#xinxing speaks

[raging-red-lotus-of-qinghe]

On one hand, I like the shift I'm working

On the other hand, I am a demonic cultivator. We are nocturnal by nature. We do not do Lan Clan early mornings.

#qinghe shenaniganry #xinxing speaks

[bookofjin]

Biographies of the Murong of Tuhe, Part 1

[From WS095]

Murong Hui of Tuhe, courtesy name Yiluohuan, originally set out from Changli. His great grandfather Mohuba at the beginning of Wei led the various section groups to enter and rise in Liaoxi. When the Minister over the Masses, Sima King Xuan, chastised Gongsun Yuan, he was designated King of Leads the Righteous, and first founded his state to the north of Ji City.

His grandfather Muyan accompanied Wuqiu Jian to conquer Gaoli and had merit. He was promoted in title to Worthy King of the Left. His father Shegui was due to his achievements advanced in designation to Shanyu of the Xianbei, he moved to reside in Liaodong. Shegui died, Hui led the section groups in replacement. Since Liaodong was remote and far away, he moved to Qing Mountain in Tuhe.

In Emperor Mu's generation, he was rather a trouble for the Eastern section. The Worthy King of the Left, Pugen, struck and ran him off. He then restored peaceful and intimate relations. Emperor Min of Jin designated Hui General of the Garrison Army, and Duke of Changli and Liaodong commanderies. At the end of Pingwen, Hui again invaded the Eastern section. Struck and routed him. Wang Jun claimed the government. He used Hui as Cavalier Regular Attendant, General of the Best of the Army, Great Chief Controller of the Vanguard, and Great Shanyu. Hui considered it to not be a conferral by kingly instruction, and resisted him. Hui died. His son Yuanzhen was installed in replacement.

Yuanzhen, child name Wannian, his name violates Gongzong's temple taboo. When Yuanzhen had inherited, his younger brother rebelled at Pingguo in Liaodong. He and Yuanzhen attacked each other. Yuanzhen chastised and beheaded him. He then titled the year as the Inaugural Year, and declared himself King of Yan. He set up officials like in the former affairs when Wu of Wei assisted Han. Shi Hu led the multitudes to attack Yuanzhen. Yuanzhen struck and ran him off.

2nd Year of Jianguo [339 AD], the Emperor admitted Yuanzhen's daughter as Empress.

Yuanzhen assaulted Shi Hu, arriving at Gaoyang. He carried off and moved 30 000 households of You and Ji provinces, and turned back.

4th Year [341 AD], Yuanzhen dispatched envoys to court with tribute. He walled Jialong City and made his capital there.

Yuanzhen campaigned against Gaoli and greatly routed them, thereupon entered Wandu. He dug up the tomb of the King of Gaoli, Zhao's father Li, and loaded up his corpse, and also his mother, wife, and precious treasure. He carried off more than 50 000 men and women, burnt their palace buildings, destroyed Wandu, and the returned home. Zhao escaped and fled on a single horse, afterwards he declared himself a subject of Yuanzhen. He therefore returned his father's corpse.

He also greatly routed the Yuwen, and opened 1 000 li of land. He moved the population of their section, more than 50 000 families to Changli. Yuanzhen died, his son Jun controlled the post.

Jun, courtesy name Xuanying, when he had inherited the throne, titled the year as the Inaugural Year. He heard the Shi clan was in chaos, and therefore honed the armour and put in order the troops, wanting to make plans for advancing and capturing. He cut a road on the shadow-side [i.e. northern] side of the mountains, and entered from Lulong. He overcame Jicheng and made it the capital. He advanced and overcame Zhongshan and Changshan, greatly routed Ran Min at Liantai in Weichang, and seized him. Min's Heir-Apparent Rui firmly defended Ye City. He advanced to the host to attack ye, and overcame it.

15th Year of Jianguo [352 AD], Jun usurpingly declared himself August Emperor, set up the hundred officials, titled the year Yuanxi [“Inaugural Signet”], the state called Great Yan, and he held suburban sacrifices to Heaven and Earth.

16th Year [353 AD], he dispatched envoys to court with tribute.

Jun transferred the capital from Ji to Ye, and titled the year as Guangshou [“Brilliant Longevity”]. Jun died, his son Wei controlled the post.

Wei, courtesy name Jingmao, was Jun's third son. When he had been usurpingly install,ed he titled the year Jianxi [“Establishing Radiance”]. Wei's government had no mainstays or strands, at the time people understood he was about to be wiped out. There was god who descended to Ye, and declared herself a “Xiang Maiden”, and made public that she and people would connect with each other. After several days she then departed.

[The daughters of Emperor Yao, Emperor Shun's wives, had been buried at Xiang Mountain, south of the Jiang, where they became gods of the Xiang.]

Bogus Jin's general Huan Wen led the multitudes to attack Wei. When he arrived at Fangtou, Wei's junior uncle Chui struck and chased him off. Chui had great merits. Wei was unable to reward and just wished to kill him. Chui was angry and ran to Fu Jian. Jian dispatched general Wang Meng to attack Ye. He seized Wei, who was ennobled Marquis of Xinxing and later designated Master of Writing.

Taizu's 7th Year [383 AD], Fu Jian was defeated in Huainan. Chui rebelled and attacked Fu Pi at Ye. Wei's younger brother, the King of Jibei, Hong, had previously been Senior Clerk of Beidi. He heard Chui was attacking Ye, and absconded and ran East of the Passes. He gathered various horse shepherds among the Xianbei, his multitude reached several thousand, and turned back to station at Huayin. Wei therefore secretly sent messengers to his various younger brothers and clansmen to raise troops on the outside. Jian dispatched General Zhang Yong with 5 000 infantry and cavalry to strike them. He was defeated by Hong. Hong's multitude thereupon became abundant, and he declared himself Envoy Holding the Tally, Great Commander-in-Chief of All Army Affairs West of Shan, Great General, Shepherd of Yong province, and King of Jibei. He pushed forward Chui as Imperial Chancellor, Commander-in-Chief of All Army Affairs East of Shan, acting Great Marshal, Shepherd of Ji province, and King of Wu.

Jian dispatched his son the Duke of Julu, Rui, to attack Hong. Hong's younger brother, the King of Zhongshan, Chong, and previously been Grand Warden of Pingyang, and likewise was raising troops in Hedong. He had a multitude of 20 000. Hong greatly routed Rui's army, and beheaded Rui. Chong was routed bby Jian's general Dou Chong, abandoned his infantry multitudes, and led 8 000 Xianbei cavalry to run to Hong's army. Hong's multitudes reached more than 100 000. He dispatched envoys to speak to Jian, saying:

Qin was without the Way, and wiped out our altars of soil and grain. Now Heaven coaxes [its?] innermost feelings, the Qin host is overturned and defeated. The general wishes to lift up and restore Great Yan. The King of Wu has already settled East of the Passes. [You] can quickly supply and prepare the Great Carriage, and offer to see off the Driving Cart and also the families of the linage house and the merited subjects. Hong will lead the people of Yan Within the Passes to shelterd and guard the August Emperor, and turn back and return to the Ye capital. [We] and Qin can consider Hulao as the border, allot the kings Under Heaven. [We will] forever be neighbours on good terms and not again be a worry for Qin.

Jian was angry, and called Wei to account, saying:

Sir, even though [you] were said to be routed and wiped, your result was like returning home. What is the reason, following a small defeat of the kingly host, for heedlessly going counter like that! Hong's letter is like this, [if] Sir wishes to depart, We will be supplying.

Wei knocked his head [on the ground] so that blood flowed, and weeping and crying affirmed his apologies. Jian after quite a while said:

This is due to the crimes of three nobodies, and not the fault of you Sir.

He restored his rank and treated him like before. He instructed Wei to make a letter to summon and notify Chui, and Hong and Chong, to make them put an end to the warfare and turn back to Chang'an, and they would be forgiven for their blame in turning to rebellion. Yet Wei secretly dispatched messengers to speak to Hong, saying:

Now that Qin's fortune is already at an end, the altars of soil and grand are not to be taken lightly, [but] exhorts to found a great legacy. Can consider the King of Wu as Great General, acting Minister over the Masses, to succeed to the regulations of ennoblements and designations. Listen for news of my death, you [can] based on that accede to the venerated rank.

Hong hence advanced towards Chang'an, and the year was titled Yanxing [“Yan Rising”].

Hong's strategists Gao Gai, Su Qinchong, and others considered that Hong's virtue and prestige was behind Chong, and moreover that his take on the law was punctilious and stern. They therefore killed Hong, and installed Chong as August Brother-Heir, to succeed to the regulations and act on affairs, and to set up the hundred officials. Chong was 200 li distant from Chang'an. Jian dispatched his son the Duke of Pingyuan, Hui, to resist him. Chong greatly routed Hui's army, and advanced to occupy Epang.

Earlier, when Jian wiped out Yan, Chong's older sister, the Princess of Qinghe was aged 14. She had an unusual beauty, and he admitted her, she was the honoured the most at the rear court. Chong was aged 12, and likewise had the looks of [the Lord of] Longyang. Jian also favoured him. Sister and brother monopolized honour, palace people could not advance. In Chang'an there was a song about them which said:

One female and one is male, the pair flew into the purple palace.

Everyone feared there would be chaos, and Wang Meng cuttingly admonished. Jian therefore sent out Chong. When his mother passed on, he buried her with the rites of a Yan empress.

In Chang'an there again was a ditty which said:

Phoenix, phoenix, halts at Epang.

Jian, since the phoenix when it has no parasol tree it does not roost, and when it has no bamboo seeds it does not eat, therefore planted several hundred thousand parasol and bamboo trees at Epang City, so as to wait on the phoenix's arrival. Chong's child name was Phoenix. Reaching this point, when had become a traitor to Jian, he entered to halt at E City.

Wei entered to see Jian, he touched head to ground and apologized, saying:

Younger brother Chong does not understand righteous methods, and undeservingly betrayed the state's mercy. Your Subject crimes are worthy of ten thousand deaths. Your Majesty let fall pardons for Heaven and Earth, and Your Subject met with the kindness of further life. Your Subject's two sons got married yesterday. For the next three days [I in all] humility wish to for while to invite simurgh-belled carriage to favour Your Subject's private mansion.

Jian allowed it. Wei set out, the scholar of techniques Wang Jia said:

Hammer reeds to make reed-matting, [you] will not complete literary compositions. Meet with great rain from the sky, [you] will not get to kill the goat.

He was telling that Wei wanted to kill Jian, but would not manage it. None among Jian and his crowd of subjects had the ability to comprehend it. That night there was great rain, and in the morning he did not as a result set out.

Earlier, when Wei had dispatched to his various younger brothers to raise troops on the outside, he had planned and intended to hide troops, invite Jian to visit, and kill him. At the time there were more than a thousand Xianbei who still were in the city. Wei ordered their leaders, Xiluo Teng, Qutu Tiehou, and others to secretly report to him, saying:

Publicly [I am] now making me outwardly controlled, listening to the people of old and fully going along [?]. [We] can at a certain day assemble and gather at a certain place.

The Xianbei trusted him. The younger sister of Tu Xian, a man of the northern section, was the junior wife of Jina's General of the Left, Dou Chong. Xian and his sister were divided, and the sister requested Chong detain her elder brother. Chong swiftly entered to report to Jian. Jian was greatly surprised, he summon Teng to question him about it, and Teng fully bowed his head and accepted responsibility. He therefore executed Wei, father and sons, and his linage and family, and he killed all the Xianbei within the city, young or old, men and women, without exception.

#ws095

[blairdemant9-blog]

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[crews19clancy-blog]

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[wesagar1994]

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[quipsnsnips]

I saw something similar to a character development, but more of what they were ‘supposed’ to be and how they ended up. so here’s my take on it.

karleigh 🌻 (karls): she originally started out as a classic aries type of character (lmao fire sign), but became waaaay softer as I worked her out…

•still obsessed with sunflowers, a Kansas piece of trash at heart. •did a lot of alternative modeling for easy cash as she was figuring life out in her early 20’s, but kind of regrets it now that she’s older and has a foster son/soon to be adoptive son (the internet’s forever). •is realizing a lot of things she thought she knew about herself are turning out to be different, is discovering herself again as she learns to really open up. •diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia at 5 years old, was in remission after chemotherapy & other forms of treatment. currently has myelodysplastic syndrome. very rarely talks of this, doesn’t like talking about it at all. •would’ve gone to med school if she had the guts, but didn’t have that kind of self-confidence. she stuck to what she knew she could do best; helping others through social work (wants to work with kids in schools). •froze her eggs as a last ditch effort incase she wants children of her own in the future, doesn’t/can’t ovulate anymore. •pretty self-conscious about her music tastes (they’re not even BAD) because it seems like everyone she knows has a musical talent or connection, keeps a lot of it to herself as a result so she doesn’t inadvertently alienate herself. •is a helpful nugget who would give you the only shirt off her back if you needed it & listens to anyone’s problems at any time. •is way too trusting/kind/understanding and ends up being betrayed often or taken advantage of (& usually lets them keep doing it unintentionally because she’s too forgiving). •is a bit codependent at moments, but in the end it boils down to whether or not she cares about you 'cause if not she couldn’t care less. there are happy mediums to this for her in friendships of course, but not when it comes to love.

caitlin 🌷 (aka caity or cait): karleigh’s younger sister that was meant to be really innocent and shy, yet snarky and witty but she ended up being a total fucking sass.

•still pretty pure, didn’t lose her virginity until she was 19. (still dating the guy to this day) •was originally supposed to be a pediatric oncologist, but I really liked her more as a cardiothoracic surgeon. (she’s cutthroat, I felt it reflected her better) •is a complete smart ass. sarcasm and dry, witty quips are the languages in which she speaks. •has always been the overachieving child because she felt the need to compensate for everything her parents went through with her older siblings. (josh was a rebellious shit, karleigh was sick) •ridiculously, grossly, stupidly smart. took college courses in high school and had her associates by the time she received her diploma. •as a result graduated college with her bachelors (biochem) in two years; also played volleyball, and was president of her sorority (she’s a try-hard, w/ no life~) •currently works as an LAFD EMT while she puts herself through med school & enjoys it greatly. (ended up with her Dad’s first responder instincts/drive/“hero” complex) •not known to many (since she rarely talks about it) but is a huuuuuuuuuge sap for her boyfriend, who is the first/only guy she’s ever dated. though they’ve been exclusive for close to three years, all of what he does gives her MAD butterflies and brings out her cute, awkward traits as a result. (his phone calls, seeing texts pop up, seeing him in person. everything makes her insides go !!!!!!!) •family-oriented, but extremely career driven as well. feels the need to prove herself a lot as a female in her ruthless & competitive field so she rarely talks about a future home life she eventually desires. (has never admitted to anyone to this day that she had a dream she’d married Anderson and woke up with a stupidly cheesy grin across her face. happy-sighed infatuatedly for the duration of the day) •would never, ever, EVER say it out loud because she’s ridiculously independent and prides herself on it but would also probably follow Andy anywhere if he genuinely asked her to come with. is the type to fall hard but work her ass off for both their dreams to come true. •is certainly Karleigh’s younger sister, but now that they’ve aged into their 20’s they’re a lot closer than what they were growing up. practically best friends instead of annoying siblings. jokes that Karleigh’s her flowerchild and maybe she should’ve been the baby sister instead. •acts like a hard ass, and is incredibly strong as a person, but has moments. she shuts herself up and people out after difficult calls. cries until she feels confident she’s gotten it all out. she has a warm, sensitive soul but is rather picky as to who gets to see it. (Karleigh & Anderson basically)

ryan 🌼 (Karleigh’s AU daughter): I have two ~developments of her, one’s AU and one’s kinda canon so I’m just gonna go into AU. They do blend together at certain moments, but that’s to be expected because she’s still Ryan overall.

•grew up rather similar to a tomboy thanks to Callum & the Xinx boys. doesn’t click very well lifestyle-wise with her other cousins (mirabelle & bethany) as a result but still loves them and hangs out nonetheless. •nicknames include Ry and RJ, mostly Ry. (RJ was what her mother called her). •has a bit of a temper, quick tongue and wit. hell hath no fury like a ryan scorned. isn’t nearly as forgiving or compassionate as her mother was (to a fault), but is still a sensitive person with a lot of empathy. tries to stay reasonable and levelheaded as a result yet often finds herself blowing up here and there. •will insult you/hit you where it hurts if you humiliate or make a fool out of her. she hates feeling like an idiot so if you’re the one who caused it, you’re probably going to hear some blunt, unapologetically harsh words. •at 13, went to live with her aunt & uncle (Caitlin/Anderson) when her mom died in a freak car accident. has a voicemail Karleigh left her the morning of and to this day hasn’t deleted it. would lose her mind if she ever lost the audio for good because it’s all she has. her worst fear is forgetting what Karleigh’s voice sounds like. •finds comfort in the fact she shares a birthday with her Papa Grady, as his favorite story to tell her is how much he wanted her mother to have a baby of her own. Ry’s a living, breathing granted wish of his. Every July 11th the family throws a large party and they have a good time with it. (ryan believes they started this after her mom passed so she wouldn’t feel so alone on that day.) •rather quiet, finds it hard to make friends as easily as some people do. ryan prefers depth in her friendships and relationships. (she’s already lost the most important person in her life so meaningless acquaintances are just that to her—meaningless) •she’s a no bullshit person, has a one strike and you’re out policy. won’t blow smoke up anyone’s ass. either you mesh with her or you don’t. is an introvert so her feathers aren’t ruffled when someone doesn’t want to be friends with her, she’s usually secretively thankful. •ever since she first learned about DNA and the concept of genetics/heredity, has been absolutely fascinated with learning more about it. her major is molecular biology and she lives for it. •is in a bit of an inappropriate situation with an older family friend of her aunt and uncle, and is mortified they’ll find out and think less of her for it. (is actually being preyed upon by someone twice her age yet doesn’t exactly get that, thinks it’s a mutual 'arrangement’ of sorts. it’s not, he’s a real scummy dickweed).

[stricklandlindgren7-blog]

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Still strong projects like Ripple and Litecoin typically adhere to Bitcoin and Ethereum available in the market, so BTM is popular for standing alone. May Bytom cryptocurrency form a secure location if the sector changes? Keep watching this cryptocurrency news and the market cap for the answer. The cryptocurrency industry is a fickle position, yet spotting trends like this can create serious gains after some time. Bytom coins may be an alternative regarding rainy days. Order Bytom, Don�t Try And Mine It BTM can always be extracted up to often the maximum supply (approximately 33 percent), and Bitmain introduced the $27, 500 Antminer B3 (780Hz) ASIC exploration rig for BTM in May 1, 2018. It indicates it will be just about all but impossible for anyone with no that upfront investment to be able to mine. A swarm-mining fix is offered by Antpool, a new Bitmain subsidiary accused associated with artificially boosting the cost of Bitcoin Money in Q2 2018. 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This consensus protocol uses edge computing in order to permit integration with AI deep learning and impair computing, Tensority is a good Proof-of-Work algorithm based with tensor computation, and is considered one of the extra techie blockchain projects with the market. Using 3 layers, Tensority, and standard address format, Bytom is in a position of interoperability having any other platform, blockchain or maybe not. Of course, interoperability in itself will be swiftly getting the regular for new blockchains. Ontology, for example, supports sidechains, in addition to Plasma brings this particular features to Ethereum. Nevertheless, the majority of these platforms only help the data standards which are immediately being replaced as AI-powered suggestion machines become the typic. Around fact, Bytom�s protocol helps ASIC mining rigs very well because it�s built to get AI hardware acceleration services. Furthermore, like Bitcoin�s Segregated See, Bytom separates financial transaction autographs from the snooze of the data for you to streamline processing. The Bytom UTXO model verifies orders in parallel to keep away from double-spends and other adjustment. It likewise uses ESCDA encryption plus SHA256 hashing. Using these systems, Bytom built some sort of advanced blockchain that can support anything our combined computing energy can throw at this these days or maybe in the future. Bytom Conclusion History has demonstrated one of the most technologically-advanced project doesn�t always triumph (i. e. Tesla sixth is v Edison, VHS sixth is v Beta), but Bytom�s focus on superior technologies like manufactured intelligence may prove to possibly be the boon in the particular blockchain biceps race. The particular asset supervision and growth of the blockchain program will make or bust Bytom in the finish. 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IT safe-keeping spending possesses steadily risen since 2013 and is expected to continue by 2020. Is considered currently a good $50 million global field, and Bytom is expecting to not only take a cut of this pie yet raise the industry beyond initial expert expectations. This blockchain job is below to stay.

[bookofjin]

Biography of Liu Hu of the Tiefu

[And his descendants. From WS095]

The Tiefu Liu Hu was a descendant of the Southern Shanyu, the grandson of the Worthy King of the Left, Qubei, and the nephew of the Leader of the Northern Section, Liu Meng. They lived north of Lüsi in Xinxing. Northern people speak of someone with a Hu father and a Xianbei mother as “Tiefu”. Because of that he used it as the title. Meng died, his son Fulun came running. Hu's father Gaoshengyuan led the section groups in replacement.  Gaoshengyuan was also named Xundou. Gaoshengyuan died. Hu replaced him.

Hu was also named Wulugu. At first he was a subject and adherent to the state, but since his multitudes and family groups were rather many, he instigated troops in an outer rebellion. Pingwen and the Inspector of Bing province, Liu Kun together chastised him, and Ku fled to occupy Shuofang. He resorted to adhering to Liu Cong. Cong, since Hu was of his lineage house, designated him General who Calms the North, Overseer of All Army Affairs of the Xianbei, and Commander of the Palace Gentlemen of the Dingling. He then crossed the He to invade the Western section. Pingwen, confronted, struck, and greatly routed him.

At the beginning of Zhaocheng, Hu again robbed the Western section. The Emperor dispatched the army, to confront and chastise, and again greatly routed him. Hu withdrew and fled, and set out for the frontier. Hu died, his son Wuhuan led the section groups in replacement. He dispatched envoys to revert to obedience.

Wuhuan, also named Baozi, summoned and assembled the family groups of his kind, and had the valiant of the various sections. He secretly communicated with Shi Hu, and Hu designated him as General who Pacifies the North and Worthy King of the Left.

Wuhuan died, his younger brother Eloutou was installed in replacement. He covertly planned to turn to rebellion, it is spoken of in the Preliminary Annals. Later Wuhuan's son Xiwuqi chased out Eloutou and installed himself. Xiwuqi died, his son Wuchen was installed in replacement.

Wuchen was Wuhuan's third son. After he had been installed, he dispatched his son to present at court. Zhaocheng used a daughter as wife for Wuchen. Wuchen secretly communicated with Fu Jian. Jiian used him as Worthy King of the Left. He dispatched envoys to request from Jian, seeking farm land within his territory. In spring he would come, and in autumn depart. Jian allowed it.

Later he carried off from Jian's border population more than 50 people as slaves and servants to offer to Jian. Jian chided [him] and returned them [home]. He therefore betrayed Jian, focused his heart on reverting to the state, and raised up troops to attack Jian. Jian dispatched his General who Establishes Steadfastness, Deng Qiang, to chastise and seize him.

Jian himself arrived in Shuofang, he used Weichen as Duke of Xiayang and controlled his section groups. Weichen, since Jian had turned around and restored his state, again adhered to Jian. Although the tribute envoys to the state were not cut off, actually his respectfulness was inconsistent. The Emperor chastised Weichen, greatly routed him, and gathered from his section groups six or seven out of ten. Weichen fled to Fu Jian. Jian sent him off to return to Shuofang, and dispatched troops to defend him.

At the end of Zhaocheng, Weichen guided Fu Jian to come and rob the southern region. The kingly host achieved defeat. Jian thereupon divided the state's population into two sections, westwards from the He belonged to Weichen, eastwards from the He belonged to Liu Kuren. It is spoken of in Yan Feng's Biography. Jian later used Weichen as Western Shanyu, to supervise and administer the sundry kinds west of the He, and to station at Dailai City.

At Murong Yong's occupation of Changzi, he designated Weichen Envoy Holding the Tally Commander-in-Chief of All Army Affairs West of the He, Great General and Shepherd of Shuo province, to settle in Shuofang. Yao Chang likewise dispatched envoys to join together on good terms, and designated Weichen Envoy Holding the Tally, Commander-in-Chief of All Army Affairs of the Sundry Barbarians in the Boreal North, Great General, Great Shanyu, King of Hexi, and Shepherd of You province. He continuously was robbing and murdering.

Middle of Dengguo [386 – 395], Weichen dispatched his son Zhilidi to rob the southern section, his multitude was eighty or ninety thousand. Taizu's army was five or six thousand people, and he became encircled by him. Taizu therefore used chariots as the sides of his encampment, equally fighting and moving ahead, he greatly routed him to the south of Tieqi Mountain. Zhilidi fled on a single horse. Captured more than 200 000 cattle and sheep.

He exploited the victory to pursue him, crossed the He from Jin Ford in Wuyuan, and entered his state. The resident people were terrified and in chaos, the section groups ran and scattered. Thereupon he arrived at Weichen's residence, Yueba City. Weichen, father and son, were frightened and escaped. He therefore separately dispatched various generals to pursue them with light cavalry.

The Duke of Chenliu, Yuan Hu, went south until Baiyan, and took prisoner Weichen's family. General Yi Wei arrived at Mugen Mountain, seized Zhilidi, and fully joined together his multitudes. Weichen escaped and ran on a single horse. He was killed by his section subordinates who transmitted the head to the Acting Palace. Captured more than 4 000 000 horses, cattle and sheep. Prior to this, the water of the He had turned red like blood, and Weichen had been repulsed by it. When Weichen had perished, they executed his family and kindred, and also threw them in the He. Weichen's third son “Bent Dregs” absconded and ran to the leader of the Xuegan section, Taixifu.

Bent Dregs [qujie] was originally named Bobo, Taizong changed his name to Bent Dregs. “Bent Dregs” is someone lowly and inferior. Taixifu sent him off to Yao Xing. Xing's Duke of Gaoping, Poduoluo Meiyiyu married him to a daughter. Bent Dregs was 8 chi, 5 cun tall, Xing saw and marvelled at him. He designated him General of Agile Cavalry, concurrently Chief Commandant of Imperial Chariots. He often assisted in the great debates on army and state, and his favour happened to go beyond [those] with achievements of old. Xing's younger brother, the Duke of Jinan, Yong, talked to Xing, saying:

Bent Dregs' Heavenly-[given] nature is not to be humane, and so he sis difficult to personally nurture. Your Subject has the audacity to be confused with the grand extend of his favour.

Xing said:

Bent  Dregs has talent for aiding his generation, I am just now gathering his arts and usefulness, and together with him uniting and pacifying Under Heaven.  What is impossible with that?

He therefore used Bent Dregs as General who Calms the Distant, ennobled Marquis of Yangchuan, and sent him to assist Meiyiyu garrisoning Gaoping. He debated using multitudes of the sundry barbarians of Yucheng and Shuofang, and Weichen's section, 30 000, to pair with him, so as to watch for dissent at the border. Yong firmly admonished that it could not be done. Xing said:

How can you know, Sir, what his manners and nature are?

Yong said:

Bent Dregs serves his sovereign sluggishly, drives the multitudes ruthlessly, is greedy, brutal, and without friends, and he is quick to come and go. Favour him with more than his allotment, and in the end he will be a harm for the border.

Xing therefore desisted, and used Bent Dregs as Holding the Tally, General who Calms the North, and Duke of Wuyuan. He paired him with the five Xianbei sections of Sanjiao, more than 20 000 family groups, to garrison Shuofang.

At the end of Taizu's reign, Bent Dregs assaulted and killed Meiyiyu joined together their multitudes. He usurpingly declared [himself] Heavenly King of Great Xia, titled the year Longsheng [“Dragon Rising”], and set up the hundred officials. Xing then regretted it. Bent Dregs was ashamed of his family name Teifu, and thereupon changed it to be the Helian clan, and spoke of himself as a signal made vivid [he] and connected [lian] with Heaven. He also titled his family's offshoots and baseborn as the Tiefa clan, saying that his lineage and clan was hard and sharp like iron [tie] and always capable of hacking [fa] people.

Liu Yu attacked Chang'an. Bent Dregs heard and happily said:

How will Yao Hong be able to resist Yu, Yu is sure to exterminate him. [I] will wait until after Yu has left, and take it like picking up something thrown away, that is all.

Hence he feed the horses and sharpened the troops, and rested and reared the officers and soldiers. When Yu had seized Hong, he kept behind his son Yizhen to defend Chang'an. Bent Dregs attacked him, and greatly routed Yizhen. He piled up people's heads as a raised mound, calling it the “Skull Terrace”.

Thereupon he usurpingly declared himself August Emperor at Bashang, titling the year as Changwu [“Splendid Martiality”], and settled the capital at Tongwan. He directed to engrave to the south of he city, lauding his merits and virtue. He used Chang'an as the Southern Capital.

He was by nature haughty and cruel, and looked on the population like straw and seeds. Steamed earth was used to build his capital's walls. If an iron awl could be stabbed one inch into it, he would killed the craftsmen and rebuild it. When fashioning armaments for the troops, the artisans who presented them would surely die. If he shot at armour and it did not penetrate, he promptly beheaded the bow man, similarly if it did penetrate, he quickly beheaded the armourer, altogether he killed several thousand workers and artisans.

He often stayed on top of the city, and set up a bow and sword by his side. If there one who he hated and was angry with, he killed him by his own hand. Among the crowd of subjects, those who had a defiant look, he pierced their eyes. Those who laughed, he severed their lips. Those who admonished, he spoke of as libellous slanderers. He first cut of their tongues, and then afterwards beheaded them.

He debated discard his oldest son Gui. Gui raised troops from Chang'an to attack Bent Dregs. Bent Dregs' middle son, the Duke of Taiyuan, Chang, routed Gui, and killed him. Bent Dregs used Chang as Heir-Apparent. 2nd Year of Shiguang [425 AD], Bent Dregs died. Chang was usurpingly installed.

Chang, courtesy name Huanguo, also named Zhe, was Bent Dregs' third son. When he had usurped the throne, he changed the year to Yongguang [“Eternal Brilliance”]. Shizu heard that Bent Dregs had died, and his various sons were attacking each other, and Guanzhong was in great chaos. Hence he went on a western attack. He therefore crossed the He with 18 000 cavalry to assault Chang. At the time it was the day of the winter solstice, and Chang was just then hosting a banquet when before long the kingly host arrived. High and low were frightened and agitated. The Chariot Drove to stay at the Hei River, 30 li distant from the city. Chang therefore set out to fight. Shizu swiftly went to strike him, and Chang withdrew and ran into the city. He had not yet reached to close the gates, when the army's soldiers exploited the victory to enter into his Western Palace, and burnt his Western Gate. At night they lodged north of the city. Next day, divided the army to set out in four directions and carry off the resident population. They killed and captured several ten thousand, the live captives, cattle and horses were several hundred thousand. Moved more than 10 000 families and turned back.

Later, Chang dispatched his younger brother Ding for a stand-off with the Minister of Works, Xi Jin, at Chang'an. Shizu exploited the absence for a western attack. He crossed at Junzi Ford with 30 000 light cavalry for combined marches over multiple roads. The crowd of subjects all together remonstrated, saying:

Tongwan's walls are firm and cannot be taken in ten days. Now if a light army chastise them, advancing they cannot overcome, withdrawing they will have no wealth. It is not as good as an infantry army with attack tools all going at the same time.

Shizu said:

In all cases, among the arts of employing troops, attacking cities is the very worst, if it cannot be avoided then do it. If they attack with tools, all going at the same time, the thieves will surely be afraid and defend firmly. If the attack does not take it at time, the food will be gone and the troops tired, and outside there will be nothing to plunder, not the best strategy.

We will use light cavalry to arrive beneath their walls. That one will first hear there is an infantry army, and then his followers will see the cavalry arrive, he will surely bar the gates. We will moreover will entice him with a haggard host. If we get a single battle, we are certain to seize him.

This being so, with the soldiers in the army 2 000 li away from their families, and also having the dangers of the Yellow He, can be said to set them up on deadly ground and afterwards they live. If we in this way decide the battle, we will have the rest. If we attack the city, it will not be enough.

Thereupon he acted. He stayed at Hei River, he divided of part of the army to hide in a deep valley, and used the smaller multitude to arrive beneath their city.

Chang's general Di Zhiyu came to surrender, he explained:

Chang sent people to chase after his younger brother Ding. Ding said: “The city is already firm and steep and cannot be taken by assault. Wait [for me] to seize Jin and others, afterwards we will proceed calmly, and strike them from inside and outside, how is that of no help. Chang considered it to be so.

Shizu detested it, and withdrew the army north of the city, to show weakness to Chang. He dispatched the King of Yongchang, Jian, and E Qing, and others, with a division of 5 000 cavalry, to go west and plunder the resident people.

It happened that a soldier in the army took responsibility for a crime, absconded and entered Chang's city. He told that the official army's provisions was exhausted, the officers and men were eating vegetables, the supply wagons were in the rear, the infantry troops had not yet arrived, and striking them would be easy. Chang trusted his words, and guided the multitudes to set out from the city, 30 000 infantry and cavalry.

The Minister over the Masses, Zhangsun Han, and others said:

Chang's infantry deployment is difficult to destroy. We ought to avoid their spear-point, and moreover give free reign to the infantry troops, and [all] at the same time rise up and strike.

Shizu said:

Not so. [We have] come from far away to seek out the thieves, fearing they would not set out. Now to avoid them and do not strike, that one will rise up at our weakness. It is not the plan.

Thereupon he gathered the army and pretended to go north, to draw out and exhaust him. Chang considered him to be withdrawing, advanced with drums and commotion, and spread out the deployment as flanks. When they had travelled five or six li, Shizu surged up at them, the thieves' deployment did not shift, but rather resumed the forward march.

There happened to be a rising wind, the methods specialist officer [eunuch?] Zhao Ni recommended Shizu that it was expedient to wait for a later day. Cui Hao reviled him. Shizu therefore divided the cavalry into left and right so as to grab hold of them. Shizu fell off his horse, the thieves were already pressuring and coming into contact.

Shizu mounted  his horse, stabbed and killed their Master of Writing, and also killed ten of the cavalry thieves. A fleeting arrow hit his palm, he strenuously struck and did not stop. Chang's army was greatly scattered, he did not manage to enter the city but ran to Shanggui. Thereupon vanquished his city.

Earlier, Bent Dregs was by nature extravagant, and fond of managing palace houses. The city walls were 10 ren tall, and 30 bu thick, on top they were 10 bu wide. The palace walls were 5 ren tall, their firmness could used to sharpen blades and axes. The towers and eyries were tall and great, the lofty chambers connected to each other, and all of them were carved and inlaid with pictures and drawings, covered in lace-work and embroideries, decorated in red and green, to the utmost end ornamented and selected. Shizu looked around, spoke to left and right, saying:

An inconsequential small state, yet employing the population like this, even if they intended not to perish, did they among them obtain it?

Later the Attendant Imperial Clerk An Xie seized Chang. Shizu sent Palace Attendant Gu Bi to welcome Chang on his arrival at the Imperial City, and housed him inside the gates of the Western Palace. He gave him a set of vehicles and carriages, and also decreed Chang wed the Princes of Shiping. He was made use General of Frequent Loyalty and Duke of Kuaiji, and was ennobled as King of Qin. He was convicted of planning rebellion, and submitted to execution.

Chang's younger brother Ding, child name Zhifen, was Bent Dreg's fifth son, he was fiendish, brutal, and unreliable. When Chang was taken, Ding fled to Pingliang. He declared himself with the venerated title and changed the year to Shengguang [“Surpassing Brilliance”].

Ding climbed Yinpan Mountain, looked towards his home state, wept, and said:

The Former Emperor used Us to inherit the Great Legacy, how has it come to the present day's affairs! To cause Heaven to make use of Our years, it must be so that [We] and you Sirs can establish a legacy of a last flourishing.

Suddenly there were a crowd of foxes making a hundred cries to his side. Ding instructed to shoot them but none were captured. Ding detested it, and said:

This is also greatly unfavourable. Tut-tut, Heaven's Way, again what does it say!

He and Liu Yilong joined in friendly relations, and from great distance divided [the land] north of the He. Eastwards from Heng Mountain would belong to Yilong, westward from Heng Mountain would belong to Ding.

He dispatched his generals to rob Lincheng. The Duke of Shiping, Wei Gui chastised and routed him. Ding again brought along several ten thousand people to go east and strike Gui. Shizu personally led light cavalry to assault Pingliang. Ding went to aid Pingliang, he deployed in a square and strengthened himself. Shizu besieged him on four sides, and cut off his water and grass. Ding could not get water, he guided the multitudes to go down from the plains. Decreed the General of Martial Guards Qiu Juan to strike him, his multitudes scattered. Ding was wounded, and escaped and ran on a single mount. He collected his remaining multitudes and then went west to protect Shanggui.

4th Year of Shenjia [431 AD], he was assaulted by Mugui of the Tuyuhun. He seized Ding and sent him off to the Imperial City were he submitted to execution.

#ws095

[bookofjin]

Liu Yuan becomes Shanyu

This is Part 2 in a post series on the life and times of Liu Yuan, founder of Han-Zhao. Accompanying translations in next post.

Sources

See Part 1 for a more in-depth discussion of the sources used. I have also included snippets from a few relevant biographies from JS.

Liu Yuan as Leader and Chief Commandant of the Xiongnu

At some point after 279, Liu Yuan's father Bao died, and Liu Yuan left Luoyang to inherit his position as Leader of the Left Section. Later in the 280s when Leaders were changed to Chief Commandants, Liu Yuan became Chief Commandant of the Northern Section. I am not sure how much we should read into the change from the Left Section to the Right Section, but note that JS097 lists the Chief Commandant of the Left Section as managing 10 000 encampments and Chief Commandant of the Northern Section only 4 000.

Liu Yuan's time as Jin-approved/appointed Xiongnu leader is described in general laudatory terms. He improved the laws and punished misbehaviour, he was generous and charismatic. Not only Xiongnu nobles came to serve him, but also Chinese scholars from the neighbouring You and Ji provinces.

Emperor Wu of Jin died in 290, and his son, Sima Zhong, posthumously Emperor Hui, became Emperor of Jin. Emperor Hui suffered from some kind of mental disability that made him unable to rule. Real power was therefore in the hands of a regents. The failure of any of regents to decisively establish their own authority and legitimacy led to palace intrigues, coups and eventually civil war.

The first of these regents was Yang Jun, father of the Empress Dowager and Emperor Hui's maternal uncle. He appointed Liu Yuan General who Establishes Power and Great Chief Controller of the Five Sections, with the noble title of Marquis of Hanguang [“Han's Shining Light”] district.  Great Chief Controller of the Five Sections would seem to imply some kind of overall authority over all the Xiongnu, but I am not sure if that was really the case. Yang Jun was trying to butter up his own regime, there would not necessarily have been any substance to the honours handed out.

In any case Yang Jun's regime was toppled already in 291, and for the rest of the decade real lay with Emperor Hui's Empress, Jia Nanfeng. This was the Yuankang era, 291 – 299. Nothing is told about Liu Yuan's relations with the Jin court during this time period until the “end of Yuankang” when he was dismissed from office for failing to control his followers, so much for his perfect government!

In JS004, the Annals of Emperor Hui, we can read that in 294 the Xiongnu Hao San (or “Haosan”) rebelled, and attacked Shangdang commandery where he killed the county magistrates. Hao San was killed later the same year by the Chief Commandant of Pingyi. However in summer 296 Hao San's younger brother Duyuan also rebelled. His followers included not only Xiongnu but also Qiang as well as other ethnicities. Duyuan defeated several commandery Wardens, and also the Inspector of Yong province. Duyuan's final fate is not recorded, in autumn that year the Di and Qiang peoples of Qin and Yong provinces under their leader Qi Wannian rose up against the Jin. Qi Wannian was finally defeated early in 299 after widespread destruction.

Though the Liu Yuan biographies are not specific on the troubles that led to his dismissal, it is easy to imagine that some of the warriors under his administration had gone to join Duyuan or Qi Wannian, or maybe just exploited the general chaos in the north-west to do some raiding and pillaging on their own.

After his dismissal, Liu Yuan went to serve Sima Ying, the King of Chengdu. Sima Ying was one of Emperor Hui's brothers and from spring 299 military commander at Ye. Sima Ying appointed Liu Yuan General who Soothes the Boreal, Overseer of the Army Affairs of the Five Sections. The second title again suggest overall military command of the Xiongnu, in this case I am certain Liu Yuan's command in practice would have been restricted to a portion of Sima Ying's troops at Ye. WS095 dates this appointment to the beginning of the Yongning era (300-301).

WS095, JS101: dismissed from office: That Liu Yuan could simply be dismissed from office suggest that he was treated more like an appointed official than a hereditary vassal ruler by the Jin court.

WS095, JS1010: petitioned: Formally Sima Ying does not have the authority to appoint Generals, he can only make recommendations to the court.

Early career of Liu Cong

At this point I would like to make a digression into the earlier careers of Liu Yuan's son Liu Cong and relative Liu Xuan.

Liu Cong was Liu Yuan's fourth son and future Emperor of Han. The story of his early life follows that of his father's quite closely, but is somewhat shorter. This may just be due to later abbreviations though. Liu Cong has his own Yearly Annals in JS102, as well as more abbreviated biographies in WS095 and TPYL119

It is said that Liu Yuan's wife, Ms. Zhang, once dreamt that the sun entered her chest. She woke up and told Liu Yuan about it. Liu Yuan claimed it as an auspicious omen, but cautioned her about speaking about it to others. 15 months later Liu Cong was born - his father had been born 13 months after his mother's a prophetic dream. That night there was an unnatural sunshine. Liu Cong's physical appearance was also unusual, a single glossy white hair grew from his left ear, 2 chi long.

Unsurprisingly, Liu Cong grew up to be an intelligent kid, and impressed his father's old school mate Zhu Ji. By the age of 14 sui he had finished his literary education, having thoroughly studied the classics and histories and also, more cursorily, the various philosophical schools. Like his fahter, he was particularly fond of Sun and Wu's Principles of War.

Unlike his father, Liu Cong is also credited with literary skills of his own. He is said to have been skilled at calligraphy, both the draft and clerical styles, and was the author of more than 100 chapters of poetry and 50 chapters of rhapsodies and hymns. At 15 sui he turned to military affairs. He was strong and good at shooting, reportedly able to bend a 300 jin [c. 66 kg] bow. He also earned the apparently obligatory praise from Wang Hun.

As a youth he travelled Luoyang and formed connections with the important people there. Unlike his father, there is no mention of Liu Cong being a hostage, maybe that practice had been abolished? Yue Guang and Zhang Hua are said to have been particularly impressed with him. Both were among leading scholar-officials of the day. Zhang Hua was Overseer of the Palace Writers and from 296 Minister of Works. Yue Guang eventually became Prefect of the Masters of Writing.

It is WS095 rather than JS102 which gives the most detailed account of Liu Cong's career as a Jin official. His first recorded appointed was as Master of Accounts for the Grand Warden of Xinxing commandery, Guo Yi. Master of Accounts was one of the highest posts in the regular commandery administration. He was then recommended as Good and Supportive which earned him an appointment in the capital as Detached Marshal of Valiant Cavalry, presumably some kind of military command.

Sima Jiong, the King of Qi, regent during the Yongning era, appointed Liu Cong Palace Commandant of State. At some point after that he left the capital to be Marshal of the Left Section, presumably as a subordinate of the Xiongnu Chief Commandant of the Left Section. This then seems to have been the first Xiongnu appointment that Liu Cong. In the Jin bureaucratic system the Marshal was usually a military commander's senior military staff officer, only behind the Senior Clerk, the civilian chief of staff, in rank.

From there Liu Cong moved to Chief Commandant of the Right Section, the same position as Liu Yuan had held earlier. Like his father, Liu Cong is described as a charismatic leader who gained the loyalty of the Xiongnu nobles and worthies. Like his father, Liu Cong also left his Xiongnu leadership position, the reason is not stated, to serve one of the Jin princes, Sima Yong, King of Hejian and military commander at Chang'an. WS095 titles Sima Yong as Grand Steward, a rank he held from May 304. Sima Yong appointed Liu Cong as Commander of the Palace Gentlemen of the Chisha. Chisha赤沙 translates literally as “Red Sand”, but in JS097 is as a branch of the northern barbarians, so it seems this refers to a group of people rather than a place name.

Though Sima Yong and Sima Ying at Ye were still allies at this point, Liu Cong apparently feared that Sima Ying would suspect his father of divided loyalties and kill him if he stayed at Chang'an. So he abandoned Sima Yong and travelled to Ye were he entered Sima Ying's service as one of his vanguard commanders, as General who Amasses Crossbows of the Right.

Liu Xuan, the granduncle

Liu Xuan was one of Liu Yuan's early key supporters. He is described as Liu Yuan's granduncle. If we were to accept the sources' genealogy this would make him the brother of Yufuluo which is clearly absurd. Liu Yuan was about 50 years old when Liu Xuan enters the story, so that he was Liu Yuan's literal granduncle at all is also a bit of a stretch. But whatever their precise relations, Liu Xuan no doubt belonged to the Xiongnu aristocracy.

Liu Xuan has a short biography attached to JS101, mainly focusing on his life before joining up with Liu Yuan. This seems to have been a common pattern in sub-biographies from the SLGCQ. I believe the original SLGCQ was formatted as a year-by-year chronicle with biographies of important people inserted as short digressions, similar to still extant chronicle histories like the Houhanji and Jiankang Shilu. These biographies focus on the early lives because the rest are integrated into the main chronicle.

Liu Xuan's biography shares several common themes with Liu Yuan and Liu Cong's, but without the miraculous portents signalling the birth of an emperor. Liu Xuan is described as plain and blunt. He studied under one Sun Yan of Le'an. The Bibliography in Suishu 033 lists one Sun Yan, Overseer of the Private Library during Wei, as the author of commentaries on the Liji and the Erya. Perhaps this is the same person.

Liu Xuan was fond of the Mao Poetry and the Zuo zhuan, Sun Yan compared him favourably to Jin Midi. Having finished his studied, Liu Xuan returned home where he lived a private life for some time. He often read the Book of Han, and is said that a man of great talent would have been able to serve as the equal of Xiao He or Deng Yu. Xiao He was Chancellor for Gaozu of Han, and an important contributor to the founding of Western Han. Deng Yu was one Guangwu's highest ministers and similarly played a big role at the beginning of Eastern Han. Liu Xuan apparently thought himself a potential equal to these two. As a native of the Eastern Han period, Deng Yu does not have a biography in the transmitted text of Ban Gu's Hanshu. In Liu Xuan's times there existed several histories of Eastern Han. The extant Houhanshu, by Fan Ye, was however only written later, during the early 5th century.

Liu Xuan's life in retirement ended when his talents were recognized by the Inspector of Bing province, Wang Guang, and summoned to an audience with Emperor Wu of Jin. Afterwards Emperor Wu commented that Wang Guang's recommendation had not just been empty words and judged Liu Xuan more than able to govern his own native people.

Liu Xuan's biography in JS101 says that following the imperial audience, Liu Xuan was appointed Chief Controller (dudu都督) of the Right Section. But elsewhere it is stated that in the Jin system, each of the Xiongnu Five Sections was initially governed by a Leader (shuai 帥), changed during the 280s to a Chief Commandant (duwei都尉).

In WS095 Liu Xuan is called Chief Controller of the Northern Section.

In the main text of JS101, Liu Xuan is introduced as the old Chief Commandant of the Northern Section and Worthy King of the Left. The latter seems to be a simple mistake as Liu Xuan later in the same text is referred to as Worthy King of the Right.

In TPYL's article on Liu Yuan, Liu Xuan is Chief Commandant of the Northern Section and Worthy of the Right.

In ZZTJ Liu Xuan is Worthy King of the Right.

The change from the Right Section to Northern Section is not a problem. Liu Yuan was moved from Leader of the Left Section to Chief Commandant of the Northern Section, so it seems the Jin court was able to move the Xiongnu leadership around as regular officials.

I am not sure how much thought to put into Chief Controller vs. Chief Commandant. The simplest explanation is that Chief Controller is a mistake, and the text should read Chief Commandant. The mistake could originally have been made in the SLGCQ or one of its sources, and then continued by WS095 and JS101. The other possibility is that Chief Controller was a separate office from the Chief Commandant. It is not like we have an exhaustive treatise on the Xiongnu administration.

In JS101, Liu Xuan is called the old Chief Commandant of the Northern Section. As Liu Yuan's granduncle, he presumably was an older man (Liu Yuan was in his early 50s) so it would make some sense if he had retired from office holding. But when was he Chief Commandant? The Leaders of the five Sections were changed to Chief Commandants in the middle of Taikang (280 – 289), Liu Yuan became Chief Commandant of the Northern Section at the end of Taikang. In 290 or 291 Yang Jun appointed Liu Yuan General who Establishes Power and Great Chief Controller of the Five Sections. Did he then stopped being Chief Commandant, or where these just honorary titles held concurrently? Liu Yuan was in any case dismissed from office, whatever it was, at the end of Yuankang (291 – 291). According to JS102, Liu Cong also at some point was Chief Commandant of the Northern Section. If there really was a separate Chief Controller the picture would be less crowded, and there would be some precedence for a Great Chief Controller.

Worthy King of the Right was a traditional Xiongnu title, and among the Xiongnu kings second only to the Worthy King of the Left, a title held by Liu Yuan, which was reserved for the Shanyu's designated heir. Unless these titles have been retroactively added by the historians, it seems the old Xiongnu hierarchy of noble titles continued to exist in parallel with the Jin official appointments.

Liu Xuan's conspiracy

Sima Ying played a critical role in what we can call the middle phase of the Jin civil wars, where he and Sima Yong from their bases at Ye and Chang'an repeatedly joined forces to remove whoever held power at Luoyang.

Sima Lun, King of Zhao, deposed Empress Jia in May 300, and in February 301 had Emperor Hui's abdicate the throne in favour of himself. Two months later Sima Jiong, King of Qi, rose against Sima Lun from his base at Xuchang in alliance with Sima Ying and Sima Yong. After a short civil war Emperor Hui was restored to the throne on 1 June, and Sima Lun was executed.

After that, Sima Jiong moved to Luoyang and took control of the central government. However in January 303, Sima Yong and Sima Ying declared against him. Sima Ai, King of Changsha, turned on Sima Jiong from within Luoyang and killed him.

Sima Ai became the next regent, however in September 303 Sima Ying and Sima Yong once more joined forces against the capital. The resulting civil war lasted until January 304 when Sima Ai was taken captive in a coup led by Sima Yue, King of Donghai, and executed.

All these internal squabbles eroded the ruling family's legitimacy and the empire's stability. It was in this environment, we are told, that Liu Xuan formed a conspiracy with other prominent Xiongnu to restore Xiongnu independence.

In a speech attributed to Liu Xuan, he laments that formerly the Han Emperor and the Shanyu had formed a covenant as equals, but since then the Shanyu had been reduced to no more than a man from a common registered household, without a foot of land to rule as his own. However now the Sima clan are destroying each other, and the world is in turmoil. Moreover the Worthy King of the Left, Liu Yuan is a man of great ability, Heaven would not have brought forth such a man if not to seize such a moment and restore the Xiongnu to their lands.

Liu Xuan and the others decided they would make Liu Yuan their new Great Shanyu. The problem of course was that he was at Ye serving Sima Ying. So one of the conspirators, Huyan You, went to Ye to tell Liu Yuan about their scheme. Liu Yuan asked for leave to go home and attend a funeral, but Sima Ying refused to grant it, so Liu Yuan had to stay at Ye. He therefore ordered Huyan You to go home and tell Liu Xuan to assemble the Five Sections and pretend to obey Sima Ying.

This is just the sort of story that I find difficult to believe actually took place. It just seems too convenient in foreshadowing what happened after, and could only have been recorded after Liu Yuan had openly broken with Sima Ying.

Huyan: According to JS097, the Huyan clan were next in prominence and close advisors to the ruling Xiongnu clan. Liu Yuan's mother also came from this clan.

JS101: Pull in and meet with the various Hu of Yiyang: There was a Yiyang宜陽 county just west of Luoyang, but I am not sure if this really is the place referred to here.

The Battle of Dangyin

After the fall of Sima Ai, Sima Ying briefly came to Luoyang and was appointed Imperial Chancellor. He soon returned to his own power-base at Ye, he however left behind an army to garrison Luoyang. All important decision were sent to him at Ye for consultations. On 1 May 304 a decree announced Sima Ying's elevation to “Brother-Heir” (as he was the younger brother rather than the son of the Emperor). Liu Yuan in turn became Colonel of Garrison Cavalry to the Brother-Heir.

On 17 August there was a coup within Luoyang. Sima Yue took control of the Emperor, and expelled Sima Ying's troops from the city. On 20 August Sima Yue, with Emperor Hui in tow, marched north from Luoyang with his army to attack Sima Ying. In response, Sima Ying sent an army under his general Shi Chao to confront Sima Yue. Liu Yuan was appointed General who Assists the State and Controller of the Defence Affairs of the Northern City (or “Northern Walls”.

On 9 September Shi Chao defeated Sima Yue in battle at Dangyin. Sima Yue fled, his army scattered. Emperor Hui was spoils of war, Shi Chao brought him back with him to Ye. Sima Ying had prevailed, for now. Liu Yuan, though he had not taken active part in the fighting, was rewarded with appointment as General of the Best of the Army, and ennobled as Earl of Lunu (a county in Zhongshan commandery).

As far as we can tell then, Liu Yuan had served Sima Ying faithfully up to this point, and had been rewarded in step with his master's rise. Just just how highly placed Liu Yuan was among Sima Ying's followers is difficult to say. His name does not occur in Sima Ying's biography in JS059. I think we can assume he was at least a tier below Sima Ying's first ranked supporters.

Liu Yuan becomes Shanyu

Unfortunately for Sima Ying, the rest of the empire did not fall into line just because he had defeated Sima Yue and controlled the Emperor. To the north the General who Calms the North, Wang Jun, had up to this point stayed entirely outside the struggles among the Jin princes, and had instead been building up his own personal alliances with the Xianbei and Wuhuan leadership. According to JS039, Sima Ying sent his new Inspector of You province, He Yan, north with secret instructions to kill Wang Jun and take over his army. But this plan failed completely, it was Wang Jun who killed He Yan and appointed himself Inspector.

To the north-east the Inspector of Bing province, Sima Teng, Duke of Dongying, was Sima Yue's younger brother. Sima Teng and Wang Jun now became natural allies, and together they defeated Sima Ying's general Wang Bin. Wang Jun appointed his Master of Accounts, Qi Hong, as commander of his vanguard, which included a large amount of Xianbei and Wuhuan cavalry. Qi Hong defeated Sima Ying's generals sent after him one after the other.

At this point, with the situation increasingly dire, the Liu Yuan biographies narrates a dialogue between Liu Yuan and Sima Ying. It begins with Liu Yuan advising Sima Ying that he cannot resists the enemy's 100 000 men with the forces available at Ye, he instead requests to go home and raise the Xiongnu Five Sections in support of Sima Ying.

In his reply, Sima Ying doubts if Liu Yuan can really bring the Xiongnu to his side, and, if he does, if they really are capable of defeating the Xianbei and Wuhuan, who are swift and strong. Instead, Sima Ying suggests, they should bring the Emperor with them back to Luoyang to avoid the immediate danger, and then call the whole empire to arms.

Liu Yuan responds that Sima Ying is the son of Emperor Wu and revered through the world, while Wang Jun and Sima Teng are mere upstarts and distant relatives, there will not be any difficulties convincing the Xiongnu to follow him. (Sima Teng was grandson of one of Sima Yi's younger brothers.) But if Sima Ying shows weakness by fleeing Ye, he might not even reach Luoyang. And even if he does, how will his authority be restored? A call to arms is just a piece of paper! However, the Xianbei are no match for the Five Sections of the Xiongnu. If Sima Ying would stay and rally the troops, he, Liu Yuan, will use two of the Five Sections to destroy Sima Teng, and the other three to kill Wang Jun.

Sima Ying was pleased with this advise, he appointed Liu Yuan Northern Shanyu Assisting the Army Affairs of the Imperial Chancellor and sent him off. Liu Yuan arrived at Zuoguocheng, according to JS101 the same place as Meiji were Southern Shanyu had held court. There Liu Xuan and the other Xiongnu leaders hailed Liu Yuan as Great Shanyu. JS004 dates Liu Yuan's ascension to Great Shanyu to between 18 September and 1 October 304.

Liu Yuan set his headquarters at Lishi, within twenty days, we are told, his forces had grown to 50 000 men.

[bookofjin]

Records of Liu Yuanhai

[From JS101. He probably was not actually Yufuluo’s grandson.]

Liu Yuanhai was a Xiongnu of Xinxing. He was a descendant of Modu. His name violates Gaozu [of Tang]'s temple taboo, for that reason of this he is called here by his courtesy name. [They both had the personal name Yuan淵]. Earlier, Gaozu of Han used a clan girl as Princess, to thereby marry Modu, agreed to be brothers. For that reason his sons and grandsons thereupon dared to surname their clan Liu.

At the beginning of Jianwu [25 – 56 AD], the Wuzhuliu Ruodi Chanyu's son, the Aojian Rizhu King of the Right, Bi, established himself as the Southern Chanyu, entering to reside at Meiji in Xihe. The present Zuoguocheng in Lishi is precisely were the Chanyu moved. [?]

In the middle of Zhongping [184 – 189 AD] the Chanyu Qianqu sent his son Yufuluo to command troops to assist the Han, and punish and pacify the Yellow Turbans. It happened that Qiangqu was killed by the people of the state. Yufuluo accordingly with his multitudes stayed with the Han, establishing himself as Chanyu. During the chaos of Dong Zhuo, [he] pillaged and plundered Taiyuan and Hedong, garrisoning in Henei.

When Yufuluo died, his younger brother Huchuquan was established, and used Yufuluo's son Bao as Worthy King of the Left. He was Yuanhai's father. Wu of Wei divided their multitudes into five sections, and used Bao as Chief of the Left Section. For the remaining section chiefs allways used the Liu clan for them. [?]

In the middle of Taikang [280 – 289 AD], changed to set up a Chief Commandant. The Left Section resided at Zishi in Taiyuan, the Right Section resided at Qi, the Southern Section resided at Puzi, the Northern Section resided at Xinxing, the Middle Section resided at Daling. The Liu clan, although divided to reside in five sections, all resided in Jinyang at the bank of the Fen brook.

Bao's wife Ms. Huyan in the middle of Wei's Jiaping [249 – 254 AD] prayed for a son at Longmen. Soon after, there was a big fish. On its head were two fishes. With lifted fins and jumping scales it then came to the sacrifice [?]. After a long time it then left. The shamans and mediums were all amazed by it, and said: “This is a auspicious omen!”

That night she dreamed that in the morning saw the fish change into a person. In the left hand he held a creature, big like half a chicken egg [?], the shining with a light not common. At this uncommon scene, he gave [it?] to Ms. Huyan, saying: “This is the essence of the Sun. Ingest it to beget to a worthy son.”

She woke and told Bao. Bao said: “A fortunate sign! I formerly followed Zhang Jiong of Handan's mother, Ms. Situ's judgement [?]. She said that I would have worthy sons and grandsonThe clouds we undertake to have valuable sons and grandsons, and for three generations there would surely be great glory. This resembles and fits the judgement like a tally.” Thus, after thirteen months, she begot Yuanhai. In his left hand was written his name, they therefore named him that.

As a boy he was brave and intelligent. At seven sui, he met with grieving for his mother. He beat his chest, jumped, shouted and yelled. Pity filled the neighbourhood. [?] The lineage, clan and section groups all together sighed in admiration and appreciation. At the time, the Minister of Works, Wang Chang [SGZ27] of Taiyuan, heard and was pleased with him. He both dispatched condolences and helped pay the funeral.

As a young child he excelled at studying, his teacher in affairs was Cui You [JS091] of Shangdang. He practised Mao's Poetry, Mr. Jing's Changes and Mr. Ma's Book of Documents. He particularly excelled in Mr. Zuo's Commentary to the Spring and Autumn and Sun and Wu's Principles of War. He knew the outline of all and chanted them [?]. The History [of Sima Quan], the [Book of] Han, and the Various Masters he could not but arrange and look at [?].

He once spoke to Zhu Ji and Fan Long [JS091], teachers of the same school, saying: “I always see in the books and commentaries, that the common and low follow the land without the martial, the falling flood without the civil [?]. The Way depending on people is vast [?], without knowledge of a single thing [?] , firmly the humiliation by a lordly master. The Two Teachers met the Exalted August and yet were not able to establish the profession of fief lords. The Pair of Excellencies belonged to the Great Lineage and yet were not able to begin the praise of village and hamlet schools [?]. What a pity!”

Hence he thereupon studied military affairs and subtly cut off from the masses. [?] He had “monkey arms” and was good at shooting. His bodily strength and power was beyond men. He had an admirable bearing and was big and strong, he was 8 chi 4 cun tall [c. 202 cm]. His beard was more than 3 chi long [c. 70 cm], in the midmost he had fine hair at three roots [?], 3 shi 6 cun long [c. 85 cm].

There was staying in the village [?] Cui Yizhi, Gongshi Yu of Xiangling and others, both good judges of people. When they saw Yuanhai, they were startled and they spoke to each other, saying: “This person's shape and appearance is not ordinary, not seen by me.” Hence they deeply honoured and respected each other [?]. and pushed split and join kindness. [?] Wang Hun [JS042] of Taiyuan humbled his heart to befriend him, [?] and instructed his son Ji [JS042] to bow to him.

In the middle of the Xianxi [264 – 265 AD], he became a hostage son in Luoyang. Emperor Wen deeply waited for him. Late in Taishi [265 – 274 AD], Hun again often spoke of him to Emperor Wu. The Emperor summoned and talked with him, and was greatly pleased with him. He spoke with Wang Ji, saying: “Liu Yuanhai has an admirable bearing and reflective [?]. Even You Yu and Midi would not add to him. [?]”

Ji replied: “Yuanhai has an admirable bearing and reflective is truly like the sagely purpose. His talents in the civil and martial and personal worth at the two son his martial and civil talents virtuous body to the two distant masters [?]. Your Majesty can similarly rely on him accordingly in the affairs of the south-east, where Wu happens to not be sufficiently pacified.” The Emperor called it good.

Kong Xun and Yang Yao advanced, saying: “Your Subjects have seen the talents of Yuanhai, and must now dread without this comparison [?]. Your Majesty is similarly light on his multitudes, they will not be sufficient to thereby complete affairs. If you make use of him for power and authority,  after the pacification of Wu we fear he will not return and cross north. He is not of our kind, and his heart must surely be different. To rely on him thereby with the home section, Your Subjects have the audacity to have cold hearts for Your Majesty. If we recommend Heaven obstructing him firmly to thereby support him [?], is not this therefore not possible?” The Emperor quietly affirmed.

Later Qin and Liang were turned over and lost. The Emperor inquired after someone to command and lead. Li Xi of Shangdang said: “Your Majesty is truly able to send out the multitudes of the Xiongnu's Five Sections. Make use of Yuanhai with a single title of General [?]. When he strikes the drums and goes west, we can point to a time and it will be settled.”

Kong Xun said: “The words of Excellency Li will not exhaust and exterminate the reasons for suffering.”

Xi quickly affirmed, saying: “Using the strong and brave of the Xiongnu, Yuanhai's daybreak troops [?],  soldiers, serving and spreading the sagely power, how do they not exhaustively do it?”

Xun said: “If Yuanhai is able to pacify Liang province and behead Shujineng, [I] fear Liang province will just then have difficulties and that is all. When Jiaolong obtained the rain clouds, it did not return to the middle of the pond.” The Emperor therefore desisted.

Later Wang Mi [JS100] came through Luoyang on his return east. Yuanhai saw Mi off at the bank of Jiuqu. Weeping, he spoke to Mi, saying: “Wang Hun and Li Xi use country twists [?] to see and recognize, each time addressing each other intelligently [?]. Slander between because of it and yet  they advance. It is deeply not my desire, it is just sufficient to be injured. I originally had no thoughts of officialdom, only to satisfy beneath and clarify it. I fear I will die in Luoyang, eternally separated from the Masters. [?]”

Because that he earnest and indignant snorted and sobbed. He indulged in beer and long roars. The sound tuned brilliantly, [?] those sitting became running with tears from it. The King of Qi, You, was at that time at Jiuqu. He compared what he heard [?] and quickly dispatched to observe it. Seeing Yuanhai being there, he spoke to the Emperor, saying: “Your Majesty has not removed Liu Yuanhai. Your Subject fears Bing province will not be peaceful for long.”

Wang Hun advanced to say: “Yuanhai is tall. [?] Hun is Lord King protecting and clarifying him. [?] Moreover the Great Jin's regions display truly different customs. His breast is distant due to virtue. [?] If like this, why, without  sprouting his suspicions, kill the attendant sons of the people [?], thereby showing that Jin's virtue is not great.” The Emperor said: “Hun speaks correctly in this.”

It happened that Bao passed on. Used Yuanhai to replace him as Chief of the Left Section. At the end of Taikang [280 – 289 AD], he was designated Chief Commandant of the Northern Section. He clarified the penal laws, forbid the evil and wicked, made light of wealth and excelled at giving, pushed forward the honest and connected with people. The Five Sections' talented heroes could not but come. [?] In You and Ji he was famous among Ruists well-known among scholars, afterwards schools for elegant gentlemen [?] were not for a distance of a thousand li [?], likewise everyone travelled to him.

When Yang Jun [JS040] assisted the government, he used Yuanhai as General who Establishes Power, Great Commander-in-Chief of the Five Sections, enfeoffed as Marquis of Guangwu district.

At the end of Yuankang [291 – 299 AD], he was incriminated in his section people rebelling and setting out for the passes, and was dismissed from office. [As a result of Han Duyuan's rebellion?] The King of Chengdu, Ying, was headquartered at Ye. He petitioned for Yuanhai to act as General who Tranquillizes the Boreal, and Overseer of the Army Affairs of the Five Sections.

When Emperor Hui lost control [?], bandits and thieves rose in swarms. Yuanhai's cousin, the former Chief Commandant of the Northern Sections and the Worthy King of the Left, Liu Xuan, and others furtively discussed it, saying: “Formerly our ancestral people had a covenant with Han to be brothers. The grief is exalted similarly to this [?]. From the perish of Han we have thereby come, and the Wei and Jin eras rose. Our Chanyu, only has an empty title, without repeatedly the patrimony of a foot of land. From the various kings and lords, [we] have declined to be like a bundle of households. Now the Sima clan's bones and flesh are destroying each other. Within the Four Seas the cauldrons bubble. To rise up the nation and return the patrimony; this is the time! The Worthy King of the Left Yuanhai's bearings is a receptacle cutting off ordinary people, he personally jumps over houses [?]. If Heaven does not restore the venerated Chanyu, in the end not the empty life of this people. [?]"

Hence they in private together pushed forward Yuanhai to be Great Chanyu. They therefore sent their faction member Huyan You to go to Ye, to thereby report the plan. Yuanhai requested to return to attend a funeral. Ying would not permit. He therefore ordered You to first to return, and report to Xuan and others to summon and assemble the Five Sections and to pull out and meet the various Hu of Yiyang. [He?] made sounds saying he were obeying Ying, but actually he was turning his back on him.

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