#yugoslav immigration to canada

[if-you-fan-a-fire]

“Sault Moulds the Alien Into Good Canadian; Clubs, Lodges and Churches Help,” Sault Star. December 12, 1932. Page 3. ---- Italians Lead Numerically Those of Foreign Extraction; Finns Next ---- That the west end of the city is progressing from a social standpoint is amply demonstrated by a review of the various organizations existing in that section at the present time. Church, club and commercial enterprise have done a great deal in transforming he west end district from a sparsely settled shrub covered country of 20 years ago into the prospering, pleasant locality which it is today. With churches numbering in the neighborhood of 20, attended by residents of the west end to a great extent, clubs and lodges with an almost exclusive west end membership. numbering eight, not including those. with church connections and business establishments which compete with the average of any community, the residents of that part of the city are due to a great portion of the credit for the making of a thriving and friendly Sault Ste. Marle

Unlike the eastern part of the city, the west end is divided to a great extent into small communities, each populated by people of a certain nationlity. The new Canadians, consisting of people of Italian, Polish, Ukrainian, Fincish, Ruthenian and Croatian stock, occupy the greater part of the section generally referred to as west. Each one of these small communities has its own churches, clubs and to some extent business establishments, but despite this fact the new Canadian resident cannot be termed clannish, for at all times he is willing to mingle and enjoy himself with the crowd.

There are several institutions which have done a great work in moulding the character of the people from the old land and their children, in such a manner as to render them first class Canadians, but probably the most outstanding of these are the All Peoples' United Church, the St. Mary's School and the McFadden School. In cases where the parents were poor and terribly busy in the grind and rush of earning a livelihood in a strange land, the three named institutions are deserving of every commendation for instructions and care rendered to the children along religious, social and physical lines.

The two leading Italian organizatlons are the Marconi and Sons of Italy Societies. The Marconi Society, which was established in the Sault in 1912, with only a few members, has now over 225 on the roll. Having been incorporated in 1917, it carries a sick relief fund, practically guaranteeing the members from financial distress on account of illness. The president of the Marconi Society is Mr. A. Candelori. The organization met for some time in the Sons of Italy headquarters, but last year built and opened their own hall on Albert Street West, on November 25. Their hall is located just opposite the St. Mary's School. The Sons of Italy, who for several years met in their hall en Queen Street, West, built a new hall on Cathcart Street which was opened September 21, of this year. The combined value of these two new buildings is estimated at about $30,000 and emphasises in a way the progress of the Italian people in the Sault. Mr. L. Pasquantonio Is the president of the Sons of Italy. There are sister lodges of these two organizations, the Princess Marie Jose Lodge of the Sons of Italy and the Electra Marconi Society, the ladies' lodge of the Marconi Society. There is also the Fratellanza Calabresía, a brotherhood society of the Italians. The Italians too. are artistic by nature and there are several musical groups, orchestras and bands, that give good entertainment. There is this year also a good dramatic club, that under the auspices of the Sons of Italy produces very creditable plays and concerts.

The Italians rank first as far as population is concerned among the New Canadian classes. There are 4,500 people in this city who are Italian by birth

Next to the Italians come the Finnish who in the past three or four years have come to the Sault in great numbers. The climate of the Sault is similar to that in Finland and the Finnish people favor the cold of the north country. Since 1928 the number has grown from nearly 1,000 to about 1,800. They are, to a considerable extent, the types that are known as seasonal workers, doing bush jobs in the winter and construction work in the summer. Owing to this fact the Finnish population of the Sault fluctuates with the seasons, there being twice as many here in the summer then there are in the winter. There are two distinct groups of Finnish people, the members of the Finnish Organizations, the official headquarters of which is on Thompson Street, and the Hussey Hall Group. They are ardent physical culturists, going in for wrestling and discus throwing a great deal.

Two nationalities that have close to the same population in the Sault, are the Ukrainians and the Croatians The Ukrainians number about 1,800. A great many of them reside in Bay View. They have two branches of their cultural organizations here, the Ukrainian Labor Farmer Temple and the Workers' Benevolent Society. Headquarters of both organizations are situated in Winnipeg. Two schools are maintained here, one in the city and one in Bay View, the purpose of which is to teach the children the language of their forefathers and to train them along musical lines. They have a keen sense of the artistic, and among them are some fine musicians. They have had a mandolin orchestra of 50 places, practically all children taking part. As these have grown older they have taken places in other orchestras. At the All Peoples' church there is a very good orchestra of Ukrainians, under the direction of Mr. D. Bondur. There is also an exceptional Croatlan orchestra under the direction of S. Bosnakovich, who is a composer as well as leader, and their music is full of lilting melody. The Ukrainians have the third largest language group in Canada, there being 300,000 in all from coast to coast. They come to a great extent from a state called Eastern Galicia, where land is scarce and the farmer (and Ukrainians are farmers by choice), has a hard time making his living.

The Croatians number about 100 families, and a population including single men, of about 1,500. They are not all west end residents. They have two local societies. the Croatian Fraternal Union and the Slavonian-Croatian Union.

The Poles and Russians in the city number less than is generally supposed, there being no more than 150 Poles and 100 Russians, though they have no classified organizations a number of them belong to the Ukrainian groups.

The Jewish group is the smallest yet most interesting body in the city. There are only 14 families, who have a 100 per cent organization in the Zionist Society, and who maintain a school to teach their children the Jewish language.

Other groups in the city of foreign stock are the Chinese, numbering 100, who have a society of 75 members known as the Kuo-min-tang, the Serbians numbering 100, the Czecho-Slovaks 150. Then there are several other nationalities represented by from 10 to 30 people. Among them are the Rumanian, the Bulgarian, German, Swede, Norwegian, Armenian, Syrian, Greek, Spaniard. Danes and White Russians, a nationality distinct from the Russian.

#sault ste. marie #immigration to canada #canadianization #immigrant canadians #immigrant social clubs #finnish immigration to canada #finnish canadians #italian canadians #italian immigration to canada #yugoslav immigration to canada #ukrainian canadians #ukrainian immigration to canada #chinese canadians #kuomintang #great depression in canada #northern ontario

[beanbottle73]

Minneapolis Minnesota Momentary Visa Legal Professional

The F-1 visa is for a full-time pupil at an accredited U.S. instructional establishment, including colleges, excessive faculties, seminaries, and conservatories. While on the F-1 visa, you'll find a way to solely have on-campus employment. There can additionally be the F-2 visa for the spouse or children of the F-1 visa holder. Finally, there could be an F-3 for “border commuters” that stay in Canada or Mexico and commute to the us to study. Nonimmigrant visas often cowl short-term employment, research, and short-term visits for tourism or business. As for internationals that overstayed their visa , they must reapply for a visa if they wish to enter the US once more after overstaying. To get this sort of visa, these people have to be important to the provision of companies of their area of experience. The H-2A visa is granted to temporary agricultural staff from selected countries in whom the US has some type of interest. It is a laminated card which permits Mexican citizens to enter the US. In order in your visa to be annotated, you must acquire a letter from your employer explaining the necessity for a TWIC and that you are a potential TWIC applicant. Then, whereas the employee is in the United States, we begin the method of making use of for permanent residency. Certain A-1 and A-2 dependents could additionally be granted employment authorization. If an A visa holder seeks to regulate standing to everlasting residence, a waiver of application must be filed and may be submitted concurrently with the Adjustment of Status software. Tips On How To Get A China Work Visa, Visa For Work In China The Caravanistan website has some helpful visa extension stories from travelers. A second extension is tougher to get, and a 3rd extension is extraordinarily unlikely. Hey Jason, if it’s potential, the consulate in Hong Kong should be able to do it. I will warn you, although, that technically you’re not imagined to have multiple active China visas. Don’t be shocked in the occasion that they cancel the vacationer and enterprise visa in order to concern you a model new M visa. The United States is house to more college-educated immigrants than some other country. Travel Visa Pro prides itself on providing glorious customer support, privateness and safety, and velocity when serving to our purchasers. Our expertise and make contact with list supplies your prospects with a direct hyperlink to the most effective professionals with connections in embassies and consulates across the globe. 1) Please mail the visa application supplies solely after receiving the confirmation email. Application materials without affirmation by the Consulate General shall be returned. For different overseas nationals, please fill in and signal theCredit Card Payment Authorization Form for cost. I truly have always believed they should be the flip sides of America’s management coin. Humility as a end result of we aren’t good, we don’t have all of the solutions, and a lot of the world’s problems aren’t mainly about us, even as they affect us. But confidence as a end result of America at its best has a greater capability than any country on Earth to mobilize others for the widespread good and for the great of our people. Forms & Hyperlinks Nationals from the Russian Federation, Ukraine, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia , Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Albania and the Republic of Moldova shall pay a Visa fee of EUR 35. Useful info on travelling from China to the European Union , similar to embassies, and data for learning there. To work out the place you want to apply firstly.And then move on following application preparations. To ensure your submission goes easily at CVASC, each applicant should guide an appointment, make it early in peak business season. The duration of keep begins from the day after arrival and is not extendable. Foreign visitors must depart by the top of the stated period. From 28 March 2017, Mainland Chinese residents are able to apply for the Exit and Entry Permit online if they're residing in a 3rd country. Nationals of the following international locations are eligible for business eVisas if they've obtained suggestions from the native Taiwan External Trade Development Council since 1 June 2017. You are required to have an email address for us to respond to. Be positive to explain exactly what is going on , and inform us what web browser you are utilizing and its model. Article 32 A foreigner who is topic to repatriation shall bear the associated bills. Visa And Authentication Service The passport and visa can be collected by anybody in possession of the unique assortment slip on the date or a later date written on the slip, until otherwise informed by the VAC. China Highlights tailor-makes China tours to assist travelers discover China their method. We're a passionate team of one hundred avid travelers who like to share our information of China with those in search of a more authentic journey expertise, more ... Visit your native Chinese embassy website to work out what visa you probably can apply for you and what you should do to use. Consulates General in the us and apply for the health code for the direct flight for China. To apply on your Residency Permit, you should show up in particular person at your native Public Security Bureau a minimal of one week earlier than you Z visa expires. Your employer will assist with this process as they will have to verify that you might be working for them. Everyone who arrives in China to work is required to endure a reasonably comprehensive and time-consuming medical check, which is meant to discount infectious ailments like HIV and drug use. Instead, they're required to carry several sorts of permits/travel documents listed below when touring to Mainland China. Starting from 9 February 2017, holders of non-Chinese travel documents aged between 14 and 70 will be fingerprinted upon entry, aside from holders of diplomatic passports. This new policy has began in Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport and can steadily roll out in all border checkpoints and worldwide airports before the end of 2017. After inputting your information, click on on “Place Order” which can create your completed order form, then print it out and sign it. Your passport should have two or more consecutive blank pages. This is where the visa stamps and other visa-related stampings will be positioned. Travel to China and tour Beijing, visit the Great Wall of China, see the Terracotta... China Visa Necessities & Utility Course Of I’m all the time jittery when I apply for a visa or face their Immigration officers. But I attempt to brush it off as a outcome of I’m also very anxious to visit China — anxious, as in keen. Out of all the nations I have set foot in, in phrases of landscapes, China is considered one of the most breathtaking. I even have visited solely three provinces so far — Henan, Hunan, and Guangxi — however all of them completely blew me away. The nerves additionally dissipate as soon as I make it via the Immigration gates. We counsel you to offer hotels for a minimum of 5 nights, unless your flight shows fewer days of keep. 14) I am bringing a young toddler, due to this fact the infant will not have a flight ticket or been on the hotel confirmation. Airlines might not issue ticket for toddler in lap, however they'll email you a flight confirmation with infant name. The confirmation e mail from the airlines is sufficient. You additionally have to contact with the hotel to add infant name as additional guest. MacauPermit for Travelling to SARs and endorsement requiredTwo-way Permit not required for these in transit to a 3rd nation within 30 days. Visa necessities for Chinese residents are administrative entry restrictions imposed on residents of China by the authorities of different states. This website is using a safety service to protect itself from on-line assaults. The motion you simply performed triggered the safety resolution. It ought to be famous that residents of Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan can not immediately use their passports to enter mainland China for tourism. Unless they're connecting at a selected airport for lower than 24 hours) they want to apply for the relevant journey cross. The China visa consulate fee for American residents is $140, whereas residents from other countries can anticipate to pay amounts starting from $30 to $90. The cost is made on the point of visa collection, while some areas would require fee at the level of utility. Foreigners with members of the family who're Chinese residents can apply for the Q visa to go to their relations. Also, foreigners with Chinese Spouse who want to go to for no matter purpose can apply. Visa Coverage Of Mainland China To get hold of this mandatory journey doc you must guide a guide for your complete trip and pre-arrange private transport for journeys outdoors Lhasa. No direct functions are accepted, which successfully means that Tibet can solely be visited on an organized tour. Since May 2018, the Chinese resort island of Hainan has supplied 30-day visa-free entry to residents of fifty nine international locations together with the US, Canada, the EU, the UK, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore. This page consists of data such as the Oman visa necessities for Chinese residents, how to apply, and what to know earlier than getting a visa from China to Oman. The simplified process to receive a Malaysia visa from China permits visitors an easier method to obtain the proper journey doc to enter the country. Additionally, it also supplies streamlined access to the country on arrival to a port of entry in Malaysia. All candidates for China Visa should complete a Chinese visa software kind online. Effective from November 1, 2012, ROC passport-holders can enter the U.S. and not utilizing a visa. For the applicability of the Visa Waiver Program and its details, please check with the united states Visa Waiver Program area on the net site of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Visa Waiver Program description on the net site of the American Institute in Taiwan. For the document data, the requirements of the aforementioned government agencies and institutions shall prevail. China Plans To Permit Small Variety Of Overseas College Students To Return, Rejoin Studies A letter of authority must be offered if a Sponsor if making use of on behalf of the mother or father or guardian. The letter of the institution of examine must state the duration of examine, program and establishment particulars. It is best to travel after practical training is accredited. The 30-day grace period is meant to organize for departure. CBP would make the choice whether or not or not to re-admit you during your grace interval. However, Quebec student visa necessities are a little completely different from the remainder of Canada. 台胞證 is North America’s most worldwide university. Thirty percent of UBC’s scholar population is international—16,188 students from 156 international locations. Located on Canada’s lovely west coast, the college is part of busy Vancouver. UBC is a wonderful selection for those excited about dwelling in a metropolis while nonetheless having entry to nature. Living in Vancouver means quick access to the beautiful outdoor, including forest, ocean and mountains. Australia’s Genuine Temporary Entrant requirement operates as an integrity measure. Its basic level is to make sure your pupil visa program is definitely intended for examine, as opposed to sneaking in a little bit of ongoing residency in Australia. But if you’re really wanting to check in Australia you’re going to want a scholar visa. Now student visas have a complicated set of requirements. And you’re going to need to tick them off if you need to get that coveted stamp of approval. After they arrive in Germany, international students have to register with the authorities and apply for a Residence Permit. Apply China Vacationer & Business Visa Companies San Diego, California Chinese passport holders who meet Turkish eVisa requirements can get a visa on-line. Electronic visa candidates obtain the approved visa by e-mail. There are 2 methods to get a Turkish visa from China, on-line or at the embassy. Chinese nationals cannot get a visa on arrival in Turkey, they must apply upfront. Yes, passport holders from the People’s Republic of China want a visa for Turkey, together with for short stays. The Turkey eVisa system is 100 percent digital and is probably the most convenient possibility for Chinese visitors. If that isn't the case, as lengthy as they've a sound entry visa for China, the small print can be fixed after arrival in Beijing. If you wish to travel outdoors of mainland China during the semester or the break between semesters, please pay extra consideration to your visa. You will need to renew your visa or apply for a brand new one if your visa only permits for one entry. Except as noted below, the variety of entries, charges and validity for non-Canadian or non-Mexican family members of a TN status holder looking for TD visas should be based mostly on the reciprocity schedule of the TN principal alien. In 1996, 77% of persons exiting China held a passport for public affairs. The purpose for the excessive rate of utilization was as a outcome of the passport for public affairs provided more visa-free nations, such as Russia, than the odd passport. For the applicability of the Visa Waiver Program and its particulars, please discuss with the U.S. Visa Waiver Program area on the website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Visa Waiver Program description on the website of the American Institute in Taiwan. For the document data, the requirements of the aforementioned government companies and establishments shall prevail. 6 Physical data supplied by Clients might be transferred to and saved at the Chinese Embassies or Consulates. The Application Center will save the collected shoppers' information in physical or electronic form and take reasonable administrative measures to have the ability to forestall info leakage or unauthorized use, and guarantee solely correct use of all the data. 14 “Application Service Fee” refers to the fee charged by the Application Center to shoppers for providing them with Basic Services.

#台胞證

[applyvietnamvisaus145]

How to Apply Vietnam Electronic Visa through the Digital Platform and What are its Advantages?

 Table of Content:

1.1 - What is E-visa or Electronic Visa for Vietnam?

1.2 - Which countries are on the list those can apply Vietnam  electronic visa?

1.3 - What is the fee required to be paid to apply Vietnam  electronic visa?

1.4 - How to get on in order to apply Vietnam electronic visa?

 What is E-visa or Electronic Visa for Vietnam?

Electronic visa for Vietnam is an authorized travel document issued by the Vietnam Immigration Department, proving the valid stay for up to 30 days in continuance. When foreigners apply Vietnam electronic visa, they receive it in the PDF format. This instance, no stamp or label is required to put on the passport. E-visa acts as an entrance provider to journey to and within Vietnam for an array of reasons, realizing as tourism, business, relative or friend visit, investment, journalism, corporate visitation, jobs, study, summit and around these. By the allowance of this kind of visa, you can enter Vietnam through any of international ports that can be land ports, sea ports or airports. After you have processed the steps to apply Vietnam electronic visa one month single entry visa will be delivered to you.

Which countries are on the list, those can apply Vietnam electronic visa?

80 countries across the world has been approved by the Vietnam Government to obtain Vietnam E-visa.

 No         COUNTRY CODE      COUNTRY

            AND                         Andorra

            ARG                         Argentina

            ARM                        Armenia

            AUS                         Australia

            AUT                         Austria

            AZE                         Azerbaijan

            BLR                         Belarus

            BEL                         Belgium

            BIH                          Bosnia and Herzegovina

            BRA                         Brazil

            BRN                        Bruney

            BGR                        Bulgaria

            CAN                        Canada

            CHL                         Chile

            CHN                        China                                                                ·Including Hong Kong SAR and Macau                                                     SAR passport holders                                                                                ·Not apply to Chinese e-passport holders

            COL                        Colombia

            HRV                       Croatia

            CUB                       Cuba

            CYP                       Cyprus

            CZE                       Czech Republic

            DNK                       Denmark

            EST                        Estonia

            FJI                          Fiji

            FIN                         Finland

            FRA                        France

            GEO                       Georgia

            DE                          Germany

            GRC                       Greece

            HUN                        Hungary

            ISL                           Iceland

            IND                          India

            IRL                          Ireland

            ITA                          Italy

            JPN                        Japan

            KAZ                        Kazakhstan

            KOR                       Korea (South)

            LVA                         Latvia

            LIE                          Liechtenstein

            LTU                         Lithuania

            LUX                         Luxembourg

            MKD                        Macedonia The former Yugoslav of

            MLT                         Malta

            MHL                        Marshall Islands

            MEX                        Mexico

            FSM                        Micronesia Federated States of

            MDA                        Moldova

            MCO                        Monaco

            MNG                        Mongolia

            MNE                        Montenegro

            MMR                       Myanmar

            NRU                        Nauru

            NLD                         Netherland

            NZL                         New Zealand

            NOR                        Norway

            PLW                         Palau

            PAN                         Panama

            PNG                         Papua New Guinea

            PER                         Peru

             PHL                        Philippines

             POL                        Poland

             PRT                        Portugal

             QAT                        Qatar

             ROU                       Romania

             RUS                       Russia

             WSM                      Samoa

             SMR                       San Marino

             SRB                        Serbia

             SVK                        Slovakia

             SVN                        Slovenia

             SLB                         Solomon Islands

             ESP                         Spain

             SWE                        Sweden

             CHE                        Switzerland

              TLS                        Timor Leste

             ARE                        United Arab Emirates

            GBR                         United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern  Ireland

             USA                         United States of America

             URY                         Uruguay

             VUT                         Vanuatu

             VEN                         Venezuela

 What is the fee required to be paid to apply Vietnam electronic visa?

As to one month tourist visa for single entry, outsiders will be charged 35 USD. On the contrary, one month business visa with single entry is priced at 45 USD. In reference to the told, no stamping fee has to be paid at the arrival port.

How to get on in order to apply Vietnam electronic visa?

In line to apply Vietnam electronic visa, you have to match up with following steps:

·Type in the requirement of visa you wish to have.

·Upload essentials like 4*6 cm photo with white background and passport.

·Review the application and confirm the payment.

Minors with their own passport must fill up their complete E-Visa application and those aged 14 or under attached in their parent's passport must be included on their parent's E-visa application as well. Do not forget to keep a copy of E-Visa always with yourself when inside Vietnam. A must to adhere action is to not fall into the suspension cases from entry as prescribed in Article 21 of law on foreigners in connection with entry, exit, transit and residence in Vietnam rules.      

On the completion of the above process, we will perform the next step and send the visa to your email id within 3 to 4 working days. Get a print out of your E-Visa and carry with self at arriving port in Vietnam.

Please refer to these useful details when you have to apply Vietnam electronic visa. In regard to your specific query about the procedure to apply Vietnam electronic visa, feel independent to attain resolutions from us via email: [email protected] or call to handheld: (+84).899.33.12.12. We assure you of the best support in needed moments always.  

Spend a cheerful day!

Applyvietnamvisa.org Team 

#vietnam e-visa #vietnam #visa #vietnam visa photo size #vietnam entry and exit form #vietnamtravel #visaapplication #vietnam electronic visa

[nathanielburgos]

Top E-2 Visa Requirements for Investors: Do You Qualify?

When deciding to file a petition for an E-2 work visa, it’s important to be aware of the key E-2 visa requirements for investors and individual guidelines. USCIS defines an E-2 investment as “the investor’s placing of capital, including funds and other assets, at risk in the commercial sense with the objective of generating a profit. Your investment may be to establish a new business venture, or purchase a pre-existing business.”

An E-2 treaty investor visa is a non-immigrant visa reserved for foreign entrepreneurs of countries that have a Treaty of Trade and Commerce with the United States. E-2 investor visa allows foreign investors to enter and work inside of the United States based on a substantial investment in a bona fide enterprise. In this article, we’re going to explain the top E-2 Visa Requirements for Investors and the qualifications. 

There are two types of investor visas so before looking into E-2 visa requirements for investors you want to make sure the E-2 visa is the right fit for you as a foreign investor. If the E-2 visa isn’t the correct fit for you, there is also the option of an EB-5 investor green card.

On an E-2 visa, you may:

Work legally in the company that is the investment vehicle in the U.S.

Travel freely in and out of the U.S.

Stay on a prolonged basis with unlimited two-year extensions as long as you maintain E-2 qualifications

Be accompanied by your dependents under 21, relatives and spouse. Your spouse may also work while in the U.S. while your dependents may attend U.S. schools, colleges, and universities, and do not have to apply for a separate student visa.

However, the disadvantages are as follows:

E-2 visas are available only to nationals of countries (listed below) having investment treaties with the U.S.

You are restricted to work only for the specific employer or self-owned business that acted as your E-2 visa sponsor

E-2 visas are approved for two years at a time which makes the application/extension process slow.

Key E-2 Visa Requirements for Investors to Qualify

The E-2 visa minimum investment requirement is that you invest in a bona fide enterprise. By failing to do this, your petition will not qualify. A bona fide enterprise is defined by the immigration authorities as “a real, active commercial or entrepreneurial undertaking which produces services or goods for profit”.

Some of the evidence you may submit to demonstrate that your business is bona fide includes:

Notice of assignment of an Employer Identification Number from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

Tax returns

Financial statements

Quarterly wage reports or payroll summaries (i.e., W-2s and W-3)

Business organizational chart

Business licenses

Bank statements, utility bills, and advertisements/telephone directory listings

Contracts or customer/vendor agreements

Escrow documents

Lease agreement

There are a few key E-2 visa requirements for investors that will help you prepare your petition and ensure that you are a qualifying applicant. You can check the status after completing your petition.

The Investor Must Be a National of a Treaty Country

Treaty countries currently include:

Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Grenada, Honduras, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Liberia, Luxembourg, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Philippines, Poland, Republic of Congo, Romania, Senegal, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad & Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, and Yugoslav.

It is important to note that you must be a legitimate citizen of one of the above countries in order to fulfill the E-2 visa requirements. It is not enough to maintain a legal permanent residency. Your current passport must be from one of these treaty countries. However, you do not have to be currently residing in a treaty country as long as your citizenship from a treaty country.

For example, if Mr. Cousteau is a citizen of France but has been living in China for the last eight years, he still fulfills the E-2 visa requirements and can apply.

Additional information regarding individual countries is available at the Bureau of Consular Affairs.

The Investment Must Be Substantial

It must be sufficient to ensure the successful operation of the enterprise. The percentage of investment for a low-cost business enterprise must be higher than the percentage of investment in a high-cost enterprise. While some investments of less than $100,000 are approved, it’s safe to say that the investment capital and reserves should total no less than $100,000.

Some evidence you can use to prove that the investment is substantial is corresponding personal and/or business bank statements, an itemized list of goods and materials purchased for the start-up, and corresponding financial accounting documentation. It’s also wise to put together a business plan that illustrates your projected success.

The Investor Must Place the Funds at Risk

“At risk” means that the investor is to be irrevocably committed. If you’re able to walk away from the investment without losing anything, you likely do not qualify. The applicant must have already spent the money towards the startup, purchase of a U.S. business, or enterprise. Loans secured with the assets of the investment enterprise are not allowed. The investment must be at risk of being lost due to the business or enterprise being unsuccessful.

To be safe, you may put the investment amount in an escrow account and have it transferred if your E-2 visa application is granted.

If you are purchasing an existing business, you should know all there is to know about the business and its counterparts. Learn all the components of the business and come to an educated conclusion of how well they are doing presently and how successful the business is projected to be. An escrow account is even more important for those buying an existing business. In this case, you and the seller of the business will agree on the terms and conditions of the business purchase and how to later transfer the money after reaching a conclusion.  

The Investment Must Be a Real Operating Enterprise

A real operating enterprise means that the enterprise must be offering a tangible good or service. Examples of these enterprises are restaurants, retail stores, medical offices, etc. Speculative or idle investment such as real estate investments, undeveloped land, or stocks held by an investor who has no intent to direct the enterprise does not qualify. Similarly, uncommitted funds in a bank account or similar security are not considered an investment.

The Investment May Not Be Marginal

A marginal enterprise will not project enough return on investment to make a significant economic contribution. The enterprise must generate significantly more income than just to provide a living to the investor and family, or it must have a significant economic impact in the U.S. 

The Investor Must Be Coming to the U.S. to Develop and Direct the Enterprise.

If the applicant is not the principal investor, he or she must be employed in a supervisory, executive, or highly specialized skill capacity. Ordinary skilled and unskilled workers do not qualify. The government will not grant you an E-2 visa if they don’t believe you play an important role in the enterprise. 

You must show that you will develop and direct the investment enterprise by demonstrating ownership of at least 50 percent of the enterprise, or by possessing operational control through a managerial position or other corporate devices. 

How Can An Employee Qualify?

In order for an employee of an investor to apply for this visa, there are a series of E-2 visa requirements that must be met:

Your employee must be a citizen of the same treaty country that the principle E-2 investor (you) maintains citizenship.

Your employee must qualify under the definition of an “employee” as stated in the U.S. legal code.

You must be able to prove that your employee is necessary for the fulfillment of your endeavor. This is easily proven if he or she is a manager or executive, but can also be proven if he or she has specialized knowledge that makes them instrumental to the operation or development of your enterprise.

Is Business Plan Required?

It is not an official E-2 visa requirement to have a business plan. However, it is highly recommended that you submit a comprehensive business plan along with your E-2 evidence. This is because the USCIS wants to see that your enterprise will create jobs and stimulate the economy in the U.S.

To prove this, you need to make it clear that you have experience starting a business or that your enterprise has a high likelihood of success. Submitting a business plan is the best way to accomplish this.

What are the Requirements for the E-2 Investment Amount?

Unlike the EB-5 visa that has specified minimum investment amounts for its two categories, the E-2 visa does not have a minimum for business capital and instead looks for “substantial capital”. What determines an appropriate investment amount varies widely depending on the size and nature of each business. 

Officials at the embassy or USCIS use their discretion to consider whether an amount of investment capital is appropriate or not. Though it is widely believed that having a minimum of $100,000 capital is a good rule of thumb, in some cases, you may need more or less. For instance, a small shop or firm may be approved with an investment amount in the tens of thousands of dollars. In general, however, having a large investment amount will be helpful and make your case stronger. This is another critical area that requires working with an experienced E-2 visa immigration attorney. 

Requirements for E-2 Visa Extension

There are two ways to extend your E-2 status. The first one is to travel outside the United States and re-enter. This will give you an automatic two-year renewal. The other option is to seek renewal in the U.S. by filing an extension request with the USCIS. To do this, you will need to submit a new I-129 petition, I-539 form, and other E-2 visa extension documents. 

E-2 Visa Processing Time

The processing time for an E-2 visa varies widely depending on the embassy from which you are applying. In some embassies, the process may take just a few weeks, while in others you may have to wait a number of months. If you are applying from within the United States, you may use the premium processing service to have your visa application processed within 15 calendar days. Another factor that could help expedite the process is if you are buying an existing business that is already registered as an E-2 treaty enterprise.

E-2 Visa Processing Fee

The E-2 visa processing fee will depend on whether you are changing status from inside the U.S. or applying through consular processing outside the U.S. 

E-2 Change of Status Processing Fees

I-129 petition: $460

I-539 form: $370

Premium processing fee (optional): $1,440

Consular Processing Fees

DS-160 visa application fee: $205

Visa issuance fee: This depends on your country

E-2 Visa Requirements May Vary Depending on Your Nationality

While E-2 visa is open to nationals of all treaty countries, there are certain country-specific requirements that depend on an applicant’s nationality. 

Unusual Requirements for U.K. Nationals: The United Kingdom has an unusual requirement, which sets it apart from other countries. This is not surprising though as the U.K. was the first nation-state to have an E-2 visa treaty agreement with the U.S. dating back to 1815.

British nationals are required to show residence in the U.K. before they can qualify for an E-2 investor visa. While this may appear simple for British nationals, it may be complicated for those living outside of both countries. As a U.K. citizen living in another country, you may need to show one of the following to get your E-2 visa approved.

Ownership or rental of a home in the United Kingdom

U.K. tax returns

U.K. payslips

U.K.-based investments

Other connections you have in the U.K.

Visa Validity May Vary: The difference in E-2 visa validity is based on whether you apply in the United States or outside the U.S. through consular processing. For every E-2 visa issued by the USCIS in the United States, the validity is two years and is subject to renewal.

However, it is not the same for those going the consular processing route. An E-2 visa issued through consular processing has an initial validity period of five years for many treaty countries. For some other countries with low reciprocity, the validity may be lower and can range from four years to as little as three months. For instance, the validity period is four years for Switzerland nationals and two years for Singaporeans. Nationals of Bangladesh, Moldova, Bahrain, Azerbaijan, and a few others are only eligible for a three-month validity period. The good news is that, regardless of your validity, once you get to the U.S., you can continue to extend your stay indefinitely. 

Does the E-2 Validity Period Determine How Long an E-2 Investor Can Stay in the United States?

The validity doesn’t determine how long you can stay in the United States. As long as you maintain the rules guiding your status which include starting and running a qualified business, you can renew your visa and stay in the U.S. indefinitely. 

The validity period is only based on only how long you have before the visa expires or how long you can use the same visa to travel abroad and re-enter the United States. If you are granted an E-2 visa with a five-year validity period, you can use the same visa to re-enter the United States as many times as needed within the five-year period.

The same cannot be said of those with a three-months validity period. Once such applicants get to the United States, they will first be given two years to run their business. However, if they travel out of the United States, they will have to apply for a new visa at the embassy before they can re-enter the U.S. The reciprocity status surrounding the E-2 visa can sometimes be complicated. It is important to work with an immigration attorney to help you determine what the rule says based on your nationality.

E-2 Visa Requirements for Investors Recap

Filing for a visa can be quite complex and labor-intensive, which is why it’s best to always consult a professional with this type of experience. If you believe you meet the E-2 visa requirements for Investors then the next step is to give us a call to start the filing process and gather the materials necessary to send to USCIS.

In the event that you do not meet the E-2 visa requirements for Investors then we’ll offer other visa options that may be more suitable for your case. Due to the time-sensitive nature of these filings, however, it’s ideal to get started immediately because other appropriate visas may have a fixed quota/annual allotment like the H-1B visa for instance.

Our Lawyers Are Waiting to Help You

Do you need assistance filing for an E-2 visa? Our lawyers can help you file an E-2 visa based on the USCIS and U.S. Department of State guidelines. With years of experience helping investors get their start in the U.S., we are uniquely equipped with the knowledge to help you with your specific E-2 case.

By filling out this contact form, you can schedule a consultation with one of our immigration attorneys and get started on the road to success through our firm.

During your consultation, we’ll explain which course of action will suit your case best. We may determine that you do not qualify for an E-2 visa and suggest more suiting non-immigrant status alternatives.

Related Pages: E-2 Visa Requirements for Investors

Investor Visa

E-2 Treaty Investor Visa Requirements

E-2 Visa Renewal and Extension

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"Quartet Sentenced To Prison For Smuggling of Gold," Windsor Star. April 20, 1943. Page 5 & 6. --- Three Get Long Terms For Offences ---- Confess to Ten Charges in Taking Highgrade Valued at $3,000 Across Border ---- Three men who confessed to conspiracy and other charges, ten in all, in the smuggling of $3,000 worth of gold to the United States were sentenced to two and a half years in Portsmouth penitentiary and a fourth to two years less a day in reformatory by Judge J. J. Coughlin in County Judges' Criminal Court late yesterday afternoon.

Those receiving the prison sentences were Sam Matijevich, 42, alias Sam Matheson of Hamilton, referred to in court as "apparently the ringleader of the whole plot" [TOP]; Marko Lekrich, 35, of 1117½ Albert road [MIDDLE], and Michael Bijlich, 41, of 775 St. Luke road [BOTTOM].

WITHDRAWN AGAINST ONE The lighter reformatory term was drawn by George Birush, 42, of 1564 Hickory road. Charges against a fifth man, Joja Pejnovick of Larder Lake, were withdrawn when Stanley L. Springsteen, K.C., special prosecutor for the Foreign Exchange Control Board, said that investigation had not linked him with the cases before the court.

After an array of charges which included illegal export of gold, illegal possession of ore, infractions of the Foreign Exchange Control Regulations and aiding and abetting in the commission of these offences, Mr. Springsteen agreed with the defence counsel, Hon. James H. Clark, K.C., M.P.P., that the charges arose from two sets of circumstances concerning shipments of gold made on December 29 last and on February 15. The men then pleaded guilty in turn.

In passing sentence, Judge Coughlin told the men he was taking into full consideration a plea by Mr. Clark that they saved the county considerable expense in court costs by readily admitting their offences.

SERIOUS CHARGE "I am taking into account the fact that you have co-operated with the crown to the extent of pleading guilty," His Honor told the four accused, as they stood at. the front of the courtroom awaiting passing of sentence.

"The fact remains, however, that the offences you have comimitted are serious. You must know that the government exacts heavy duty from gold and that when you assist in the perpetration of a crime of this kind you are committing a fraud against every man and woman in the country who has to carry the added load from his taxation."

His Honor said that he was considering the suggestion of Mr. Springsteen in giving the shorter sentence to Birush who was said to have been less lightly involved. Two of the others, Matijevich and Bijlich, had previous records. Matijevich was sentenced to 12 months definite and three indefinite in reformatory on July 12, 1940, for having gold illegally and was paroled May 20, 1941. Bijlich was given two years in Portsmouth for fraud at Sudbury December 4, 1935. Lekich and Birush were both first offenders.

In reporting details of the case to the court, Mr. Springsteen disclosed that police investigation is continuing wtih a man whom he referred to as a "Mr. Milford Blackburn" still being sought by U. S. authorities. Black- burn was alleged to have been involv- ed in making a deal for the gold shipments in Detroit.

Beyond consenting to waive their. right to be tried by a jury and plead- ing guilty, none of the men made any statement to the court and how they obtained possession of the gold re- mains unexplained. Mr. Clark told the court that some of the men had been miners, but that he had been advised that they were not so en- gaged at the time of their arrest. A plea that the sentence of the men be dated back to the time of their capture was rejected by His Honor.

DARING POLICE WORK The court case followed one of the most daring bits of police work in the annals of the border, culminating in the arrest of the four men February 15.

After they had been trailed for several weeks by R.C.M.P. and Foreign Exchange Control Board officers, the pay-off came in a rooming house on Ouellette avenue. It was then that the unhappy smugglers learned that one of their number was a United States Secret Service operative, known to them only as Bill Brown. His real name has been withheld by the authorities. It was Brown who arranged for the meeting at the Ouellette avenue address and who led his "companions" unsuspectingly into the police trap.

The actual sale of a gold "button" (the term used to describe hi-grade after it has been smelted) was permitted to take place. Two of the smugglers were allowed to leave the house after the deal had been started. They were to take the gold to the proper address in Detroit. When they arrived on the American side they were to telephone to the Ouellette avenue house and say everything was okay and then the money was to be paid over. All this went on under the eyes of officers trailing the smugglers.

The two men carrying the gold to Detroit were picked up immediately after they had passed the Canadian customs officer stating that they had nothing to declare. However, the phone call actually was made to the house by police so that no suspicions would be aroused in the minds of the remaining smugglers who were to collect for the gold. The bogus Bill Brown got the call. He turned from the phone and said: "Okay boys, everything went as planned. Here's your money. He began to count out $100 bills. This was the signal for the "pinch" and officers concealed in other rooms marched in and snapped handcuffs on the smugglers.

The smugglers had been kept under observation in downtown hotel rooms, at railway depots, in private homes and their every move recorded until just the right moment arrived when they could be apprehended with the "goods."

Staff Sergeant A. W. Anderson, R.C.M.P., his entire staff, particularly Constable Jack Townsend, worked long and arduous hours and weeks on the job. W. M. Morphet, F.E.C.B. inspector here, seldom let a day or night pass that he or one of his staff were not on the job with the officers.

The collection of the facts, the details of the final showdown and the liaison between the board and the police, kept the F.E.C.B. staff at work seven days a week and often throughout the night watching, shadowing. recording and deducing the evidence. which finally netted the haul of the four men.

VALUED AT $3,000 Total value of the gold seized was about $3,000 but the value of running down the source of the smuggling is considered to be worth much more than can be measured in a few thousands of dollars. The latest figures released by the government indicate that $3,000,000 annually is lost to Canada by the illegal export of high-grade ore from gold mines.

Police here feel that one of the most active rings has been broken or at least badly disrupted. Numerous others are under observation as a result of last February's disclosures.

[AL: All the men in the smuggling ring were Yugoslav immigrants and had worked as miners or worked near mines in Northern Ontario. Matijevich was 43, single, naturalized in 1932, and Greek Orthodox - he claimed to have 'never worked' when processed at the penitentiary. He was convict #7283 at Kingston Penitentiary and worked in the excavation crew. Lekich was 35, married, a machine operator, and had been naturalized in 1936. He was convict #7282 and worked in the blacksmith and machine shop at Kingston. Bijlich was 33 years, single, a hotel bartender and short order cook, naturalized in 1933, and had one previous penitentiary term (that he served only a year of before being paroled). He was convict #7281 and worked in the blacksmith shop with Lekish. All three men were transferred between June and August 1943 to the low security Collin's Bay Penitentiary, and were all released by late 1944 to early 1945.]

#windsor #gold smuggling #high grading #high graders #stolen ore #stealing from the company #robbing hoods #resource capitalism #resource extraction #northern ontario #crime and punishment in canada #history of crime and punishment in canada #sentenced to the penitentiary #kingston penitentiary #yugoslav immigration to canada #canada during world war 2

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"Yugoslavs Fighting at Home, to Train Here," Brantford Expositor. May 27, 1942. Page 3. ---- By FRANK FLAHERTY, Canadian Press Staff Writer ---- OTTAWA. May 27 - (CP) - While Gen. Draja Mikhailovitch and his elusive Chetniks battle the Nazis in the mountains of their native Yugoslavia pushes plans for the training of a new army and air force in Canada, to fight the Nazis from the outside.

Dr. Izidor Cankar, first Yugoslav Minister to Canada, in an interview with The Canadian Press today expressed appreciation of the hospitality granted by Canada to the forces of his country. "The Canadian Government has published an order by which it ex- tends the hospitality enjoyed up to now by the Belgian, Norwegian, Polish, Czechoslovak and Netherlands troops to the Yugoslav army and air forces which our Government intends to raise and train in this country," he said. "We are very grateful to Canada for this generous action by which we shall be enabled to join the efforts of the Allied Nations and combat our common foe from abroad as our people are combatting them in conquered Yugoslavia." MANY AVAILABLE Dr. Cankar said he hoped training of Yugoslav forces would start soon, but declined to say where it would take place. He said there are a considerable number of Yugo- slav citizens in various parts of North and South America, some of whom may join the forces of that country. "The struggle of the Yugoslav people at home is terrible. Indeed it is repugnant to think of all the horrors which are committed in my country. THE NEW ORDER "The famous new order means there is a diabolical pride, an inhuman disdain of mankind if they are not German. It means cruelty, robbery and fatal moral drunkenness caused by the shedding of in- nocent blood and by the suppressed fear of what will happen if Germany loses the war. "The reaction of our country to this new order is obvious. We love freedom as we love life itself. We can be conquered but we can not feel well and we can not keep quiet until we are free. "Our people have been warned against lightly-provoked sacrifices, . but they did not care. There is only one fight from the boundaries of Italy to Bulgaria, from the boundaries of Hungary to Montenegro.

"There is the lonely hero Mikhailovitch with his Chetniks, but not only Cherniks are fighting. The whole nation is engaged in the fight. The feeling of Yugoslav national unity now is higher than ever."

#world war ii #kingdom of yugoslavia #occupied yugoslavia #occupied europe #chetniks #resistance movement #government in exile #allied powers #Yugoslav Army Outside the Homeland #yugoslav immigration to canada #canada during world war 2

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“Yugoslavs Join Second Battalion,” Sault Star. April 2, 1942. Page 5. ---- Three Slavs Among Eight Signing Tuesday in Local Regiment ---- There were eight new recruits for the Second Battalion, Tuesday night, and three of these were Yugoslavs, in the persons of Mike Mijatovitch, Matt Yakasovitch, and John Parlow. Mijatovitch saw service in the Yugoslav army in 1925 and 1926. These Slavs will be kept as a nucleus for a Slav platoon which, it is hoped, may be formed by recruits from the Sault and district. 

The other recruits were Donald Moore ,Frank Lefave, William Murray and Dennis O’Sullivan.

Headquarters and B Companies held a route march on Tuesday night travelling north on Queen to Gore to Cathcart to John and up to Wellington and returned to the armoury, where they were given a demonstration with the Bren gun. Last night there was a parade of A company. 

According to the Minister of National Defence ,many more recruits are needed for this battalion, and if there is not more voluntary effort in the very near future, more forceful measures may be adopted.

#sault ste. marie #military recruitment #new recruits #military parade #military training #bren gun #manpower shortage #canadian army #yugoslav immigration to canada #yugoslavs #free yugoslavia #world war II #canada during world war 2 #northern ontario

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"STABBER GETS THREE YEARS," Toronto Star. October 10, 1942. Page 1. ---- Hamilton. Oct. 10 - (CP) - Paul Patroi, 36, today was sentenced to three years in penitentiary for stabbing Mahai Cucurrean, 32.

[AL: Patroi was 36, married, with a kid, and he worked as a welder in a manufacturing plant in Hamilton. He was a Yugoslav immigrant, having come to Canada in 1926 by Halifax, and he was naturalized in Saskatchewan in 1934. His right shoulder was deformed, apparently, but no further details were provided on his intake forms in prison. He had only one previous term, a month in Hamilton jail, to his name. He appealed his sentence, but his appeal was dismissed in November 1942. He was convict #7117 at Kingston Penitentiary, and worked in the blacksmith shop. He was a 'good conduct' prisoner and in February 1943 was transferred to the low security Collin's Bay Penitentiary. There he was inmate #2044 and worked in a machine repair shop. Patroi was paroled in December 1944.]

#hamilton #police court #wounding with intent #stabbing attack #armed with a knife #knife attack #slashed by a knife #yugoslav immigration to canada #sentenced to the penitentiary #kingston penitentiary #canada during world war 2 #crime and punishment in canada #history of crime and punishment in canada

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“Fraud Claims Exposed,” Toronto Globe. March 8, 1933. Page 1. ---- Inquiry Unmasks Racket Attempt To Feign Injuries ---- Two Convicted on Charges. Laid by Compensation Board ---- DOCTORS ARE PUZZLED ---- Special Solution Aggravated Hurts, Evidence Discloses ---- One of the most startling cases of fraud, a racket declared to be entirely new in this country, was brought to light in Police Court yesterday with the conviction of two men on charges of conspiracy to defraud the Workmen's Compensation Board. 

Induce Injuries by Solution. According to the evidence of Inspector E, D. L. Hammond of the Provincial Police, one of the accused would induce minor injuries and abrasions to last several months by injecting a solution into the affected parts of his own and several other workmen's bodies. It was stated that hundreds of people had been so "treated" at a fee of $5 each, and thereby enabled to receive compensation from the board and several insurance companies. far in excess of legitimate claims. 

The investigation. which has been under way for two weeks, is still being vigorously conducted by Provincial Police and Detectives Clarke and Wilson of the city force. 

Pleading guilty to the charges in court yesterday were Larar Balich, aged 38, of 375 Parliament Street, who was sentenced to two years in Kingston Penitentiary and ordered deported. and Ely Bozich, aged 28, of 11 Wilkins Avenue, who received a sentence of three months, but was later given. until today to make restitution to the board of $120. and to an insurance company of an approximate sum of $115. 

While the amount in the cases of Bozich and Baitch are said to have run into a few hundred dollars, officer's of the board claim that the fraud has extended to other persons, running into some thousands of dollars. 

Horrible Details Explained. Details of the horrible and health-destroying practice were related by Inspector Hammond in Police Court, and to The Globe by V. A. Sinclair, Chairman of the Workmen's Compensation Board. 

Mr. Sinclair referred to a case where a man was receiving treatment and compensation for an injured eye, but despite all the attending physician could do, the optic failed to show any improvement. The physician then hit upon the idea of sealing the eye with a plaster cast, so that no foreign matter could find its way into the injured member. Immediately the eye started to heal, and the workman was son ordered fit for work. 

The board Chairman told The Globe that the substance used was one introduced into this country from the Austrian army, where malingerers used it to escape service. 

Difficult to Diagnose. More than a dozen prominent medical men failed to diagnose the infections after they were induced by the Injections, and even when several portions of the tissue surrounding the injured parts were scrutinized under the microscope or analyzed in the laboratory. 

The stated practice as related to The Globe was for an injured workman to apply for compensation in the usual manner and receive it quite legitimately. He then would be approached by Baitch, who, it is alleged. would offer to inject the fluid for a sum of $5. An injection made about one inch from the wound itself and the infected part would refuse to respond to treatment. 

In one case coming to the notice of officials a city workman, who was "wise" to the procedure, left for work after telling his landlady that she should not be surprised if the ambuIance brought him home at 10 o'clock that morning. Sure enough, precisely at 10, the ambulance drove up to the door with the man who had been injured, and he was later able to collect a nice sum from the Compensation Board after the fluid had been introduced into the wound. Later it. was learned that the workman had deliberately injured his foot in the first place by striking it with a pick. 

No Response to Treatment. Injuries to hands and feet were common among workmen, but it was the fact that several of them refused to respond to ordinary and even extra- ordinary treatment that brought suspicion, said Mr. Sinclair. Police were then called in.

Inspector Hammond stated in evidence that Baitch, who had suffered a minor injury to his hand while at work, had been sent to a doctor by the board and had been discharged after a few days as cured and instructed to return to work. Instead, witness testified, Baitch had remained in bed and his wound became gradually worse, until it was in a terrible state. There was a formation of pus, and all efforts of physicians to determine the cause had met with defeat. 

All through 1931 and 1932 the condition persisted, Inspector Hammond continued, and early this year a second case had come to the attention of the board, arousing suspicion. A man by the name of Bozich had an arm affected much the same as in the case of Baitch. Witness told of searching Baitch's rooms and finding several bottles filled with a fluid and sediment, which Baitch had finally admitted was the stuff used to produce the diseased condition of his arm. 

"Deadly Stuff." "It was a deadly stuff," Inspector Hammond stated, "which might easily have caused death." 

By using it, witness continued, Baitch had kept himself in such a horrible condition for over two years that he had been receiving hospital and medical attention, while, all told, he had received from the Workmen's Compensation Board the sum of $1,904. 

Inspector Hammond alleged that Baltch had met Bozlch, who was suffering also from a minor accident, and had given him an injection. Bozich, who had been alarmed by the result, according to witness, had refused a second Injection and had reported the occurrence. Witness claimed that Bozich was but one of many who had subjected themselves to the scheme, while it was alleged also that Baitch had charged $5 an injection and that many had paid. 

In pointing out the horror the crime had awakened in the local Jugoslavian colony. Defense Counsel Grudeff declared that these people were law-abiding and self-respecting.

[AL: Baitch also spelled Bazick, was single, 31, from Yugoslavia (and specifically Croatian) and a military veteran. He was convict #2978 at Kingston Penitentiary, and worked in a general labour gang. He was soon confined to the hospital, an eventually in October 1933 was transferred to the Ontario Hospital, Rockwood, due to a perceived mental illness. He was deported in November 1934 back to Yugoslavia.]

#toronto #medical fraud #workmen's comp #workmen's compensation #self-inflicted wounds #conspiracy to defraud #welfare fraud #fake injuries #sentenced to the penitentiary #kingston penitentiary #austrian immigration to canada #yugoslav immigration to canada #great depression in canada #crime and punishment in canada #history of crime and punishment in canada

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“Held for Talk About Army,” Windsor Star. November 14, 1942. Page 3. ----  Yugoslav Is Arrested by Mounties; Taken to Toronto ---- Alleged to have made statements detrimental to the war effort, Oly Zyha, 20, of 319 Goyeau street, was arrested last night by Constables E. Popovich and A. R. Bates of the R.C. M.P. and taken this morning to Toronto where he will face charges under section 39C of the Defence of Canada Regulations. 

A truck driver by trade, Zyha has only been in Windsor for a short time, coming here from Toronto where the statements were allegedly made.

 Zyha is said to have made statements against recruiting, against selective service, and to have extolled the German nation. He is of Yugoslavian descent, and was born in western Canada. 

He was arrested at his home by the two officers acting on information sent here from Toronto.

#windsor #toronto #truck driver #suppression of free speech #defence of canada regulations #war measures act #selective service #military recruitment #pro-axis #yugoslav immigration to canada #royal canadian mounted police #canada during world war 2 #crime and punishment in canada #history of crime and punishment in canada

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"Trio Guilty Of Breaking Into Office," Windsor Star. January 26, 1943. Page 5. ---- Had Carried Vault From Freight Company to Truck When Arrested ---- Three Windsor youths, two of them brothers, were sentenced to two years in Kingston penitentiary when they appeared before Magistrate D. M. Brodie in city police court today for sentence on a charge of breaking into the warehouse office of Western Freight Lines, Walker road, and attempting to steal a safe.

THOSE SENTENCED Those sentenced were: Matthew Crnec, 20, [TOP] his brother, Steve Crnec, 18, [MIDDLE] both of Pillette road; and Charles Deline, 18, no fixed abode [BOTTOM]. Each of the youths has a record, and elected summary trial and pleaded guilty to the current charge against them in police court last week.

Matthew Crnec was remanded one week for trial on an additional charge, receiving a stolen overcoat. He pleaded not guilty to this charge.

"I didn't know the coat was stolen," he told the court.

"Where did you get it?" asked Magistrate Brodie.

"I bought it from a guy."

APPEARS DISCOURAGED The elder Crnec looked discouraged as the court announced the two-year Kingston term. His brother, Steve, and Deline shrugged their shoulders, looked at one another and smiled.

Evidence showed that Constables A. Maisonville and A. Carter caught the youths in the act of attempting to remove a safe from the office of Western Freight Lines, near midnight, January 18. Investigation showed they had jimmied their way into the office.

Hearing the approach of the officers, Deline and Steve Crnec fled, and were arrested a short time later by Constable Maisonville, who gave chase. Constable Carter stayed on the scene and found Matthew Crnec hiding in the building.

The officers' arrival was timely, as the trio, unsuccessful in opening the safe, had lifted it onto a truck in the loading section of the warehouse, preparatory to carrying it away.

[AL: Both Crnecs were born in Yugoslavia but came to Canada in 1930 and were naturalized in 1935. Matthew had a previous term to his name in the reformatory, but his brother had never been in trouble before. His brother also had a high school diploma and a good job. Deline had met Crnec in the reformatory. He was a machinist helper, the child of Irish immigrants. Matthew was convict #7183 at Kingston Penitentiary and worked in the mail bags - he was transferred to Collin's Bay Penitentiary (lower security) in July. There he was inmate #2094 and worked as a machinist. He was released September 1944. His brother was convict #7182. He was ill at times and rarely worked - spending most of his time taking courses in preparation for release in October 1944, having earned full remission. Deline was #7181 and worked on the prison farm. In August 1943 he went to Collin's Bay, becoming inmate #2100, and was released September 1944.]

#windsor #police court #stealing a safe #break and enter #getaway vehicle #first time offenders #youth in the toils #teenage criminals #yugoslav immigration to canada #sentenced to the penitentiary #kingston penitentiary #canada during world war 2 #crime and punishment in canada #history of crime and punishment in canada

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“Burned to Death in Mine,” Toronto Star. October 31, 1932. Page 1. ---- Rouyn, Que., Oct. 31. – Joe Kuravina, 31, a Jugo-Slavian miner, was burned to death while at work in a mine pit here 1,200 feet below the surface.

#rouyn #mining #mining industry #mining town #fatal accident #workplace death #workplace safety #mining accidents #northern québec #yugoslav immigration to canada #great depression in canada

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“600 Settlers Take Up Land in North,” Border Cities Star. November 8, 1930. Page 01. ----- NORTH BAY, Ont., Nov. 8. - During the 12 months some 600 settlers have taken up land in the district which is under the crown lands agent of Cochrane. This area includes 16 townships along the C.N.R. from the Quebec boundary west to Fauquier. The greater number of these settlers are in an area within a radius of 18 miles of Cochrane. 

This is said to be the largest number of settlers which has come to the district since it was thrown open for homesteading. Europeans have out-numbered Canadians but quite a number of native born have come from the west, particularly Manitoba.

The majority of the new arrivals in the district are Finns, Hungarians, and Slavs.

#north bay #cochrane #crown lands #settler colonialism #settler colonialism in canada #northern ontario #homesteading #finnish immigration to canada #hungarian immigration to canada #yugoslav immigration to canada #ukrainian immigration to canada #great depression in canada

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“Five Year Sentence For Murder Attempt,” Toronto Star. February 19, 1930. Page 06. ---- Sudbury, Feb. 18 (CP). - Tony Kostuk, who pleaded guilty to the attempted murder of Mary Lydik, his common law wife, was sentenced by Mr Justice Wright in the assize court to-day to five years in Portsmouth Penitentiary.

Mr. Justice Wright reminded the prisoner he might have received a life sentence but he was inclined to be lenient, he said, owing to Kostuk’s ill-health.

#sudbury #attempted murder #common law #assize court #appeal for leniency #murder trial #wounding with intent #wife murder #killing your wife #yugoslav immigration to canada #great depression in canada #sentenced to the penitentiary #kingston penitentiary #crime and punishment in canada #history of crime and punishment in canada

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the injuries of class: destructive and divisive behaviour

“...the relatively benign nature of immigrant bootlegging and drinking, of the positive social and economic role that such illicit activities could have, and of the mediated tolerance of unlawful behaviour by foreigners in Niagara should not overshadow the costs of heavy drinking and bootlegging for working-class immigrant communities and for the individuals within them. Excessive alcohol consumption was frequently a key factor behind violent crimes among foreigners. Reporting that Welland had earned a reputation as “the place where they have all the murders,” the Welland Daily News left no doubt that “foreigners” were responsible for this reputation. An editorial claimed that the

grand total of murders and attempted murders and attempted slayings has been swelled by foreigners who have been working on the two large engineering projects in the country, the Chippawa Power Canal and the Welland Ship Canal, and by the foreigners in Crowland who have been employed in industrial plants.

Fights among immigrant men, many of them under the influence of alcohol, broke out on such social occasions as weddings and christenings, as well as in boarding houses, outdoors, and at all-male establishments and gatherings such as pool rooms and restaurants. Participants often suffered serious injuries and even death. Men from the peripheries of Europe were charged with thirty-six percent of the assaults in 1910, seventy-six percent in 1920, and forty-seven percent in 1930. British men, however, also engaged in such violent behaviour. They were charged with half of the assaults in 1910, twenty percent in 1920, and forty-seven percent in 1930. 

Local newspapers paid scant attention to their behaviour. Instead, the newspapers capitalized on recounting foreign immigrants’ extreme reactions to seemingly insignificant affronts, publicizing such behaviour among their English Canadian readers.  For example, taking the opportunity to emphasize the foreigners’ ungodliness, Welland’s People’s Press quipped: “[It] is understood that Sunday among the foreigners is a day of brawling.” Alluding to the primitivism of immigrants, the Thorold Post described a brawl between Austrians and Italians at a christening as a “tribal war” and claimed that they were “going at each other with shovels and axes.”

As these examples suggest, most violence involving immigrants took place in Niagara’s foreign quarters, and the victims of such violence were generally other immigrants. Despite this, English Canadians were greatly alarmed by the behaviour of “hot-tempered aliens.” Some anti-immigrant voices ascribed such behaviour to the lack of self-control among foreign immigrants, the “warm blood of sunny Italy,” or the “hot blood of the South.” Others believed that such intemperance resulted from the foreigners’ ignorance of civilization and their unfamiliarity with the advantages of liberty, law and order. The difference between savagery and civilization, employed most often by English Canadians to measure the contrast between Indigenous people and the British, was also used to mark the gap between backward people from the peripheries of Europe and the British. Generally ignoring the harshness of the immigrant workers’ lives, members of the dominant culture blamed the offenders for abusing the privilege of living in Canada.

In the rare cases when immigrant women were charged with violent offences, they came in for special censure. Many English Canadians saw such “unfeminine” behaviour as indicative of the depravity of racially inferior foreigners. Among court audiences and reporters, the conduct of such female offenders aroused prurient interest, contempt, and ridicule in equal measure. Reporting on a 1909 dispute between two Romanian immigrant women in Crowland, the People’s Press found it necessary to describe the odour of garlic and the women’s obscene language in court. A decade and a half later, a Welland Tribune reporter writing about the altercation between Terenka Sokolowska and Hannah Drosda alluded to the trial’s entertainment value by referring to the curtain rising over Crowland’s police court. 

The scene he described could have been set in an eastern European village. Sokolowska was carrying two pails of water on a wooden yoke when she encountered Drosda, her neighbour. The two women got into a heated argument. Despite the presence of an interpreter in the court, the reporter did not disclose the reason for the altercation. Seeking to underline the women’s coarseness, however, he did note that “compliments (?) of a filthy nature passed between the parties, the most vile statements being made.” The argument ended when Sokolowska beat her neighbour unconscious with the wooden yoke. The reporter mocked the “tough” Sokolowska, who declared amidst wails that she would not go to jail. Finally, she agreed to pay a fine and costs. Threatened with a hefty fine in case of non-compliance, both women also agreed to keep the peace for a year.

The case of Joseph Lapuszinsky, a Polish immigrant in Thorold, illustrates the type of senseless violence that could erupt among drunken immigrant men. In October 1929, Joseph and his brother March attended a drinking party at an unoccupied house in Thorold’s factory section. A fight broke out. Someone pulled a gun. Joseph was killed by two shots to the heart. His brother was slightly wounded. An Italian individual, allegedly responsible for the shootings, fled the scene in a taxi. Joseph was found lying in a field the next morning by a woman on her way to work. According to the Globe, “the quarter in which the murder was committed has been the scene of much crime. There was a lot of drinking and many quarrels among the residents.” The article also disclosed that Lapuszinsky had a wife and children back in Poland.

Although John Trott was unusual even among career criminals in murdering a policeman, immigrant bootleggers and moonshiners did not shy away from using violence to advance their economic interests. Domenico Prodote and Patsy Villella, described as two leaders of the Welland Italian community, quarrelled at a christening at the house of Frank Longo. Villella accused Prodote of informing the police about Villella’s still. Their quarrel did not lead to violence until later the same day, when the two men shot each other to death.

The trial records of such serious crimes offer a window into the most frightening aspects of the rough culture of migrant labourers. A seemingly minor disagreement between John Magro and Nick Delucco, two immigrants employed in the construction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, for example, escalated into a violent confrontation. During the course of an argument about cooking supper, Delucco cut Magro’s face with a razor. Claiming self-defence, Magro shot Delucco, accidentally inflicting a minor wound on a third worker with whom they were sharing a drink. One of the workers who was not involved in the altercation called the workers’ foreman to the scene. Thinking that Delucco, who was given to periodic drinking sprees, had overdone it again, the foreman turned him over and placed him on his bunk bed with the help of another man. Ten minutes later, Delucco was dead. A jury convicted Magro of manslaughter. He was sentenced to ten years in Kingston Penitentiary. Then as now, the line separating crimes against property from crimes against persons was not always firmly drawn. Although foreigners committed far fewer crimes of this type than the British did, the silence of the press concerning the latter’s involvement means that we do not know how often such crimes also involved violence.

By contrast, newspapers offer many examples of foreigners committing crimes against property that involved violence. As the robbery of one Macedonian labourer by another suggests, for instance, familiarity with the habits and needs of fellow immigrants facilitated such crimes. Nicholas and Jodan became chummy while they worked for the Michigan Central Railroad, before Jodan left for a job at Union Carbide in Welland. When Nicholas lost his job on the railroad, Jodan enticed him to a meeting in an abandoned shanty by promising to get him a job at the Carbide plant. There, Jodan threw pepper in his eyes, knocked him down, and then ran off with the $350 that Nicholas had with him. Immigrant labourers’ habit of carrying their savings hidden on their bodies was responsible for many other attacks by foreign workers on their fellow sojourners.

In Niagara, the supposed predisposition of foreigners to violence and their propensity of using weapons intensified as large numbers of itinerant foreigners arrived in the region with the construction of large public projects and war production. As R. Blake Brown has argued, the coincidence between a great increase in immigration to Canada and the growing availability of cheap revolvers at the turn of the twentieth century led to intense campaigning for gun control. The federal government amended the Criminal Code to require permits to carry concealed weapons. “Aliens,” however, were required to obtain permits to carry any kind of weapon.

According to Minister of Justice Charles Doherty, the law was not intended as a reflection upon all aliens. Singling them out as a group was necessary because the records of criminal courts reflected that “crimes of violence are disproportionately frequent among newly-arrived aliens.” A 1910 Ontario law targeted labourers on public works projects, who were the twentieth-century counterparts of the labourers studied by Peter Way. It required that all persons employed on public works obtain a permit to carry such weapons as a “bowie-knife, dirk, dagger, stiletto, metal knuckles, skull cracker or sling shot, revolver and pistol air gun.” When convicted of possession of such weapons without a permit, persons not born in Canada could be deported

- Carmela Patrias, “Foreigners, Felonies, and Misdemeanours on Niagara’s Industrial Frontier, 1900–30.” The Canadian Historical Review 101, 3, September 2020. pp. 444-447.

#canadian history #violence #niagara #assault and robbery #assault causing bodily harm #assault #knife fight #stabbed with a knife #shooting affray #class and crime #the injuries of class #italian immigration to canada #yugoslav immigration to canada #russian immigration to canada #sentenced to the penitentiary #racism in canada #xenophobia in canada #immigration to canada #romanian immigration to canada #thorold #welland #chippawa #crowland #carmela patrias #academic research #research quote

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“The press also blamed organized crime for what it called “dynamite outrages” against Italian, Macedonian, Polish, and Russian immigrant homes and businesses throughout the peninsula. Referring to the opinion of one of the victims, the Globe suggested that competition among foreign entrepreneurs was behind the bombings: “This gentle method of dealing with rivals is an accepted phase of merchandising among that class of foreigners.” Although it is possible that the bombings were used to eliminate rivals on some occasions and to extort money on others, the Ontario fire marshal believed that intense competition among a surplus of immigrant insurance agents was responsible for the over-insurance of immigrant properties that rendered arson potentially very lucrative. There was no public acknowledgement of the fact that, because of discrimination, serving their own ethnic groups was the only way foreigners could work in white-collar occupations like the insurance sector. Such practices probably contributed to the reluctance of Canadian insurance companies to insure businesses owned by foreigners. In fact, the prohibition of discriminatory practices based on race or religion, passed in 1932 as an amendment to Ontario’s Insurance Act, was the first piece of anti-discrimination legislation in Canada.”

- Carmela Patrias, “Foreigners, Felonies, and Misdemeanours on Niagara’s Industrial Frontier, 1900–30.” The Canadian Historical Review 101, 3, September 2020. pp. 441-442.

#canadian history #dynamite #dynamite explosion #dynamiteers #arson #criminal arson #extortion #fire insurance #insurance scam #ontario insurance act #niagara #working class struggle #working class town #immigration to canada #russian immigration to canada #yugoslav immigration to canada #italian immigration to canada #capitalism in canada #carmela patrias