#rough machining high chromium cast iron
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Comparing Castings and Forgings
Many cell types will grow when attached to a rigid surface but not in suspension, a phenomenon termed „anchorage dependence”︁. Anchorage dependence can be studied by incorporating solid particles of varying size into gels. It has been found that colonies will form on glass fibrils 500 μ in length, but not in the presence of silica fragments smaller than the cells. This shows that the suspending medium is not itself inhibitory, and confirms the requirement for a rigid surface of adequate size.
The state of inhibited cells in suspension culture was examined by dispersing them in a methyl cellulose gel, in vessels lined with agar. In this system aggregation is prevented and the cells may be recovered quantitatively. Normal, as well as transformed, cells increase in size, and a proportion synthetize DNA during the first 24 hours in suspension culture. Growth and DNA synthesis in normal cells then virtually cease, while transformed cells continue to grow into colonies. The stationary normal cells remain competent for further growth for at least a week in suspension. When such cells are allowed to attach to a rigid surface in the presence of colchicine, DNA synthesis occurs and is followed by mitosis. These results indicate that suspended cells are blocked between mitosis and the end of the S phase of the cycle.
Anchorage Classification
To anchor is to hold or resist the movement of an object; anchorage is the gaining of that hold. In orthodontics, terms such as “critical anchorage”, “noncritical anchorage”, or “burning anchorage” are often used to describe the degree of difficulty of space closure. Anchorage may be defined as the amount of movement of the posterior teeth (molars, premolars) to close the extraction space (Fig. 10-1A) in order to achieve selected treatment goals. Therefore, the barrier anchorage needs of an individual treatment plan could vary from absolutely no permitted mesial movement of the molars/premolars (or even distal movement of the molars required) to complete space closure by protraction of the posterior teeth.
When designing large structural components it’s critical to make an informed decision between castings and forgings. The following paper by Rexnord provides an in-depth examination.
Material selection is one of the most crucial decisions made in the design, manufacture, and application of large structural components. Material selection naturally influences the entire performance of the design, and thus it is critical that informed decisions are made during the design stage. Steel castings and steel forgings are two alternatives for large structural components. For many design engineers it is often assumed that a forging is a better product because it is formed or worked during the manufacturing process. It also assumed that castings are inferior because they may contain porosity. Nothing could be further from the truth. Each process has its advantages and disadvantages. It is just as possible to produce an inferior product whether it is a forging or a casting. This paper will present an honest evaluation of castings and mining forgings, so that those in the design community can make an informed choice.
Introduction
This paper will concern itself with the differences between forged and cast steels in heavy sections. Heavy sections will be interpreted to mean parts in excess of 10 tons and a minimum metal section of 200 mm (5”). All steel products, whether they are cast or wrought (forged), start from a batch of molten steel that is allowed to solidify in a mold. The difference is that a wrought product is mechanically worked by processes such as rolling or forging after solidification, while a casting is not.
Melt Shop Practice
The process of steel making is essentially the same for both wrought and cast steels. Liquid steel is principally an alloy of iron and carbon. Other metals such as chromium, nickel, manganese, and molybdenum are added as alloying agents to impart particular properties to the steel. The raw materials used to make steel also contain undesirable elements such as phosphorus and sulfur, which form inclusions in the steel that can never be completely removed from the steel. Thus the quality of both forgings and castings is dependent upon the quality of the molten steel that is poured into the mold.
Since most forge shops purchase their steel ingots, they are dependent upon the steel mill to control the quality of the raw material that is used in their product. This also limits forge shops to supplying the standard alloy grades that the steel mill offers. Conversely, steel foundries have to both make and pour their own steel to produce a casting, and thus have full control of the metal that is used to produce the casting. This also allows the foundry to supply virtually any alloy grade that the customer may want.
Liquid steel has a high affinity for oxygen, and it will form oxide inclusions that can also become trapped in the final product. Molten steel must be handled properly to minimize the formation of re-oxidation products. Once the steel is refined in the melting furnace it is tapped into a ladle, which is a refractory lined vessel made to handle molten steel. Good steel making practice dictates the use of a bottom pouring ladle. The reason for this is that a slag layer is developed on top of the molten steel by use of fluxes. This slag layer is less dense than steel, and thus floats on top while at the same time forming a protective barrier from the atmosphere. This protective barrier is maintained since the steel is poured from the bottom of the ladle. The bottom pouring technique is used for both steel castings and for steel ingots.
One important distinction between wrought and cast steels is the de-oxidation practice that is used. Wrought steels are typically “aluminum killed,” which means that a small amount of aluminum is added during the melting process for the purpose of removing oxygen from the steel. While very effective at removing oxygen, the aluminum forms microscopic aluminum oxide particles, which are abrasive during the CNC machining process. Some steel casting shops de-oxidize with calcium, which also removes the oxygen but produces a softer, more machinable inclusion.
Forging
Process
Wrought or forged materials by definition are made from cast ingots, which are then mechanically worked after solidification. Ingot castings are the raw materials from which all wrought products such as forgings, plate, and barstock are produced, and they are nothing more than a casting that is produced by pouring the liquid steel into a reusable metal mold. The cast ingot structure consists of different zones that contain porosity and segregation.
After solidification the ingot is hot forged into the desired shape using a hammer, press, or ring-rolling machine. As the forging is hot worked into shape, the inclusions, porosity, and grains within the steel ingot are forced to flow in the direction the part is being worked. This imparts directionality to the finished part. According to the forging industry, this grain flow makes forgings superior to castings. However, the fact is that although the mechanical properties of a forging are higher in the longitudinal direction (direction of working), they are significantly lower in the transverse direction, or perpendicular to the grain flow. Thus, when using a forging the design engineer needs to evaluate the loading characteristics in both the transverse and longitudinal direction.
Large forgings are hammered or pressed into rough shapes, which then require extensive machining parts or welding to other components to produce a more complex shape. This adds to the cost of the overall product. Large forgings are limited as to the amount of mechanical working that can be done.
The forging industry typically refers to the term “reduction ratio,” which is the ratio of cross-sectional area before and after forging and is used as a means to specify the quality of the forging. The typical standard for very large forgings is to require a minimum of three reductions. It is recognized by the forging industry that excess hot working can impart too much directionality into the part.
Forgings are subject to process variables and have the same potential for defects as any manufacturing process. For example, a large forging may actually burst or crack internally during forging if not heated properly
Casting
Process
Most steel mining castings are produced in expendable sand molds. The mold is produced by forming sand around a pattern, which is a replica of the finished part. Molding sands are mixed with materials that will allow it to hold the desired shape after the pattern is removed. Holes or cavities are created by assembling sand cores in the mold. The pattern equipment also includes the gates and risers which are needed to produce a quality casting. The gating system is designed to allow the metal to flow into the mold in a controlled manner. Risers are reservoirs of molten metal which allow the casting to solidify without shrinkage porosity.
Post solidification processing includes sand removal or shakeout, removal of gates and risers, inspection, weld upgrading, and heat treatment. The main advantage of the casting process is its versatility. Castings are best suited for complex geometries that cannot be easily produced by the forging process.
The principal difference between a casting and a forging is that the final part shape is created when the molten metal solidifies in the mold. Since the sand mold produces the desired finished shape, all that remains is to process the casting through various finishing operations in the foundry. This processing does not alter the directionality of the casting. A steel casting is homogenous. This means that the mechanical properties of a casting are the same regardless of the direction of applied stresses.
It is very important to understand the underlying principles that dictate how a casting solidifies. As steel cools in the mold it naturally changes from a liquid to a solid, resulting in volumetric contraction. Additional feed metal in the form of risers must be supplied to the casting to make up for this loss in volume. There also needs to be a pathway for the additional metal to feed the casting as it solidifies. If a region of a casting is isolated from the riser, a shrinkage cavity will form. In this case it is necessary to add material to allow the molten metal to be properly fed from the molten riser.
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Ball Mill
The Handling Materials and Main Types of Ball Mill:
Ball mill is a key equipment for grinding materials, widely used in powder-making production line such as cement, silicate sand, new-type building material, refractory material, fertilizer, ore dressing of ferrous metal and non-ferrous metal, glass ceramics, etc.
Ball mill can grind various ores and materials with the dry type or wet type. There are two kinds of ball mills, grate type and overfall type due to different ways of discharging material.
The Interior Structure of Ball Mill:
The machine is composed by feeding part, discharging part, turning part and driving part (reducer, small driving gear, electric motor and electric control). The quill shaft adopts cast steel part and the liner is detachable. The turning gearwheel adopts casting hobbing process and the drum is equipped with wear-resistant liner, which has good wear-resistance. The machine is in stable and reliable working condition.
Moreover, according to different materials and discharging methods, there are dry ball mills and wet ball mills for choice.
The Working Principle of Ball Mill:
This machine is a skeleton pattern ball mill with horizontal cylindrical turning gear, drive by outer gear and two hoppers. The material goes to the first hopper after the spiraling by the quill shaft from the feeding equipment. The hopper has ladder sheathing or corrugated sheathing with steel balls inside, which will fall under the effect of centrifugal force by the barrel and grind material. After the kibbling in the first hopper, by monolayer partition panel, the material will enter the second hopper, which has plane scale board with steel ball inside to grind material. The powder material will be discharged from the grid plate to finish the grinding.
Model
Shell rotation speed
（r/min）
Ball load
(t)
Feeding size
(mm)
Discharging size
(mm)
Capacity
(t/h)
Motor power
(kw)
Total weight
(t)
Ф900×1800
36-38
1.5
≤20
0.075-0.89
0.65-2
18.5
5.85
Ф900×3000
36
2.7
≤20
0.075-0.89
1.1-3.5
22
6.98
Ф1200×2400
36
3
≤25
0.075-0.6
1.5-4.8
30
13.6
Ф1200×3000
36
3.5
≤25
0.074-0.4
1.6-5
37
14.3
Ф1200×4500
32.4
5
≤25
0.074-0.4
1.6-5.8
55
15.6
Ф1500×3000
29.7
7.5
≤25
0.074-0.4
2-5
75
19.5
Ф1500×4500
27
11
≤25
0.074-0.4
3-6
110
22
Ф1500×5700
28
12
≤25
0.074-0.4
3.5-6
130
25.8
Ф1830×3000
25.4
11
≤25
0.074-0.4
4-10
130
34.5
Ф1830×4500
25.4
15
≤25
0.074-0.4
4.5-12
155
38
Ф1830×6400
24.1
21
≤25
0.074-0.4
6.5-15
210
43
Ф1830×7000
24.1
23
≤25
0.074-0.4
7.5-17
245
43.8
Ф2100×3000
23.7
15
≤25
0.074-0.4
6.5-36
155
45
Ф2100×4500
23.7
24
≤25
0.074-0.4
8-43
245
56
Ф2100×7000
23.7
26
≤25
0.074-0.4
12-48
280
59.5
Ф2200×4500
21.5
27
≤25
0.074-0.4
9-45
280
54.5
Ф2200×6500
21.7
35
≤25
0.074-0.4
14-26
380
61
Ф2200×7000
21.7
35
≤25
0.074-0.4
15-28
380
62.5
Ф2200×7500
21.7
35
≤25
0.074-0.4
15-30
380
64.8
Ф2400×3000
21
23
≤25
0.074-0.4
7-50
245
58
Ф2400×4500
21
30
≤25
0.074-0.4
8.5-60
320
72
Ф2700×4000
20.7
40
≤25
0.074-0.4
22-80
380
95
Ф2700×4500
20.7
48
≤25
0.074-0.4
26-90
480
102
Ф3200×4500
18
65
≤25
0.074-0.4
As per process conditions
630
149
Ф3600×4500
17
90
≤25
0.074-0.4
As per process conditions
850
169
Ф3600×6000
17
110
≤25
0.074-0.4
As per process conditions
1250
198
Ф3600×8500
18
131
≤25
0.074-0.4
45.8-256
1800
260
Ф4000×5000
16.9
121
≤25
0.074-0.4
45-208
1500
230
Ф4000×6000
16.9
146
≤25
0.074-0.4
65-248
1600
242
Ф4000×6700
16.9
149
≤25
0.074-0.4
75-252
1800
249
Ф4500×6400
15.6
172
≤25
0.074-0.4
84-306
2000
280
Ф5030×6400
14.4
216
≤25
0.074-0.4
98-386
2500
320
Ф5030×8300
14.4
266
≤25
0.074-0.4
118-500
3300
403
Ф5500×8500
13.8
338
≤25
0.074-0.4
148-615
4500
525
Ball mills are widely used in production industries, such as cement, silicate products, new building materials, refractory materials, chemical fertilizers, black and ferrous metals and glass ceramics and others. It can grand things in dry-type and wet-type for all kinds of ore and other grindable materials.
The Structure Characteristics of the Ball Mill
The ball mill consists of feeding parts, discharging parts, rotary parts, transmission parts (reducer, small transmission gear, motor, electronic control) and other main parts. The hollow shaft adopts cast steel, and the inner lining of it can be dismantled. The rotary large gear is machined by casting hobbing process, with a wear-resistant lining plate in the barrel, which has the ability of wear resistance. Our machine runs smoothly and has reliable performance. According to the material and discharge way, we can choose dry-type ball mill or wet-type ball mill.
Quick-wear Parts of the Ball Mill
The quick-wear parts of the ball mill mainly refer to the lining boards, the wear and usage time of the liner are related to the cost and production effect of the ball mill. Then how to identify the advantages and disadvantages of the lining boards. We can conclude it mainly from three steps, the first to see is the lining plate casting and smelting process, the next step is to check whether the lining plate quenching and tempering treatment are qualified, and at last, we need to look at the lining board material carefully. At present, the common lining materials in the market are high chromium cast iron, low alloy wear-resistant cast steel and high manganese steel material. These three kind of materials of lining boards of the three kinds of have good wear resistance ability. GUIKUANG machinery welcome you to our factory to inspect the production process of ball mills and the lining plate’s manufacturing techniques.
The Operation Principle of the Ball Mill
The material is entered into the hollow shaft by the feeding device, and then it enters the first warehouse of the ball mill evenly. There are stepped lining plates or corrugated lining plates with different sizes of steel balls inside the warehouse. The cylinder rotates to produce centrifugal force for bringing the steel ball to a certain height and then it falls down. This produces heavy blow and grinding effects to the material. After the rough grinding process, the material enters the second warehouse through a single clapboard. The warehouse is lined with a scale-board with steel balls for further grinding. The powder is discharged by the discharging grate plate to finish the grinding operation.
The Classifications of the Ball Mill
According to the different materials processed by the ball mill, GUIKUANG machinery produces the following kinds of ball mill, such as gold ball mill, black manganese ore ball mill, nickel ore ball mill, tin ore ball mill, copper ore ball mill, pomegranate ball mill, andalusite ball mill, aluminum grey ball mill, molybdenum ore ball mill, fluorite ball mill and so on.
http://www.gkpulverizer.com/products/ball-mill.html
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Piping General Definitions
May 10, 2017
P.Eng.
Meena Rezkallah
Learn more about Piping General Definitions are essential for piping stress analysis, piping design and piping fabrication (include welding process). Therefor, Little P.Eng. for Engineers Training shares the the following piping definitions below:
Absolute Viscosity. Absolute viscosity or the coefficient of absolute viscosity is a measure of the internal resistance. In the centimeter, gram, second (cgs) or metric system, the unit of absolute viscosity is the poise (abbreviated P), which is equal to 100 centipoise (cP). The English units used to measure or express viscosity are slugs per foot-second or pound force seconds per square foot. Sometimes, the English units are also expressed as pound mass per foot-second or poundal seconds per square foot.
Adhesive Joint. A joint made in plastic piping by the use of an adhesive substance which forms a continuous bond between the mating surfaces without dissolving either one of them. Refer to Part D of this handbook.
Air-Hardened Steel. A steel that hardens during cooling in air from a temperature above its transformation range.1
Alloy Steel. A steel which owes its distinctive properties to elements other than carbon. Steel is considered to be alloy steel when the maximum of the range given for the content of alloying elements exceeds one or more of the following limits:
Manganese 1.65 percent
Silicon 0.60 percent
Copper 0.60 percent
or a definite range or a definite minimum quantity of any of the following elements is specified or required within the limits of the recognized field of constructional alloy steels:
Aluminum Nickel
Boron Titanium
Chromium (up to 3.99 percent) Tungsten Cobalt Vanadium
Columbium Zirconium
Molybdenum
or any other alloying element added to obtain a desired alloying effect.
Small quantities of certain elements are unavoidably present in alloy steels. In many applications, these are not considered to be important and are not specified or required. When not specified or required, they should not exceed the following amounts:
Copper 0.35 percent
Chromium 0.20 percent
Nickel 0.25 percent
Molybdenum 0.06 percent
Ambient Temperature. The temperature of the surrounding medium, usually used to refer to the temperature of the air in which a structure is situated or a device operates.
Anchor. A rigid restraint providing substantially full fixation, permitting neither translatory nor rotational displacement of the pipe.
Annealing. Heating a metal to a temperature above a critical temperature and holding above that range for a proper period of time, followed by cooling at a suitable rate to below that range for such purposes as reducing hardness, improving machinability, facilitating cold working, producing a desired microstructure, or obtaining desired mechanical, physical, or other properties. (A softening treatment is often carried out just below the critical range which is referred to as a subcritical annealing.)
Arc Cutting. A group of cutting processes in which the severing or removing of metals is effected by melting with the heat of an arc between an electrode and the base metal (includes carbon, metal, gas metal, gas tungsten, plasma, and air carbon arc cutting). See also Oxygen Cutting.
Arc Welding. A group of welding processes in which coalescence is produced by heating with an electric arc or arcs, with or without the application of pressure and with or without the use of filler metal.
Assembly. The joining together of two or more piping components by bolting, welding, caulking, brazing, soldering, cementing, or threading into their installed location as specified by the engineering design.
Automatic Welding. Welding with equipment which performs the entire welding operation without constant observation and adjustment of the controls by an opera- tor. The equipment may or may not perform the loading and unloading of the work.
Backing Ring. Backing in the form of a ring that can be used in the welding of piping to prevent weld spatter from entering a pipe and to ensure full penetration of the weld to the inside of the pipe wall.
Ball Joint. A component which permits universal rotational movement in a piping system.
Base Metal. The metal to be welded, brazed, soldered, or cut. It is also referred to as parent metal.
Bell-Welded Pipe. Furnace-welded pipe produced in individual lengths from cut- length skelp, having its longitudinal butt joint forge-welded by the mechanical pressure developed in drawing the furnace-heating skelp through a cone-shaped die (commonly known as a welding bell), which serves as a combined forming and welding die.
Bevel. A type of edge or end preparation.
Bevel Angle. The angle formed between the prepared edge of a member and a plane perpendicular to the surface of the member.
Blank Flange. A flange that is not drilled but is otherwise complete.
Blind Flange. A flange used to close the end of a pipe. It produces a blind end which is also known as a dead end.
Bond. The junction of the weld metal and the base metal, or the junction of the base metal parts when weld metal is not present.
Branch Connection. The attachment of a branch pipe to the run of a main pipe with or without the use of fittings.
Braze Welding. A method of welding whereby a groove, fillet, plug, or slot weld is made using a nonferrous filler metal having a melting point below that of the base metals, but above 800°F. The filler metal is not distributed in the joint by capillary action. (Bronze welding, the term formerly used, is a misnomer.)
Brazing. A metal joining process in which coalescence is produced by use of a nonferrous filler metal having a melting point above 800°F but lower than that of the base metals joined. The filler metal is distributed between the closely fitted surfaces of the joint by capillary.
Butt Joint. A joint between two members lying approximately in the same plane.
Butt Weld. Weld along a seam that is butted edge to edge.
Bypass. A small passage around a large valve for warming up a line. An emergency connection around a reducing valve, trap, etc., to use in case it is out of commission.
Carbon Steel. A steel which owes its distinctive properties chiefly to the carbon (as distinguished from the other elements) which it contains. Steel is considered to be carbon steel when no minimum content is specified or required for aluminum, boron, chromium, cobalt, columbium, molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, or zirconium or for any other element added to obtain a desired alloying effect; when the specified minimum for copper does not exceed 0.40 percent; or when the maximum content specified for any of the following elements does not exceed the percentages noted: manganese, 1.65 percent; silicon, 0.60 percent; copper, 0.60 percent.
Cast Iron. A generic term for the family of high carbon-silicon-iron casting alloys including gray, white, malleable, and ductile iron.
Centrifugally Cast Pipe. Pipe formed from the solidification of molten metal in a rotating mold. Both metal and sand molds are used. After casting, if required the pipe is machined, to sound metal, on the internal and external diameters to the surface roughness and dimensional requirements of the applicable material specification.
Certificate of Compliance. A written statement that the materials, equipment, or services are in accordance with the specified requirements. It may have to be supported by documented evidence.
Certified Material Test Report (CMTR). A document attesting that the material is in accordance with specified requirements, including the actual results of all required chemical analyses, tests, and examinations.
Chamfering. The preparation of a contour, other than for a square groove weld, on the edge of a member for welding.
Cold Bending. The bending of pipe to a predetermined radius at any temperature below some specified phase change or transformation temperature but especially at or near room temperature. Frequently, pipe is bent to a radius of 5 times the nominal pipe diameter.
Cold Working. Deformation of a metal plastically. Although ordinarily done at room temperature, cold working may be done at the temperature and rate at which strain hardening occurs. Bending of steel piping at 1300°F (704°C) would be considered a cold-working operation.
Companion Flange. A pipe flange suited to connect with another flange or with a flanged valve or fitting. A loose flange which is attached to a pipe by threading, van stoning, welding, or similar method as distinguished from a flange which is cast integrally with a fitting or pipe.
Consumable Insert. Preplaced filler metal which is completely fused into the root of the joint and becomes part of the weld.
Continuous-Welded Pipe. Furnace- welded pipe produced in continuous lengths from coiled skelp and subsequently cut into individual lengths, having its longitudinal butt joint forge- welded by the mechanical pressure developed in rolling the hot-formed skelp through a set of round pass welding rolls.
Contractor. The entity responsible for consumable insert ring in- furnishing materials and services for fabserted in pipe joint eccentrically for welding in fabrication and installation of piping and horizontal position.
Control Piping. All piping, valves, and fittings used to interconnect air, gas, or hydraulically operated control apparatus or instrument transmitters and receivers.
Controlled Cooling. A process of cooling from an elevated temperature in a predetermined manner to avoid hardening, cracking, or internal damage or to produce a desired metallurgical micro-structure. This cooling usually follows the final hot-forming or post heating operation.
Corner Joint. A joint between two members located approximately at right angles to each other in the form of an L.
Coupling. A threaded sleeve used to connect two pipes. Commercial couplings have internal threads to fit external threads on pipe.
Covered Electrode. A filler metal electrode, used in arc welding, consisting of a metal core wire with a relatively thick covering which provides protection for the molten metal from the atmosphere, improves the properties of the weld metal, and stabilizes the arc. Covered electrodes are extensively used in shop fabrication and field erection of piping of carbon, alloy, and stainless steels.
Crack. A fracture-type imperfection characterized by a sharp tip and high ratio of length and depth to opening displacement.
Creep or Plastic Flow of Metals. At sufficiently high temperatures, all metals flow under stress. The higher the temperature and stress, the greater the tendency to plastic flow for any given metal.
Cutting Torch. A device used in oxygen, air, or powder cutting for controlling and directing the gases used for preheating and the oxygen or powder used for cutting the metal.
Defect. A flaw or an imperfection of such size, shape, orientation, location, or properties as to be rejectable per the applicable minimum acceptance standards.
Density. The density of a substance is the mass of the substance per unit volume. It may be expressed in a variety of units.
Deposited Metal. Filler metal that has been added during a welding operation.
Depth of Fusion. The distance that fusion extends into the base metal from the surface melted during welding.
Designer. Responsible for ensuring that the engineering design of piping complies with the requirements of the applicable code and standard and any additional requirements established by the owner.
Dew Point. The temperature at which the vapor condenses when it is cooled at constant pressure.
Dilatant Liquid. If the viscosity of a liquid increases as agitation is increased at constant temperature, the liquid is termed dilatant. Examples are clay slurries and candy compounds.
Discontinuity. A lack of continuity or cohesion; an interruption in the normal physical structure of material or a product.
Double Submerged Arc-Welded Pipe. Pipe having a longitudinal butt joint produced by at least two passes, one of which is on the inside of the pipe. Coalescence is produced by heating with an electric arc or arcs between the bare metal electrode or electrodes and the work. The welding is shielded by a blanket of granular, fusible material on the work. Pressure is not used, and filler metal for the inside and outside welds is obtained from the electrode or electrodes.
Ductile Iron. A cast ferrous material in which the free graphite is in a spheroidal form rather than a fluke form. The desirable properties of ductile iron are achieved by means of chemistry and a ferritizing heat treatment of the castings.
Eddy Current Testing. This is a non-destructive testing method in which eddy current flow is induced in the test object. Changes in the flow caused by variations in the object are reflected into a nearby coil or coils for subsequent analysis by suitable instrumentation and techniques.
Edge Joint. A joint between the edges of two or more parallel or nearly parallel members.
Edge Preparation. The contour prepared on the edge of a member for welding.
Electric Flash-Welded Pipe. Pipe having a longitudinal butt joint in which coalescence is produced simultaneously.
Edge preparation. over the entire area of abutting surfaces by the heat obtained from resistance to the flow of electric current between the two surfaces and by the application of pressure after heating is substantially completed. Flashing and upsetting are accompanied by expulsion of metal from the joint.
Electric Fusion-Welded Pipe. Pipe having a longitudinal or spiral butt joint in which coalescence is produced in the preformed tube by manual or automatic electric arc welding. The weld may be single or double and may be made with or without the use of filler metal.
Electric Resistance-Welded Pipe. Pipe produced in individual lengths or in continuous lengths from coiled skelp and subsequently cut into individual lengths having a longitudinal butt joint in which coalescence is produced by the heat obtained from resistance of the pipe to the flow of electric current in a circuit of which the pipe is a part and by the application of pressure.
End Preparation. The contour prepared on the end of a pipe, fitting, or nozzle for welding. The particular preparation is prescribed by the governing code.
Engineering Design. The detailed design developed from process requirements and conforming to established design criteria, including all necessary drawings and specifications, governing a piping installation.
Equipment Connection. An integral part of such equipment as pressure vessels, heat exchanges, pumps, etc., designed for attachment of pipe or piping components.
Erection. The complete installation of a piping system, including any field assembly, fabrication, testing, and inspection of the system.
Erosion. Destruction of materials by the abrasive action of moving fluids, usually accelerated by the presence of solid particles.
Examination. The procedures for all visual observation and non-destructive testing.
Expansion Joint. A flexible piping component which absorbs thermal and/or terminal movement.
Extruded Nozzles. The forming of nozzle (tee) outlets in pipe by pulling hemi-spherically or conically shaped dies through a circular hole from the inside of the pipe. Although some cold extruding is done, it is generally performed on steel after the area to be shaped has been heated to temperatures between 2000 and 1600°F (1093 and 871°C).
Extruded Pipe. Pipe produced from hollow or solid round forgings, usually in a hydraulic extrusion press. In this process, the forging is contained in a cylindrical die. Initially a punch at the end of the extrusion plunger pierces the forging. The extrusion plunger then forces the contained billet between the cylindrical die and the punch to form the pipe, the latter acting as a mandrel. One variation of this process utilizes autofrettage (hydraulic expansion) and heat treatment, above the re-crystallization temperature of the material, to produce a wrought structure.
Fabrication. Primarily, the joining of piping components into integral pieces ready for assembly. It includes bending, forming, threading, welding, or other operations upon these components, if not part of assembly. It may be done in a shop or in the field.
Face of Weld. The exposed surface of a weld on the side from which the welding was done.
Filler Metal. Metal to be added in welding, soldering, brazing, or braze welding.
Fillet Weld. A weld of an approximately triangular cross section joining two surfaces approximately at right angles to each other in a lap joint, tee joint, corner joint, or socket weld.
Fire Hazard. Situation in which a material of more than average combustibility or excludability exists in the presence of a potential ignition source.
Flat-Land Bevel. A square extended root face preparation extensively used in inert-gas, root-pass welding of piping.
Flat Position. The position of welding which is performed from the upper side of the joint, while the face of the weld is approximately horizontal.
Flaw. An imperfection of unintentional discontinuity which is detectable by a non-destructive examination.
Flux. Material used to dissolve, prevent accumulation of, or facilitate removal of oxides and other undesirable substances during welding, brazing, or soldering.
Flux-Cored Arc Welding (FCAW). An arc welding process that employs a continuous tubular filler metal (consumable) electrode having a core of flux for shielding. Adding shielding may or may not be obtained from an externally supplied gas or gas mixture.
Forge Weld. A method of manufacture similar to hammer welding. The term forge welded is applied more particularly to headers and large drums, while hammer welded usually refers to pipe.
Forged and Bored Pipe. Pipe produced by boring or trepanning of a forged billet.
Full-Fillet Weld. A fillet weld whose size is equal to the thickness of the thinner member joined.
Fusion. The melting together of filler and base metal, or of base metal only, which results in coalescence.
Fusion Zone. The area of base metal melted as determined on the cross section of a weld.
Galvanizing. A process by which the Fusion zone is the section of surface of iron or steel is covered with the parent metal which melts during the weld a layer of zinc coating process.
Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW). An arc welding process that employs a contin- uous solid filler metal (consumable) electrode. Shielding is obtained entirely from an externally supplied gas or gas mixture.4,8 (Some methods of this process have been called MIG or CO2 welding.)
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW). An arc welding process that employs a tungsten (nonconsumable) electrode. Shielding is obtained from a gas or gas mixture. Pressure may or may not be used, and filler metal may or may not be used. (This process has sometimes been called TIG welding.) When shielding is obtained by the use of an inert gas such as helium or argon, this process is called inert-gas tungsten arc welding.
Gas Welding. Welding process in which coalescence is produced by heating with a gas flame or flames, with or without the application of pressure and with or without the use of filler metal.
Groove. The opening provided for a groove weld.
Groove Angle. The total included angle of the groove between parts to be joined by a groove weld.
Groove Face. That surface of a member included in the groove.
Groove Radius. The radius of a J or U groove.
Groove Weld. A weld made in the groove between two members to be joined. The standard type of groove welds are square, single-V, single-bevel, single-U, single-J, double-V, double-U, double-bevel, double-J, and flat-land single, and double-V groove welds.
Hammer Weld. Method of manufacturing large pipe (usually NPS 20 or DN 500 and larger) by bending a plate into circular form, heating the overlapped edges to a welding temperature, and welding the longitudinal seam with a power hammer applied to the outside of the weld while the inner side is supported on an over- hung anvil.
Hangers and Supports. Hangers and supports include elements which transfer the load from the pipe or structural attachment to the supporting structure or equipment. They include hanging-type fixtures such as hanger rods, spring hangers, sway braces, counterweights, turnbuckles, struts, chains, guides, and anchors and bearing-type fixtures such as saddles, bases, rollers, brackets, and sliding supports.
Header. A pipe or fitting to which a number of branch pipes are connected.
Heat-Affected Zone. That portion of the base metal which has not been melted but whose mechanical properties or micro-structure has been altered by the heat of welding or cutting.
Heat Fusion Joint. A joint made in thermoplastic piping by heating the parts sufficiently to permit fusion of the materials when the parts are pressed together.
Horizontal Fixed Position. In pipe welding, the position of a pipe joint in which the axis of the pipe is approximately horizontal and the pipe is not rotated during the operation.
Horizontal-Position Fillet Weld. Welding is performed on the upper side of an approximately horizontal surface and against an approximately vertical surface.
Horizontal-Position Groove Weld. The position of welding in which the weld axis lies in an approximately horizontal plane and the face of the weld lies in an approximately vertical plane.
Horizontal Rolled Position. The position of a pipe joint in which welding is performed in the flat position by rotating the pipe.
Hot Bending. Bending of piping to a predetermined radius after heating to a suitably high temperature for hot working. On many pipe sizes, the pipe is firmly packed with sand to avoid wrinkling and excessive out-of-roundness.
Hot Taps. Branch piping connections made to operating pipelines, mains, or other facilities while they are in operation.
Hot Working. The plastic deformation of metal at such a temperature and rate that strain hardening does not occur. Extruding or swaging of chromemoly piping at temperatures between 2000 and 1600°F (1093 and 871°C) would be considered hot-forming or hot-working operations.
Hydraulic Radius. The ratio of area of flowing fluid to the wetted perimeter.
Impact Test. A test to determine the behavior of materials when subjected to high rates of loading, usually in bending, tension, or torsion. The quantity measured is the energy absorbed in breaking the specimen by a single blow, as in Charpy or Izod tests.
Imperfection. A condition of being imperfect; a departure of a quality characteristic from its intended condition.
Incomplete Fusion. Fusion which is less than complete and which does not result in melting completely through the thickness of the joint.
Indication. The response or evidence from the application of a nondestructive examination.
Induction Heating. Heat treatment of completed welds in piping by means of placing induction coils around the piping. This type of heating is usually performed during field erection in those cases where stress relief of carbon and alloy-steel field welds is required by the applicable code.
Inspection. Activities performed by an authorized inspector to verify whether an item or activity conforms to specified requirements.
Instrument Piping. All piping, valves, and fittings used to connect instruments to main piping, to other instruments and apparatus, or to measuring equipment.
Interpass Temperature. In a multiple-pass weld, the minimum or maximum temperature of the deposited weld metal before the next pass is started.
Interrupted Welding. Interruption of welding and preheat by allowing the weld area to cool to room temperature as generally permitted on carbon-steel and on chromemoly alloy-steel piping after sufficient weld passes equal to at least one- third of the pipe wall thickness or two weld layers, whichever is greater, have been deposited.
Joint. A connection between two lengths of pipe or between a length of pipe and a fitting.
Joint Penetration. The minimum depth a groove weld extends from its face into a joint, exclusive of reinforcement.
Kinematic Viscosity. The ratio of the absolute viscosity to the mass density.
Weld joint penetration. In the metric system, kinematic viscosity is measured in strokes or square centimeters per second.
Laminar Flow. Fluid flow in a pipe is usually considered laminar if the Reynolds number is less than 2000. Depending upon many possible varying conditions, the flow may be laminar at a Reynolds number as low as 1200 or as high as 40,000; however, such conditions are not experienced in normal practice.
Lap Weld. Weld along a longitudinal seam in which one part is overlapped by the other. A term used to designate pipe made by this process.
Lapped Joint. A type of pipe joint made by using loose flanges on lengths of pipe whose ends are lapped over to give a bearing surface for a gasket or metal-to- metal joint.
Liquid Penetrant Examination or Inspection. This is a non-destructive examination method for finding discontinuities that are open to the surface of solid and essentially nonporous materials. This method is based on capillary action or capillary attraction by which the surface of a liquid in contact with a solid is elevated or depressed. A liquid penetrant, usually a red dye, is applied to the clean surface of the specimen. Time is allowed for the penetrant to seep into the opening. The excess penetrant is removed from the surface. A developer, normally white, is applied to aid in drawing the penetrant up or out to the surface. The red penetrant is drawn out of the discontinuity, which is located by the contrast and distinct appearance of the red penetrant against the white background of the developer.
Local Preheating. Preheating of a specific portion of a structure.
Local Stress-Relief Heat Treatment. Stress-relief heat treatment of a specific portion of a weldment. This is done extensively with induction coils, resistance coils, or propane torches in the field erection of steel piping.
Machine Welding. Welding with equipment which performs the welding operation under the observation and control of an operator. The equipment may or may not perform the loading and unloading of the work.
Magnetic Particle Examination or Inspection. This is a non-destructive examination method to locate surface and subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials. The presence of discontinuities is detected by the use of finely divided ferromagnetic particles applied over the surface. Some of these magnetic particles are gathered and held by the magnetic leakage field created by the discontinuity. The particles gathered at the surface form an outline of the discontinuity and generally indicate its location, size, shape, and extent.
Malleable Iron. Cast iron which has been heat-treated in an oven to relieve its brittleness. The process somewhat improves the tensile strength and enables the material to stretch to a limited extent without breaking.
Manual Welding. Welding wherein the entire welding operation is performed and controlled by hand.
Mean Velocity of Flow. Under steady state of flow, the mean velocity of flow at a given cross section of pipe is equal to the rate of flow Q divided by the area of cross section A. It is expressed in feet per second or meters per second.
where v = mean velocity of flow, in feet per second, ft/s (meters per second, m/s)
Q = rate of flow, in cubic feet per second, ft3 /s (cubic meters per second, m3 /s)
A = area of cross section, in square feet, ft2 (square meters, m2)
Mechanical Joint. A joint for the purpose of mechanical strength or leak resistance or both, where the mechanical strength is developed by threaded, grooved, rolled, flared, or flanged pipe ends or by bolts, pins, and compounds, gaskets, rolled ends, caulking, or machined and mated surfaces. These joints have particular application where ease of disassembly is desired.
Mill Length. Also, known as random length. The usual run-of-mill pipe is 16 to 20 ft (5 to 6 m) in length. Line pipe and pipe for power plant use are sometimes made in double lengths of 30 to 35 ft (10 to 12 m).
Miter. Two or more straight sections of pipe matched and joined on a line bisecting the angle of junction so as to produce a change in direction.4
Newtonian Liquid. A liquid is called newtonian if its viscosity is unaffected by the kind and magnitude of motion or agitation to which it may be subjected, as long as the temperature remains constant. Water and mineral oil are examples of newtonian liquids.
Nipple. A piece of pipe less than 12 in (0.3 m) long that may be threaded on both ends or on one end and provided with ends suitable for welding or a mechanical joint. Pipe over 12 in (0.3 m) long is regarded as cut pipe. Common types of nipples are close nipple, about twice the length of a standard pipe thread and without any shoulder; shoulder nipple, of any length and having a shoulder between the pipe threads; short nipple, a shoulder nipple slightly longer than a close nipple and of a definite length for each pipe size which conforms to manufacturer’ standard; long nipple, a shoulder nipple longer than a short nipple which is cut to a specific length.
Nominal Diameter (DN). A dimensionless designator of pipe in metric system. It indicates standard pipe size when followed by the specific size designation number without the millimeter symbol (for example, DN 40, DN 300).
Nominal Pipe Size (NPS). A dimensionless designator of pipe. It indicates stan- dard pipe size when followed by the specific size designation number without an inch symbol (for example, NPS 1¹⁄₂, NPS 12).2
Nominal Thickness. The thickness given in the product material specification or standard to which manufacturing tolerances are applied.5
Nondestructive Examination or Inspection. Inspection by methods that do not destroy the item, part, or component to determine its suitability for use.
Normalizing. A process in which a ferrous metal is heated to a suitable tempera- ture above the transformation range and is subsequently cooled in still air at room temperature.5
Nozzle. As applied to piping, this term usually refers to a flanged connection on a boiler, tank, or manifold consisting of a pipe flange, a short neck, and a welded attachment to the boiler or other vessel. A short length of pipe, one end of which is welded to the vessel with the other end chamfered for butt welding, is also referred to as a welding nozzle.
Overhead Position. The position of welding performed from the underside of the joint.
Oxidizing Flame. An oxyfuel gas flame having an oxidizing effect caused by excess oxygen.
Oxyacetylene Cutting. An oxygen-cutting process in which metals are severed by the chemical reaction of oxygen with the base metal at elevated temperatures. The necessary temperature is maintained by means of gas flames obtained from the combustion of acetylene with oxygen.
Oxyacetylene Welding. A gas welding process in which coalescence is produced by heating with a gas flame or flames obtained from the combustion of acetylene with oxygen, with or without the addition of filler metal.
Oxyfuel Gas Welding (OFGW). A group of welding processes in which coales- cence is produced by heating with a flame or flames obtained from the combustion of fuel gas with oxygen, with or without the application of pressure and with or without the use of filler metal.
Oxygen Cutting (OC). A group of cutting processes used to sever or remove metals by means of the reaction of oxygen with the base metal at elevated tempera- tures. In the case of oxidation-resistant metals, the reaction is facilitated by use of a chemical flux or metal powder.8
Oxygen Gouging. An application of oxygen cutting in which a chamfer or groove is formed.
Pass. A single progression of a welding or surfacing operation along a joint, weld deposit, or substrate. The result of a pass is a weld bead, layer, or spray deposit.
Peel Test. A destructive method of examination that mechanically separates a lap joint by peeling.
Peening. The mechanical working of metals by means of hammer blows.
Pickle. The chemical or electrochemical removal of surface oxides. Following welding operations, piping is frequently pickled in order to remove mill scale, oxides formed during storage, and the weld discolorations.
Pipe. A tube with a round cross section conforming to the dimensional requirements for nominal pipe size as tabulated in ASME B36.10M and ASME B36.19M. For special pipe having diameter not listed in the above-mentioned standards, the nominal diameter corresponds to the outside diameter.
Pipe Alignment Guide. A restraint in the form of a sleeve or frame that permits the pipeline to move freely only along the axis of the pipe.
Pipe Supporting Fixtures. Elements that transfer the load from the pipe or structural attachment to the support structure or equipment.
Pipeline or Transmission Line. A pipe installed for the purpose of transmitting gases, liquids, slurries, etc., from a source or sources of supply to one or more distribution centers or to one or more large-volume customers; a pipe installed to interconnect source or sources of supply to one or more distribution centers or to one or more large-volume customers; or a pipe installed to interconnect sources of supply.
Piping System. Interconnected piping subject to the same set or sets of design conditions.
Plasma Cutting. A group of cutting processes in which the severing or removal of metals is effected by melting with a stream of hot ionized gas.
Plastic. A material which contains as an essential ingredient an organic substance of high to ultrahigh molecular weight, is solid in its finished state, and at some stage of its manufacture or processing can be shaped by flow. The two general types of plastic are thermoplastic and thermosetting.
Polarity. The direction of flow of current with respect to the welding electrode and workpiece.
Porosity. Presence of gas pockets or voids in metal.
Positioning Weld. A weld made in a joint which has been so placed as to facilitate the making of the weld.
Postheating. The application of heat to a fabricated or welded section subsequent to a fabrication, welding, or cutting operation. Postheating may be done locally, as by induction heating; or the entire assembly may be postheated in a furnace.
Postweld Heat Treatment. Any heat treatment subsequent to welding.
Preheating. The application of heat to a base metal immediately prior to a welding or cutting operation.5
Pressure. The force per unit that is acting on a real or imaginary surface within a fluid is the pressure or intensity of pressure. It is expressed in pounds per square inch:
where p = absolute pressure at a point, psi (kg/cm2)
w = specific weight, lb/ft3 (kg/m3)
h = height of fluid column above the point, ft (m)
pa = atmospheric pressure, psi (kg/cm2)
The gauge pressure at a point is obtained by designating atmospheric pressure as zero:
where p = gauge pressure. To obtain absolute pressure from gauge pressure, add the atmospheric pressure to the gauge pressure.
Pressure Head. From the definition of pressure, the expression p/w is the pressure head. It can be defined as the height of the fluid above a point, and it is normally measured in feet.
Purging. The displacement during welding, by an inert or neutral gas, of the air inside the piping underneath the weld area in order to avoid oxidation or contamination of the underside of the weld. Gases most commonly used are argon, helium, and nitrogen (the last is principally limited to austenitic stainless steel). Purging can be done within a complete pipe section or by means of purging fixtures of a small area underneath the pipe weld.
Quenching. Rapid cooling of a heated metal.
Radiographic Examination or Inspection. Radiography is a non-destructive test method which makes use of short-wavelength radiations, such as X-rays or gamma rays, to penetrate objects for detecting the presence and nature of macroscopic defects or other structural discontinuities. The shadow image of defects or discontinuities is recorded either on a fluorescent screen or on photographic film.
Reinforcement. In branch connections, reinforcement is material around a branch opening that serves to strengthen it. The material is either integral in the branch components or added in the form of weld metal, a pad, a saddle, or a sleeve. In welding, reinforcement is weld metal in excess of the specified weld size.
Reinforcement Weld. Weld metal on the face of a groove weld in excess of the metal necessary for the specified weld size.
Repair. The process of physically restoring a non-conformance to a condition such that an item complies with the applicable requirements, including the code requirements.
Resistance Weld. Method of manufacturing pipe by bending a plate into circular form and passing electric current through the material to obtain a welding temperature.
Restraint. A structural attachment, device, or mechanism that limits movement of the pipe in one or more directions.
Reverse Polarity. The arrangement of direct-current arc welding leads with the work as the negative pole and the electrode as the positive pole of the welding arc; a synonym for direct-current electrode positive.
Reynolds Number. A dimensionless number. It is defined as the ratio of the dynamic forces of mass flow to the shear stress due to viscosity. It is expressed as
where R = Reynolds number
v = mean velocity of flow, ft/s (m/s)
p = weight density of fluid, lb/ft3 (kg/m3)
D = internal diameter of pipe, ft (m)
µ = absolute viscosity, in pound mass per foot second [lbm/ (ft · s)] or poundal seconds per square foot (centipoise)
Rolled Pipe. Pipe produced from a forged billet which is pierced by a conical mandrel between two diametrically opposed rolls. The pierced shell is subsequently rolled and expanded over mandrels of increasingly large diameter. Where closer dimensional tolerances are desired, the rolled pipe is cold- or hot-drawn through dies and then machined. One variation of this process produces the hollow shell by extrusion of the forged billet over a mandrel in a vertical, hydraulic piercing press.
Root Edge. A root face of zero width.
Root Face. That portion of the groove face adjacent to the root of the joint. This portion is also referred to as the root land.
Root of Joint. That portion of a joint to be welded where the members to be joined come closest to each other. In cross section, the root of a joint may be a point, a line, or an area.
Root Opening. The separation, between the members to be joined, at the root of the joint.
Root Penetration. The depth which a groove weld extends into the root of a joint as measured on the centerline of the root cross section. Sometimes welds are considered unacceptable if they show incomplete penetration.
Root Reinforcement. Weld reinforcement at the side other than that from which the welding was done.
Root Surface. The exposed surface of a weld on the side other than that from which the welding was done.
Run. The portion of a fitting having its end in line, or nearly so, as distinguished from branch connections, side outlets, etc.
Saddle Flange. Also, known as tank flange or boiler flange. A curved flange shaped to fit a boiler, tank, or other vessel and to receive a threaded pipe. A saddle flange is usually riveted or welded to the vessel.
Sample Piping. All piping, valves, and fittings used for the collection of samples of gas, steam, water, oil, etc.
Sargol. A special type of joint in which a lip is provided for welding to make the joint fluid tight, while mechanical strength is provided by bolted flanges. The Sargol joint is used with both Van Stone pipe and fittings.
Sarlun. An improved type of Sargol joint.
Schedule Numbers. Approximate values of the expression 1000P/S, where P is the service pressure and S is the allowable stress, both expressed in pounds per square inch.
Seal Weld. A fillet weld used on a pipe joint primarily to obtain fluid tightness as opposed to mechanical strength; usually used in conjunction with a threaded joint.8
Seamless Pipe. A wrought tubular product made without a welded seam. It is manufactured by hot-working steel or, if necessary, by subsequently cold-finishing the hot-worked tubular product to produce the desired shape, dimensions, and properties.
Semiautomatic Arc Welding. Arc welding with equipment which controls only the filler metal feed. The advance of the welding is manually controlled.3
Semisteel. A high grade of cast iron made by the addition of steel scrap to pip iron in a cupola or electric furnace. More correctly described as high-strength gray iron.
Service Fitting. A street ell or street tee having a male thread at one end.
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW). An arc welding process in which coalescence is produced by heating with an electric arc between a covered metal electrode and the work. Shielding is obtained from decomposition of the electrode covering. Pressure is not used, and filler metal is obtained from the electrode.
Shot Blasting. Mechanical removal of surface oxides and scale on the pipe inner and outer surfaces by the abrasive impingement of small steel pellets.
Single-Bevel, Single-J, Single-U, Single-V-Groove Welds. All are specific types of groove welds.
Size of Weld. For a groove weld, the joint penetration, which is the depth of chamfering plus the root penetration. For fillet welds, the leg length of the largest isosceles right triangle which can be inscribed within the fillet-weld cross section.
Skelp. A piece of plate prepared by forming and bending, ready for welding into pipe. Flat plates when used for butt-welded pipe are called skelp.
Slag Inclusion. Non-metallic solid material entrapped in weld metal or between weld metal.
Slurry. A two-phase mixture of solid particles in an aqueous phase.
Socket Weld. Fillet-type seal weld used to join pipe to valves and fittings or to other sections of pipe. Generally used for piping whose nominal diameter is NPS 2 (DN 50) or smaller.
Soldering. A metal-joining process in which coalescence is produced by heating to a suitable temperature and by using a nonferrous alloy fusible at temperatures below that of the base metals being joined. The filler metal is distributed between closely fitted surfaces of the joint by capillary action.
Solution Heat Treatment. Heating an alloy to a suitable temperature, holding at that temperature long enough to allow one or more constituents to enter into solid solution, and then cooling rapidly enough to hold the constituents in solution.
Solvent Cement Joint. A joint made in thermoplastic piping by the use of a solvent or solvent cement which forms a continuous bond between the mating surfaces.
Source Nipple. A short length of heavy-walled pipe between high-pressure mains and the first valve of bypass, drain, or instrument connections.
Spatter. In arc and gas welding, the metal particles expelled during welding that do not form part of the weld.8
Spatter Loss. Difference in weight between the amount of electrode consumed and the amount of electrode deposited.
Specific Gravity. The ratio of its weight to the weight of an equal volume of water at standard conditions.
Specific Volume. The volume of a unit mass of a fluid is its specific volume, and it is measured in cubic feet per pound mass (ft3 /lbm).
Specific Weight. The weight of a unit volume of a fluid is its specific weight. In English units, it is expressed in pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft3).
Spiral-Riveted. A method of manufacturing pipe by coiling a plate into a helix and riveting together the overlapped edges.
Spiral-Welded. A method of manufacturing pipe by coiling a plate into a helix and fusion-welding the overlapped or abutted edges.
Spiral-Welded Pipe. Pipe made by the electric-fusion-welded process with a butt joint, a lap joint, or a lock-seam joint.
Square-Groove Weld. A groove weld in which the pipe ends are not chamfered. Square-groove welds are generally used on piping and tubing of wall thickness no greater than ¹⁄₈ in (3 mm).
Stainless Steel. An alloy steel having unusual corrosion-resisting properties, usu- ally imparted by nickel and chromium.
Standard Dimension Ratio (SDR). The ratio of outside pipe diameter to wall thickness of thermoplastic pipe. It is calculated by dividing the specified outside diameter of the pipe by the specified wall thickness in inches.
Statically Cast Pipe. Pipe formed by the solidification of molten metal in a sand mold.
Straight Polarity. The arrangement of direct-current arc welding leads in which the work is the positive pole and the electrode is the negative pole of the welding arc; a synonym for direct-current electrode negative.
Stress Relieving. Uniform heating of a structure or portion thereof to a sufficient temperature to relieve the major portion of the residual stresses, followed by uni- form cooling.5
Stringer Bead. A type of weld bead made by moving the electrode in a direction essentially parallel to the axis of the bead. There is no appreciable transverse oscillation of the electrode. The deposition of a number of string beads is known as string beading and is used extensively in the welding of austenitic stainless-steel materials. See also Weave Bead.
Structural Attachments. Brackets, clips, lugs, or other elements welded, bolted, or clamped to the pipe support structures, such as stanchions, towers, building frames, and foundation. Equipment such as vessels, exchanges, and pumps is not considered to be pipe-supporting elements.
Submerged Arc Welding (SAW). An arc welding process that produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc or arcs drawn between a bare metal electrode or electrodes and the base metals. The arc is shielded by a blanket of granular fusible material. Pressure is not used, and filler metal is obtained from the electrode and sometimes from a supplementary welding rod, flux, or metal granules.
Supplemental Steel. Structural members that frame between existing building framing steel members and are significantly smaller than the existing steel.8
Swaging. Reducing the ends of pipe and tube sections with rotating dies which are pressed intermittently against the pipe or tube end.
Swivel Joint. A joint which permits single-plane rotational movement in a piping system.
Tack Weld. A small weld made to hold parts of a weldment in proper alignment until the final welds are made.
Tee Joint. A welded joint between two members located approximately at right angles to each other in the form of a T.
Tempering. A process of heating a normalized or quench-hardened steel to a temperature below the transformation range and, from there, cooling at any rate desired. This operation is also frequently called stress relieving.
Testing. An element of verification for the determination of the capability of an item to meet specified requirements by subjecting the item to a set of physical, chemical, environmental, or operating conditions.
Thermoplastic. A plastic which is capable of being repeatedly softened by increase of temperature and hardened by decrease of temperature.
Thermosetting Plastic. Plastic which is capable of being changed into a substantially infusible or insoluble product when cured under application of heat or chemical means.
Thixotropic Liquid. If the viscosity of a liquid decreases as agitation is increased at constant temperature, the liquid is called thixotropic. Examples include glues, greases, paints, etc.
Throat of a Weld. A term applied to fillet welds. It is the perpendicular distance from the beginning of the root of a joint to the hypotenuse of the largest right triangle that can be inscribed within the fillet-weld cross section.
Toe of Weld. The junction between the face of a weld and the base metal.
Transformation Range. A temperature range in which a phase change is initiated and completed.
Transformation Temperature. A temperature at which a phase change occurs.
Trepanning. The removal by destructive means of a small section of piping (usually containing a weld) for an evaluation of weld and base-metal soundness. The operation is frequently performed with a hole saw.
Tube. A hollow product of round or any other cross section having a continuous periphery. Round tube size may be specified with respect to any two, but not all three, of the following: outside diameter, inside diameter, and wall thickness. Dimensions and permissible variations (tolerances) are specified in the appropriate ASTM or ASME specifications.
Turbinizing. Mechanical removal of scale from the inside of the pipe by means of air-driven centrifugal rotating cleaners. The operation is performed on steel pipe bends after hot bending to remove loose scale and sand.
Turbulent Flow. Fluid flow in a pipe is usually considered turbulent if the Reynolds number is greater than 4000. Fluid flow with a Reynolds number between 2000 and 4000 is considered to be in ‘‘transition.’’
Ultrasonic Examination or Inspection. A non-destructive method in which beams of high-frequency sound waves that are introduced into the material being inspected are used to detect surface and subsurface flaws. The sound waves travel through the material with some attendant loss of energy and are reflected at interfaces. The reflected beam is detected and analyzed to define the presence and location of flaws.
Underbead Crack. A crack in the heat-affected zone or in previously deposited weld metal paralleling the underside contour of the deposited weld bead and usually not extending to the surface.
Undercut. A groove melted into the base material adjacent to the toe or root of a weld and left unfilled by weld material.
Van Stoning. Hot upsetting of lapping pipe ends to form integral lap flanges, the lap generally being of the same diameter as that of the raised face of standard flanges.
Vapor Pressure. The pressure exerted by the gaseous form, or vapor, of liquid. When the pressure above a liquid equals its vapor pressure, boiling occurs. If the pressure at any point in the flow of a liquid falls below the vapor pressure or becomes equal to the vapor pressure, the liquid flashes into vapor. This is called cavitation. The vapor thus formed travels with the liquid and collapses where the pressure is greater than vapor pressure. This could cause damage to pipe and other components.
Vertical Position. With respect to pipe welding, the position in which the axis of the pipe is vertical, with the welding being performed in the horizontal position. The pipe may or may not be rotated.
Viscosity. In flowing liquids, the internal friction or the internal resistance to relative motion of the fluid particles with respect to one another.
Weave Bead. A type of weld bead made with oscillation of the electrode transverse to the axis of the weld. Contrast to string bead.
Weld. A localized coalescence of material produced either by heating to suitable temperatures, with or without the application of pressure, or by application of pressure alone, with or without the use of filler material.
Weld Bead. A weld deposit resulting from a pass.
Weld Metal. That portion of a weld which has been melted during welding. The portion may be the filler metal or base metal or both.
Weld Metal Area. The area of the weld metal as measured on the cross section of a weld.
Weld-Prober Sawing. Removal of a boat-shaped sample from a pipe weld for examination of the weld and its adjacent base-metal area. This operation is usually performed in graphitization studies.
Weld Reinforcement. Weld material in excess of the specified weld size.
Weldability. The ability of a metal to be welded under the fabrication conditions imposed into a specific, suitably designed structure and to perform satisfactorily in the intended service.
Welded Joint. A localized union of two or more members produced by the application of a welding process.
Welder. One who is capable of performing a manual or semiautomatic welding operation.
Welder Performance Qualification. Demonstration of a welder’s ability to produce welds in a manner described in a welding procedure specification that meets prescribed standards.
Welding Current. The current which flows through the electric welding circuit during the making of a weld.
Welding Fittings. Wrought- or forged-steel elbows, tees, reducers, and similar pieces for connection by welding to one another or to pipe. In small sizes, these fittings are available with counter bored ends for connection to pipe by fillet welding and are known as socket-weld fittings. In large sizes, the fittings are supplied with ends chamfered for connection to pipe by means of butt welding and are known as butt-welding fittings.
Welding Generator. The electric generator used for supplying welding current.
Welding Machine. Equipment used to perform the welding operation.
Welding Operator. One who operates a welding machine or automatic welding equipment.8
Welding Procedure. The detailed methods and practices involved in the production of a weldment.
Welding Procedure Qualification Record. Record of welding data and test results of the welding procedure qualifications, including essential variables of the process and the test results.
Welding Procedure Specification (WPS). The document which lists the parameters to be used in construction of weldments in accordance with the applicable code requirements.
Welding Rod. Filler metal, in wire or rod form, used in gas welding and brazing procedures and those arc welding processes where the electrode does not furnish the filler metal.
Welding Sequence. The order of making the welds in a weldment.
Weldment. An assembly whose component parts are to be joined by welding.
Wrought Iron. Iron refined in a plastic state in a puddling furnace. It is characterized by the presence of about 3 percent of slag irregularly mixed with pure iron and about 0.5 percent carbon and other elements in solution.
Wrought Pipe. The term wrought pipe refers to both wrought steel and wrought iron. Wrought in this sense means ‘‘worked,’’ as in the process of forming furnace- welded pipe from skelp or seamless pipe from plates or billets. The expression wrought pipe is thus used as a distinction from cast pipe. Wrought pipe in this sense should not be confused with wrought-iron pipe, which is only one variety of wrought pipe. When wrought-iron pipe is referred to, it should be designated by its complete name. #Little_PEng
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Piping Definitions
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Learn more about Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron Roll
With the development of steel product market, more and more suppliers spend much time with the desire for advanced standard quality steel products. TINVO Spheroidal graphite cast iron roll can be considered the one of steel products with the most highly Competitive market. How to find a reliable mill rolls manufacturers for Alloy Spheroidal Graphite Iron Roll is important. Firstly, we should learn about the basic knowledge about the cast iron rolls
What are the Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron roll(Nodular cast iron roll)
The Spheroidal graphite cast iron roll also called nodular cast iron roll or ductile Iron Rolls are applied in hardness & composition mills producing different steel products . The cast iron roll is structurally made up of cementite and nodular graphite. Sufficient water cooling is a necessity for satisfactory performance.The matrix structure varies from Ferrito-Pearlitic, Pearlitic to Bainitic & Martensitic together with different carbide contents and graphite in the form of spheroids/nodules. Some critical grades are heat treated for higher strength.
The kinds of the Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron roll(Nodular cast iron roll)
There’re four kinds of alloy chilled cast iron rolls depending on the Physical Properties, wear resistance, hardness and strength.
Pearlitic Nodular Cast Iron Roll
Pearlitic nodular iron roll mixes cast iron with nickel, chromium, molybdenum nodular cast iron, through a special heat treatment . The cast iron roll has good strength, high-temperature performance and anti accident performance, small hardness drop on the work layer with the standard of ISO, GB, ASTM, DIN, JIS.
Application
Large blanking machine
Section steel tandem rolling
Bar and wire rough rolling
Intermediate rolling mill
Centrifugal Composite Cast Iron Roll
The cast iron rolls is high-speed steel rolls, produced by horizontal centrifugal casting process, are all compound rolls with high-speed steel as the work layer and nodular iron as the core. The material of centrifugal composite cast iron roll contains plenty of alloying elements such as Mo, Ni, Cr, etc.The high hardened eutectic carbides & second carbides, evenly distributed in tempered martensitic matrix, make the wear and thermal cracking resistance very excellent. Besides, the resistance to surface roughing is also good.
Application
working roll for hot rolled strip leveling rack
Rack of tandem rolling mill for section, bar, wire rod and narrow strip
Roll ring and roll of stretch reducing mill for seamless steel tube
Work roll of hot rolled strip tempering rack and medium plate mill rack
Tandem rolling bar and rack of high speed wire mill
Alloy Ductile Cast Iron Roll
The alloy ductile cast iron roll is made of acicular nodular cast iron mixing with nickel, chromium, molybdenum through a special heat treatment to obtain the ductile iron rolls.
Application
Blanking rolling mills roughing mills
Rolling mills before finishing rolling for section steel, bar, wire rod , narrow strips and plate steels.
work roll for seamless steel tube rolling mill
Bainitic Nodular Cast Iron Roll
Bainite ductile cast iron roll is made of Ni, Mn, CrH, Mo, etc with acicular structure(Bainite and a few Martensite) and would be higher strength and better toughness than pearlite ductile iron roller, besides, the wear resistance is improved much obviously.
Due to the high alloy content and high casting stress, the acicular bainite ductile iron roll can obtain the ideal comprehensive performance by a centrifugal composite casting process.
The feature of bainitic nodular cast roll is that it shaped into graphite ball and its performance can be compared with that of alloy indefinite chilled roll, and its intensity is higher than that of infinite chilled one.
Application
This kind of cast iron rolls are often used for rest energy casting.
Learn more detailed product information, you can contact us by visiting https://www.hrbtinvo.com/pages/contact-us.html
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Advantages and applications of thermal spray wire coatings
Thermal sprayed coatings attain a specific magnitude of process base porosity. The highest porosity value is attained in electric arc spray. The sprayed coatings are produced when spray gun traverses quickly over the surface and coating is applied in layers with a standard layer thickness in the range of 10 to 20 micro-m. Oxides develop during the times around the passes on the external surface of the layer. This oxidation can be prevented or minimized by conducting thermal spray in vacuum or inert condition. Fine dust from overspray and unmelted particles are trapped in the coating. The dust is caused by coating material that does not withstand the material during spraying. As a result, spray passes direct these particles towards the coating surface where they are captured in the coating layer. The coating thickness can be up to several mm.
Advantages of thermal spray coating
Wear protection
One of the major applications of thermal sprayed coatings is offering wear resistance. They offer outstanding protection from abrasive and erosive wear.
Corrosion resistance
Mild steel and cast iron materials are prone to rust and hence usually require constant surface protection. It can be developed by arc sprayed coatings. The major applications of these coating are in bridges at offshore areas. For high temperature applications, these coatings are widely demanded. They are often applied by using controlled atmosphere.
Insulation
Thermal spray coatings are excellent thermal and electrical insulators. They offer excellent resistance to oxidation and wear. These properties are widely used in engines and turbine components which demand thermal barrier coatings. These thermal resistant coatings decrease the surface temperature of the substrate hence increasing its service life. Additionally efficiency is also improved by decreasing heat loss at the service temperature. These coatings comprise a bond coat to resist oxidation. The coatings also offer good thermal shock resistance.
Sealing
Sealing sprayed coatings usually fill the gaps and microcracks to repair the material and improve its performance against corrosive media that would otherwise affect the service material.
Mechanical post processing
Thermal sprayed coatings have a rough surface that is in the range of 5 to 20 micro-m. Hence, it is required to machine different component to obtain an ultimate specification and surface finish. Based on the coating applied, the surface can be processed through traditional machining or grounded to required dimension.
After coating heat processing
Through after coating thermal treatment, it is possible to differentiate the diffusion to improve the coating bond strength to base material. A special class of spray materials are supplied by Heanjia that can withstand wide service temperatures. These thermal spray wire materials comprise chromium, nickel and other essential elements to provide significant performance.
During the thermal spray process, partial development of intermetallic phases occurs. After fusing of the coating results into full transformation of the materials and the production of silicide phases. Porosity is almost removed without interconnecting porosity.
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In these processes, the tool material interacts with the higher iron content in cast iron
With the increasingly fierce competition in the machinery industry, how to properly select the machining tool material to improve the machining process and then improve the machining efficiency and reduce the overall cost has become a consideration for machining technicians. The two ends have the same size and no knife withdrawal. The cutting parameters of the blade are: vc = 75m / min, ap = 5mm, f = 0. As knives for needles and threads, if we understand their performance and choose them correctly, we can bring huge profits to enterprises. Third, high-hardness wear-resistant cast iron machining tools such as Aubei ductile iron and white cast iron Aubei ductile iron is a new type of wear-resistant alloy cast iron. Due to the use of cubic boron nitride tools, the cutting speed has been increased by about 335m / min compared with 10 years ago. This problem has driven the need to develop a tool grade that can resist chemical action. The cutting results show that there is no breakage after cutting a workpiece. Cast iron workpieces are hard and brittle. In these processes, the tool material interacts with the higher iron content in cast iron, which can cause rapid tool wear. Gray cast iron has always been one of the main raw materials for the automotive industry.
As a needle thread brain tool, if we understand its performance and use it correctly, and then improve the machining process and improve the processing efficiency, it can bring huge profits to the enterprise. In order to process these new cast iron materials, it is required that the cutter not only improve wear resistance, but also have very good toughness-and these two properties are difficult to balance at the same time. CBN is developed for the above nodular cast iron machining mechanism. However, today's processing conditions are different from the past. To meet this challenge, many tool manufacturers are working hard to develop tools that provide the best combination of these two properties. For high-strength nodular cast iron processing, MOOKTOOL launched CBN. White cast iron also contains high chromium white cast iron (referred to as high chromium cast iron), medium chromium, low chromium white cast iron, and also includes the common ordinary cast Worm Spline Shaft Worm Gear iron with white cast phenomenon. During the cutting process, the blade must withstand 5 impacts per revolution of the impeller, and more than 3000 impacts on one blade at a time. First, the material of the tool for gray cast iron processing Although the application of nodular cast iron and vermicular graphite cast iron is increasing, the application of gray cast iron is still strong.The tool changes the process to a certain extent.1mm / r. MOOKTOOL cubic boron nitride tools are undoubtedly the most successful application in the processing of gray cast iron. Commonly used in high-speed cutting of pearlitic ductile iron, such as QT500, QT600, QT700, QT800, QT900 and other high-strength and strong ductile iron rough and finishing. At present, CNC inserts for turning cast iron workpieces are mostly hard alloy coated blades, and the coating thickness is generally 8 microns- At 20 microns, the coated CNC blade exposed the alloy body after the coating collapsed when the casting defect was encountered, resulting in the phenomenon of low durability when the coated carbide CNC blade turned the cast iron workpiece.
Cast iron parts include gray cast iron, nodular cast iron, vermicular graphite cast iron, white cast iron and various alloy cast irons; according to machinability, gray cast iron and pearlite nodular cast iron and some alloy cast irons are free-cutting materials; and vermicular ink Cast iron, white cast iron and high alloy wear-resistant cast iron (such as high-nickel-chromium alloy cast iron with hardness HRC60) are hard-to-cut materials. MOOKTOOL is a pioneer in the superhard tool industry. One blade is equivalent to 25 ceramic blades, which fully demonstrates its heat and impact resistance, not only greatly reduces the cost of tool use, but also increases production efficiency by 5 times . The higher temperature generated by high-speed cutting may dissolve the coated carbide of the cutting insert in a very similar way to the chemical reaction between the cubic boron nitride tool and the ferrite. Unfortunately, when using cubic boron nitride tools to process nodular cast iron and vermicular graphite cast iron, it will be affected by chemical dissolution. Due to the hard and brittle characteristics of cast iron parts, it is more expensive to use tools than ordinary steel parts. The absolute amount of gray cast iron in the automobile manufacturing industry is surprisingly large. Adopt cubic boron nitride blade to finish the inner hole of the car, the depth of the hole is 80mm, the cutting parameters: vc = 100m / min, ap = 1mm, f = 0. Second, Ductile Iron and Vermicular Iron Casting Tools Although polycrystalline cubic boron nitride tools have proven to be an excellent cutting tool material, they can achieve almost unlimited tool life when cutting gray cast iron. Obi ductile iron and white cast iron machining CBN tools have been proven to be reliable machining tools. With the advancement of cutting technology and the development of tool materials, how to choose tool materials has become one of the considerations of machining technicians.5mm / r. It is used to manufacture various parts, including engine blocks, cylinder heads, differential cases, shafts, flywheels, brake drums and brake discs.. These cubic boron nitride tools used for high-speed cutting can maintain high wear resistance for a long time to improve productivity. This increase in productivity is due to the better cutting edge toughness of MOOKCBN cubic boron nitride tools, which allows it to use higher feed rates than ceramic inserts.) In the machining test of the rough cast gray brake disc parts using the new CBN cubic boron nitride tool (cutting speed range: 400-1658m / min), the tool life has doubled compared with the use of silicon nitride ceramic blades. Research on machining and tool materials has been far ahead, with the introduction of a non-metallic binder CBN tool material (MOOKCBN tool) to balance the abrasiveness. Cubic boron nitride tools specially designed for high-speed machining of gray cast iron (cutting speeds up to 550m / min) have been put on the market. Now the high-grade normalized QT800-6 and QT900-6, isothermal quench Ductile iron ADI is the veritable "ginseng iron"! White cast iron
China has made white cast iron with good abrasion resistance as early as the Spring and Autumn Period and used it as some anti-wear parts. MOOKCBN has good abrasion resistance, and the consistency of the size of the processed parts is guaranteed; while the finishing of ceramic tools requires 3 to 4 knives to complete, and the blade edge wears faster during cutting, resulting in increased cutting resistance, resulting in the phenomenon of tool withdrawal, which seriously affects The quality of the processed surface. It can be seen that in the rough machining of high-hardness castings, ceramic tools have lost their advantages. The inner hole is finished by one-time precision turning. However, due to the affinity of cubic boron nitride tools and free ferrite in the processing of nodular cast iron and vermicular graphite cast iron, further research is still needed. Compared with ordinary alloy tools, Astonishing tool life, the cost of the tool evenly distributed to each workpiece is greatly reduced, and the processing efficiency can be increased several times. Because the impeller has 5 blades, it is intermittent cutting. Productivity increased by 20-200%. In addition, cubic boron nitride tools have been proved to be efficient and low-cost cutting tools in the processing of high-hardness cast irons such as chilled cast iron, wear-resistant alloy cast iron, white cast iron and other cast iron. In the automobile manufacturing industry, a large amount of gray cast iron processing (especially brake drums and brake discs) will continue to be retained. Combined with the processing experience in the cast iron industry, sum up the experience from high-speed cutting and high hardness cutting tools, throwing bricks and introducing jade. Commonly used in the field of high alloy cast iron processing, such as high chromium alloy cast iron, high nickel chromium chilled cast iron, ductile iron after isothermal quenching, high silicon chromium molybdenum alloy cast iron and other materials. An example of an integral cubic boron nitride blade intermittent turning slurry pump part: an integral CBN blade is used to turn the outer circle of the slurry pump impeller. The most widely used is high chromium white cast iron with chromium content of 12% to 20%, which is formed in the structure (cr, Fe ) 7C3 carbides. This cast iron has the characteristics of high carbon and low silicon, and has high hardness, but is very brittle. When turning cast iron workpieces, CNC inserts need to withstand higher cutting heat and cutting force
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Prevention of Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings'Stability Performance
Stainless steel has good passivation after machined smooth appearance. The surface of workpieces obtained by casting and sandblasting is rough, which is conducive to passivation. All stainless steel parts, such as those without electroplating or other coating requirements, are usually passivated after pretreatment (including pickling to remove black skin, polishing, etc.) before they can be used as products or assembled into components. Passivation can improve the thermodynamic stability of stainless steel in environmental media, prevent local corrosion of stainless steel, make the appearance of stainless steel clean enough and eliminate hot-working oxides on the surface of stainless steel. The passivation effect of stainless steel depends not only on the passivation process, but also on the stainless steel data itself. The specific factors are the elements contained in stainless steel, the metallographic structure of stainless steel, the processing state of stainless steel and so on. Among the constituent elements, chromium and nickel belong to the elements with strong passivation, followed by iron. Therefore, the higher the content of chromium and nickel, the stronger the passivation of stainless steel. Austenitic and ferritic stainless steels have uniform structure and good passivation. Martensitic stainless steels are strengthened by heat treatment, and their metallographic structure is multiphase, so their passivation is not strong.
At first, some projects designed copper pipes, and the last one was replaced by thin-walled stainless steel pipes. Now, copper pipes have gradually withdrawn from the market, in addition to the civilian home decoration market, hotels, clubs, buildings, hospitals, schools, has basically popularized the design and application of thin-walled stainless steel pipes. Stainless steel pipe is a new type of pipe which came out in the late 1990s. Because of its safety, sanitation, corrosion resistance, durability, long service life, maintenance-free and beautiful features, stainless steel pipe has developed rapidly and has been widely used in building water supply, direct drinking water and solar energy system pipes.
Stainless steel butt welded pipe fittings have high strength, can withstand strong vibration and impact. They have the characteristics of no leakage, no cracking, fire prevention and anti-seismic. They are widely used. Besides disinfection and sterilization, they do not need to control water quality. At the same time, there is no corrosion and dirty exudates, water staying in the pipeline for a long time will not affect the quality of water, eliminate secondary pollution, obviously, this is a health barrier. The stability of stainless steel pipe fittings can effectively prevent pollution caused by material reasons.
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Chemshun Ceramics- Wear Resistant Ceramic Identification
Chemshun Ceramics- Wear Resistant Ceramic Identification
The wear resistant ceramic on all the machinery equipment wear a lot, such as coal, iron and steel, smelting, machinery, coal, mining, chemical industry, cement, port and wharf etc
Pingxiang chemshun ceramics Co., Ltd wear-resistant ceramic liner features:
1. Great hardness: its rockwell hardness is hra80-90, second only to diamond, and far exceeds the wear resistance of wear-resistant steel and stainless steel.
2. Excellent wear resistance: its wear resistance is equivalent to 266 times of manganese steel and 171.5 times of high-chromium cast iron.
According to our customer tracking survey over ten years, under the same working condition, the service life of the equipment can be extended at least 10 times.
3. Light weight: its density is 3.6g/cm3, only half of that of steel, which can greatly reduce the equipment load.
4. Strong adhesion and good heat resistance: the wear-resistant ceramic lining is glued on the inner wall of the equipment with heat-resistant and strong adhesive.
Aging can run for a long time not under 350 ℃.
Pingxiang chemshun ceramics Co., Ltd identification of wear resistant ceramic linings
1. The promising wear-resistant ceramic lining has a flat surface, no black spots, smooth but not rough, uniform color and luster. Except for vulcanization, the wear-resistant ceramic lining will be attached to a piece of background paper for the convenience of construction, and the joint will be continuous into a straight line
2. The measured density and the content of alumina can be calculated by the measured density
3. Do the abrasion test. Use the sandblasting machine to test the abrasion within 60 minutes with the pressure of 4.0kg/cm3, distance of 50mm, spray Angle of 45 degrees
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Things to Know About Piston Rings Before Your Next Engine Build
If asked what you wanted for piston rings in your engine build, would you know how to answer? Piston rings have the most important job in your engine. We will get arguments on this one because there really are no unimportant parts in your engine. However, what makes piston rings so important is what they do.
The humble, hard-working piston ring dates back to 1854 when a man named John Ramsbottom demonstrated the friction-reducing value of piston rings along with the sealing and cooling benefits. Piston rings improved efficiency. In those days, it was more about steam engines and less about internal combustion.
Piston rings provide cylinder and combustion chamber sealing, which keeps heat energy contained where it belongs, above the piston. Any heat energy that escapes past the piston rings is lost power—period. Heat energy contained above the piston goes to work making power at the crankshaft. Piston rings also carry destructive heat into the water jacket via the cylinder wall to control heat and prevent piston meltdown.
What people want most from piston rings is cylinder sealing along with low tension to achieve less friction and better efficiency. It is challenging to get both. We live in an age of skinny, low-tension compression rings—sometimes as narrow as 0.023-inch, or 0.6mm. This works if you have perfectly honed cylinder walls. If you don’t, rings tend to distort and you’re not going to get optimum cylinder sealing.
Proper ring selection means understanding ring function, material, piston design, and bore dynamics. Pistons, rings, and cylinder bores must have a perfect marriage to function properly. Proper engine break-in is critical to endurance and reliable ring function. The type of piston ring you choose depends on how you intend to use your engine. Mild street performance engines call for a more “vanilla” ring package than supercharged, turbocharged, or nitrous-fed engines. Racing engines demand a much tougher ring package on par with what’s used for supercharged, turbocharged, or nitrous engines.
Which ring you choose boils down to how much heat and force you intend to impose on them. If your engine is bone stock as delivered from the factory, you’re probably not going to want to hear this. A box-stock engine is equipped with ductile iron and cast-iron piston rings. This means your rings are not going to like a supercharger or that occasional nitrous blast because stock ductile and cast-iron rings can’t always stand the heat and pressure associated with forced induction or squeeze.
If you’re opting for nitrous or forced induction, you’re going to need a top compression ring capable of withstanding the heat and pressure associated with these elements. This calls for high-end materials according to Ed Law at Total Seal. Ed suggests an AP Stainless top ring with PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) for forced-induction and nitrous applications.
Total Seal’s high-performance piston ring sets include an AP Steel top ring that has been coated using PVD-applied C-33 chromium nitride anti-friction coating for greater efficiency. The C-33 coating is easy on cylinder walls while the steel top ring still has the ability to handle extreme pressures. Napier secondary rings and three-piece stainless oil control rings come standard with the AP Stainless Steel Ring Set.
As a rule, pistons and rings are generally sold in sets unless you’re reusing old pistons or are choosing a different type of ring than the manufacturer provides. Manufacturers such as Federal-Mogul Speed Pro from Summit Racing Equipment sell pistons and rings as sets for your convenience. This makes piston and ring selection a no-brainer for the average enthusiast. Just look at what the manufacturer suggests for the type of driving you intend to do and refine your decision from there.
An important consideration as to how well the piston rings seal is the hone of the engine block. Your machine shop should have a PAT gauge to accurately measure the final hone’s surface roughness. Total Seal says typical values (measured in microinches) for general performance applications should be around RPK 8-12, RK 20-30, and RVK 30-50. Is your local machine shop capable of this caliber of work? Not all of them are. If a machine shop can finish late-model Ford or GM stockers with their thin rings to maintain original emissions compliance and factory tolerances, the answer is likely affirmative. Confirm this when you drop the block and pistons off. CHP
When it comes to ring selection you must also consider piston choice in the planning. Ideally, you will go with matched pistons and rings from the same source. Total Seal, as one example, is strictly in the piston ring business. Once they understand what you have for pistons they can set you up with the correct ring package, and that includes custom ring sets.
This is your typical box-stock ring package for a street engine, from left to right: ductile iron, cast iron, and a flexible non-alloy cast iron for the oil rings. Ductile iron is used for the top compression ring because it is flexible and more resistant to heat. Cast iron is used for the secondary compression ring, which also controls the oil film and isn’t as exposed to the extreme heat as the top ring. The oil ring package consists of an expander and two rails, which is designed to wipe oil down the cylinder wall.
The top compression ring is generally made of ductile iron with a molybdenum face. Molybdenum can take the heat better in most applications yet it is porous enough to hold oil for improved lubrication. Because the top ring is barrel faced, it rolls with piston action to maintain solid contact with the cylinder wall, yet with less friction.
The secondary compression ring with the reverse-bevel, taper-face, plain cast-iron second ring has long been the approach for this location. Heat is not really a problem in the second groove, which means there has been little need for exotic materials or coatings. Today, most secondary rings continue to be made from cast iron or even ductile iron in some applications. This ring is about 85-90 percent oil control and only 5-10 percent compression control, so to better manage the oil, there’s a definite trend toward the Napier ring, especially with LS engines.
The bottom ring package consisting of an expander and two rails is for oil control exclusively. Oil ring tension accounts for about 40 percent of total engine friction, with the oil rings alone accounting for 50 percent of the ring pack friction. The key to reducing ring tension is the ring’s radial depth in the ring groove. If you maintain the traditional SAE-standard 0.190-inch depth, you still need higher-tension oil rings. However, by decreasing radial depth to around 0.140-0.150-inch with a ring groove machined accordingly, tension can be reduced because the overall oil ring assembly is more flexible, conforming to the bore.
Confused about which piston ring goes where? Ed Law of Total Seal tells us it’s in the shape and in the sound. Ductile iron top rings have a barrel face and no dimple. When gently dropped onto a hard surface, the ductile iron ring makes a “ringing” sound.
The secondary compression ring sports a tapered face and is made of cast iron. When gently dropped onto a hard surface, the cast iron ring makes a dull “thud” instead of a ringing sound.
Another means to identifying the secondary compression ring is this dimple or a laser mark, which always faces up, according to Ed Law.
Ductile iron (left) versus cast iron (right). Identification is in the flex. Ductile iron rings are flexible and can take the extreme heat on top. Cast iron rings are, by contrast, brittle and they break if you try to bend them.
More extreme applications with supercharging, turbocharging, or nitrous get a tougher ring package. Up top (left) is generally an AP stainless steel with a PVD coating. The secondary ring (both on right) is roughly 85-90 percent oil control and just 5-10 percent compression according to Speed Pro’s Scott Gabrielson. Scott adds if you undercut the bottom of the ring, it exposes more of the endgap back into the ring groove, which opens up the flow area, providing a reservoir for oil being carried back to the pan.
To better manage oil, there’s a definite trend toward the Napier (hooked or claw-shaped) second ring as shown here. In fact, most GM LS engines arrive from the factory with Napier rings. The Napier ring creates a reservoir for the scavenged oil to flow through.
Here’s a close up of the AP stainless ring and its ultra-hard and durable surface designed for extreme duty applications.
Total Seal’s TNT centrifugally cast compression rings are heat treated to provide the most uniform grain structure of any martensitic ductile iron ring. They’re engineered for extreme abuse such as nitrous, turbocharged, supercharged, and high cylinder pressure applications.
Here’s a closer look at the TNT compression ring from Total Seal.
Total Seal’s Diamond Finish compression ring offers axial tolerances of +/- 0.000050-inch; improved sealing between piston and piston ring; optional PVD coatings engineered to match cylinder material and minimize friction losses; custom axial thickness down to 0.6mm; and are available in gapless, conventional, or Napier style.
Total Seal’s gapless top compression ring is an industry benchmark because it works so well. It simply seals better than a conventional piston ring thanks to its two-piece design. As a result, it delivers increased horsepower and torque, longer engine life, improved consistency, longer ring life, improved oil control, reduced internal friction, greater intake vacuum signal, broader torque curve, and increased manifold vacuum.
The Total Seal gapless ring is a two-piece affair where two interlocking rings work together to achieve a perfect seal against the cylinder wall.
For as long as engine builders have been building engines, there has been the debate over how to properly install piston rings. JGM Performance Engineering prefers to use a ring expander to carefully install rings. They tell us the expander causes less ring distortion.
The oil ring expander rides between two rails, which wipe oil down the cylinder wall.
After the expander is installed, oil control ring rails are rolled onto the piston and into the groove as shown.
Another approach to compression ring installation is shown here by Mark Jeffrey at Trans Am Racing in Los Angeles, where compression rings are gently rolled into the ring groove. Jeffrey assures us it doesn’t cause ring distortion.
We like these custom-sized piston ring compressors, which are available from Summit Racing in a wide variety of sizes. If you’re a home garage engine builder, we suggest the purchase of an adjustable ring compressor. If you build a lot of engines, the custom-sized ring compressor is a great investment.
Cylinder wall finishing has had to follow the technology curve much as piston and ring design has through the years. Your finished cylinder bore must be round, straight, and void of taper. Rings used to wear in to compensate for any slight bore irregularities. Today’s high-tech piston rings are so hard they just don’t wear like older rings did. Today’s engine blocks are also harder, so the final finish has to be spot on. Your machinist must also use a torque plate for honing. No exceptions.
Although manufacturers make pre-gapped rings, it is strongly suggested you check ring endgaps and adjust the gap as necessary.
Pistons, rings, and grooves must receive liberal doses of SAE 30 weight engine oil or assembly lube during installation. Saturate the grooves with oil and lube cylinder walls accordingly.
Cylinder bore sizing should be checked using a dial-bore gauge. Any other means promises you an inaccurate reading. The dial-bore gauge promises you a spot-on reading.
In the end, piston and ring selection and fitment is all about cylinder sealing and oil control. It is also about getting the right cylinder wall finish to further enhance sealing and oil control.
The post Things to Know About Piston Rings Before Your Next Engine Build appeared first on Hot Rod Network.
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Seven Unbelievable Facts About metal fabrication.
Steel makers play a fundamental part in the manufacturing process for lots of industries. A number of the leading business in the steel fabrication industry have actually been in organisation for several years as well as been entailed with the structure of essential sites. Companies that offer steel perform several vital components of the construction procedure, permitting home builders to have the perfect material at the time they require it. Steel is most frequently seen through structure frameworks, and also is also frequently made use of for hefty devices frames. The process includes a lot of cautious planning by specialists. Steel producers usually bid on a task that is big in scale.
The steel architectural detailer will certainly assist you get the steel detailing by producing the called for drawing to fabricate as well as to develop the frameworks. Some of the steel manufacture companies could contract out to engineering firm to do this detailing works. In Cutwork grills, manufacturing of the sturdy steel frames and decorative motifs could be easily done with custom steel constructions. In general, these kinds firms provide both commercial and household demands. You run as well as gauge in Y, x and also z, one axis at once. Jog the gauge into placement versus the object you want to situate. As soon as you are touching the object with the probe remain to run till the scale spins clock-wise 2 times and also checks out 0 on the dial indication. In this instance the X coordinate of the component side is being gauged so the probe is touching its top side. In the instance listed below the Z coordinate of the fixture top is being action. So the probe touches the top surface area. Review coordinates from the screen for the axis you were jogging in. For example, over the Z elevation of the fixture is being gauged so read the Z coordinate. Do this for X, Y and Z. These works with are after that entered as a table beginning record.
Position things to be bonded making sure great fit up and also apply cleanup
Sheet Metal Stamping
What can the training course result in
Making pure uranium dioxide (UO2) from inbound UF6 or UO3
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Consider your "K-factor"
Laser Cutting
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However, when an individual gets the ashes of his or her deceased family members, there might be trace amounts of ashes from prior cremations. There are some sections of the body that do not burn totally through such as bigger bones. These are squashed down to produce a great dirt or shattered inning accordance with market requirements. This is important for providing people ashes that are easy to hide, show and also consist of. Aside from level items, sheet steel is additionally readily available in coiled strips. Sheet steel is usually made out of metals such as light weight aluminum, brass, copper, steel, nickel, titanium and also tin. Sometimes, platinum, gold and silver are additionally used for ornamental functions. Sheet metal manufacture is used to create products such as car bodies, aircraft wings, developing materials, as well as food processing devices and also lots of other things. Stainless steel is an alloy of iron, chromium, as well as various other elements in varying amounts. It is also called 'Inox Steel'. Stainless-steel is very solid. It resists rust and also discoloration and also has an extremely reduced upkeep. Stainless-steel is also totally recyclable.
Purchase excellent Metal Fabrication Bradford services. In situation you wish to purchase new gates or have a straightforward steel fencing for your tiny garden, go ahead and seek some trustworthy Steel Fabricators Bradford. If you want to have the gateways or fencing properly created, constructed and set up, make certain you contract a good Metal Fabrication Bradford business. Lose no more valuable time and also begin seeking substitute things if you have the will and also budget plan to replace your not-so as well as old safe gateways with new as well as a lot more guaranteed ones. In instance you are not as well pleased with both of gates you see previously and also the makers marketing them, you have no other option that to search for Metal Fabrication Bradford.
Today, DIY steel spreading is used to develop components as well as things for use in a selection of leisure activities and also reconstruction jobs. This consists of house improvement things also. Metal casting can be utilized making door handles, cabinet takes care of, and various other such things. For hobbyists, small design components and also miniatures could be developed. Also musicians use metal casting for sculptures and also precious jewelry creation. Steel spreading has the true spirit of Do It Yourself. Numerous metal casters are drawn to the skill due to the fact that it supplies an economical option to buying products or having commercial foundries make custom-made items. Virtually everything made use of in steel spreading could be made by the caster. Publisher: Robert Henson Alloy modern technology has been making strides for hundreds of years currently. Author: Robert Henson Steel makers play a vital part in the production process for lots of markets. Author: AllisonJPalmer You have actually eventually reached that age where you are beginning to think about buying a high quality collection of tableware. Nonetheless, there are various varied kinds and also brand names of dinnerware readily available on the market that sometimes it could be overwhelming.
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Take a look at the Mastercam help submit for information on the different roughing techniques revealed listed below. This post will certainly make use of the Parallel toolpath. Drive: The surface areas, solid faces, solid bodies, or CAD data that will be cut. Inspect: The surface areas, strong faces, or solid bodies that you want the tool to stay clear of. Containment: A closed chain of curves that limit tool activity. Click the arrowhead under Drive as well as choose the surfaces to cut. When selected departure the dialog. Just like various other toolpaths you should select a tool. To include this toolpath right-click in the Toolpath group as well as choose a Surface Finish toolpath. Give us a telephone call to discuss your demands and also discover more about our capacities. We provide CAD layout for prototyping as well as preparing your standard components or components for construction. http://northsidesteelwork.ie/about-us Our CAD design procedure could assure the specific resistances that you speed up and require delivery. Our capacities include stainless steel welding, light weight aluminum welding and radiused bending of steel. We could make elements that meet Nema code, AISC criteria as well as use custom-made paint coatings. Our production experience ranges from typical construction of structural steel light beams and columns to building curtain walls, store fronts, sunlight shades, stairways, mezzanines, handrails as well as stringers. We supply JIT stock management for our clients that require well timed delivery of components. We function very closely with our JIT customers to create a process that supports their delivery needs.
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Ball Mill
The Handling Materials and Main Types of Ball Mill:
Ball mill is a key equipment for grinding materials, widely used in powder-making production line such as cement, silicate sand, new-type building material, refractory material, fertilizer, ore dressing of ferrous metal and non-ferrous metal, glass ceramics, etc.
Ball mill can grind various ores and materials with the dry type or wet type. There are two kinds of ball mills, grate type and overfall type due to different ways of discharging material.
The Interior Structure of Ball Mill:
The machine is composed by feeding part, discharging part, turning part and driving part (reducer, small driving gear, electric motor and electric control). The quill shaft adopts cast steel part and the liner is detachable. The turning gearwheel adopts casting hobbing process and the drum is equipped with wear-resistant liner, which has good wear-resistance. The machine is in stable and reliable working condition.
Moreover, according to different materials and discharging methods, there are dry grinding ball mill and wet ball mills for choice.
The Working Principle of Ball Mill:
This machine is a skeleton pattern ball mill with horizontal cylindrical turning gear, drive by outer gear and two hoppers. The material goes to the first hopper after the spiraling by the quill shaft from the feeding equipment. The hopper has ladder sheathing or corrugated sheathing with steel balls inside, which will fall under the effect of centrifugal force by the barrel and grind material. After the kibbling in the first hopper, by monolayer partition panel, the material will enter the second hopper, which has plane scale board with steel ball inside to grind material. The powder material will be discharged from the grid plate to finish the grinding.
Ball mills are widely used in production industries, such as cement, silicate products, new building materials, refractory materials, chemical fertilizers, black and ferrous metals and glass ceramics and others. It can grand things in dry-type and wet-type for all kinds of ore and other grindable materials.
The Structure Characteristics of the Ball Mill
The ball mill consists of feeding parts, discharging parts, rotary parts, transmission parts (reducer, small transmission gear, motor, electronic control) and other main parts. The hollow shaft adopts cast steel, and the inner lining of it can be dismantled. The rotary large gear is machined by casting hobbing process, with a wear-resistant lining plate in the barrel, which has the ability of wear resistance. Our machine runs smoothly and has reliable performance. According to the material and discharge way, we can choose dry-type ball mill or wet-type ball mill.
Quick-wear Parts of the Ball Mill
The quick-wear parts of the ball mill mainly refer to the lining boards, the wear and usage time of the liner are related to the cost and production effect of the ball mill. Then how to identify the advantages and disadvantages of the lining boards. We can conclude it mainly from three steps, the first to see is the lining plate casting and smelting process, the next step is to check whether the lining plate quenching and tempering treatment are qualified, and at last, we need to look at the lining board material carefully. At present, the common lining materials in the market are high chromium cast iron, low alloy wear-resistant cast steel and high manganese steel material. These three kind of materials of lining boards of the three kinds of have good wear resistance ability. GUIKUANG machinery welcome you to our factory to inspect the production process of ball mills and the lining plate’s manufacturing techniques.
The Operation Principle of the Ball Mill
The material is entered into the hollow shaft by the feeding device, and then it enters the first warehouse of the ball mill evenly. There are stepped lining plates or corrugated lining plates with different sizes of steel balls inside the warehouse. The cylinder rotates to produce centrifugal force for bringing the steel ball to a certain height and then it falls down. This produces heavy blow and grinding effects to the material. After the rough grinding process, the material enters the second warehouse through a single clapboard. The warehouse is lined with a scale-board with steel balls for further grinding. The powder is discharged by the discharging grate plate to finish the grinding operation.
The Classifications of the Ball Mill
According to the different materials processed by the ball mill, GUIKUANG machinery produces the following kinds of ball mill, such as gold ball mill, black manganese ore ball mill, nickel ore ball mill, tin ore ball mill, copper ore ball mill, pomegranate ball mill, andalusite ball mill, aluminum grey ball mill, molybdenum ore ball mill, fluorite ball mill and so on.
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Everything About Spheroidal Graphite Iron Roll
Spheroidal graphite iron roll also is known as ductile iron roll and is a roll made by spheroidizing the molten iron with magnesium and pouring it into the sand-lined cold type. Due to the spheroidizing treatment, the graphite carbon inside the cast iron is changed from flake to spheroid, which eliminates the phenomenon of graphite tip stress concentration caused by flake graphite, which significantly improves the strength of cast iron, similar to the cast steel roll, but the abrasion resistance is much higher than the cast steel roll. There are three types of nodules of magnesium, cerium, and calcium and magnesium are commonly used. Spheroidal graphite iron roll can be applied in open-rolling mills, roughing mills and rolling mills before finishing rolling on various sections and plates. When the finished roll bears a large load, it is best to use a ductile iron roll with a casting groove, high strength and excellent wear resistance.
Pearlitic Nodular Cast Iron Roll
Pearlitic nodular cast iron roll has a high content of Ni and Mo alloys and the pearlite, basanite and martensite matrixes with excellent performance. It has good strength, high-temperature performance and anti accident performance with small hardness drop on the work layer. The nodular cast iron roll usually is used in large blanking machines, section steel tandem rolling, bar and wire rough rolling, intermediate rolling mill.
For pearlite nodular cast iron, pearlite content in the matrix structure accounted is more than 80% of ductile iron (nodular iron). The ductile iron conforms to Chinese national standards QT600-2, QT700-2 and QT800-2 belong to pearlite nodular cast iron. This type of ductile iron is usually obtained by normalizing treatment, or it can be obtained by adding alloying elements and cooperating with technological measures. The nodular cast iron roll is mainly used to manufacture parts that require high strength, with certain fatigue strength and wear resistance.
Centrifugal Composite Cast Iron Roll
The cast iron roll is produced by a horizontal centrifugal casting process with high-speed steel as the work layer and nodular iron as the core. The material of centrifugal casting iron roll contains plenty of alloying elements such as Mo, Ni, Cr, etc. The high hardened eutectic carbides & second carbides, evenly distributed in tempered martensitic matrix, make the wear and thermal cracking resistance very excellent. Besides, the resistance to surface roughing is also good. In a condition of hot rolling, the contact points between steel strip and the work rolls can form a thin adherent oxide film on the roll surface, which plays a good role in the wear features and the quality of the strip surface. The main application is as a working roll for hot-rolled strip leveling rack and rack of high-speed wire mill.
Thanks to its higher content of Ni and Mo alloys, basanite and martensite matrixes with excellent performance are produced. There are small changes in hardness. It is extremely efficient in toughness, preserving heat split, preserving surface coarse and abrasion-resistant.
Application
working roll for hot-rolled strip leveling rack;
Rack of tandem rolling mill for section, bar, wire rod and narrow strip
Roll ring and roll of stretch reducing mill for seamless steel tube
Work roll of hot-rolled strip tempering rack and medium plate mill rack
Tandem rolling bar and rack of high-speed wire mill
Bainitic Nodular Cast Iron Roll
Bainitic nodular cast iron roll is made of Ni, Mn, CrH, Mo, etc. It has an acicular structure and would be higher strength and better toughness than pearlite iron. Due to the high alloy content and high casting stress, the acicular bainite ductile iron roll can obtain the ideal comprehensive performance by a centrifugal composite casting process. The feature of bainitic nodular cast roll is that it shaped into graphite ball and its performance can be compared with that of alloy indefinite chilled roll. Its intensity is higher than that of indefinite chilled one, so it is usually used for rest energy casting. Based on the analysis of the macro and microstructures of conventional Ni-Mo bainite ductile cast iron rolls used in bar finishing mills, we have found that the main cause of the spalling failure of the roll surface layer is the low bainite mass fraction in the roll structure, Irrational distribution of carbide morphology, and non-round graphite morphology.
On this basis, by optimizing the mass fraction of alloying elements of conventional bainite nodular cast iron composite rolls (nickel, copper, niobium composite alloying), the purpose of optimizing the structure and properties of the rolls is achieved. The structure of the improved roll is finer, and its carbide morphology has been significantly improved; meanwhile, the addition of alloying elements has significantly improved the bainite strength in the material, and its impact toughness, deflection, section shrinkage, and elongation after fracture are significantly improved compared with conventional Ni-Mo ductile iron, so it can significantly extend the service life of rolls and effectively reduce the production cost of steel.
Alloy Ductile Cast Iron Roll
The alloy ductile cast iron roll is made of acicular nodular cast iron mixing with nickel, chromium, molybdenum. It can be used in various blanking rolling mills for section steel, bar, wire rod and narrow strip, roughing mills, work roll for seamless steel tube, intermediate stand and finishing stand for section steel, bar, wire rod and narrow strip and rolling mills before finishing rolling for various sections and plate steels. The finished roll can also be used in the case of a low load. When the finished roll is subjected to a heavy load, it is preferable to use as a nodular cast iron chill roll with high strength and wear resistance.
Application
Alloy spheroidal graphite iron roll has a lot of usage following as:
Blooming roll rack of rolling mills for section steel, bar, wire rod and narrow strip, Mill rolls for seamless steel tube Intermediate and finishing roll rack of rolling mill for section steel, bar, wire rod and narrow strip
For more detailed information, please visit the page of TINVO rolling mill rolls.
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