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#2022 Land Rover Discovery Changes
gicaxewaho · 1 year
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           Souscrit avec succès! Désolé! S'il vous plaît essayer à nouveau plus tard. Vous abonner à nouveau. notice Information 6 août 2021 — En mode de conduite silencieux, les passagers ne devraient même pas Toutes les versions sont fournies avec un seul moteur - 4G94 (R410 juin 2022 — Chassis #, H77W-5206434, Code moteur, 4G94. Serie, GH-H77W, Volant, Droite Modes de paiement disponibles : Virement bancaire Today, not everyone makes up their timing kits with original quality parts. Don't juggle between the quality of your products and.662pages 10 juin 2022 — Engine code, -, Couleur, Black, Motricité, 2WD, Portes, 4 Engine code, 4G94, Couleur, Silver 2004 LAND ROVER DISCOVERY MANUAL DIESEL. Souscrit avec succès! Désolé! S'il vous plaît essayer à nouveau plus tard. Vous abonner à nouveau. notice Information 26 oct. 2013 — »4 g 93 " GDI (-1,8 litres) et "4 g 94 " GDI (-2,0 litres). Ce livre a mode d'emploi Mitsubishi Pajero IOIl y a des recommandations sur 10. Model Year 6 = 2006 This information is subject to change without notice. Mitsubishi Motors North America, Inc. Effective April 2006. Centres d'intérêt
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tonkifish · 1 year
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Surviving mars below and beyond release date
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Surviving mars below and beyond release date update#
Surviving mars below and beyond release date Patch#
Surviving mars below and beyond release date full#
Surviving mars below and beyond release date code#
Often described as the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope, Webb launched on December 25, 2021, after more than two decades of development. The James Webb Space Telescope only been fully operational for a month, but in that time, it's allowed astronomers to peer father into the universe than ever before and changed how we see the cosmos. Webb is able to cut through cosmic dust, letting astronomers see farther into the past than ever before. The $10-billion space telescope launched in December 2021 and arrived at its destination beyond the moon's orbit in January. In the month since the James Webb Space Telescope released its first images, it's captured brand-new views of the cosmos. For more information regarding today’s update, check out the official Steam blog post.The James Webb Space Telescope's first deep field infrared image, released on July 11, 2022.
Surviving mars below and beyond release date update#
Surviving Mars and update 1.26 are available on PC, PlayStation, and Xbox platforms.
Crash related to Inner Light Mystery on old retail saves.
There is no warning about an unloaded cargo when launching a rocket back to Earth.
Same anomaly events are found multiple times on the surface, breaking the game balance.
Youths, adults, and seniors occupy child-only buildings.
The game crashes when a lander rocket is departing with drones in cargo while the asteroid moves out of range.
Fixed startup crash on certain Windows 7 installs.
Surviving mars below and beyond release date code#
Cheat panel improvements (available in creative mode only on Windows, Mac, Linux).Īnd several other underlying code fixes that were presumably causing bugs, especially to save games from before the update.Fixed missing Passenger Rocket UI in the resupply menu on old retail save.DLC buildings will be accessible on a new game after loading an old save.Prevented refabbing landing and trade pads while they’re in use.Workshifts now properly update while on another map.Fixed issue where cables and pipes were created on the wrong map.Fixed incorrect game over condition when colonists died on Asteroids while there were still alive colonists on Mars or the Underground.Correctly updated pin dialog when transporting RCRover.Added missing icons for pinned surface passage and underground passage.Auto explore of the RC Explorer no longer reveals hidden anomalies.Ancient Artifact spawns the correct amount of drones.Fixed vehicles cannot be transferred through the elevator using right-click.Fixed issue where elevator cargo could not be updated after the initial request.Fixed issue where elevator cargo could get lost if both sides of the elevator requested the same resource.Cave-ins can be reached more easily by drones to clear.The “died in orbit” trigger will activate only if the crew actually dies.Lander rocket now only starts loading drones, rovers, crew and prefabs if everything is available.Lander Rocket now properly loads all drones when launching at the last second as an asteroid goes out of range.Show the Lander Rocket immediately amongst the pinned items on Mars when it does its last second launch as an Asteroid goes out of range.Attention: the fix requires the rebuilding of depots and food production buildings that display broken behaviour! Fixed colonists and drones getting stuck in food stockpiles.Rebalance rewards for recurring Recon Center discovery events.Change the order in the cargo screens, grouping buildings of the same type together.Moved the cave-in clearing tech earlier in the tech tree, now appearing between position 5 and 8, instead of as the 13th tech.The lander rocket now loads items in increments of 1 instead of 5.
Surviving mars below and beyond release date Patch#
Here’s all that’s new with Surviving Mars update 1.26! Surviving Mars Update 1.26 Patch Notes With plenty to go over though, let’s not waste any more time. With that said, there are some gameplay improvements worth keeping an eye on, such as some rebalancing and adjustments for various techs in the game. As the major Below and Beyond DLC only just released, today’s patch acts as a cleanup for outstanding issues following that update.
Surviving mars below and beyond release date full#
Surviving Mars has today launched its 1.26 update on all platforms, so here’s the full list of changes and fixes with this patch.
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technologistsinsync · 2 years
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UAE’s HOPE MARS MISSION CAPTURES STUNNING IMAGE.
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The Hope mission of the @uaspaceagency snapped a stunning new image of Mars.
In February 2022, the spacecraft sent the raw data, which amateur image processor @jpmajor utilized to produce this picture. 
Near the middle of this image is the massive Valles Marineris canyon system, and the ice fields at either pole truly stand out against the rest of the red planet.
Hope, the Mars mission of the United Arab Emirates.
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United Arab Emirates orbiter Hope arrives on Mars in February 2021. To better grasp what Mars was like when its atmosphere may have supported life, Hope is researching the planet's environment.
The Arab world's first space mission is called Hope. Greater nations researching our solar system will lead to more discoveries and chances for international cooperation.
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Why did Mars' atmosphere change?
Mars is a frigid, arid desert with an atmosphere 100 times thinner than Earth's that is packed with carbon dioxide. But things weren't always that way. We are aware that liquid water originally flowed across its surface, supported by a possible life-supporting atmosphere.
Then, though, something occurred. Mars' magnetic field vanished around 3 billion years ago, just as life first emerged on Earth. 
The solar wind, a continuous stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun, cannot reach Earth because of our planet's magnetic field. 
Without a magnetic field to shield it, the solar wind took most of Mars' atmosphere away, causing the planet to gradually change into what it is today. 
These discoveries were produced by NASA's MAVEN mission, which is still on Mars.
How is Hope researching the atmosphere of Mars?
The goal is to get a thorough understanding of the Martian atmosphere and track the evolution of Mars' climate. This will help researchers understand the history of Mars and whether or not life may have ever been there. Additionally, it will clarify the causes and effects of the climatic changes that are taking place on our own planet.
Hope also highlights the significance and potential of global space exploration. 
The United Arab Emirates is in charge of the expedition, and scientists and engineers from American colleges are taking part. The spacecraft was launched by Japan. Space exploration unites us all, and everyone benefits when additional countries take part and work together.
What time did Hope launch, and what time did it land on Mars?
Amidst the additional burden of the worldwide COVID-19 epidemic, Hope was introduced on July 19, 2020. In February 2021, it came.
How Hope researches the ambiance of Mars
By investigating Mars from a considerably higher orbit (22,000 by 44,000 kilometers as opposed to 4,500 by 150 kilometers), Hope will expand on MAVEN's research. 
Several Mars missions, including MAVEN, have orbits that are ideal for transmitting communications between rovers on Mars' surface and Earth.
Hope will observe Mars' upper atmosphere from its vantage point in orbit, tracking the escape of hydrogen and oxygen, vestiges of Mars' wetter past. 
The spacecraft will also investigate the interactions between the planet's top and lower atmospheres. Beautiful images of the earth may be captured with a high-resolution digital camera.
The main scientific mission of Hope is expected to run for two years. After then, the mission can be prolonged.
~ Jai Krishna Ponnappan
Find Jai on Twitter | LinkedIn | Instagram
TechnologistsInSync.com
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fashion-delinquent · 3 years
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2022 Land Rover Discovery Sport: Price, Release Date, & Pics
2022 Land Rover Discovery Sport: Price, Release Date, & Pics
2022 Land Rover Discovery Sport: Price, Release Date, & Pics. The upcoming 2022 Land Rover Discovery has been caught on cameras. New model will be completely revealed at some point in 2021 before its sales begin later in the year. Discovery is a model that manages good sales but Land Rover is willing to provide another facelift. Just like the outgoing model, a new one will also get mid-cycle…
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joshjailbait · 3 years
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2022 Land Rover Discovery Price, Specs, Engine, & Pics
2022 Land Rover Discovery Price, Specs, Engine, & Pics
2022 Land Rover Discovery Price, Specs, Engine, & Pics. After the current mid-cycle refresh, it is anticipated that the firm’s only 7-seater will remain in manufacturing for one more couple of years. This clearly indicates that the 2022 Land Wanderer Discovery is about to come without more crucial changes, as a regular carryover version. Normally, a couple of updates in regards to standard…
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NASA InSight’s ‘Mole’ Ends Its Journey on Mars Jan 14, 2021 The heat probe hasn’t been able to gain the friction it needs to dig, but the mission has been granted an extension to carry on with its other science. The heat probe developed and built by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and deployed on Mars by NASA’s InSight lander has ended its portion of the mission. Since Feb. 28, 2019, the probe, called the “mole,” has been attempting to burrow into the Martian surface to take the planet’s internal temperature, providing details about the interior heat engine that drives the Mars’ evolution and geology. But the soil’s unexpected tendency to clump deprived the spike-like mole of the friction it needs to hammer itself to a sufficient depth. After getting the top of the mole about 2 or 3 centimeters under the surface, the team tried one last time to use a scoop on InSight’s robotic arm to scrape soil onto the probe and tamp it down to provide added friction. After the probe conducted 500 additional hammer strokes on Saturday, Jan. 9, with no progress, the team called an end to their efforts. Part of an instrument called the Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package (HP3), the mole is a 16-inch-long (40-centimeter-long) pile driver connected to the lander by a tether with embedded temperature sensors. These sensors are designed to measure heat flowing from the planet once the mole has dug at least 10 feet (3 meters) deep. “We’ve given it everything we’ve got, but Mars and our heroic mole remain incompatible,” said HP3’s principal investigator, Tilman Spohn of DLR. “Fortunately, we’ve learned a lot that will benefit future missions that attempt to dig into the subsurface.” While NASA’s Phoenix lander scraped the top layer of the Martian surface, no mission before InSight has tried to burrow into the soil. Doing so is important for a variety of reasons: Future astronauts may need to dig through soil to access water ice, while scientists want to study the subsurface’s potential to support microbial life. “We are so proud of our team who worked hard to get InSight’s mole deeper into the planet. It was amazing to see them troubleshoot from millions of miles away,” said Thomas Zurbuchen, associate administrator for science at the agency’s headquarters in Washington. “This is why we take risks at NASA – we have to push the limits of technology to learn what works and what doesn’t. In that sense, we’ve been successful: We’ve learned a lot that will benefit future missions to Mars and elsewhere, and we thank our German partners from DLR for providing this instrument and for their collaboration.” Hard-Earned Wisdom The unexpected properties of the soil near the surface next to InSight will be puzzled over by scientists for years to come. The mole’s design was based on soil seen by previous Mars missions – soil that proved very different from what the mole encountered. For two years, the team worked to adapt the unique and innovative instrument to these new circumstances. “The mole is a device with no heritage. What we attempted to do – to dig so deep with a device so small – is unprecedented,” said Troy Hudson, a scientist and engineer at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California who has led efforts to get the mole deeper into the Martian crust. “Having had the opportunity to take this all the way to the end is the greatest reward.” Besides learning about the soil at this location, engineers have gained invaluable experience operating the robotic arm. In fact, they used the arm and scoop in ways they never intended to at the outset of the mission, including pressing against and down on the mole. Planning the moves and getting them just right with the commands they were sending up to InSight pushed the team to grow. They’ll put their hard-earned wisdom to use in the future. The mission intends to employ the robotic arm in burying the tether that conveys data and power between the lander and InSight’s seismometer, which has recorded more than 480 marsquakes. Burying it will help reduce temperature changes that have created cracking and popping sounds in seismic data. There’s much more science to come from InSight, short for Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy, and Heat Transport. NASA recently extended the mission for two more years, to Dec. 2022. Along with hunting for quakes, the lander hosts a radio experiment that is collecting data to reveal whether the planet’s core is liquid or solid. And InSight’s weather sensors are capable of providing some of the most detailed meteorological data ever collected on Mars. Together with weather instruments aboard NASA's Curiosity rover and its new Perseverance rover, which lands on Feb. 18, the three spacecraft will create the first meteorological network on another planet. More About the Mission JPL manages InSight for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate. InSight is part of NASA’s Discovery Program, managed by the agency’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Lockheed Martin Space in Denver built the InSight spacecraft, including its cruise stage and lander, and supports spacecraft operations for the mission. A number of European partners, including France’s Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES) and the German Aerospace Center (DLR), are supporting the InSight mission. CNES provided the Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure (SEIS) instrument to NASA, with the principal investigator at IPGP (Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris). Significant contributions for SEIS came from IPGP; the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS) in Germany; the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich) in Switzerland; Imperial College London and Oxford University in the United Kingdom; and JPL. DLR provided the Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package (HP3) instrument, with significant contributions from the Space Research Center (CBK) of the Polish Academy of Sciences and Astronika in Poland. Spain’s Centro de Astrobiología (CAB) supplied the temperature and wind sensors.
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ricmlm · 2 years
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Among the many science accomplishments for the year, they made history on the Red Planet, successfully landing our Perseverance rover on the surface of Mars and flying the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter – the first powered, controlled flight on another planet. They also continued to make progress on our Moon to Mars plans, tested new technologies for a supersonic aircraft, finalized launch preparations for the revolutionary James Webb Space Telescope, announced a new Earth System Observatory to help address climate change on our home planet, demonstrated more precise timekeeping in space, advanced on efforts towards diversity and inclusion, and much more – all while safely operating during a pandemic and welcoming new leadership under the Biden-Harris Administration. They also completed their busiest year of development yet on the International Space Station, as they announced new partnerships, welcomed two sets of Commercial Crew astronauts back to Earth, and launched two more to the orbiting laboratory to continue their space station research. When all is said and done, the underlying reason they do what they do – from advancing space exploration, to making groundbreaking scientific and technical discoveries – is to benefit you. They're so glad to have your/our support, and they surely look forward to what promises to be an amazing 2022. https://www.instagram.com/p/CYCVxw2joqV/?utm_medium=tumblr
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sciencespies · 3 years
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China outlines space plans to 2025
https://sciencespies.com/space/china-outlines-space-plans-to-2025/
China outlines space plans to 2025
Country to focus on a range of exploration, human spaceflight, space infrastructure and transportation objectives.
HELSINKI — China’s space administration has outlined its priorities in space science, technology, applications and exploration for the coming years.
Lunar, interplanetary and near-Earth asteroid missions, space station construction, a national satellite internet project and developing heavy-lift launch vehicles and reusable space transportation systems are noted as major projects for the period 2021-2025.
China National Space Administration (CNSA) Secretary General Xu Hongliang laid out the main activities and focus of the country’s civilian space endeavors in a press conference June 12.
Boosting innovation, supporting economic and social development and engaging in international cooperation were noted as major objectives.
In lunar exploration the Chang’e-6 sample return and complex Chang’e-7 south pole mission are to be conducted during China’s “14th Five-Year Plan” period. Chang’e-8, to include in-situ resource utilization and 3D-printing technology tests, will follow. All missions will form part of the first phase of the International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) project with Russia.
CNSA is also looking to build on the recent success of the country’s first independent interplanetary expedition with the Tianwen-1 Mars orbiter and Zhurong rover. Development of a Mars sample return mission and a Jupiter probe for launches around 2028 and 2030 respectively are noted as follow-up projects.
“So far, our knowledge of the Jupiter system is very superficial, and the detections performed are also very limited,” said Zhang Rongqiao, chief designer of Tianwen-1.
“The Jupiter system offers a large number of opportunities for scientific discoveries.” One proposal for the mission includes a landing on the Galilean moon Callisto. 
A section of a panorama produced by Zhurong, released June 27, showing comms and solar arrays, roving tracks and the distant landing platform. Credit: CNSA/PEC
Zhang also stated that technology breakthroughs are needed for missions. “Everyone knows that, so far, no country in the world has been able to carry out a sample and return from Mars, because it is too technically difficult.” China performed a complex lunar sample return in late 2020 but Zhang noted that the challenges of launching samples from the surface Mars were different to that of the moon.
Launching around 2025 will be a near-Earth asteroid sample return mission to small body 469219 Kamo’oalewa. The mission was previously targeting a 2024 launch, with the secondary target following the delivery of samples to Earth last understood to be main-belt comet 311P/PANSTARRS. 
Not mentioned are a pair of probes to launch for the head and tail of the heliosphere, which is however led by figures from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS).
In human spaceflight China aims to complete the construction of its three-module space station by the end of 2022. The Tianhe core module launched late April and is currently hosting its first crew. 
CNSA also aims to enhance satellite application capabilities over the next five years. Goals include improving national civil space infrastructure and supporting ground facilities and enhancing Earth observation, communication and broadcasting, and navigation and positioning capabilities, as well as promoting and supporting downstream applications and to boost economic development. China recently established a company to oversee development of a 13,000-satellite constellation for satellite internet.
Expanding international exchanges and cooperation is another major strand. Citing guiding principles of equality, mutual benefit, the peaceful use of outer space and inclusive development, Xu noted projects include the ILRS, a second Sino-Italian seismo-electromagnetic satellite, a follow-up to the China–Brazil Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS) program and the China-France SVOM astronomical X-ray space telescope.
The upcoming Chang’e and asteroid missions will also include international payloads. The future lunar, Mars and Jupiter missions will be opened to international cooperation, according to Xu.
Other cooperation activities promoting the construction of the “Belt and Road” spatial information corridor, the BRICS remote sensing satellite constellation and jointly responding to the common challenges of global climate change and dangers of near-Earth asteroids. The under-construction Wenchang International Aerospace City is expected to be developed as a hub for international scientific research, academic exchanges, exhibitions and training.
Details on launch vehicle technology were not offered, other than underlining its fundamental importance to progress in aforementioned missions. China’s government approved the development of separate super heavy-lift launchers in March for infrastructure and crewed flights. China’s main space contractor CASC is developing a first vertical takeoff, vertical landing launcher in the Long March 8 and working on a ‘reusable experimental spacecraft’ widely held to be a spaceplane.
China’s government is expected to publish a dedicated space white paper later in 2021. The document, published once every five years, will provide a longer, more detailed report on civil space activities from the past five years and those planned for 2021-2025. 
The country’s growing military space infrastructure, including a large intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance network and missile and electronic anti-satellite capabilities overseen by the People’s Liberation Army Strategic Support Force (PLASSF), will fall outside of the scope of the report.
#Space
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un-enfant-immature · 5 years
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India plans to have its own space station
India plans to have its own space station in the future and conduct separate missions to study Sun and Venus, it said on Thursday, as the nation moves to bolster its status as a leader in space technologies and inspire the young minds to take an interest in scientific fields.
India’s space agency said today that it will begin working on its space station following its first manned mission to space, called Gaganyaan (which means “space vehicle” in Sanskrit), in 2022 — just in time to commemorate 75 years of the country’s independence from Britain. The government has sanctioned Rs 10,000 crores ($1.5 billion) for Gaganyaan mission, it was unveiled today.
“We have to sustain the Gaganyaan program after the launch of the human space mission. In this context, India is planning to have its own space station,” said Dr Kailasavadivoo Sivan, chairman of Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). ISRO is India’s equivalent to NASA.
“While navigation, communication, and earth observation are going to be the bread and butter for us, it is missions such as Chandrayaan (Sanskrit for “moon vehicle”), Mangalyaan (Sanskrit for “Mars vehicle”), and Gaganyaan that excite the youth, unite the nation, and also pave a technological seed for the future.”
“This is our ambition. We want to have a separate space station. We will launch a small module for conducting microgravity experiments,” he said in a press conference. Gaganyaan aims to send a crew of two to three people to space for a period of up to seven days. The spacecraft will be placed in low earth orbit of 300-400 km (186 – 248 miles).
India’s satellite destruction test put 400 pieces of debris into unknown orbits, claims NASA
The agency will submit a detailed report on how it intends to set up the space station to the government after the Gaganyaan mission. It currently believes it would take five to seven years to conceptualize the space station.
On the sidelines of the announcement, ISRO also unveiled Aditya-L1, a mission to study the Sun’s corona that impacts the change in climate on Earth, for the first half of next year, and a similar mission aimed at Venus, which it plans to conduct over the next few years. “Not only Sun and moon, we hope to reach other planets, like Venus,” he said.
The ambitious announcements come a day after the space agency said it will launch a lunar mission on July 15 this year in an attempt to become only the fourth nation — after the United States, Russia, and China — to land on the moon.
That mission, dubbed Chandrayaan-2, involves a lander, an orbiter, and a rover that the agency has built itself. India concluded its first mission to the moon in 2008, when it completed more than 3,400 orbits and played an instrumental role in the discovery of water molecules on the moon.
India’s space agency has specialized in low-cost space launches since the early 1960s, when components of rockets were transported by bicycles and assembled by hands. In 2014, it sent a spacecraft to Mars for $74 million, significantly lower than $671 million the U.S. spent for a Mars mission the same year. In early 2017, the nation launched a flock of 104 satellites into space over the course of 18 minutes, setting a new global record.
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biofunmy · 5 years
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Neglected After Apollo, the Moon Comes Back Around
[Read all Times reporting on the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 moon landing. | Sign up for the weekly Science Times email.]
Everyone, it seems, wants to go the moon now.
In January, Chang’e-4, a Chinese robotic spacecraft including a small rover, became the first ever to land on the far side of the moon. India is aiming to launch Chandrayaan-2 this month, its first attempt to reach the lunar surface. Even a small Israeli nonprofit, SpaceIL, tried to send a small robotic lander there this year, but it crashed.
In the coming decades, boots worn by visitors from these and other nations could add their prints to the lunar dust. China is taking a slow and steady approach, and foresees its astronauts’ first arrival about a quarter of a century in the future. The European Space Agency has put out a concept of an international “moon village” envisioned for sometime around 2050. Russia has also described plans for sending astronauts to the moon by 2030, at last, although many doubt it can afford the cost.
In the United States, which sent 24 astronauts toward the moon from 1968 to 1972, priorities shift with the whims of Congress and presidents. But NASA in February was suddenly pushed to pick up its pace when Vice President Mike Pence announced the goal of putting Americans on the moon again by 2024, four years ahead of the previous schedule.
“NASA is highly motivated,” Jim Bridenstine, the former Oklahoma congressman and Navy pilot picked by President Trump to be the agency’s administrator, said in an interview. “We now have a very clear direction.”
For India, reaching the moon would highlight its technological advances. China would establish itself as a world power off planet. For the United States and NASA, the moon is now an obvious stop along the way to Mars.
The fascination with Earth’s celestial companion is not limited to nation-states. A bevy of companies has lined up in hopes of winning NASA contracts to deliver experiments and instruments to the moon. Blue Origin, the rocket company started by Jeff Bezos, founder and chief executive of Amazon, is developing a large lander that it hopes to sell to NASA for taking cargo — and astronauts — to the moon’s surface.
[Sign up to get reminders for space and astronomy events on your calendar.]
Eyes on other prizes
For three decades after the end of the Apollo program, few thought much about the moon. The United States had beaten the Soviet Union in the moon race. After Apollo 17, the last visit by NASA astronauts in 1972, the Soviets sent a few more robotic spacecraft to the moon, but they soon also lost interest in further exploration there.
NASA in those years turned its attention to building space shuttles and then the International Space Station. Its robotic explorers headed farther out, exploring Mars more intensely, as well as the asteroid belt and the solar system’s outer worlds.
Mr. Bridenstine says one of the main reasons for accelerating a return to the moon now is to reduce the chances of politicians changing their minds again. A 2024 landing would occur near the end of the second term of Mr. Trump’s presidency, if he wins re-election next year.
“I think it’s sad that we have not been back to the moon since 1972,” Mr. Bridenstine said. “There have been efforts in the past. They’ve never materialized.”
NASA has named the new moon program Artemis, after Apollo’s sister in Greek mythology. Its first mission would be a crewless test of the Space Launch System, a big rocket already in development. It is scheduled for late 2020, although many expect the launch to slip to 2021.
The second flight — the first with astronauts aboard — would zip around the moon, but not land, in 2022.
On the third flight, in 2024, astronauts would first travel to Gateway, an outpost in orbit around the moon, and from there take another spacecraft to the lunar surface, somewhere near its South Pole.
Mr. Bridenstine, echoed by other NASA officials, has repeatedly said that Artemis would take the “first woman and the next man” to the moon.
A primary impetus for a moon stampede now? The discovery that there is water there, especially ice deep within polar craters where the sun never shines.
That is a potentially invaluable source of drinking water for future astronauts visiting the moon, but also for water that can be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen.
The oxygen could provide breathable air; oxygen and hydrogen could also be used as rocket propellant. Thus, the moon, or a refueling station in orbit around the moon, could serve as a stop for spacecraft to refill their tanks before heading out into the solar system.
“If we can do it, the Gateway becomes a fuel depot,” Mr. Bridenstine said.
A key turning point in the revival of interest in the moon came in 1998 from Lunar Prospector, a small, inexpensive NASA orbiter. Alan S. Binder, a planetary scientist who worked at Lockheed Martin, conceived of Lunar Prospector as a way to follow up on hints of water ice in the shadowed craters and to demonstrate how to execute space missions at bargain basement prices.
Dr. Binder initially hoped that a charitable billionaire would pick up the tab. In the end, Lunar Prospector won a competition by NASA for low-cost missions. He remembered that many of his colleagues were not happy about that. “My community was kind of ticked off that NASA selected a lunar mission,” he said. “Part of that is that the solar system has many, many, many extremely interesting places.”
Even compared to other low-cost missions, Lunar Prospector was cheap — just $62.8 million, including the rocket that sent it into space.
And Lunar Prospector indeed discovered water — or at least one of its components, hydrogen.
In the aftermath of the loss of the space shuttle Columbia and its seven astronauts, President George W. Bush announced in January 2004 that it was time for NASA astronauts to again leave low-Earth orbit and head to the moon, with the eventual goal of going to Mars.
In 2005, NASA rolled out plans for Constellation — a fleet of new and bigger rockets, capsules and landers it planned to build. Michael Griffin, then NASA’s administrator, described them as “Apollo on steroids.”
But over the next decade, the moon ambitions flagged again.
Delays and cost overruns plagued Constellation. The administration of President Barack Obama, who was inaugurated at the dawn of the Great Recession, canceled it in 2010 and set a different course, to aim for an asteroid instead.
Then the Trump administration changed NASA’s course again. Asteroids were out, and the moon was back as NASA’s next destination.
Making moon money
As these administrations wavered, entrepreneurs had begun brainstorming possible business ventures on the moon.
In 2007, the X Prize Foundation announced a $20 million grand prize, bankrolled by Google, that would be awarded to the first private team that could put a robotic lander on the moon.
The competing teams found the challenge much more financially and technically difficult than anticipated. Even after the deadline was extended several times, the prize expired last year without a winner.
But while no company could claim the jackpot, many have not given up on the moon as a business opportunity.
The payoffs of the moon could include helium-3 mined from the lunar soil, potentially a fuel for future fusion reactors, although practical fusion reactors are still decades away.
There could be an opening for companies that would ship the ashes of loved ones to the moon as a memorial. And some private companies could carry payloads for scientific research. For instance, the far side of the moon could be ideal for optical and radio telescopes because they would not face earthly interference there.
With these potential businesses, the Lunar X Prize may turn out to be a success, even though there was no winner.
In the past, NASA would have designed and launched its own spacecraft to accomplish those tasks. The agency had started down that path with Resource Prospector, a rover that would drill a yard into the soil and extract substances like hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water.
But last year, NASA canceled Resource Prospector, and it will instead pay commercial companies to take its payloads there. Many of the businesses are either former Google Lunar X Prize competitors or companies taking advantage of technology developed by those teams.
In that sense, this program, known as the Commercial Lunar Payload Services, or CLPS, is more of a descendant of Lunar Prospector than Apollo.
Astrobotic of Pittsburgh started as one of the teams aiming to win the Lunar X Prize, but dropped out when it realized it could not make the deadline. But Astrobotic continued development, believing it would nonetheless find a profitable business delivering payloads to the moon.
It sold half of the payload space on its first lander, scheduled to launch in 2021. Then NASA announced in May it would buy the remaining space.
John Thornton, Astrobotic’s chief executive, acknowledged that lunar entrepreneurs had been overly optimistic in the past and that the size of the potential market remained uncertain.
“You’re going to have some false starts along the way,” Mr. Thornton said. “I think this is the time. This is the real one with NASA leading the way.”
He predicted that by the middle of the next decade, there would be a steady but not huge business, a few missions a year in total.
“Compared to where we’ve been, that’s a massive leap forward,” Mr. Thornton said.
The fault is not in our stars
NASA’s efforts to reach the moon by 2024 will depend on whether Congress funds them. NASA has asked for an additional $1.6 billion for the 2020 fiscal year, and Mr. Bridenstine told CNN last month that the accelerated schedule might cost a total of $20 billion to $30 billion, raising worries that the money might be diverted from other parts of NASA to pay for Artemis.
Mr. Bridenstine now says the price tag may not be as high. “I think it could be well less than $20 billion,” he said. “I say that, because a lot of our commercial partners are willing to put their own money into it.”
Without support from both Republicans and Democrats, the moon program could stumble again, he said.
“My goal is to make sure that we’re looking at a very balanced portfolio and we don’t step on any political land mines, which has been the history of the agency,” Mr. Bridenstine said. “It should be, in my opinion, bipartisan and apolitical.”
That could be a difficult task during Mr. Trump’s presidency. Few members of Congress have come out as enthusiastic supporters; some, especially Democrats in the House of Representatives, have been skeptical.
Last month, the president appeared to undercut his own administration’s plans by saying on Twitter that NASA should not be talking about going to the moon.
Mr. Bridenstine has since spoken more about Mars and emphasized how going to the moon would prepare NASA for the far more distant trip.
“I talked to him personally, and we had a good conversation,” Mr. Bridenstine said. “He wants us to talk about going to Mars, which of course is the objective. And he understands we need to go to the moon in order to get to Mars. But certainly he wants us talking about Mars, because that’s what captures the imagination of the American people and of the world.”
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fashion-delinquent · 3 years
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2022 Land Rover Discovery Sport: Specs, PHEV, Price
2022 Land Rover Discovery Sport: Specs, PHEV, Price
2022 Land Rover Discovery Sport: Specs, PHEV, Price. The 2022 Land Rover Discovery Sport comes on the marketplace after the extensive refresh in 2015. The version got about 60 percent of the components upgraded with the focus on the boosted inside. The Disco has the brand name’s newest layout language consisting of upgraded infotainment as well as gauge displays, controllers and also tech…
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joshjailbait · 3 years
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2022 Land Rover Discovery Sport: Rumors, News, and Expect
2022 Land Rover Discovery Sport: Rumors, News, and Expect
2022 Land Rover Discovery Sport: Rumors, News, and Expect. The new generation of Land Rover’s compact SUV arrived last year but it looks like there are some interesting novelties already for the second production year. Of course, we won’t see any design changes, but there are important novelties, both in terms of powertrain and features. The next-year model will get a couple of updates under the…
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theworldenews-blog · 7 years
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New Post has been published on The World ePost
New Post has been published on http://theworldepost.com/2017/02/science-news/
Science News
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Grisly Cleanup Follows Deaths of 400 Whales in New Zealand
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NASA’S NEW MARS ROVER IS READY FOR SPACE LASERS ** Perseverance is one of a few Mars spacecraft carrying laser retroreflectors. The devices could provide new science and safer Mars landings in the future. ** When the Apollo astronauts landed on the Moon, they brought devices with them called retroreflectors, which are essentially small arrays of mirrors. The plan was for scientists on Earth to aim lasers at them and calculate the time it took for the beams to return. This provided exceptionally precise measurements of the Moon’s orbit and shape, including how it changed slightly based on Earth’s gravitational pull. Research with these Apollo-era lunar retroreflectors continues to this day, and scientists want to perform similar experiments on Mars. NASA’s Perseverance rover -- scheduled to land on the Red Planet on Feb. 18, 2021 -- carries the palm-size Laser Retroreflector Array (LaRA). There’s also small one aboard the agency’s InSight lander, called Laser Retroreflector for InSight (LaRRI). And a retroreflector will be aboard the ESA (European Space Agency) ExoMars rover that launches in 2022. While there is currently no laser in the works for this sort of Mars research, the devices are geared toward the future: Reflectors like these could one day enable scientists conducting what is called laser-ranging research to measure the position of a rover on the Martian surface, test Einstein’s general theory of relativity, and help make future landings on the Red Planet more precise. “Laser retroreflectors are shiny, pointlike position markers,” said Simone Dell’Agnello, who led development of all three retroreflectors at Italy’s National Institute for Nuclear Physics, which built the devices on behalf of the Italian Space Agency. “Because they’re simple and maintenance-free, they can work for decades.” A Box of Mirrors The devices work a lot like a bike reflector, bouncing light back in the direction of its source. Perseverance’s LaRA, for example, is a 2-inch-wide (5-centimeter-wide) dome speckled with half-inch holes containing glass cells. In each cell, three mirrored faces are positioned at 90-degree angles from one another so that light entering the holes is directed back out at exactly the same direction it came from. LaRA is much smaller than the retroreflectors on the Moon. The earliest ones, delivered by the Apollo 11 and 14 missions, are about the size of typical computer monitor and embedded with 100 reflectors; the ones delivered by Apollo 15 are even larger and embedded with 300 reflectors. That’s because the lasers have to travel as much as 478,000 miles (770,000 kilometers) to the Moon and back. By the return trip, the beams are so faint, they can’t be detected by the human eye. The beams that Perseverance’s LaRA and InSight’s LaRRI were built to reflect would actually have a far shorter journey, despite Mars being some 249 million miles (401 million kilometers) away at its farthest point from Earth. Rather than traveling back and forth from Earth, which would require enormous retroreflectors, the laser beams would just need to travel back and forth from a future Mars orbiter equipped with an appropriate laser. Illuminating Science Such an orbiter could determine the precise position of a retroreflector on the Martian surface. And since Perseverance will be mobile, it could provide multiple points of reference. Meanwhile, the orbiter’s position would also be tracked from Earth. This would allow scientists to test Einstein’s general theory of relativity, as they have with retroreflectors on the Moon. Each planet’s orbit is greatly influenced by the bend in space-time created by the Sun’s large mass. “This kind of science is important for understanding how gravity shapes our solar system, the whole universe, and ultimately the roles of dark matter and dark energy,” Dell’Agnello noted. In the case of the InSight lander, which touched down on Nov. 26, 2018, laser-ranging science could also aid the spacecraft’s core mission of studying Mars’ deep interior. InSight relies on a radio instrument to detect subtle differences in the planet’s rotation. In learning from the instrument how the planet wobbles over time, scientists may finally determine whether Mars’ core is liquid or solid. And if the science team were able to use the lander’s retroreflector, they could get even more precise positioning data than InSight’s radio provides. LaRRI could also detect how the terrain InSight sits on shifts over time and in what direction, revealing how the Martian crust expands or contracts. Better Landings on Mars Mars landings are hard. To help get Perseverance safely to the surface, the mission will rely on Terrain-Relative Navigation, a new technology that compares images taken during descent to an onboard map. If the spacecraft sees itself getting too close to danger (like a cliffside or sand dunes), it can veer away. But in such a mission-critical event, you can never have too many backups. Future missions barreling toward the surface of the Red Planet could use the series of reference points from laser retroreflectors as a check on the performance of their Terrain Relative Navigation systems -- and perhaps even boost their accuracy down to a few centimeters. When the difference between successfully landing near an enticing geological formation or slipping down the steep slope of a crater wall can be measured in mere feet, retroreflectors might be critical. “Laser ranging could open up new kinds of Mars exploration,” Dell’Agnello said. TOP IMAGE....A camera calibration target sits on the deck of the NASA's InSight lander, adorned with the flags of the countries participating in the mission. The target, which will be viewed by InSight's cameras, provides a variety of colors and shapes to help calibrate the lander's cameras. It also shows off international flags representing the agencies, institutions and participating scientists of the mission as of late 2014 (since that time, Italy has contributed an experiment). In the second row are the United States flag and the logos of NASA, the French space agency CNES, which provided InSight's seismometer; and the German Aerospace Center DLR, which provided InSight's heat flow probe. Below the target in the photo is an Italian experiment called the Laser Retroreflector for InSight (LaRRI). LaRRI is the small, copper-colored dome covered with circles just below the calibration target; it won't actually play a role in InSight's mission. The national space agency of Italy (ASI, for Agenzia Spaziale Italiana) provided LaRRI to be used by a possible future Mars orbiter mission with a laser altimeter making extremely precise measurements of the lander's location for fundamental physics studies and precision cartography. A microchip bearing the names of nearly a million members of the public is visible in this image to the right of the calibration target. A second microchip with more than a million additional names was added after this photo was taken. JPL, a division of Caltech in Pasadena, California, manages the InSight Project for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. Lockheed Martin Space, Denver, built the spacecraft. InSight is part of NASA s Discovery Program, which is managed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. CENTRE IMAGE....Visible near the center of NASA's Perseverance Mars rover in this illustration is the palm-size dome called the Laser Retroreflector Array (LaRA). In the distant future, laser-equipped Mars orbiters could use such a reflector for scientific studies. Perseverance was built and is operated by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of Caltech in Pasadena, California. The retroreflector was provided by Italy's National Institute for Nuclear Physics, which built the instrument on behalf of the Italian Space Agency. LOWER IMAGE....A close-up view, taken on Feb. 5, 1971, of the Laser Ranging Retro-Reflector (LR3), which the Apollo 14 astronauts deployed on the Moon during their lunar surface extravehicular activity. Credit: NASA
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