be prolonged.

~ Jai Krishna Ponnappan

Find Jai on Twitter | LinkedIn | Instagram

TechnologistsInSync.com

#MARS #UAE Space Agency #HOPE Mars Mission #Space Exploration #MARS Orbiter #MAVEN #MAngalyaan #Arab Space Mission #Valles Marineris canyon system

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bagelrod5 · 2 years

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fashion-delinquent · 3 years

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2022 Land Rover Discovery Sport: Price, Release Date, & Pics

2022 Land Rover Discovery Sport: Price, Release Date, & Pics. The upcoming 2022 Land Rover Discovery has been caught on cameras. New model will be completely revealed at some point in 2021 before its sales begin later in the year. Discovery is a model that manages good sales but Land Rover is willing to provide another facelift. Just like the outgoing model, a new one will also get mid-cycle…

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#2022 Land Rover Discovery Changes #2022 Land Rover Discovery Engine #2022 Land Rover Discovery Pictures #2022 Land Rover Discovery Price #2022 Land Rover Discovery Redesign #2022 Land Rover Discovery Release Date #2022 Land Rover Discovery Specs

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joshjailbait · 3 years

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2022 Land Rover Discovery Price, Specs, Engine, & Pics

2022 Land Rover Discovery Price, Specs, Engine, & Pics. After the current mid-cycle refresh, it is anticipated that the firm’s only 7-seater will remain in manufacturing for one more couple of years. This clearly indicates that the 2022 Land Wanderer Discovery is about to come without more crucial changes, as a regular carryover version. Normally, a couple of updates in regards to standard…

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spacetimewithstuartgary · 3 years

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NASA InSight’s ‘Mole’ Ends Its Journey on Mars Jan 14, 2021 The heat probe hasn’t been able to gain the friction it needs to dig, but the mission has been granted an extension to carry on with its other science. The heat probe developed and built by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and deployed on Mars by NASA’s InSight lander has ended its portion of the mission. Since Feb. 28, 2019, the probe, called the “mole,” has been attempting to burrow into the Martian surface to take the planet’s internal temperature, providing details about the interior heat engine that drives the Mars’ evolution and geology. But the soil’s unexpected tendency to clump deprived the spike-like mole of the friction it needs to hammer itself to a sufficient depth. After getting the top of the mole about 2 or 3 centimeters under the surface, the team tried one last time to use a scoop on InSight’s robotic arm to scrape soil onto the probe and tamp it down to provide added friction. After the probe conducted 500 additional hammer strokes on Saturday, Jan. 9, with no progress, the team called an end to their efforts. Part of an instrument called the Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package (HP3), the mole is a 16-inch-long (40-centimeter-long) pile driver connected to the lander by a tether with embedded temperature sensors. These sensors are designed to measure heat flowing from the planet once the mole has dug at least 10 feet (3 meters) deep. “We’ve given it everything we’ve got, but Mars and our heroic mole remain incompatible,” said HP3’s principal investigator, Tilman Spohn of DLR. “Fortunately, we’ve learned a lot that will benefit future missions that attempt to dig into the subsurface.” While NASA’s Phoenix lander scraped the top layer of the Martian surface, no mission before InSight has tried to burrow into the soil. Doing so is important for a variety of reasons: Future astronauts may need to dig through soil to access water ice, while scientists want to study the subsurface’s potential to support microbial life. “We are so proud of our team who worked hard to get InSight’s mole deeper into the planet. It was amazing to see them troubleshoot from millions of miles away,” said Thomas Zurbuchen, associate administrator for science at the agency’s headquarters in Washington. “This is why we take risks at NASA – we have to push the limits of technology to learn what works and what doesn’t. In that sense, we’ve been successful: We’ve learned a lot that will benefit future missions to Mars and elsewhere, and we thank our German partners from DLR for providing this instrument and for their collaboration.” Hard-Earned Wisdom The unexpected properties of the soil near the surface next to InSight will be puzzled over by scientists for years to come. The mole’s design was based on soil seen by previous Mars missions – soil that proved very different from what the mole encountered. For two years, the team worked to adapt the unique and innovative instrument to these new circumstances. “The mole is a device with no heritage. What we attempted to do – to dig so deep with a device so small – is unprecedented,” said Troy Hudson, a scientist and engineer at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California who has led efforts to get the mole deeper into the Martian crust. “Having had the opportunity to take this all the way to the end is the greatest reward.” Besides learning about the soil at this location, engineers have gained invaluable experience operating the robotic arm. In fact, they used the arm and scoop in ways they never intended to at the outset of the mission, including pressing against and down on the mole. Planning the moves and getting them just right with the commands they were sending up to InSight pushed the team to grow. They’ll put their hard-earned wisdom to use in the future. The mission intends to employ the robotic arm in burying the tether that conveys data and power between the lander and InSight’s seismometer, which has recorded more than 480 marsquakes. Burying it will help reduce temperature changes that have created cracking and popping sounds in seismic data. There’s much more science to come from InSight, short for Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy, and Heat Transport. NASA recently extended the mission for two more years, to Dec. 2022. Along with hunting for quakes, the lander hosts a radio experiment that is collecting data to reveal whether the planet’s core is liquid or solid. And InSight’s weather sensors are capable of providing some of the most detailed meteorological data ever collected on Mars. Together with weather instruments aboard NASA's Curiosity rover and its new Perseverance rover, which lands on Feb. 18, the three spacecraft will create the first meteorological network on another planet. More About the Mission JPL manages InSight for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate. InSight is part of NASA’s Discovery Program, managed by the agency’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Lockheed Martin Space in Denver built the InSight spacecraft, including its cruise stage and lander, and supports spacecraft operations for the mission. A number of European partners, including France’s Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES) and the German Aerospace Center (DLR), are supporting the InSight mission. CNES provided the Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure (SEIS) instrument to NASA, with the principal investigator at IPGP (Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris). Significant contributions for SEIS came from IPGP; the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS) in Germany; the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich) in Switzerland; Imperial College London and Oxford University in the United Kingdom; and JPL. DLR provided the Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package (HP3) instrument, with significant contributions from the Space Research Center (CBK) of the Polish Academy of Sciences and Astronika in Poland. Spain’s Centro de Astrobiología (CAB) supplied the temperature and wind sensors.

#space #science #news #Astronomy #physics #nasa #Mars #insight

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xtruss · 4 years

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Space

Summer on Mars: NASA’s Perseverance Rover Is One of Three Missions Ready to Launch

— A new generation of orbiters, landers and rovers will study the Red Planet as never before, setting the stage for returning pristine samples to Earth

— By Jonathan O'Callaghan | July 7, 2020 | Scientific American

Mated to its interplanetary “cruise stage,” NASA’s Perseverance rover sits within a bell-shaped back shell shortly before being attached to the brass-colored heat shield. The next time the back shell and cruise shell will separate should be less than 10 kilometers above Jezero Crater on Mars in February 2021. Credit: NASA, JPL-Caltech and KSC

If space exploration was a popularity contest, Mars would be struggling for admirers. Once the darling of 20th-century planetary scientists, the world’s allure has cooled somewhat as other exciting locales—the woefully unexplored Venus, for example, or Saturn’s thrilling moon Titan—begin to turn more heads. But Mars is not relinquishing its time in the limelight quite yet. This summer, three new missions are launching to the Red Planet—and at least one of them could reinvigorate interest in Mars with a renewed search for life there.

On July 14 the United Arab Emirates’ Hope orbiter—the first interplanetary spacecraft ever built by the the country—is scheduled to take off for Mars on a Japanese rocket. In the same month-long launch window—which occurs every 26 months, when the planet aligns with Earth for easier traversal—it will likely be joined by China’s Tianwen-1 orbiter and lander, also a first mission to Mars for the rising space power. And NASA’s Perseverance rover, the U.S. space agency’s latest effort to hunt for life on the planet, will probably launch in that window as well. A fourth mission, Europe’s Rosalind Franklin rover, was supposed to join this Martian armada. But it was delayed until 2022, in part because of the coronavirus pandemic. Nevertheless, these three missions are as clear a sign as any that the Red Planet has not lost its appeal just yet.

NASA’s exploration of Mars has been steadily consistent. Following the Mariner probes in the 1960s and 1970s, which returned the first images of the planet, the Viking 1 and 2 landers became the first—and still the most ambitious—missions to search for Martian life. While inconclusive, the Viking landers were followed by subsequent orbiters and rovers, culminating in the Curiosity rover’s landing in 2012, that have painted a fascinating picture of what the world was once like. “We’ve learned that Mars has a diversity of habitable environments,” says astrobiologist Kennda Lynch of the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston. “People are more positive for potentially being able to find evidence that life, in some point in Mars’ past, existed.”

Perseverance is the next step in that journey. The rover is now scheduled to launch between July 30 and August 15, after a slight delay because of the late discovery of a minor hardware problem in the final stages of testing. If all goes as planned, it will touch down in a fascinating region of Mars known as Jezero Crater on February 18, 2021. Measuring 45 kilometers across, this crater is home to a multi-billion-year-old river delta, an environment that may have preserved clear signs of life on the early planet.

“This is an impact crater that has ancient river valleys over 3.5 billion years old that fed water into the basin of the crater, a standing lake about the size of Lake Tahoe in the U.S.,” says Timothy Goudge of the Jackson School of Geosciences at the University of Texas at Austin, who led the case for Jezero during the landing site selection process. “It’s not the only delta on Mars, [but] it’s one of the best-exposed. Lakes on Earth are very good habitable environments where life flourishes. And delta deposits can preserve a record of any potential life that was extant within the lake.”

Armed with a suite of instruments, Perseverance will probe this region in exquisite detail. In some respects, the rover is a twin of Curiosity: the two outwardly appear almost identical. Their landing systems will match, too. Both use the same sort of autonomous, rocket-powered “sky crane” platform that previously lowered Curiosity on cables to a gentle, pinpoint touchdown on the Martian surface.

While similar in appearance to Curiosity, under the hood, Perseverance is a vastly different beast. The rover has benefited from a number of upgrades, including an improved, more precise landing system and hardened wheels to better cope with the rough Martian terrain. And whereas Curiosity’s tools were suited to assessing the habitability of Mars, Perseverance will be more focused on the hunt for evidence of life itself.

“We’re seeking signs of life, and that motivates a different suite of instruments,” says Ken Farley, project scientist for Perseverance at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. “On the robotic arm, we have an instrument called PIXL, which measures the elemental distribution in a postage-stamp-sized area of rock. In that same area, we can take visual imagery with an instrument called WATSON. And we can measure the distribution of organic matter with an instrument called SHERLOC. These things together provide the most compelling way to find evidence of the kind of simple life that might have existed on Mars.”

That evidence could include signs of fossilized microbial life hidden in Jezero’s substantial deposits of carbonate rocks. On Earth, such environments have preserved ancient stromatolites, moundlike layered structures formed by primitive microorganisms. “Those could be left in the rock record as macro-sized fossils that we might be able to see,” says Kirsten Siebach, a Mars-focused geologist at Rice University. “That’s pretty ambitious. It would be a strong claim to say we expect that. But those are the kinds of things we’re looking for.” Such evidence will be examined using SHERLOC’s ultraviolet Raman spectrometer, the first of its kind on Mars. Doing so will allow the composition of rocks to be measured without first vaporizing them with laser beams (the more destructive technique employed by Curiosity).

Perseverance alone might not be able to understand this evidence, however. One of the rover’s key objectives is to collect samples of potential astrobiological significance and then store them in small caches on the Martian surface. The plan is for a future sample-return mission to land, pick up the caches and launch back to Earth in about a decade. The exact logistics of that mission are not clear, but it will likely be an international effort involving NASA and the European Space Agency that will arrive around 2028 and bring the samples to our planet in 2031. “Ultimately to really confirm the presence of biosignatures, the samples are going to have to be returned to Earth,” says Frances Rivera-Hernandez, a planetary geologist at Dartmouth College.

Perseverance has a few more tricks up its sleeve, too. An instrument called MEDA will monitor the Martian weather, while MOXIE will practice producing oxygen from carbon dioxide in the Martian air—which could be a critical tool for future human missions. The RIMFAX instrument will be the first ground-penetrating radar landed on Mars, able to detect water and ice to depths of 10 meters. And a variety of onboard cameras will reveal the rover’s surroundings in unprecedented visual clarity, producing videos of the surface, as well as detailed footage of the landing itself.

If that was not enough, the rover even has a “helicopter” named Ingenuity tucked into its belly. Weighing just shy of two kilograms, Ingenuity will be deployed and operated in the first 90 days of the mission. And it will constitute the first attempt at aerial flight on another world. “The helicopter is unlike anything we’ve ever really built before,” says Matt Wallace, deputy project manager of Perseverance at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Although mostly just a technology demonstration, Ingenuity will also attempt to take images of Mars from the air, including pictures of the rover that carried it to the surface.

Following the landing, Perseverance will spend its two-Earth-year primary mission exploring Jezero Crater, studying and collecting signs of life. After this task, the rover could be driven out of the crater to explore another nearby region, called Midway, that is rich in carbonate rocks. “People believe it is another habitable environment,” Farley says. Some house-sized rocks there could also be pieces of the planet’s mantle thrown out by the impact that formed Jezero—intriguing targets of study that could potentially yield new insights into the Martian subsurface.

Joining Perseverance at Mars will be Hope and Tianwen-1. The former is an orbiter designed to study the atmosphere of the world. Over the course of a Martian year, it will also examine the planet’s climate—including massive dust storms, one of which led to the demise of NASA’s Opportunity rover in 2018. Aside from its science goals, however, Hope is intended to signal the United Arab Emirates’ shift from an oil-driven economy to one focused on science and engineering. “Our space program and Mars mission is a means for a much bigger goal,” says Omran Sharaf, Hope’s project lead. “It’s about the future of the U.A.E.”

China’s Tianwen-1 mission is similarly a statement. The nation has already showcased its cosmic aspirations by launching humans to space, developing a space station and conducting lunar missions, including the first ever landing on the far side of the moon. Now, with Tianwen-1, it aims to prove it is an interplanetary space power, too. “It would bring a lot of prestige,” says Andrew Jones, a journalist that covers spaceflight in China. “Only NASA has been able to land and operate on Mars.”

Tianwen-1 will be slightly unusual, however. After arriving at the planet in February 2021, it will linger in orbit for months before it deploys its lander and rover and attempts a landing—perhaps in Utopia Planitia, not far from the Viking 2 lander. The rover will then drive off its landing platform and study its environs with its six instruments—including a radar device to study ice and water under the surface and a laser tool to measure rock compositions. Its intended lifetime will be three Earth months.

Hope and Tianwen-1 are worthy efforts in their own right. But it is Perseverance that will likely take center stage in this next act of Mars exploration. It is a jack-of-all-trades machine, almost comically overstuffed in its mission ambitions. Perseverance will fly a helicopter on Mars, produce Martian weather reports and even make oxygen out of thin air. Its greatest trick of all, however, is just how close it will bring us to knowing if we are truly not alone in this universe. “We’re entirely on new ground,” says Thomas Zurbuchen, associate administrator of the Science Mission Directorate at NASA. “That’s what makes it so exciting.”

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bagelrod5 · 2 years

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