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Bibliography
Academy, Map. n.d. “Smarthistory – the Priest-King Sculpture From the Indus Valley Civilization.”https://smarthistory.org/the-priest-king-sculpture-from-the-indus-valley-civilizatio/.
Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro (UNESCO/NHK). (n.d.). Www.youtube.com. Retrieved March 18, 2024, from https://youtu.be/DbnxPY3D1Pg?feature=shared
Cutler, Nick. 2020. “20 Awesome and Interesting Facts about the Indus Valley Civilization.” Tons of Facts. November 7, 2020. http://tonsoffacts.com/20-awesome-and-interesting-facts-about-the-indus-valley-civilization/.
“Dancing Girl from Mohenjo-Daro – Smarthistory.” n.d. Smarthistory.org. https://smarthistory.org/dancing-girl-mohenjodaro/.
“India - Harappa.” 2019. In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Harappa.
Institute of Archaeology. “Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology” 25 (n.d.). https://jstor.org/stable/community.35555396.
Mark, Joshua J., and Andrzej Nowojewski. 2022a. “Indus Valley civilization.” World History Encyclopedia, August. https://www.worldhistory.org/Indus_Valley_Civilization/.\
Menon, Arathi. 2020. “An Indus Seal – Smarthistory.” Smarthistory.org. April 22, 2020. https://smarthistory.org/indus-seal/.
“Mohenjo Daro Historical Facts and Pictures | the History Hub.” n.d. https://www.thehistoryhub.com/mohenjo-daro-facts-pictures.htm.
Naveed, Muhammad Bin. 2014. “Harappa: An Overview of Harappan Architecture & Town Planning.” World History Encyclopedia. December 13, 2014. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/695/harappa-an-overview-of-harappan-architecture--town/.
Roach, John. 2009. “Lost City of Mohenjo Daro Puzzles Archaeologists.” History. October 9, 2009. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/mohenjo-daro.
Statuette (Copper; Fragment; Ht. 4 1/4"). ca. 3000-2000 B.C. Sculpture. New Delhi: Mus., Central Asian Antiquities.; Found at Mohenjo-daro; excavated by the Govt. of India in 1922-1927; HR area, room 40, House LV, section B; legs missing, left hand badly corroded; comparable, but very inferior, copper figure found in later excavation at Mohenjo-daro. https://jstor.org/stable/community.11676351.
Seal with Two-Horned Bull and Inscription. c. 2000 BC. Steatite, Overall: 3.2 x 3.2 cm (1 1/4 x 1 1/4 in.). The Cleveland Museum of Art; Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Collection: Indian Art - Indus Valley; Department: Indian and Southeast Asian Art; Gallery: 242A Ancient India; Provenance: description: (William H. Wolff [1906–1991], New York, NY, sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art); footnotes: None; date: ?–1973; description: The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH; footnotes: None; date: 1973–; Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund. https://jstor.org/stable/community.24613514.
“Sir John Hubert Marshall | British Archaeologist | Britannica.” n.d. Www.britannica.com. https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Hubert-Marshall.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2019. “Mohenjo-Daro | Archaeological Site, Pakistan.” In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Mohenjo-daro.
“Who Were the Indus People and How Did They Live? - BBC Bitesize.” n.d. BBC Bitesize.https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zxn3r82/articles/z9mpsbk#zgwkkty.
Violatti, Cristian. 2015. “Indus Script.” World History Encyclopedia. June 5, 2015. https://www.worldhistory.org/Indus_Script/.
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Title: Statuette (copper; fragment; ht. 4 1/4")
Description: "Nude female figure standing or dancing with right hand resting lightly on hip, left hand upon bent left leg just above knee, wearing bracelets completely covering left arm, bracelets on right arm only around elbow and wrist, necklace with three pendants; hair in short crimped curls on top of head and very long, thick lock starting from left side, moving first around behind head and then over right shoulder; feet and ankles missing; eyes half closed; large sexual triangle and vulva carefully delineated."
Source:-
Archive for Research on Archetypal Symbolism
aras.org
Image: from Marshall.* [EA 96/29]
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Travel Entry #5
The Dancing Girl
As I was leaving Mohenjo-Daro, I stumbled upon a remarkable artifact amongst the ancient ruins. It was a small bronze statuette that has been given the name “The Dancing Girl”. This name was given to the statuettes by a British archaeologist named John Marshall when he uncovered her in 1926 (“Dancing Girl from Mohenjo-Daro – Smarthistory,” n.d.).
The bronze Dancing Girl statuette, despite being just four inches tall, carries an air of significance that invites closer inspection. This impressive sculpture was created by the talented artisans of the Indus Valley Civilization, showcasing their exceptional creativity and expertise in working with bronze, which was an advanced metal for that era. In a time when tools and materials were basic, the intricate Dancing Girl is a remarkable accomplishment of craftsmanship.
What intrigued me the most about the Dancing Girl is the ambiguity surrounding her significance. While some interpretations suggest she may have been a dancer, owing to her poised stance, others propose she held a more symbolic or ceremonial role within the society(“Dancing Girl from Mohenjo-Daro – Smarthistory,” n.d.). There are also people who believe that she is looking over to “evaluate the claims of a suitor (Mark 2020).
As I departed from Mohenjo-Daro, the image of the Dancing Girl kept lingering in my mind. This encounter made me realize the true value of history and the lasting impact of ancient civilizations. The presence of the Dancing Girl served as a powerful reminder of human creativity and ingenuity that goes beyond the limits of time and space. It was a moment that left a long-lasting impression on me.
As I think back on my visit to Mohenjo-Daro, I'm amazed by the incredible resilience and sophistication of the Indus Valley Civilization. Every artifact, from the mesmerizing Dancing Girl to the Priest-king gave me a glimpse of a long-gone era. These objects evoked in me a sense of awe and respect for the intricacies of history that I will never forget.
References
“Dancing Girl from Mohenjo-Daro – Smarthistory.” n.d. Smarthistory.org. https://smarthistory.org/dancing-girl-mohenjodaro/.
Mark, Joshua J. 2020. “Indus Valley Civilization.” World History Encyclopedia. October 7, 2020. https://www.worldhistory.org/Indus_Valley_Civilization/.
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Priest-King Sculpture
Source of the Image: Indus Valley Civilization - World History Encyclopedia
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Travel Entry #4
The Priest King
The city of Mohenjo Daro is a testament to the creativity and innovation of the Indus Valley Civilization. The city has become a favorite destination of mine. The ancient city fascinated me with its innovative urban planning and advanced infrastructure. Amidst the ruins, I stumbled upon a remarkable artifact—the Priest-King sculpture. This enigmatic figure left me in awe, sparking my curiosity about the civilization's rich history and culture.
The Priest-King sculpture, which was created using a durable steatite stone, dates back over 4,000 years. This sculpture invites people to investigate and learn more about its history. With its flowing beard and half-closed eyes, the figure radiates strength and wisdom. This sculpture has been very helpful in providing us with a fascinating look into the life of ancient culture(Academy, n.d.).
As I looked at the Priest-King's robe, I saw that most of its colorful paint had faded away. But the intricate carvings on it were still clear, showing how carefully it was made and even though the colors were faint, I could still see traces of red, giving a hint of how beautiful it must have looked long ago.
The Priest-King was found by archaeologist Kashinath Narayan Dikshit during his excavations. This discovery gave us a peek into the ancient life of Mohenjo-daro and the broader Indus Valley Civilization. Even though experts have studied it for years, we still don't know exactly who the Priest-King was or what role he played. Some think he might have come from far away, while others compare him to people from nearby places like Mesopotamia.(Academy, n.d.).
Encountering the enigmatic ancient artifact filled me with awe. I stared at its mysterious face, wondering about the many secrets it held. When I walked away from this ancient statue, I felt like I was taking a piece of its unknown story with me, traveling through time.
References
Academy, Map. n.d. “Smarthistory – the Priest-King Sculpture From the Indus Valley Civilization.”https://smarthistory.org/the-priest-king-sculpture-from-the-indus-valley-civilization/.
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Title: Seal with Two-Horned Bull and Inscription
Description: "Small stone seals, probably used to identify merchandise or property, are among the most numerous objects discovered from the mysterious proto-historic sites along the banks of the Indus River system. Like these, most have sensitively rendered animal imagery along with an inscription written in a script that has not yet been deciphered."
Source: Image and original data from The Cleveland Museum of Art
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An Indus seal
Source of the Image: Smarthistory – An Indus Seal
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Travel Entry #3
The Indus Scripts
So far throughout my journey in the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, I have explored the ancient cities of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro. While exploring the ancient ruins, I discovered something fascinating called the Indus Script. The Indus Script is an ancient writing style of the Indus Valley civilization found on objects like seals, pottery, and tablets. This writing style remains a mystery. Academics have been trying to decode the scripts. Unfortunately, decoding has been quite difficult since the writing is brief, and there are no other scripts to use for comparison(Violatti 2015).
Though the meaning of the Indus Script is still unknown, hints found in ancient artifacts point to a variety of possible uses. Some consider it as a tool for administrative work, while others think it serves as an identification marking or amulet. Its existence on clay tags found back to Mesopotamia suggests that it played a role in promoting trade. As the Indus Valley Civilization declined, their writing system also faded over time. Despite our lack of understanding, the fact that the script appears in a variety of settings indicates how significant it was to ancient culture (Violatti 2015).
As I continued to study the ancient symbols, I couldn't help but be amazed at the remarkable creativity and intelligence of those who crafted them so long ago. Despite the enigmatic nature of this script, it provides a valuable window into the daily lives and cultural practices of the people of that time and civilization. Examining the old writings, I felt a connection to the distant past. Even though their civilization has vanished, their writing still speaks to us.
During my journey through the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, I gained a newfound appreciation for the power of written language.The more I learned, the more fascinated I became. These symbols were once used to convey important messages or mark goods for trade. Although we don't understand the language, the writings tell the story of a highly advanced civilization. Even though the Indus Script remains an enigma, its existence in the ruins of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro serves as a testament to the ingenuity of ancient societies.
Reference
Violatti, Cristian. 2015. “Indus Script.” World History Encyclopedia. June 5, 2015. https://www.worldhistory.org/Indus_Script/.
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Archaeological Ruins at Mohenjo-Daro (UNESCO/NHK)
Link for the Video: https://youtu.be/DbnxPY3D1Pg?feature=shared
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The Great Bath at Mohenjo Daro
Source of Image: Mohenjo Daro Historical Facts and Pictures | The History Hub
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Travel Entry #2
A visit to Mohenjo Daro
The Indus civilization has two well-known cities: Harappa and Mohenjo Daro. After visiting Harappa, I continued my journey to Mohenjo Daro, present-day Sindh, Pakistan. Mohenjo Daro is a land filled with mystery and marvels. According to Britannica, the name Mohenjo Daro is said to mean “the mound of the dead”. As I stood there, at the heart of the city, surrounded by the remains of the Great Bath and granaries, I was amazed at the intelligence and creativity of the ancient and simplistic engineering. The Great Bath was surrounded by brick walls and situated on an elevated mound, serving as Mohenjo Daro's equivalent of a temple structure. Out of all the things that I have seen so far, the great bath has become my favorite.
The city's well-organized layout, with its regular street grids and elevated citadel, showcased the civilization's minimalistic and meticulous planning. The lack of extravagant architecture and minimal stone sculptures indicated that construction was focused on functionality rather than aesthetics (Roach 2009).
Although the city is known for its breathtaking architecture and advanced urban planning, it was also a place that was affected by natural incidents like floods. Evidence suggests that catastrophic floods affected the city (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica 2019). The residents of this city faced numerous difficulties in maintaining their infrastructure and keeping their city alive. It is thought that natural disasters along with possibly other challenges might have ultimately led to the downfall of this once-great city.
Even after thousands of years, Mohenjo Daro still stands tall as a testament to the strength of the ancient Indus civilization. Its architectural design is a unique blend of simplicity and sophistication that continues to captivate our world.
As my trip to this ancient wonder came to an end, I developed a great sense of awe and respect for the resourcefulness and resilience of the people of Mohenjo Daro. The site's rich history and mysterious past have left an indelible mark on the world, inspiring us to continue to uncover its secrets and marvel at the achievements of those who came before us.
References
Roach, John. 2009. “Lost City of Mohenjo Daro Puzzles Archaeologists.” History. October 9, 2009. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/mohenjo-daro.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2019. “Mohenjo-Daro | Archaeological Site, Pakistan.” In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Mohenjo-daro.
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Travel Entry #1
A visit to Harappa
My first destination in this journey is going to be the city of Harappa. Harappa is a city rich in ancient history. It is located in present-day eastern Punjab, Pakistan. The city is situated along the banks of the Ravi River, which interestingly in our timeline is now dry. The Harappa site holds a lot of significance due to it being the first city that offered evidence of the existence and might of the Indus Valley Civilization (Naveed and Nasir 2022). As I strolled through the city and observed the mounds covering the remains of the Indus civilization, I couldn't help but be struck by the magnificence of the site.
The city of Harappa is an ancient city that was strategically organized. The 1988 bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology that was published by the University of London described how the Harappan city demonstrated a remarkable advancement in urban planning and drainage systems. The city had a raised citadel which acted as a fortress on a high ground protecting and dominating the city. The citadel was surrounded by a grid-like pattern of worker housing and was protected by sturdy mud-brick walls and rectangular bastions. The citadel also seemed like it served as the city's administrative hub (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica 1999).
The city's infrastructure was meticulously planned which reflected the advanced administrative skills of its people. The Workers' quarters were neatly arranged in blocks, while well-ventilated granaries/storehouses for grain/ were strategically positioned near the Ravi River, suggesting an advanced food management system. This carefully designed layout demonstrated a precise control over crucial resources, ensuring the city's stability and prosperity. As I stood there in the middle of the city, I couldn't help but admire how clever the people who built it were. Everything seemed so well organized, with streets laid out neatly, storage buildings placed just right, and houses in tidy blocks. It felt like a glimpse into a time when people knew how to work together with nature and each other to make life better for everyone.
I left Harapa being impressed by the cleverness of the people who built it and the complexities of the ancient city life that once thrived there. The echoes of Harappa's past can still be heard in the mounds. The land it occupies gives us a glimpse into the lives of its long-forgotten residents. This journey to Harappa was a fascinating exploration of history. Each step revealed new discoveries about the Indus civilization, which deepened my interest in this ancient world.
References
“India - Harappa.” 2019. In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Harappa.
Institute of Archaeology. “Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology” 25 (n.d.). https://jstor.org/stable/community.35555396.
Naveed, Muhammad Bin. 2014. “Harappa: An Overview of Harappan Architecture & Town Planning.” World History Encyclopedia. December 13, 2014. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/695/harappa-an-overview-of-harappan-architecture--town/.
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The city of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro
Source of the image: 20 Awesome And Interesting Facts About The Indus Valley Civilization - Tons Of Facts
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A travel to the Indus Valley Civilization
#1: A brief introduction to the Indus Valley Civilization
The Indus Valley civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization or the Indus-Sarasvati Civilization was a civilization located in the northern region of the Indian subcontinent (Mark and Nowojewski 2022b). This ancient civilization emerged approximately 5,000 years ago. The settlement of people along the banks of the Indus River laid the foundation for its remarkable cultural and societal foundation (“Who Were the Indus People and How Did They Live? - BBC Bitesize,” n.d.). During the period between 2600 BCE and 1700 BCE, this civilization blossomed. It experienced significant growth in trade, urbanization, and cultural practices during this time. According to Britannica, the Indus Valley civilization, which has been said to be one of the world's most extensive and earliest civilizations, was first discovered in 1921 at Harappa in the Punjab region and later in 1922 at Mohenjo-Daro in the Sindh region. This civilization would be located in present-day Pakistan and Northern India.
Today, I am going back in time to delve into the rise, progression, culture, and ultimate downfall of this intriguing civilization. Through this travel log, I aim to explore the rich history and impact of the Indus Valley Civilization, shedding light on its known achievements, societal structures, and cultural practices. Join me on this interesting journey as we look at the mysteries of the Indus Valley Civilization by drawing insights from scholarly sources and archaeological findings!
References
Mark, Joshua J., and Andrzej Nowojewski. 2022a. “Indus Valley civilization.” World History Encyclopedia, August. https://www.worldhistory.org/Indus_Valley_Civilization/.
“Sir John Hubert Marshall | British Archaeologist | Britannica.” n.d. Www.britannica.com. https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Hubert-Marshall.
“Who Were the Indus People and How Did They Live? - BBC Bitesize.” n.d. BBC Bitesize.https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zxn3r82/articles/z9mpsbk#zgwkkty.
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