#spruce area

[ryssbelle]

Does the flower from your first n2 post have any significance? Why isn't it blooming?

Yes the flower here does have significance!

It’s a memorial flower, the exact species of flower is one I made up, it’s one that has a strange growth period, there’s no real way to tell when it’s going to bloom but it does only bloom at night.

John Dory got the seeds while on one of his searches and gave it to Floyd since at the time Floyd was severely depressed and was spending all day everyday in his room in the bunker. JD had given Floyd a bunch of seeds for a garden but Floyd ended up only planting one which he’s been taking care of since he planted it.

He planted it on Clays birthday so they refer to it as Clay’s flower, but it’s a memorial for all their lost family members, so their parents, grandma, Clay, and Spruce/Bruce

Other than just maintaining it, Floyd also talks to it like the ones they lost can hear him through the flower, he visits it at least once everyday while the other brothers only visit on anniversaries and birthdays. (They also only bring the lights and photos out then as well, to keep the photos safe from damage)

It’s Floyd’s way of grieving :)

#ryss responds #not the only one au #n2 au #trolls #trolls 3 #trolls band together #trolls Floyd #I wanted to give them each a different way of grieving their family #JD is obsessively trying to correct his mistake (failing to save clay) by trying to find him and spruce if they’re still out there #branch isolates and builds a bunker to protect himself and what family he has left #and Floyd does gardening #they also refer to the area where the flower is as the garden or Floyd’s garden #even tho there’s only one flower #the area around the flower is also heavily booby trapped #the only people who know how to get to it are the brothers and poppy #this is to stop trolls from accidentally harming it and to stop critters from eating it #its a big flower by troll standards but by others its a small flower #in my head its one of those that are usually in clusters #but this one stands alone #maybe its a metaphor #who knows teehe #but yeah I’ve actually thought about the flower a lot #also the reason poppy knows where to find it and how to get to it is because she helps take care of it when Floyd’s away #she’s also the one who picked the spot #she doesn’t like the traps but any one she took down immediately got replaced so she stopped trying #and just learned the steps to get around them #btw the steps to get around the traps are the old choreo for a brozone song lmao #because I loved that aspect of tbgo where branch sets the paths around traps to songs from his childhood #so he done did it again

[vandaliatraveler]

Day Date at Spruce Knob-Seneca Rocks National Recreation Area, Part 1. Most couples would probably equate a "date" to a nice dinner out and a Marvel adventure movie, but Blake and I, being hopeless nature fanatics and aspiring satyrs without hooves, equate it to mean "putzing around in the mountains". The timing was perfect: the haze from the Canadian wildfires, which has been choking most the US Mid-Atlantic and Northeast for the past week, had mostly moved on, replaced by a crisp blue sky with a light breeze.

From top: the view from the Rich Mountain Overlook on Old Route 33, heading toward Harman; Blake communing with the mystic creek chubs in Gandy Creek, one of the best brook trout streams in the Mid-Atlantic region; cow parsnip (Heracleum maximum), a mildly phototoxic beauty that Native Americans relied on for food and medicine; a forest composition of false green hellebore (Veratrum viride), ferns, wild geranium (Geranium maculatum), and golden Alexander (Zizia aurea); a close-up of golden Alexander, a lovely, spring-blooming member of the carrot family; the wetlands complex at Spruce Knob Lake; shining ladies' tresses (Spiranthes lucida), a spring to early summer-blooming bog orchid recognizable from its bright yellow labellum; bunchberry (Cornus canadensis), which can be easily mistaken for a spring-blooming forb but is actually a dwarf dogwood; and a feisty eastern garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis), whose saliva contains a mild neurotoxin that is deadly to its prey but harmless to humans.

#appalachia #vandalia #west virginia #wildflowers #spring #flora #allegheny mountains #monongahela national forest #spruce mountain #spruce knob lake #gandy creek #spruce knob-seneca rocks national recreation area #reptile #snake #eastern garter snake #cow parsnip #false green hellebore #wild geranium #golden alexanders #golden zizia #golden alexander #shining ladies' tresses #bunchberry #creeping dogwood #canadian dwarf cornel

[imagionary]

Outside expansion work

#And not too long later Alton released his plan to Spruce that he was gonna blow that whole safety hazard up with a shit ton of tnt #and that everyone had 4 hours to get out of the area before he detonated it #the place was a mess and bulldozer was not giving enough time for the worker and skelecogs to build this place correctly #even Steel thought the place needed to be leveled there were so many problems with it #None of the sentient employees out there had been sleeping more than an hour a night for four months #and have also been drunk nearly the entire time too depending on who it was ((working conditions sucked out there yikes!)) #so bye bye conglomerate expansion sight there is nothing but a huge crater there now #toontown corporate clash #ttcc #toontown: corporate clash #imagionary rambles #ttcc au #chip revvington #chainsaw consultant #william boar #derrickman #bulldozer #toontown oc #ttcc oc #alcohol

[have-you-been-here]

Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest

(Shuh-WAH-muh-guhn)

Park Falls, Wisconsin, United States

#have you been here #poll #usa #submitter notes: The Chequamegon–Nicolet National Forest is a 1 #530 #647-acre U.S. National Forest in central and eastern northern Wisconsin. #The forest consists of desiduous and coniferous trees. This includes three types each of maple‚ birch‚ and oak trees‚ as well as aspen‚ #beech‚ basswood‚ and sumac (which is related to the cashew plant). There's also 3 types of pine tree‚ white spruce‚ balsam fir‚ and eastern #hemlock. #The area is home to many forageable fruits‚ plants‚ and mushrooms‚ and has benefitted from the reintroduction of elk and wolves. #There are recent sightings of moose and pine marten in the area‚ and this is attributed to conservation efforts and native animal population #growth. #The wide variety of animals are protected from hunting in this year round recreation destination‚ where visitors can camp‚ hike‚ fish‚ cross #country ski‚ and snowmobile.

[formless-entity]

#maybe i should make an artstation #twitter is definitely out of the picture #i already have a newgrounds but i'll have to spruce it up a bit #maybe make my tumblr a sketchbook area and NG a place for illustrations? #doodle #creatures #traditional art #artfol's a thing too...

[silasbug]

how does my cat have this uncanny sense that i've brought a plant into the house? just plucked a super nice specimen of Pulmonaria officinalis to press, turn my back for one second and it's already got a leaf half chewed off and 2/3rds the flowers missing.

my guy. i needed that. that wasn't for you.

#thankfully it grows close by but it's uncommon in this area and i would prefer not to take more than i need #which is exactly ONE #thank you Jiji #reminder to self: get your ass out on the weekend to find some hepatica nobilis and anemone nemorosa #oh oh! also allium ursinum! ... i really want to make pesto out of it (but i don't have a food processor atm sighs) #i also wanted to try making pesto out of spruce tips.. maybe next spring #i don't know the english names to save my life so latin it is #in german its Lungenkraut. Leberkraut. Buschwindröschen & Bärlauch #google says.. Lungwort. Liverwort. Wood anemone. Ramsons. funky names #ramsons is such a silly name hahaha #personal

[bellshazes]

meant to put in a fountain, but this little intersection was the wrong place. so naturally I demolished the first set of stairs I ever made and built a building - it'll be some kind of office/admin place, something town-hall adjacent. not really happy with the texturing - I love calcite but it's so hard to preserve a "smooth" look with white that I have rn. still, it's fine for now.

really enjoying vaguely justifying the materials I use as I go - only the ""official" type builds (crastle, gate, this) have granite roofs; I like to imagine the first buildings here were wood and stone but granite was the first "valuable" thing they mined. the jungle is very close, so there's a lot of that wood too even in less-fancy buildings as it compliments and imitates that material. later buildings have deepslate for sturdier foundation, as the mines got deeper; most of the old-style buildings are gone or renovated, but there's a little hideyhole in a granite overhang and maybe future-past structures doing the same.

#peter plays #it's not like. lore? exactly? but I like thinking thru the materials etc #a lot of the market is spruce etc that doesn't grow nearby bc it's the Trading Area yk #travellers setting up impermanent shops.... #still need to detail most of those LMAO but

[hauptrealty]

Acreage With Shop For Sale Edmonton Area Is The Best Choice For You

Are you craving a lifestyle where expansive landscapes meet endless opportunities? Look no further than the selection of acreages with shops for sale in the Edmonton area and Leduc County. These properties offer more than just a place to reside; they serve as a gateway to a plethora of advantages associated with countryside living. Let’s delve into why investing in an acreage with a shop could represent the optimal choice for shaping your future.

Versatile Workspace

A primary asset of owning an acreage with a shop lies in the multifaceted workspace it affords. Whether you’re an enthusiast, artisan, or proprietor of a small enterprise, having a dedicated workshop area on your premises empowers you to pursue your interests and endeavors without departing from the comforts of home. From crafting and vehicular maintenance to creative studios and storage amenities, the potential applications are boundless.

Acreage with shop for sale Edmonton area offers unparalleled liberty and adaptability. With ample indoor and outdoor space, you possess the autonomy to tailor your property to match your requirements and lifestyle. Whether envisioning the establishment of a small-scale farm, the inception of a home-based enterprise, or simply relishing recreational pursuits like gardening or animal husbandry, the expansive acreage serves as the canvas upon which to realize your ideal living ambiance.

With more extensive lot dimensions and fewer nearby inhabitants, these acreages with shop for sale Edmonton area evoke a sense of privacy and seclusion seldom found in metropolitan locales. Whether unwinding on your veranda, traversing your expanse of land, or partaking in fireside gatherings beneath the night sky, you’ll savor the serenity of your personal sanctuary.

Acreages for Sale Leduc County

Acreages for sale Leduc County and the Edmonton area are enveloped by natural splendor, fostering a profound bond between residents and their surroundings. Awaken to breathtaking sunrises, inhale the crisp rural air, and marvel at the unobstructed skies overhead. With ample territory to explore, you can immerse yourself in nature, whether by traversing wooded pathways, angling in nearby bodies of water, or simply observing wildlife from your window.

Acreage with Shop for Sale Edmonton Area

Acquiring an acreage with shop for sale Edmonton area transcends being solely a lifestyle decision; it represents a shrewd financial maneuver. Amid escalating demand for rural properties, such acreages frequently experience appreciation in value over time, presenting prospects for enduring returns on investment. Whether contemplating permanent residency or future resale, ownership of an Acreages for sale Leduc County can furnish financial stability and assurance.

#Acreage With Shop for Sale Edmonton Area #Acreages For Sale West Edmonton #Homes For Sale Edmonton #Whistler BC Houses For Sale #Edmonton Foreclosures for Sale #Canmore Banff Alberta Homes For Sale #Houses for Sale Spruce grove Alberta #Acreage Foreclosures Calgary Area

[cassiearmy]

Large backyard outdoor kitchen deck photo with a pergola A large outdoor kitchen deck in the backyard with a pergola

#sitting area #sandstone #step stones #spruce #privacy screen

[unicefindia]

Front Yard - Landscape Design ideas for a large front yard mulch flower bed.

#spruce #privacy screen #curb appeal #sitting area #water fountain #patio lights #landscape

[moomoorare]

Watching Philz stream Chaynaaanne

#and now i want to play mc lol #ive been making a nice area and lighting up around my house with carpet moss and moss blocks to hide the torch spam bc eugh #i just looove having everything lit up but the process of doing it is so painful #bc i have such a big area #lol #but i made a leaves awall #tho i may change the leaves bc i like the gradient of spruce acacia and the evergreen type cant remember the name lol #its so pretty #:] #rare rambling

[traitorcas]

Large backyard outdoor kitchen deck photo with a pergola

A large outdoor kitchen deck in the backyard with a pergola

#sitting area #sandstone #step stones #spruce #privacy screen

[filmmovement]

An example of a mid-sized partial sun backyard mulch garden path in summer.

#spruce #green #landscape #area #diversity

[doctorbeth]

U-Chan the pink bunny

U-Chan's person's mom wrote:

"Hello I am interested in your services for repairing my daughter’s #1 love - her bunny."

I'm sure many of you could empathize with that description of a stuffed animal! And the bunny was very well hugged indeed. Here is her diagnosis photo:

There were many options for her repairs... just repairing holes, lining her, recovering all or part of her, to clean or not to clean. Her family decided to recover her pink areas (with the most balding and holes) in new fabric but keep her white areas original, just stitching any injuries there. And she would get a full spa to spruce her up as well.

Here she is in her bubble bath (patients always have a bath first, if they will get one at all, because then all fur is matched to clean and fluffed fur):

Then it was time to choose fur. There were many shades of pink and lengths of fur. Her family was leaning toward a shorter furry fleece, closer in length to her white fur, but wasn't sure. So I recovered one back panel in it and sent a photo for approval:

Approved! surgery would proceed. :-)

Here's here heart being made and installed with a bit of her original stuffing:

And here she is all better, feeling like a new rabbit, but still her original self. All her original pink was under new fur, and her original white was all visible:

Looks great! wrote her family. So U-Chan flew home to Minnesota ready for more hugs and adventures. :-)

#stuffed animal repair #stuffed animal hospital #toy bunny #stuffed bunny #pink bunny #u-chan #stuffed animal cleaning

[hysteria-things]

SPACE CAMP

based off of this

𝐩𝐚𝐢𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠: dom!matt, soft dom!chris x reader

𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐲: after a night in with alcohol, you and your two closest friends end up playing a game… not knowing what it can turn into.

𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬: THREESOME, PURE FILTH, drinking, making out, oral (female & male receiving), blindfold, teasing, edging, overstimulation, daddy kink, drunk(ish) sex, p in v, slight spit kink, degradation/praising, ass grabbing

𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐝 𝐜𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭: 1,617

𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫'𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭𝐞: SHOUTOUT TO MY CUTESY 🧸 ANON AND ANOTHER ANON FOR MAKING THIS HAPPEN

buckle up everyone. told you it was worth the wait😇

nick wanted to hang out with madi tonight, leaving you and your two other best friends in your living room.

christopher and matthew sturniolo.

being friends for so long is such a blessing. some friendships either have drama or fall out, but not yours. the three of you are comfortable with doing almost anything together.

who knew that phrase would slap you in the face?

“so what’s this game about?” you ask, chris helping you tie the blindfold.

alcohol decorates the coffee table. there’s no doubt that you guys are a little drunk. “we are going to put on chapstick and you have to guess which flavor it is.”

“so we’re going to make out?” you laugh drunkenly. “cool.”

chris grabs the space camp box that’s on your bookshelf, opens the box, and places the chapstick down. they each grab one, smearing it nicely on their lips so the flavor will be able to pop.

kicking your feet and biting your lip in anticipation, you wait patiently. a hand then cups your cheek, lips smashing into yours. whoever this is kisses soft, lips moving in sync for a few seconds before pulling away.

smacking your lips together, you try to taste it. “watermelon?”

“nice.” matt says, moving out of the way for chris.

this time, the kiss is filled with hunger. your lips making a smacking sound while his tongue enters your mouth.

he stops, and you must admit that that kiss made your brain fuzzy and feel things between your thighs. “i know mint from anywhere.”

mint is easy to guess since the smell is so strong. they chuckle before one speaks.

“let's spruce it up a little” matt asks, looking over at his brother with a smirk on his face. he returns the same one, the triplet telepathy working like a charm.

furrowing your brows, you wait before a pair of hands start to pull down your pants. you bite your lip, the sudden air in the room hitting your clit when your bottoms are completely off.

a presence is felt in front of you, whoever it is blowing on your area. you jolt from it.

“sensitive.” matt points out, nibbling at your inner thighs.

you gasp once his tongue meets your core, licking strands up and down your slit. chest heaving, you squirm and moan softly.

chris smiles down at you, taking a piece of your hair and tucking it behind your ear. matt takes his thumbs to spread your folds wider, causing your arousal to drip all over his mouth and for him to dig deeper.

your hand rests on the back of his neck, purposely leaving him there. you start to moan uncontrollably, leaning your head on the back of the sofa. “matt.” you whine.

somehow, he manages to get his tongue so deep that you can only shiver and gasp from the feeling.

a familiar heat hits your stomach fast, but he pulls away. then, another figure kneels in front of you.

you have a few seconds to catch your breath, but this time you squeal and grip the person’s head.

unlike matt, instead of delving in, he sucks at your bud.

chris.

“oh, chris!” you mewl, your moans more high-pitched. even though they can’t see it, your eyes roll back and also start to water.

holding onto the sides of his head, you rut your hips upward. the way he’s suckling at your needy clit only makes you want more. “mm, chris! please go faster.” you whine, clenching around nothing.

both his tongue and lips continue to suck and lick, your legs opening wider. “you’re going to make me cum!” you moan, rubbing his hair with your fingertips.

just like matt, he pulls away.

“stop teasing me,” you whine, your pussy swollen and red from the edging. you exhale shakily, whining so pathetically. “please. please let me—”

“stop whining.” matt says, kneeling once again to get face to face with your dripping wetness.

it’s like the last time — his tongue moving at an animalistic pace, nose grazing your clit.

he lifts your legs onto his shoulders, the angle letting him hit a new spot.

a tear falls down your cheek, soft sobs and moans coming from your mouth. you’re far too sensitive for this, especially if it’s two people.

going to grab matt’s hair, a hand takes your wrists and lays them on your head, the other hand pulling you in to rest your cheek on his hard-on.

you whimper, another tear leaving your eyelid. “i want to touch him.”

“nah.” chris nonchalantly, caressing your head trying to soothe you from your panting.

mumbling something out of nowhere, matt stops, seeing if he heard you right. “what was that?”

your cheeks flush, nuzzling your head into Chris’s crotch. “daddy.” you whisper. “i need to cum.”

matt’s dick twitches in his pants, the erection only getting harder at your words. chris moved his hips forward from the sudden contact on his dick. the contact in question is your lips.

while matt’s eating you out, you kiss chris’ clothed boner. you moan on it, the vibration not helping his current state of mind.

“s-shit, y/n.” he stammers, throwing his head back. “fuck keep doing that.”

you listen, until the man between your legs hits that one spot inside you that has your toes curled. “i’m close, daddy!” you moan, arching your back with your mouth hanging open. “oh, f-fuck! i’m cumming.”

repeating the phrase rapidly, your legs squeeze in on his head and shake. then, your body unlooses, your orgasm dripping onto his face and the couch.

matt sits on the floor now, scooting back while chris lets go of your hands and takes the blindfold off.

it takes a bit for your eyes to adjust to the light, but it hits you when you glance at your two best friends.

getting eaten out is one thing, but getting fucked by them is way different. however, you love the adrenaline of trying something new.

“get on your knees.” matt demands, motioning with his finger.

you listen, slowly making your way to the hardwood floor.

he smirks at how well you listen. “crawl to me.”

blush forms, your face becoming hot. you can’t tell if it’s because you’re embarrassed or because you’re so turned on by both of them.

you swiftly crawl toward matt, chris humming behind you at the way your pussy glistens by your movements.

once you are leveled with matt’s dick, you take off his belt before your hips get gripped. chris arches your back, feeling his tip coating itself with your juices.

you moan, continuing to take matt’s underwear off. chris groans, pushing into you with ease because of how wet you are.

inhaling sharply, you grab matt’s base and move your hand up and down it. he moans, his eyes not leaving contact with yours.

the boy behind you thrusts hard and fast, not having you adjust properly. whimpers leave your lips. man, he’s huge.

you try your best to keep matt occupied, by the pleasure feels so amazing that you stop moving your hand.

instead, you let go and look at him, face contorting in pleasure while moans come out of your agape mouth. “c-can i suck your cock, daddy?” you beg between noises. “i p-promise i’ll suck it good. i wan-want to feel your cock in my mouth.”

without saying a word, he grabs your head a pushes it down. you gag when your nose reaches his pubic bone. he does all the work and bobs your head. all you have to do is sit there and take two dicks.

the vibrations from your sounds vibrate through matt’s body. he smiles smugly, admiring how you’re under their control.

“damn, she’s tight.” chris grunts, grabbing your ass and jiggling it.

“so is this slutty mouth.” matt says, noticing the way you react by rolling your eyes back and moaning louder. “yeah? you like being our little slut?”

his grip tightens on your head and you wince. when your mouth reaches his tip, you spit on it… once, twice, three times before continuing.

matt groans. it’s a filthy sight, but he fucking adores it.

the echo of skin on skin bounces throughout the room, gulping and gagging flooding your ears.

“this is such a good pussy for such a good slut.” chris heaves, reaching between your thighs to rub your clit. your eyes widen, and your legs start to become jelly.

“mmfph clothe.” you try to warn, but for obvious reasons, you can’t.

matt’s balls tighten, immediately shooting his load down your throat. “that’s right.” he grunts, watching the way your hollow your cheeks to keep it in. “swallow it like a cumslut.”

finally being able to breathe again when he pulls out, you gasp for air but it soon turns into a scream when chris abuses that sweet spot.

matt lifts your head by the chin, leaning in to kiss you sloppily. he moans, biting your bottom lip and tugging at it when he tastes himself on your tastebuds.

“fuck yeah.” chris whispers when you start to streak your cream down his dick.

he pulls out, spurting his white on your back. (deep down he wishes he was able to finish inside you.)

you collapse on the ground, the two boys helping clean you and then themselves. after putting their clothes back on, they help you up and sit you back on the couch.

“put the blindfold back on.” matt asks.

your eyes widen, still dazed. “w-why?”

“because princess.” he says, grabbing the fabric and putting it back on your eyes. “we still have one more flavor left. you have a long night ahead of you.”

𝐭𝐚𝐠 𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐭!

@bunbunbl0gs @lexisecretaccx @thy-mission @angelic-sturniolos111 @sophssturn @mattsneezing @janiellasblog @blahbel668 @meg-sturniolo @hearts4chris @mattslolita @sturnbaby @imwetforyourmom @tillies33ssss @sturnifyed @mayhem-72 @ripmattitude @p1xieswrld @alorsxsturn @txssvx @sttzee @multiluvr @delilahprentiss @matthewsspecial @sturnolio-luvs @sturniolho @suga-daddy-69 @tworosesblackthorn @luckistar-posts @gnxosblog @junnniiieee07 @sturnioloslurps @tylerthecreatorsrealwife @flowerxbunnie @imaslut4kehlani @sturniolosandmoree @hertvgirl @whoreforchrissturniolo @sturniolotriplettoplover @stars4matt @freshsturns @loverrsposts @sturnlcvr @elliesturniolo1 @tpvmz @user283926392 @lalalands86 @sukiipjs @sturniologirl813 @leahrab @chrissturniolosslut @h3arts4harry @sturnioloblogs @creamoncreamoncream2 @luv4kozume @ivyyyyyysposts @mirxcle1 @iluvm4ttsturni0l0 @catalina-island @mbsbaby @mattsdollie @pinkfarts @slut4mattsturn @thesturniolos @vickeyzloserz @nononopenono1 @bitchydragonparadise @gdsvhtwa @hrt-attack @bellasfavbisexual @dwntwn-strnlo @venusbabysblog @meerkatzthings @crazychrisl0v3r @maggieflms @strtuniolo @mutualsafe

#chris sturniolo #matt sturniolo #nick sturniolo #christopher sturniolo #nicolas sturniolo #matthew sturniolo #sturniolo x reader #sturniolo imagine #sturniolo fanfic #sturniolo smut #chris sturniolo fanfic #chris sturniolo smut #matt sturniolo fanfic #matt sturniolo smut

[fatehbaz]

Despite its green image, Ireland has surprisingly little forest. [...] [M]ore than 80% of the island of Ireland was [once] covered in trees. [...] [O]f that 11% of the Republic of Ireland that is [now] forested, the vast majority (9% of the country) is planted with [non-native] spruces like the Sitka spruce [in commercial plantations], a fast growing conifer originally from Alaska which can be harvested after just 15 years. Just 2% of Ireland is covered with native broadleaf trees.

Text by: Martha O’Hagan Luff. “Ireland has lost almost all of its native forests - here’s how to bring them back.” The Conversation. 24 February 2023. [Emphasis added.]

---

[I]ndustrial [...] oil palm plantations [...] have proliferated in tropical regions in many parts of the world, often built at the expense of mangrove and humid forest lands, with the aim to transform them from 'worthless swamp' to agro-industrial complexes [...]. Another clear case [...] comes from the southernmost area in the Colombian Pacific [...]. Here, since the early 1980s, the forest has been destroyed and communities displaced to give way to oil palm plantations. Inexistent in the 1970s, by the mid-1990s they had expanded to over 30,000 hectares. The monotony of the plantation - row after row of palm as far as you can see, a green desert of sorts - replaced the diverse, heterogenous and entangled world of forest and communities.

Text by: Arturo Escobar. "Thinking-Feeling with the Earth: Territorial Struggles and the Ontological Dimension of the Epistemologies of the South." Revista de Antropologia Iberoamericana Volume 11 Issue 1. 2016. [Emphasis added.]

---

But efforts to increase global tree cover to limit climate change have skewed towards erecting plantations of fast-growing trees [...] [because] planting trees can demonstrate results a lot quicker than natural forest restoration. [...] [But] ill-advised tree planting can unleash invasive species [...]. [In India] [t]o maximize how much timber these forests yielded, British foresters planted pines from Europe and North America in extensive plantations in the Himalayan region [...] and introduced acacia trees from Australia [...]. One of these species, wattle (Acacia mearnsii) [...] was planted in [...] the Western Ghats. This area is what scientists all a biodiversity hotspot – a globally rare ecosystem replete with species. Wattle has since become invasive and taken over much of the region’s mountainous grasslands. Similarly, pine has spread over much of the Himalayas and displaced native oak trees while teak has replaced sal, a native hardwood, in central India. Both oak and sal are valued for [...] fertiliser, medicine and oil. Their loss [...] impoverished many [local and Indigenous people]. [...]

India’s national forest policy [...] aims for trees on 33% of the country’s area. Schemes under this policy include plantations consisting of a single species such as eucalyptus or bamboo which grow fast and can increase tree cover quickly, demonstrating success according to this dubious measure. Sometimes these trees are planted in grasslands and other ecosystems where tree cover is naturally low. [...] The success of forest restoration efforts cannot be measured by tree cover alone. The Indian government’s definition of “forest” still encompasses plantations of a single tree species, orchards and even bamboo, which actually belongs to the grass family. This means that biennial forest surveys cannot quantify how much natural forest has been restored, or convey the consequences of displacing native trees with competitive plantation species or identify if these exotic trees have invaded natural grasslands which have then been falsely recorded as restored forests. [...] Planting trees does not necessarily mean a forest is being restored. And reviving ecosystems in which trees are scarce is important too.

Text by: Dhanapal Govindarajulu. "India was a tree planting laboratory for 200 years - here are the results." The Conversation. 10 August 2023. [Emphasis added.]

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Nations and companies are competing to appropriate the last piece of available “untapped” forest that can provide the most amount of “environmental services.” [...] When British Empire forestry was first established as a disciplinary practice in India, [...] it proscribed private interests and initiated a new system of forest management based on a logic of utilitarian [extraction] [...]. Rather than the actual survival of plants or animals, the goal of this forestry was focused on preventing the exhaustion of resource extraction. [...]

Text by: Daniel Fernandez and Alon Schwabe. "The Offsetted." e-flux Architecture (Positions). November 2013. [Emphasis added.]

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At first glance, the statistics tell a hopeful story: Chile’s forests are expanding. […] On the ground, however, a different scene plays out: monocultures have replaced diverse natural forests [...]. At the crux of these [...] narratives is the definition of a single word: “forest.” [...] Pinochet’s wave of [...] [laws] included Forest Ordinance 701, passed in 1974, which subsidized the expansion of tree plantations [...] and gave the National Forestry Corporation control of Mapuche lands. This law set in motion an enormous expansion in fiber-farms, which are vast expanses of monoculture plantations Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus species grown for paper manufacturing and timber. [T]hese new plantations replaced native forests […]. According to a recent study in Landscape and Urban Planning, timber plantations expanded by a factor of ten from 1975 to 2007, and now occupy 43 percent of the South-central Chilean landscape. [...] While the confusion surrounding the definition of “forest” may appear to be an issue of semantics, Dr. Francis Putz [...] warns otherwise in a recent review published in Biotropica. […] Monoculture plantations are optimized for a single product, whereas native forests offer [...] water regulation, hosting biodiversity, and building soil fertility. [...][A]ccording to Putz, the distinction between plantations and native forests needs to be made clear. “[...] [A]nd the point that plantations are NOT forests needs to be made repeatedly [...]."

Text by: Julian Moll-Rocek. “When forests aren’t really forests: the high cost of Chile’s tree plantations.” Mongabay. 18 August 2014. [Emphasis added.]

#abolition #ecology #imperial #colonial