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A History of World Societies Combined Volume 10th Edition By John P. McKay -Test Bank

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c6- Essay

Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.

  1.

Describe some of the ways the Etruscans influenced Roman  culture.

  2.

Describe the different concepts of law in the Roman  Republic and the Roman Empire. How did law change from republic to empire?

  3.

The Roman Republic underwent two great social upheavals:  the Struggle of the Orders and the civil wars of the late republic. Compare  these two upheavals in terms of causes, participants, and results. Was Rome  better off after each upheaval? Explain your answer.

  4.

“The acquisition of empire spelled doom for the republic.”  Assess the validity of this quote, considering the problems resulting from  the wars of conquest and the attempts to solve these serious problems.

  5.

One of the most important events during the time of the  Roman Empire was the birth of Christianity. Describe the evolution of  Christianity. How do historians explain the success of early Christianity?

   Answer Key

 1.

Answer would ideally include:

 · The Etruscans at one point controlled the villages that eventually  became Rome. Under Etruscan influence, the Romans prospered, and temples and  public buildings were built. From the Etruscans, the Romans acquired  connections to Mediterranean trade routes, including trade connections to  Greece. The Romans also adopted the Etruscan alphabet and the toga as a  distinctive style of dress. Another influence came from the Roman conquest of  Italy, which involved taking over Etruscan city-states and led to the urbanized  nature of Roman culture.

2.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Roman civil law was first embodied in an oral tradition of laws. These  laws were recorded during the Struggle of the Orders, in what was known as  the Laws of the Twelve Tables. This writing of the laws ensured that they  would be applied equally to both patricians and plebeians. The Roman Republic  also had several different concepts of law, from the ius civile  (laws of statutes and customs for the citizens of Rome), the ius gentium  (laws of the peoples that included more than just citizens and diplomatic  matters), and the ius naturale (laws of nature that applied to all  human behaviors). Roman law was further revised during the empire,  particularly during the reign of Augustus, who made various changes to how  women were treated by law (for example, women were released from guardianship  if they had a certain number of children).

3.

Answer would ideally include:

 · The Struggle of the Orders was an attempt by the plebeian class to gain  power in relation to the patricians, who in the early republic dominated  Roman government. The plebeians based their claims for more power on the need  for the republic to have a strong army, which relied heavily on the plebeians  for infantry members. Furthermore, many plebeian families had also acquired  economic power. By the end of the Struggle, the plebeians had obtained  equality under the law, and the result was a strongly unified Roman state.  The late republic was divided by the need for land reform, which the Gracchus  brothers tried unsuccessfully to propose. The civil wars of the first century  B.C.E. were power struggles between military leaders that further divided the  republic and led to the creation of the empire. The First Triumvirate led by  Caesar and the Second Triumvirate from which Octavian (Augustus) emerged as  victorious destabilized the republic. There were positive outcomes of the  civil wars, such as the creation of new colonies and an enlarged empire, but  they also led to more power struggles in the empire.

4.

Answer would ideally include:

 · This essay should fully describe the problems (burgeoning slavery,  decline of the free peasant farmer, economic competition from the provinces,  enhanced political power of the generals, increased influence of Greek  culture) that resulted from the establishment of the Roman Empire. Second,  the reforming efforts of such men as the Gracchus brothers, Gaius Marius, and  Julius Caesar must be described and analyzed for their effectiveness in  dealing with the problems. Finally, the essay should assess the relationship  between the fragility of constitutional governments and the impact of  overseas conquest.

5.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Christianity has its origins in both the Hebrew religion and the era’s  various messianic movements. The essay should discuss the relationship  between Jews and the Romans as well as the existence of the various mystery  religions. The essay should then discuss the theological contributions of  Jesus and his teachings, being sure to indicate both the unique and typical  aspects of this movement compared with existing Hebrew religion and other  messianic movements. The role of Paul in transforming Christianity into a  religious movement for both Jews and Gentiles must be considered; his earlier  contact with Stoic philosophy and his fundamental reorientation of the  religion must be discussed. Finally, Christianity’s success should be  explained by considering the religion’s universal message, its appeal among  women and inclusion of all social classes, and its strong leadership. External  factors, such as the role Roman roads played in its spread and the social  conditions of the Mediterranean world at the time, should also be mentioned.

 c6- Matching

Use the following to answer questions 1-10:

 Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.

 Terms

Senate

consuls

patricians

plebeians

Punic     Wars

paterfamilias

pax     Romana

Messiah

pagan

bishop

  1.

Primary executives in the Roman Republic, elected for one-year  terms, who commanded the army in battle, administered state business, and  supervised financial affairs. _________________

  2.

The assembly that was the main institution of power in the  Roman Republic, originally composed only of aristocrats. _________________

  3.

Originally referring to those who lived in the  countryside, the term came to mean those who practiced religions other than  Judaism or Christianity. _________________

  4.

A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage in which  Rome emerged the victor. _________________

  5.

The Roman hereditary aristocracy, who held most of the  political power in the republic. _________________

  6.

In Jewish belief, a savior who would bring a period of  peace and happiness for Jews; many Christians came to believe that Jesus was  that savior. _________________

  7.

The common people of Rome, who were free but had few of  the patricians’ advantages. _________________

  8.

The oldest dominant male of the family, who held great  power over the lives of family members. _________________

  9.

The “Roman peace,” a period during the first and second  centuries C.E. of political stability and relative peace. _________________

  10.

A Christian Church official with jurisdiction over a  certain area and the power to determine the correct interpretation of  Christian teachings. _________________

   Answer Key

 1.

b. consuls

2.

a. Senate

3.

i. pagan

4.

e. Punic Wars

5.

c. patricians

6.

h. Messiah

7.

d. plebians

8.

f. paterfamilias

9.

g. pax Romana

10.

j. bishop

 c6- Multiple Choice

Choose the letter of the best answer.

  1.

What was an important difference between the political  systems of the Romans and Greeks?

 A)

Some Greek city-states had monarchies, while Roman  city-states never did.

 B)

Rome extended citizenship to its conquered peoples, while  the Greeks did not.

 C)

Rome had written laws, while no Greek city-states did.

 D)

Greeks endured civil war, while Romans did not.

  2.

Other than Greeks, who were the first people to build  permanent settlements in Italy?

 A)

Etruscans

 B)

Egyptians

 C)

Hittites

 D)

Persians

  3.

The villages that became Rome were located on what river?

 A)

Po

 B)

Tiber

 C)

Danube

 D)

Adige

  4.

How are women portrayed in Rome’s founding legends?

 A)

Dominant and superior

 B)

Meek and quiet

 C)

Virtuous and brave

 D)

Conniving and deceitful

  5.

According to legend, who founded Rome?

 A)

Latium

 B)

Romulus and Remus

 C)

Domitian

 D)

Silla and Gaulius

  6.

According to the most common Roman creation myth, who  assisted Rome’s first ruler, Romulus, with the rule of the city?

 A)

He was helped by a council of advisors called the Senate.

 B)

He was assisted by his brother Remus, a military  commander.

 C)

He was only able to rule the city with help of the gods.

 D)

He relied heavily on his aristocratic wife and her family.

  7.

What is one possible reason that the Romans overthrew the  Etruscans in 509 B.C.E.?

 A)

The Etruscans refused to fight with the Romans against the  invading Gauls.

 B)

The Etruscan military allied with the Athenians in an  effort to expel the Romans.

 C)

Etruscan rulers had become increasingly authoritarian.

 D)

The Etruscans and Carthaginians allied to undermine the Roman  economy.

  8.

Which of the following was true of Roman religion?

 A)

It was a deeply reflective religion emphasizing inner  piety.

 B)

It was largely a matter or rites and ceremonies, not inner  piety.

 C)

It was centered on ancestor worship.

 D)

It advocated human sacrifice.

  9.

What did Romans, like the Persians, do once they conquered  an area?

 A)

They killed the men and took the women as slaves.

 B)

They built large temples to please the gods and ensure  success.

 C)

They forced the men to serve in the Roman military.

 D)

They built roads to facilitate communication and trade.

  10.

How was Roman society divided in the early republic?

 A)

Into two groups—the patricians and the plebeians

 B)

Between Roman citizens and non-Romans who were seen as  subject peoples

 C)

Between urban and rural dwellers

 D)

Between Roman citizens and their slaves

  11.

In the early republic, which group controlled political  power and military leadership?

 A)

Plebeians

 B)

Etruscan nobles

 C)

Patricians

 D)

Merchants

  12.

During the republic, which of the following was true of  the Roman Senate?

 A)

Its only function was to pass legislation.

 B)

It had little power and was advised by consuls.

 C)

Like the consuls, it changed its membership annually.

 D)

One of its chief responsibilities was to advise officials  and consuls.

  13.

Why was the ius gentium important to  Roman society?

 A)

It covered both Roman citizens and foreigners as a kind of  universal law.

 B)

It was the first written law code in the Mediterranean  world.

 C)

It limited the rights of patricians and elevated  plebeians.

 D)

It provided for the impeachment of the consuls.

  14.

During the Struggle of the Orders, how did the plebeians  force political concessions?

 A)

Plebian farmers refused to sell agricultural goods to the  cities.

 B)

All plebeians declined to pay annual taxes and local fees.

 C)

Plebian men refused to serve in the military.

 D)

Plebian leaders ordered the assassination of several  senators and consuls.

  15.

What was recorded on the Twelve Tables?

 A)

Myths

 B)

Prayers

 C)

Religious texts

 D)

Laws

  16.

One result of the Struggle of the Orders was the creation  of a law code that made all

 A)

plebeians more powerful than patricians.

 B)

patricians more powerful than plebeians.

 C)

Roman-born citizens more important than foreigners.

 D)

citizens, plebeian and patrician, equal before the law.

  17.

In the third century B.C.E., the main challenge to Roman  control of the Mediterranean came from which of the following?

 A)

Ptolemaic Egypt

 B)

Carthage

 C)

Alexandria

 D)

Macedonia

  18.

The First Punic War ended with a Roman victory and the  creation of Rome’s first

 A)

monarchy.

 B)

diplomatic corps.

 C)

navy.

 D)

hospitals.

  19.

Who was the Carthaginian general who brought the Second  Punic War to the gates of Rome?

 A)

Scipio Aemilianus

 B)

Pyrrhus

 C)

Tarquin the Proud

 D)

Hannibal

  20.

What was one reason Hannibal failed to win the Second  Punic War?

 A)

Carthage never recovered from the loss at Cannae.

 B)

His allies failed to provide food and supplies for his  troops.

 C)

He failed to form an alliance with Rome’s neighbors.

 D)

He was unable to get his army across the Alps into Italy.

  21.

In Roman families, what was the paterfamilias?

 A)

The oldest dominant male in a family, who had near  absolute power

 B)

A family council that was composed of all adult males

 C)

The marriage contract between husband and wife

 D)

The male family member who was entitled to vote for public  office

  22.

What was relatively unusual about women in Roman families?

 A)

They seldom ventured outside their homes.

 B)

They were not allowed to learn to read or write.

 C)

They had no role in raising their children.

 D)

They were able to inherit and own property.

  23.

How did Romans view slavery during the republic?

 A)

The only people who could be taken as slaves were North  Africans.

 B)

It was viewed as a lifelong condition for the enslaved.

 C)

It was an unfortunate state but one from which a slave  might become free.

 D)

It became less economically important over time as Rome  grew to include more citizens.

  24.

To what does the term latifundia refer?

 A)

All lands conquered by Roman armies

 B)

A new social class primarily created by imperial expansion

 C)

Huge agricultural estates created by warfare and absentee  farmers

 D)

Lands given to returning soldiers as payment for their  service

  25.

What was the main feature of the reform program proposed  by Tiberius Gracchus?

 A)

To provide free bread to the poor of Rome

 B)

To redistribute public land to poor Romans

 C)

To abolish the class distinctions of patricians and  plebeians

 D)

To establish colonies populated by ex-soldiers and their  families

  26.

How did Gaius Marius recruit men to serve in an African  campaign?

 A)

He promised them citizenship.

 B)

He recruited them by paying them gold coins.

 C)

He offered to pardon them if they had been criminals.

 D)

He promised land to landless men in return for their  service.

  27.

What did Julius Caesar do once he became leader of Rome?

 A)

He enacted a series of basic reforms throughout the  empire.

 B)

He stripped citizenship from people living in the empire  but outside Italy.

 C)

He ended all colonization efforts in Gaul, Spain, and  North Africa.

 D)

He ordered dozens of assassinations of his principal  political opponents.

  28.

What was one of Augustus’s important military reforms?

 A)

He created an all-volunteer force.

 B)

He developed an all-mercenary force.

 C)

He assembled an all-plebeian army.

 D)

He began a permanent standing army.

  29.

What does the phrase Roma et Augustus mean?

 A)

It is the title of an historical account of Augustus’s  reign by Tacitus.

 B)

It is an epic poem of Augustus’s deeds written by Virgil.

 C)

It means that the empire was divinely ordained.

 D)

It refers to the cult of the emperor and the state.

  30.

Under Augustus, women could be freed from male  guardianship if they

 A)

had a certain number of children.

 B)

were related to Augustus.

 C)

had a son killed in a war.

 D)

bought their freedom from the state.

  31.

The Aeneid emphasized the  parallels between Aeneas and Dido in the poem and what pair in real life?

 A)

Romulus and Remus

 B)

Antony and Cleopatra

 C)

Augustus and Caesar

 D)

Caesar and Cleopatra

  32.

Which emperor transformed the principate into a hereditary  monarchy?

 A)

Nero

 B)

Hadrian

 C)

Claudius

 D)

Vespasian

  33.

What was an important achievement of the emperor Hadrian?

 A)

He included landless men in the army.

 B)

He defeated the Parthians in a series of naval battles.

 C)

He conquered Gaul, Spain, and the British Isles.

 D)

He established an efficient imperial bureaucracy.

  34.

What important improvements in urban planning were made in  Rome during the second century C.E.?

 A)

Separate districts were created for different ethnic  groups in the cities.

 B)

A new domestic police force was developed in the city of  Rome.

 C)

Hundreds of miles of aqueducts and sewers were built.

 D)

Streets were made straight, and all roads and streets were  paved.

  35.

How did Rome solve the problem of feeding its growing  population?

 A)

Emperors provided free bread, olive oil, and wine to the  population.

 B)

Leaders started subsidizing the cost of basic commodities.

 C)

Emperors combined small tenant farms into huge  agricultural operations.

 D)

The Senate forced thousands of residents out of the city  to colonize the frontiers.

  36.

Who was largely responsible for the new burst of expansion  in continental Europe in the second century C.E.?

 A)

Colonists from the capital

 B)

Greek Hellenists

 C)

Retired soldiers

 D)

Small farmers

  37.

During the pax Romana, what regions were the major grain  producers of the empire?

 A)

Gaul and Italy

 B)

Southern Spain and Italy

 C)

Egypt and Syria

 D)

Britain and Belgium

  38.

Who played the role of middlemen between the Romans and  the Chinese in the trade along the Silk Road?

 A)

Indians

 B)

Goths

 C)

Parthians

 D)

Jews

  39.

Who were the Zealots?

 A)

People who wanted to expel the Romans from Judea

 B)

A group that believed that Jesus was the Messiah

 C)

Followers of a new mystery religion

 D)

A group that felt Christ’s message applied only to Jews

  40.

Who or what did militant Jews believe would come and  destroy the Roman Empire?

 A)

The Messiah

 B)

The son of God

 C)

A plague inflicted by God

 D)

An army of angels

  41.

What did the mystery religions offer adherents in the  Roman Empire?

 A)

Access to political power

 B)

The promise of eternal life

 C)

Independence from the state

 D)

Veneration of the state

  42.

What writings provide the historical documentation of the  life of Jesus?

 A)

The sermons he wrote are the main source for his life  story.

 B)

The biographies written by his contemporaries tell his  life story.

 C)

The four Gospels of the Bible provide the principal  evidence for his life and deeds.

 D)

Accounts written by Pontius Pilate provide the most  comprehensive information.

  43.

Why did Pontius Pilate condemn Jesus to death?

 A)

He believed Jesus was the Messiah.

 B)

He was an adherent of the mystery religions.

 C)

He was told to do it by the emperor Tiberius.

 D)

He was concerned with maintaining social order.

  44.

What was one of the primary early rituals celebrated by  Christians?

 A)

Re-creating the preaching of Jesus

 B)

Visiting the site of the crucifixion

 C)

Protest marches against the Romans

 D)

A commemorative meal

  45.

What did Paul of Tarsus advocate with regard to Christian  ideals?

 A)

That Christ’s teachings should be proclaimed to all

 B)

That Christianity should be used to defeat Rome

 C)

That Christ’s message applied only to Jews

 D)

That Christians should avoid contact with pagans

  46.

Which of the following generally characterized the  relationship between Christians and Roman pagans?

 A)

There was increasing pagan toleration with sporadic  outbursts of persecution.

 B)

Unrelenting pagan persecution continued until the late  fourth century.

 C)

Christians often tried to overthrow the state and Romans  responded.

 D)

There was mutual understanding and toleration of each  other.

  47.

What significant political change did Diocletian enact?

 A)

He used the titles “Augustus” and “Caesar.”

 B)

He adopted the court ceremonies of the Persian Empire.

 C)

He converted to Christianity and made it the state  religion.

 D)

He divided the Roman Empire into two parts.

  48.

What was one of the advantages of the huge estates, or  villas, created in the fourth century?

 A)

They were a way peasants could avoid paying taxes.

 B)

They offered protection in an unsettled world.

 C)

They provided the basis for agriculture, trade, and  industry.

 D)

They facilitated a process of cultural exchange.

  49.

Which of the following was true of the emperor  Constantine?

 A)

He supported Christianity.

 B)

He abdicated his power.

 C)

He raised taxes on clergy.

 D)

He was assassinated by the army.

  50.

When was Christianity made the official religion of the  Roman Empire?

 A)

337.C.E.

 B)

380 C.E.

 C)

405 C.E.

 D)

418 C.E.

   Answer Key

 1.

B

2.

A

3.

B

4.

C

5.

B

6.

A

7.

C

8.

B

9.

D

10.

A

11.

C

12.

D

13.

A

14.

C

15.

D

16.

D

17.

B

18.

C

19.

D

20.

B

21.

A

22.

D

23.

C

24.

C

25.

B

26.

D

27.

A

28.

D

29.

D

30.

A

31.

B

32.

D

33.

D

34.

C

35.

A

36.

C

37.

D

38.

C

39.

A

40.

A

41.

B

42.

C

43.

D

44.

D

45.

A

46.

A

47.

D

48.

B

49.

A

50.

B

 c6- Short Answer

Answer each question with three or four sentences.

  1.

What developments in the Roman military during the early  republic made it so effective and for such a long time?

  2.

Explain how the Roman Senate demonstrated Roman ideals  related to shared government.

  3.

Explain why Rome and Carthage were natural rivals and why  the Roman victory in the Punic Wars led to the establishment of Roman control  of the Mediterranean world.

  4.

What was the significance of Augustus’s rule? In the long  run, did he help or hurt the Roman Empire?

  5.

What do the terms princeps civitatis, principate, and Roma et Augustus tell us  about Augustus’s power?

  6.

Describe the Roman family structure. What role did women  play?

  7.

How was the Roman road system used to create, expand, and  maintain the empire?

  8.

Discuss the aspects of Jesus’s teaching and life that were  Jewish in origin, and how he differed from Jewish orthodoxy.

  9.

How did the Roman Empire influence the development of  Christianity?

  10.

What were some of the economic hardships faced by the  Roman Empire in the fourth century C.E. onward?

   Answer Key

 1.

Answer would ideally include:

 · The Romans fought many wars in their conquest of Italy and their empire,  which taught them the skills of diplomacy and determination. Citizens made up  most of the army, and the wealthy bought their own weapons and armor. With  strict organization and by quickly learning the value of alliances, the  Romans were able to conquer Italy by about 265 B.C.E.

2.

Answer would ideally include:

 · The Romans were determined to avoid the authoritarian style of  government of the Etruscans, and they sought to find a system of government  in which power and responsibility were shared. Although the Senate did not  pass legislation, it advised consuls and other officials. The fact that  senators served life terms provided stability in a system where consuls  changed annually. In this way, multiple individuals shared responsibility for  maintaining the republic’s civic, religious, and social duties.

3.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Shortly after establishing their republic and defeating the Etruscans,  the Romans moved into southern Italy. Expansion into the Mediterranean  brought them into direct trade competition and ultimately conflict with Carthage,  a city in North Africa. The Carthaginians engaged in a series of wars to  create a large trade empire that stretched from Sicily to Gibraltar. They  posed a threat to the ambitious Romans who defeated the Carthaginians in the  Punic Wars. As a result of Rome’s victory in the Punic Wars, Rome established  a Mediterranean trade empire and was drawn into conflict with Greece and  other Mediterranean powers.

4.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Augustus restored many of the offices and forms of the republic and  simultaneously transformed the republic to an empire by creating a kind of  monarchy with himself in the center. The army was loyal to him on a personal  level, and he created a stable government. In the short term, his victory  over Marc Antony at Actium (in 27 B.C.E.) ended the civil wars of the late  republic, and he was able to restore peace and order. Despite his ability to  rule efficiently, however, he created precedents that led to problems after  his rule. In the government he created, all power was held by a single ruler,  and rulers could more easily use the army to manipulate power through  personal loyalty. Although he reformed the Senate, he didn’t give it enough  power to carry out its duties, which left it vulnerable to ambitious military  leaders.

5.

Answer would ideally include:

 · In order to fit his growing position into the republican constitution,  Augustus maintained titles traditional to the republic. In this way, he kept  his power in the background and avoided the appearance of a monarchical or  authoritarian rule, even as he created the office of emperor. Initially,  Augustus was given the honorary title princeps civitatis (“first  citizen of the state”) by the Senate. This was in keeping with the idea of  Augustus as the leader of a principate or the “first among equals.” The cult  of Roma et Augustus (Rome and Augustus) demonstrated the growth of  Augustus’s power as it spread through the empire and became a symbol of Roman  unity. This cult portrayed Augustus as the guardian of the state and firmly  tied his image to that of Rome.

6.

Answer would ideally include:

 · The Roman family structure was headed by the paterfamilias, or  oldest dominant male of the family, who held nearly absolute power over the  lives of his family members. No son could legally own property until his  father’s death, and most important matters were settled by a council of the  family’s adult males. Although Roman women had no part in these family  councils, they could inherit and own property. Women gained respect for being  virtuous and loyal to their husbands and for their role as mothers with  responsibility for raising children.

7.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Similar to the Persians, Romans built roads throughout the areas they  conquered to facilitate communication and trade between different parts of  the state. For example, Roman soldiers built roads to connect fortified camps  and constantly improved roads such as those behind Hadrian’s Wall. The road  system allowed the Roman army to move about more easily and Romans ideas,  like Christianity, to spread. Roads also impressed the conquered peoples and  brought them benefits from being conquered. During the empire, the roads were  expanded for tens of thousands of miles, bringing people from all parts of  Europe in direct contact with each other for the first time.

8.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Jesus believed in a single God and preached a life of morality, both of  which are concepts that came from Jewish tradition. His beliefs were derived  from the Jewish scriptures. Unlike most Jewish preachers, however, Jesus  taught in his own name, not in the name of Yahweh, and he claimed to be the  Messiah (another Jewish concept) who was promised in the Jewish scriptures as  coming to build a new Jewish kingdom; many followers supported his claim.  Jesus promised a heavenly kingdom rather than an earthly one.

9.

Answer would ideally include:

 · The early practice of mystery religions made Romans familiar with such  Christian concepts as eternal life. Persecutions also played a role as  Christians saw themselves as invincible—nothing could set them back. The size  of the Roman Empire gave Christians a wide territory in which to work and  live. Roman roads were important for spreading the faith. The emperor  Constantine supported the church and expected support in return. His adoption  of Christianity was part of his strategy to present himself as God’s  appointed ruler on earth, an ideology of political legitimization that  dominated the next 1,300 or 1,400 years of European history.

10.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Emperors of the late empire needed more revenue to support the army and  their courts, but agriculture and commerce, the two main sources of imperial  revenue, were strained by wars and invasions. City markets lacked goods for  trade, and travel between cities was dangerous; thus, overall trade was  reduced. Some areas were so unstable that many families moved out; in other  instances, thousands were killed by invading armies. Coins were devalued,  which caused inflation. Furthermore, the monetary system was abandoned in  some areas, and payment in kind (payment by goods or services) became the  norm.

 C7- Essay

Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.

  1.

What did the Qin emperor standardize, and how did that  standardization help him organize and rule his realm?

  2.

What were the distinctive features of the Han period, and  how did the Han Dynasty build on its predecessor, the Qin Dynasty?

  3.

What was life like for peasants during the Han Dynasty?  Include a description of the role of women and children.

  4.

What different solutions did Chinese statesmen from the  Qin era through the Tang use to address the problem of aggressive nomads to  the north and west?

  5.

Describe the impact of Chinese civilization on Vietnam and  Korea. What aspects of Vietnamese culture were most affected by China, and  how were those elements spread from Chinese civilizations? How did non-Chinese  accommodate themselves (or not) to these influences from China?

   Answer Key

 1.

Answer would ideally include:

 · The First Emperor of the Qin standardized the Chinese script, weights,  measures, coinage, and axle lengths of carts. All of these projects  facilitated the emperor’s control of the state, reduced the influence of the  nobility, and increased trade between different regions of China. Requiring  all regions of China to use the same script allowed the emperor to disperse  laws and official proclamations throughout the realm and to collect records  of populations and taxes. It also helped to ensure a single Chinese script  that would be exported to other parts of Asia. Standardized weights,  measures, and coinage helped to make trade easier, as did the standardized  axle size, which made the movement of goods and labor around China easier.

2.

Answer would ideally include:

 · The essay should begin with a discussion of the collapse of the Qin  Dynasty and the emergence of the Han. The Han reduced Qin taxes and  interference in an effort to appease the people, but continued the  centralized style of government. A good essay should describe the unique  features of the Han period: imperial expansion and increased foreign trade  and intellectual ferment (restoration of the Confucian “classics”). Next, it  should indicate those features of the Han period that were a continuation of  Qin policies or even older historical patterns: autocratic government with  educated, nonhereditary bureaucracy; a monopoly on the use of force;  philosophical continuity; agrarian, peasant-based society; cities as centers  of government and trade.

3.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Most peasants worked long hours, and all year long, to produce enough  food to sell to cover taxes and social obligations and support their  families’ basic needs. Many borrowed money to cover these expenses and had to  sell their lands to cover the debts. This forced many peasants to become  migrant workers, some of whom were settled in frontier lands. Families were  dominated by the eldest male, and children were dominated by parents.  Marriages were arranged by the parents of the bride and groom. Women were  encouraged to be loyal wives and devoted mothers and to sacrifice their needs  for those of their family.

4.

Answer would ideally include:

 · The Qin emperor mobilized large armies and built a wall to stop the  incursions of nomads from the north. The early Han tried buying off the  nomads with gifts of luxury goods and marriage alliances. The Han emperor Wu  embarked on a policy of military expansion that aimed in part to outflank the  Xiongnu nomads in Korea, Manchuria, and Central Asia. Both the Han and the  Tang attempted to fight the barbarians with barbarians, recruiting nomads as  auxiliaries.

5.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Those aspects of Chinese civilization most likely to be found outside of  China—the alphabet, Buddhism, Confucianism, and so forth—helped to create a  somewhat common cultural framework for the region. Chinese culture was spread  through conquest, as in Vietnam and Korea, and through peaceful transfer, as  in the case of Japan. The essay should attempt to describe and analyze how  extensive and deep this cultural borrowing (and imposition) was. Political  resistance to Chinese control (such as that of Trieu Da and then the Trung  sisters) is one clue to this aspect of the essay, as is the use of Chinese  characters to write indigenous languages. The building of roads and waterways  facilitated communication, whereas Chinese art, architecture, and music had  an important impact on Vietnam.

  C7- Matching

Use the following to answer questions 1-12:

 Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.

 Terms

Great     Wall

Confucian     classics

Records of the Grand Historian

Silk     Road

tributary     system

eunuchs

Age of     Division

Grand     Canal

Pure     Land

Chan

Shinto

Nara

  1.

A school of Buddhism that taught that by calling on the  Buddha Amitabha, one could achieve rebirth in Amitabha’s paradise.  _________________

  2.

A system first established during the Han Dynasty to  regulate contact with foreign powers. States and tribes beyond its borders  sent envoys bearing gifts and received gifts in return. _________________

  3.

Japan’s capital and first true city; it was established in  710 and modeled on the Tang capital of Chang’an. _________________

  4.

A rammed-earth fortification built along the northern  border of China during the reign of the First Emperor. _________________

  5.

A comprehensive history of China written by Sima Qian.  _________________

  6.

The Way of the Gods, Japan’s native religion.  _________________

  7.

A canal, built during the Sui Dynasty, that connected the  Yellow and Yangzi Rivers, notable for strengthening China’s internal cohesion  and economic development. _________________

  8.

The trade routes across Central Asia linking China to  western Eurasia. _________________

  9.

The ancient texts recovered during the Han Dynasty that  Confucian scholars treated as sacred scriptures. _________________

  10.

A school of Buddhism (known in Japan as Zen) that rejected  the authority of the sutras and claimed the superiority of mind-to-mind  transmission of Buddhist truths. _________________

  11.

Castrated males who played an important role as palace  servants. _________________

  12.

The period after the fall of the Han Dynasty, when China  was politically divided. _________________

   Answer Key

 1.

i. Pure Land

2.

e. tributary system

3.

l. Nara

4.

a. Great Wall

5.

c. Records of the Grand Historian

6.

k. Shinto

7.

h. Grand Canal

8.

d. Silk Road

9.

b. Confucian classics

10.

j. Chan

11.

f. eunuchs

12.

g. Age of Division

  C7- Multiple Choice

Choose the letter of the best answer.

  1.

Which year marked the beginning of a unified China under  the Qin state?

 A)

206 C.E.

 B)

581 C.E.

 C)

221 B.C.E.

 D)

764 C.E.

  2.

How is the title Shihuangdi best translated?

 A)

First King

 B)

First Emperor

 C)

God of All

 D)

Mightiest Disciple

  3.

Which group of people did the First Emperor order to move  to the capital?

 A)

Nobility

 B)

Merchants

 C)

Military generals

 D)

Foreigners

  4.

What did the first Qin emperor standardize, enabling China  to operate more efficiently?

 A)

The prices for rice and wheat were set by the government  so that no one paid more than others.

 B)

The Chinese script, weights, measures, and coinage were  standardized to facilitate trade.

 C)

Scholars were put to work on an official volume of  Confucian theories so that religious rituals could be standardized.

 D)

Ritual celebrations were set to a calendar so that they  could be observed everywhere at the same time.

  5.

What defensive barrier was built by the Qin emperor using  conscripted labor?

 A)

The Grand Canal

 B)

The First Wall

 C)

The Silk Road

 D)

The Great Wall

  6.

What happened to the Qin Dynasty after the death of the  First Emperor?

 A)

Legalists gained power.

 B)

The Qin state collapsed.

 C)

The position of emperor became a weak figurehead.

 D)

His heir established popular reforms.

  7.

What did the Han emperor Gaozu do to reestablish stability  after the fall of the Qin Dynasty?

 A)

He resurrected Legalism as the guiding philosophy of  government.

 B)

He enacted harsh laws and high taxes in order to quell  uprisings.

 C)

He outlawed Confucian philosophy.

 D)

He retained the centralized government created by the Qin.

  8.

According to the census of 2 C.E., how many people lived  in China at that time?

 A)

3 million

 B)

16 million

 C)

58 million

 D)

116 million

  9.

The Han government shared what popular view about commerce  by merchants?

 A)

That it was the key to China’s economic prosperity

 B)

That it exploited the true producers of wealth

 C)

That it should be largely unregulated

 D)

That it should not include the silk trade

  10.

Which statement is true about the Confucian classics?

 A)

They were the texts written by Confucius in the sixth and  fifth centuries B.C.E.

 B)

They rejected the ideas of yin and yang and instead  promoted piety.

 C)

They were written by the disciples of Confucius after his  death.

 D)

They were the ancient books recovered after the book  burning of the third century B.C.E.

  11.

The Confucian scholar-official system began during the

 A)

Han Dynasty.

 B)

Qin Dynasty.

 C)

Age of Division.

 D)

Zhou period.

  12.

The Confucian classics viewed natural disasters such as floods  or earthquakes as evidence of what?

 A)

The natural world had forces of its own.

 B)

The people did not properly worship their ancestors.

 C)

The gods were dissatisfied with the sacrifices offered to  them.

 D)

The emperor failed to keep the forces of Heaven and earth  in balance.

  13.

What was significant about Sima Qian’s writings?

 A)

They told the history of the eunuchs who served the Han  emperors.

 B)

They were the first collection of Daoist ideas on  government.

 C)

They included a comprehensive history of China and set a  standard for historical writing.

 D)

They represented the first time a Han official had written  in support of Legalism.

  14.

Which of the following was invented in China around 105  C.E.?

 A)

Writing

 B)

Bronze technology

 C)

Wet-field rice cultivation

 D)

Paper

  15.

Who became China’s main military threat in the fifth to  fourth centuries B.C.E.?

 A)

Koreans from the Silla kingdom

 B)

Nomadic horsemen of the north

 C)

Internal rebels trying take control of trade

 D)

Bactrian merchants on the Silk Road

  16.

Who formed the first great confederation of nomadic  tribes, known as the Huns in the West?

 A)

The Xiongnu

 B)

The Chengdu

 C)

The Qin

 D)

The Chang’an

  17.

The early Han policy for dealing with the Xiongnu was to

 A)

invade and destroy their camps.

 B)

make peace with gifts and brides.

 C)

send them sons of the emperors.

 D)

capture as many of their horses as they could.

  18.

By taking over city-states in Central Asia, the Han under  Emperor Wu were taking control of what transregional route?

 A)

Grand Canal

 B)

Silk Road

 C)

Incense Route

 D)

Khyber Pass

  19.

What was the key to the Han tributary system?

 A)

The exchange of gifts via envoys

 B)

Sending royal children as hostages

 C)

Frequently sending armies to invade

 D)

Sending Confucian scholars as teachers

  20.

Which of the following was true of metalworking in Han  China?

 A)

It was less sophisticated than Roman metalworking.

 B)

It led to bronze replacing iron in tools.

 C)

It involved the use of liquefied iron poured into molds.

 D)

It resulted in bronze being phased out of all products.

  21.

Han coins and jewelry were usually made of what metal?

 A)

Bronze

 B)

Iron

 C)

Gold

 D)

Silver

  22.

Why did Han officials encourage peasants to be independent  and productive?

 A)

Peasants made up the bulk of the population and  contributed vital taxes and labor services to the state.

 B)

All peasants had high social ambitions and were easily  coerced into doing difficult jobs for the possibility of advancement.

 C)

China’s peasants were well known for their military skills  and were required to serve in the emperor’s army.

 D)

Most peasants also had secondary skills such as  metalworking and weaving and were vital to keeping the economy strong.

  23.

Who arranged marriages in a typical Han family?

 A)

Buddhist monks

 B)

The nearest noble

 C)

The groom

 D)

Parents

  24.

How did the inheritance system in Han China usually work?

 A)

All land and property were passed to the eldest son.

 B)

All children inherited equally.

 C)

Land was divided equally among the sons in a family.

 D)

Land and money were divided between the spouse and the oldest  child.

  25.

What was the most glorified virtue in Han times?

 A)

Filial piety

 B)

Bureaucratic honesty

 C)

Honoring the emperor

 D)

Gentlemanly conduct

  26.

Ban Zhao’s Admonitions for Women  promoted the ideal virtues for Han women, particularly the virtue of

 A)

pride.

 B)

humility.

 C)

physical strength.

 D)

piety.

  27.

Which of the following took place during the Age of  Division?

 A)

A eunuch ruled China through child emperors.

 B)

The Han Dynasty only maintained control of northern China.

 C)

Buddhism was widely suppressed by most local rulers.

 D)

Nanjing became the capital of southern China.

  28.

Under the rule of the Kushan king, artists began to depict  the Buddha in human form because of influence from what culture?

 A)

Persian

 B)

Daoist

 C)

Roman

 D)

Greek

  29.

The Mahayana Buddhism that spread to Central Asia was  influenced by Iranian religions to become more

 A)

sacrificial.

 B)

devotional.

 C)

ritualistic.

 D)

monastic.

  30.

What attracted Chinese women to Buddhism?

 A)

It encouraged women to pursue salvation and serve the  faith on terms nearly equal to men.

 B)

It guaranteed every woman status as a bodhisattva.

 C)

It taught that being born female was higher than being  born male.

 D)

It accepted the idea of female rulers and female  independence.

  31.

Buddhist monasteries quickly became popular throughout  northern and southern China and included among their patrons

 A)

court eunuchs.

 B)

men only and no women.

 C)

rulers of both regions.

 D)

nomadic pastoralists.

  32.

What was one of the objections to Buddhism in China?

 A)

Buddhists sought to build monasteries on land that was  sacred to Confucians.

 B)

Buddhists wanted to provide education for everyone, not  just sons of the nobility.

 C)

Buddhist monks established missionaries to convert all  people, including members of the imperial family.

 D)

Buddhist monasteries and temples were built on untaxed  land, and monks did not perform labor service.

  33.

Yang Jian, who established the Sui Dynasty, came from a  mixed family of Chinese and non-Chinese from what part of Asia?

 A)

Korea

 B)

The north

 C)

The southeast

 D)

Japan

  34.

What new method for choosing government officials was  introduced in 605 C.E. under the Sui Dynasty?

 A)

Written examinations

 B)

Military challenges

 C)

Monastic training

 D)

Oral examinations

  35.

How did the Sui Dynasty contribute to China’s  infrastructure?

 A)

A well-planned government complex was established in  Beijing.

 B)

Protective walls were built around cities for the first  time.

 C)

The Yellow and Yangzi Rivers were connected by a canal.

 D)

China’s first roads were built between Beijing and  Chang’an.

  36.

What title did Taizong of the Tang Dynasty gain when he  defeated the Turks in 630 C.E.?

 A)

Second Emperor

 B)

Son of Heaven

 C)

Sultan

 D)

Great Khan

  37.

How did Empress Wu of the Tang seize power for herself?

 A)

She waged a coup d’etat against her husband.

 B)

She took advantage of the illness of Emperor Gaozong.

 C)

She murdered her two sons.

 D)

She claimed she was pregnant with the dead emperor’s son.

  38.

Who led a rebellion against the Tang government in 755  C.E.?

 A)

Yang Guifei

 B)

Emperor Gaozong

 C)

Empress Wu

 D)

An Lushan

  39.

During what dynasty did the great age of Chinese poetry  occur?

 A)

Han

 B)

Qin

 C)

Sui

 D)

Tang

  40.

Which Buddhist school of thought appealed to laypeople  during the Tang era?

 A)

Therevada School

 B)

Chan School

 C)

Zen School

 D)

Pure Land School

  41.

Which area of East Asia was the least affected by Chinese  cultural influences?

 A)

Japan

 B)

Tibet

 C)

Korea

 D)

Vietnam

  42.

What written language was used by educated people  throughout East Asia by the eighth century?

 A)

Korean

 B)

Japanese

 C)

Chinese

 D)

Vietnamese

  43.

Who established the Nam Viet kingdom in the third century B.C.E.?

 A)

A Buddhist monk

 B)

A Confucian scholar

 C)

A former Qin general

 D)

A Viet prince

  44.

Who did the Vietnamese Trung sisters lead an uprising  against in 39 C.E.?

 A)

Han rulers

 B)

Trieu Da

 C)

Nam Viet

 D)

Qin officials

  45.

Which of the three kingdoms of Korea was able to unify the  entire peninsula under its control?

 A)

Paekche

 B)

Choson

 C)

 D)

Silla

  46.

Why were the Yamato rulers of Japan able to come to power?

 A)

They had a strong military and claimed to be descended  from the sun-goddess.

 B)

They claimed they had been chosen by the Tang and the  Silla.

 C)

They claimed they possessed special powers that would  ensure an overthrow of the Han Dynasty.

 D)

They promised material wealth for all followers and to  never allow women to rule.

  47.

What was the native religion of Japan?

 A)

Zen

 B)

Shinto

 C)

Yamato

 D)

Mahayana

  48.

Prince Shôtoku’s reforms of Japan included adopting what  administrative ideas from China?

 A)

Using Legalism to organize a society

 B)

Instituting a ladder of ranks and using Confucianism as a  guiding principle

 C)

Administering the country through a Daoist hands-off  approach

 D)

Establishing an official policy of “family comes first”

  49.

Which of the following was a result of increased Japanese  contact with the Asian mainland in the eighth century C.E.?

 A)

The introduction of Buddhism

 B)

A general decline in prices due to competition

 C)

A smallpox epidemic

 D)

The disappearance of the Japanese language

  50.

Which of the following was Japan’s capital and first true  city?

 A)

 B)

Tokyo

 C)

Chang’an

 D)

Nara

   Answer Key

 1.

C

2.

B

3.

A

4.

B

5.

D

6.

B

7.

D

8.

C

9.

B

10.

D

11.

A

12.

D

13.

C

14.

D

15.

B

16.

A

17.

B

18.

B

19.

A

20.

C

21.

A

22.

A

23.

D

24.

C

25.

A

26.

B

27.

D

28.

D

29.

B

30.

A

31.

C

32.

D

33.

B

34.

A

35.

C

36.

D

37.

B

38.

D

39.

D

40.

D

41.

B

42.

C

43.

C

44.

A

45.

D

46.

A

47.

B

48.

B

49.

C

50.

D

  C7- Short Answer

Answer each question with three or four sentences.

  1.

How did the Han promote Confucianism, and did the  philosophy aid the government?

  2.

Explain what the Silk Road is and how China prospered from  it beginning with the Han Dynasty onward.

  3.

What was the extent of the expansion of Chinese territory  and trade during the Han empire? What regions were added to the empire?

  4.

How do the Han and Roman empires compare in terms of how  they handled peoples on their borders?

  5.

Why was Buddhism so appealing to the people of China?

  6.

The Tang Dynasty is said to have been one of the high  points of Chinese civilization. What were the accomplishments of this period  in Chinese history?

  7.

Describe the Tang city. Who lived in it, and what kinds of  goods were traded there?

  8.

What were the reasons for suspicion of, and sometime  persecution of, Buddhism in China?

  9.

Explain the difference between Pure Land and Chan Buddhism  under the Tang.

  10.

Describe the relationship between Korea and Japan from the  fourth and sixth centuries. What was exchanged between the two?

   Answer Key

 1.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Confucianism made a comeback, as ancient books were recovered (as the  “classics”) after the widespread book burning of the Qin. Under the Han  emperors, Confucian scholars were placed in privileged positions within the  government. By encouraging Confucian scholars to seek government positions,  the Han emperors were also promoting education. These scholars elevated the  role of the emperor who linked heaven and earth. The support of one  philosophy also created a uniform culture throughout China.

2.

Answer would ideally include:

 · The term Silk Road refers to trade routes across Central Asia,  which linked China to the West. There were city-states along these routes, in  which China could trade silk and other products. During the Han Dynasty,  China assumed control over much of the Silk Road, establishing military  garrisons that protected the city-states and made China’s trade along these  routes easier. The Chinese began to grow new foodstuffs and spices and used  the two-humped Bactrian camels used in Central Asia.

3.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent armies against the Xiongnu, but after  their limited value, he turned west in search of allies. He established  military districts in northern Korea and took over part of northern Vietnam.  The Han also established a tributary system to encourage trade with other  powers, such as Ferghana, and as an alternative to military interactions with  other states. China and foreign powers exchanged gifts, much of which could  be traded along the Silk Road, which introduced new goods into China and the  states with which it exchanged gifts.

4.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Both Han China and the Roman Empire had many diverse peoples along their  borders. Both recruited soldiers from these border areas to serve in their  armies and established colonies of soldiers in the border areas to monitor  them. Exchange of material goods with the border peoples encouraged them to  assimilate with the larger empires. While the Han drew no distinction between  the original and added territories, Rome adopted graduated citizenship, was  more culturally diverse, and spread republican ideas. China had no cultural  rivals, and the dynastic principle was stronger.

5.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Buddhist ideas about reincarnation and karma provided Chinese scholars  with a new intellectual challenge and stimulated debate. Buddhism provided  rulers with a unifying force for Chinese and non-Chinese subjects alike and  reinforced the concept of the emperor’s magical status. For the majority of  Chinese people, Buddhism promised peace and eternal bliss, a contrast to the  violence and turmoil of the age. Buddhism was also appealing to women, as it  promised salvation equal to that available to men.

6.

Answer would ideally include:

 · China under the Tang Dynasty experienced both economic growth and an  expansion of the civil government based on a system of merit-based exams.  Although despised by later historians, the Chinese accepted the only woman  ruler of China, Empress Wu, who proved to an effective ruler. There was a  vibrant urban culture during this period, and it was the great age of Chinese  poetry. This period also saw the spread and evolution of Buddhism, to the  point where Buddhism fully penetrated Chinese daily life. The Tang capital  cities were great cosmopolitan metropolises, where knowledge of the outside  world was stimulated by contact with merchants and envoys from other states.

7.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Tang cities, such as Chang’an, were very large and had people from many  different places and cultures living in them for trade purposes. The cities  were separated into rectangular grids, each walled blocks that were locked at  night. Students might discuss how this aided security for the inhabitants and  allowed the city rulers to monitor and control the population. Many different  religions were practiced within the cities, and new goods, cultures, and  customs were introduced there.

8.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Although Buddhism was generally very popular in China, it was sometimes  viewed with suspicion by the government because of its foreign origins. The  government also sometimes opposed Buddhism because Buddhist temples and  monasteries were nontaxable and Buddhist monks did not contribute to the  labor force. This reduced both the overall tax revenue from the land and the  amount of men providing labor service.

9.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Pure Land Buddhism appealed to ordinary Chinese people because of its  simplicity and because of the compassion of the bodhisattva Guanyin, who  would help them achieve rebirth in paradise. Chan Buddhism appealed more to  the educated elites, rejecting the authority of the sutras and claiming the  superiority of mind-to-mind transmission of truths. It emphasized meditation  and monastic discipline.

10.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Korea and Japan had a lot of contact during this time period, and people  from Korea moved into Japan, bringing with them silk making, their spoken  language, the written Chinese language, bronze swords, iron plows, and  crossbows. Japan also adopted a social order similar to Korea’s with a  warrior aristocracy organized into clans and who dominated serfs and slaves  captured in battle. Over time, the clans fought each other until one leader  emerged to unite the kingdom.

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Planet Water to construct 70 AquaTowers across Cambodia, China, the Philippines, India, and Colombia, delivering clean water and water health and hygiene education directly to 70,000 people that previously did not have access to safe drinking water and benefiting 227,000 more with indirect advantages of the tower in their community. More than 260 Xylem employees participated in these water projects, supplying hands-on support and gaining first-hand exposure to the impact fresh water makes to communities.

Mercy Corps in response to the devastating 7.8 magnitude earthquake in Ecuador and catastrophic category-5 Hurricane Matthew that hit Haiti to provide 80,000 people with lifesaving aid and assistance for the recovery of critical water and sanitation systems.

Earth Echo to engage local schools in the World Water Monitoring Challenge. With over 1,000 water testing kits, employees provided classroom education and hands-on field experimentation for students to learn the importance of water stewardship and clean water.

Water for People to tackle water poverty in India and develop high quality drinking water and sanitation services to water deprived areas via 10 SWASH (School Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) systems, five community Tubewells and piped water systems, and supporting education programs. These projects provided direct access to clean water to over 7,000 people and supported full water and sanitation coverage for three county-sized districts.

Chinese Women’s Development Fund (CWDF) to implement six water projects in schools across China, which included the construction of improved drinking water facilities, reconstruction of lavatories, building of hand-washing facilities and delivering health education and training to over 10,000 students and teachers.

Avina to promote improved access to safe drinking water in the Brazilian Semiarid and Amazon regions by building 1,000 cisterns providing 30,000 students and adults with clean water, and constructing a community water system providing over 200 families with water in their homes.

About Xylem Xylem (XYL) is a leading global water technology company committed to developing innovative technology solutions to the world’s water challenges. The Company’s products and services move, treat, analyze, monitor and return water to the environment in public utility, industrial, residential and commercial building services, and agricultural settings.  With its October 2016 acquisition of Sensus, Xylem added smart metering, network technologies and advanced data analytics for water, gas and electric utilities to its portfolio of solutions.  The combined Company’s nearly 16,000 employees bring broad applications expertise with a strong focus on identifying comprehensive, sustainable solutions.  Headquartered in Rye Brook, New York with 2016 revenue of $3.8 billion, Xylem does business in more than 150 countries through a number of market-leading product brands. 

The name Xylem is derived from classical Greek and is the tissue that transports water in plants, highlighting the engineering efficiency of our water-centric business by linking it with the best water transportation of all – that which occurs in nature. For more information, please visit us at www.xylem.com.

About Xylem Watermark Xylem Watermark, Xylem’s corporate citizenship program, provides and protects safe water resources for many of the world’s most vulnerable communities and educates individuals around the globe about water issues. This social commitment reflects Xylem’s ethos of valuing the “triple bottom-line”: financial, environmental and social.  The company firmly believes in the notion of doing well by doing good, and dedicates resources to initiatives that demonstrate its commitment. 

Xylem Watermark was founded in 2008 and, with its six nonprofit partners, has provided clean water and sanitation solutions to over three million people in 25 countries. Xylem launched its first Global Month of Service in October 2016 to provide a focused time to inspire employees to get involved and bring the mission of Xylem Watermark to their communities.

To learn more about Xylem Watermark, please visit www.xylemwatermark.com.

source: http://www.csrwire.com/press_releases/39693-Xylem-Employees-Volunteer-More-Than-21-000-Hours-with-Local-Organizations-in-2016?tracking_source=rss

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  Description

INSTANT DOWNLOAD WITH ANSWERS A History of World Societies Combined Volume 10th Edition By John P. McKay – Test Bank

c6- Essay

Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.

  1.

Describe some of the ways the Etruscans influenced Roman  culture.

  2.

Describe the different concepts of law in the Roman  Republic and the Roman Empire. How did law change from republic to empire?

  3.

The Roman Republic underwent two great social upheavals:  the Struggle of the Orders and the civil wars of the late republic. Compare  these two upheavals in terms of causes, participants, and results. Was Rome  better off after each upheaval? Explain your answer.

  4.

“The acquisition of empire spelled doom for the republic.”  Assess the validity of this quote, considering the problems resulting from  the wars of conquest and the attempts to solve these serious problems.

  5.

One of the most important events during the time of the  Roman Empire was the birth of Christianity. Describe the evolution of  Christianity. How do historians explain the success of early Christianity?

   Answer Key

 1.

Answer would ideally include:

 · The Etruscans at one point controlled the villages that eventually  became Rome. Under Etruscan influence, the Romans prospered, and temples and  public buildings were built. From the Etruscans, the Romans acquired  connections to Mediterranean trade routes, including trade connections to  Greece. The Romans also adopted the Etruscan alphabet and the toga as a  distinctive style of dress. Another influence came from the Roman conquest of  Italy, which involved taking over Etruscan city-states and led to the  urbanized nature of Roman culture.

2.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Roman civil law was first embodied in an oral tradition of laws. These  laws were recorded during the Struggle of the Orders, in what was known as  the Laws of the Twelve Tables. This writing of the laws ensured that they  would be applied equally to both patricians and plebeians. The Roman Republic  also had several different concepts of law, from the ius civile  (laws of statutes and customs for the citizens of Rome), the ius gentium  (laws of the peoples that included more than just citizens and diplomatic  matters), and the ius naturale (laws of nature that applied to all  human behaviors). Roman law was further revised during the empire,  particularly during the reign of Augustus, who made various changes to how  women were treated by law (for example, women were released from guardianship  if they had a certain number of children).

3.

Answer would ideally include:

 · The Struggle of the Orders was an attempt by the plebeian class to gain  power in relation to the patricians, who in the early republic dominated  Roman government. The plebeians based their claims for more power on the need  for the republic to have a strong army, which relied heavily on the plebeians  for infantry members. Furthermore, many plebeian families had also acquired  economic power. By the end of the Struggle, the plebeians had obtained  equality under the law, and the result was a strongly unified Roman state.  The late republic was divided by the need for land reform, which the Gracchus  brothers tried unsuccessfully to propose. The civil wars of the first century  B.C.E. were power struggles between military leaders that further divided the  republic and led to the creation of the empire. The First Triumvirate led by  Caesar and the Second Triumvirate from which Octavian (Augustus) emerged as  victorious destabilized the republic. There were positive outcomes of the  civil wars, such as the creation of new colonies and an enlarged empire, but  they also led to more power struggles in the empire.

4.

Answer would ideally include:

 · This essay should fully describe the problems (burgeoning slavery,  decline of the free peasant farmer, economic competition from the provinces,  enhanced political power of the generals, increased influence of Greek  culture) that resulted from the establishment of the Roman Empire. Second,  the reforming efforts of such men as the Gracchus brothers, Gaius Marius, and  Julius Caesar must be described and analyzed for their effectiveness in  dealing with the problems. Finally, the essay should assess the relationship  between the fragility of constitutional governments and the impact of  overseas conquest.

5.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Christianity has its origins in both the Hebrew religion and the era’s  various messianic movements. The essay should discuss the relationship  between Jews and the Romans as well as the existence of the various mystery  religions. The essay should then discuss the theological contributions of  Jesus and his teachings, being sure to indicate both the unique and typical  aspects of this movement compared with existing Hebrew religion and other  messianic movements. The role of Paul in transforming Christianity into a  religious movement for both Jews and Gentiles must be considered; his earlier  contact with Stoic philosophy and his fundamental reorientation of the  religion must be discussed. Finally, Christianity’s success should be  explained by considering the religion’s universal message, its appeal among  women and inclusion of all social classes, and its strong leadership. External  factors, such as the role Roman roads played in its spread and the social  conditions of the Mediterranean world at the time, should also be mentioned.

 c6- Matching

 Use the following to answer questions 1-10:

 Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the  definition or example provided in the Definitions section.

 Terms

a. Senate

b. consuls

c. patricians

d. plebeians

e. Punic Wars

f. paterfamilias

g. pax Romana

h. Messiah

i. pagan

j. bishop

  1.

Primary executives in the Roman Republic, elected for    one-year terms, who commanded the army in battle, administered state    business, and supervised financial affairs. _________________

  2.

The assembly that was the main institution of power in    the Roman Republic, originally composed only of aristocrats.    _________________

  3.

Originally referring to those who lived in the    countryside, the term came to mean those who practiced religions other than    Judaism or Christianity. _________________

  4.

A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage in    which Rome emerged the victor. _________________

  5.

The Roman hereditary aristocracy, who held most of the    political power in the republic. _________________

  6.

In Jewish belief, a savior who would bring a period of peace    and happiness for Jews; many Christians came to believe that Jesus was that    savior. _________________

  7.

The common people of Rome, who were free but had few of    the patricians’ advantages. _________________

  8.

The oldest dominant male of the family, who held great    power over the lives of family members. _________________

  9.

The “Roman peace,” a period during the first and second    centuries C.E. of political stability and relative peace. _________________

  10.

A Christian Church official with jurisdiction over a    certain area and the power to determine the correct interpretation of    Christian teachings. _________________

  Answer Key

 1.

b. consuls

2.

a. Senate

3.

i. pagan

4.

e. Punic Wars

5.

c. patricians

6.

h. Messiah

7.

d. plebians

8.

f. paterfamilias

9.

g. pax Romana

10.

j. bishop

 c6- Multiple Choice

Choose the letter of the best answer.

  1.

What was an important difference between the political    systems of the Romans and Greeks?

 A)

Some Greek city-states had monarchies, while Roman    city-states never did.

 B)

Rome extended citizenship to its conquered peoples,    while the Greeks did not.

 C)

Rome had written laws, while no Greek city-states did.

 D)

Greeks endured civil war, while Romans did not.

  2.

Other than Greeks, who were the first people to build    permanent settlements in Italy?

 A)

Etruscans

 B)

Egyptians

 C)

Hittites

 D)

Persians

  3.

The villages that became Rome were located on what    river?

 A)

Po

 B)

Tiber

 C)

Danube

 D)

Adige

  4.

How are women portrayed in Rome’s founding legends?

 A)

Dominant and superior

 B)

Meek and quiet

 C)

Virtuous and brave

 D)

Conniving and deceitful

  5.

According to legend, who founded Rome?

 A)

Latium

 B)

Romulus and Remus

 C)

Domitian

 D)

Silla and Gaulius

  6.

According to the most common Roman creation myth, who    assisted Rome’s first ruler, Romulus, with the rule of the city?

 A)

He was helped by a council of advisors called the    Senate.

 B)

He was assisted by his brother Remus, a military    commander.

 C)

He was only able to rule the city with help of the gods.

 D)

He relied heavily on his aristocratic wife and her    family.

  7.

What is one possible reason that the Romans overthrew    the Etruscans in 509 B.C.E.?

 A)

The Etruscans refused to fight with the Romans against    the invading Gauls.

 B)

The Etruscan military allied with the Athenians in an    effort to expel the Romans.

 C)

Etruscan rulers had become increasingly authoritarian.

 D)

The Etruscans and Carthaginians allied to undermine the    Roman economy.

  8.

Which of the following was true of Roman religion?

 A)

It was a deeply reflective religion emphasizing inner    piety.

 B)

It was largely a matter or rites and ceremonies, not    inner piety.

 C)

It was centered on ancestor worship.

 D)

It advocated human sacrifice.

  9.

What did Romans, like the Persians, do once they    conquered an area?

 A)

They killed the men and took the women as slaves.

 B)

They built large temples to please the gods and ensure    success.

 C)

They forced the men to serve in the Roman military.

 D)

They built roads to facilitate communication and trade.

  10.

How was Roman society divided in the early republic?

 A)

Into two groups—the patricians and the plebeians

 B)

Between Roman citizens and non-Romans who were seen as    subject peoples

 C)

Between urban and rural dwellers

 D)

Between Roman citizens and their slaves

  11.

In the early republic, which group controlled political    power and military leadership?

 A)

Plebeians

 B)

Etruscan nobles

 C)

Patricians

 D)

Merchants

  12.

During the republic, which of the following was true of    the Roman Senate?

 A)

Its only function was to pass legislation.

 B)

It had little power and was advised by consuls.

 C)

Like the consuls, it changed its membership annually.

 D)

One of its chief responsibilities was to advise    officials and consuls.

  13.

Why was the ius gentium    important to Roman society?

 A)

It covered both Roman citizens and foreigners as a kind    of universal law.

 B)

It was the first written law code in the Mediterranean    world.

 C)

It limited the rights of patricians and elevated    plebeians.

 D)

It provided for the impeachment of the consuls.

  14.

During the Struggle of the Orders, how did the plebeians    force political concessions?

 A)

Plebian farmers refused to sell agricultural goods to    the cities.

 B)

All plebeians declined to pay annual taxes and local    fees.

 C)

Plebian men refused to serve in the military.

 D)

Plebian leaders ordered the assassination of several    senators and consuls.

  15.

What was recorded on the Twelve Tables?

 A)

Myths

 B)

Prayers

 C)

Religious texts

 D)

Laws

  16.

One result of the Struggle of the Orders was the    creation of a law code that made all

 A)

plebeians more powerful than patricians.

 B)

patricians more powerful than plebeians.

 C)

Roman-born citizens more important than foreigners.

 D)

citizens, plebeian and patrician, equal before the law.

  17.

In the third century B.C.E., the main challenge to Roman    control of the Mediterranean came from which of the following?

 A)

Ptolemaic Egypt

 B)

Carthage

 C)

Alexandria

 D)

Macedonia

  18.

The First Punic War ended with a Roman victory and the creation    of Rome’s first

 A)

monarchy.

 B)

diplomatic corps.

 C)

navy.

 D)

hospitals.

  19.

Who was the Carthaginian general who brought the Second    Punic War to the gates of Rome?

 A)

Scipio Aemilianus

 B)

Pyrrhus

 C)

Tarquin the Proud

 D)

Hannibal

  20.

What was one reason Hannibal failed to win the Second    Punic War?

 A)

Carthage never recovered from the loss at Cannae.

 B)

His allies failed to provide food and supplies for his    troops.

 C)

He failed to form an alliance with Rome’s neighbors.

 D)

He was unable to get his army across the Alps into    Italy.

  21.

In Roman families, what was the paterfamilias?

 A)

The oldest dominant male in a family, who had near    absolute power

 B)

A family council that was composed of all adult males

 C)

The marriage contract between husband and wife

 D)

The male family member who was entitled to vote for    public office

  22.

What was relatively unusual about women in Roman    families?

 A)

They seldom ventured outside their homes.

 B)

They were not allowed to learn to read or write.

 C)

They had no role in raising their children.

 D)

They were able to inherit and own property.

  23.

How did Romans view slavery during the republic?

 A)

The only people who could be taken as slaves were North    Africans.

 B)

It was viewed as a lifelong condition for the enslaved.

 C)

It was an unfortunate state but one from which a slave    might become free.

 D)

It became less economically important over time as Rome    grew to include more citizens.

  24.

To what does the term latifundia    refer?

 A)

All lands conquered by Roman armies

 B)

A new social class primarily created by imperial    expansion

 C)

Huge agricultural estates created by warfare and    absentee farmers

 D)

Lands given to returning soldiers as payment for their    service

  25.

What was the main feature of the reform program proposed    by Tiberius Gracchus?

 A)

To provide free bread to the poor of Rome

 B)

To redistribute public land to poor Romans

 C)

To abolish the class distinctions of patricians and    plebeians

 D)

To establish colonies populated by ex-soldiers and their    families

  26.

How did Gaius Marius recruit men to serve in an African    campaign?

 A)

He promised them citizenship.

 B)

He recruited them by paying them gold coins.

 C)

He offered to pardon them if they had been criminals.

 D)

He promised land to landless men in return for their    service.

  27.

What did Julius Caesar do once he became leader of Rome?

 A)

He enacted a series of basic reforms throughout the    empire.

 B)

He stripped citizenship from people living in the empire    but outside Italy.

 C)

He ended all colonization efforts in Gaul, Spain, and    North Africa.

 D)

He ordered dozens of assassinations of his principal    political opponents.

  28.

What was one of Augustus’s important military reforms?

 A)

He created an all-volunteer force.

 B)

He developed an all-mercenary force.

 C)

He assembled an all-plebeian army.

 D)

He began a permanent standing army.

  29.

What does the phrase Roma et Augustus    mean?

 A)

It is the title of an historical account of Augustus’s    reign by Tacitus.

 B)

It is an epic poem of Augustus’s deeds written by    Virgil.

 C)

It means that the empire was divinely ordained.

 D)

It refers to the cult of the emperor and the state.

  30.

Under Augustus, women could be freed from male    guardianship if they

 A)

had a certain number of children.

 B)

were related to Augustus.

 C)

had a son killed in a war.

 D)

bought their freedom from the state.

  31.

The Aeneid    emphasized the parallels between Aeneas and Dido in the poem and what pair    in real life?

 A)

Romulus and Remus

 B)

Antony and Cleopatra

 C)

Augustus and Caesar

 D)

Caesar and Cleopatra

  32.

Which emperor transformed the principate into a    hereditary monarchy?

 A)

Nero

 B)

Hadrian

 C)

Claudius

 D)

Vespasian

  33.

What was an important achievement of the emperor    Hadrian?

 A)

He included landless men in the army.

 B)

He defeated the Parthians in a series of naval battles.

 C)

He conquered Gaul, Spain, and the British Isles.

 D)

He established an efficient imperial bureaucracy.

  34.

What important improvements in urban planning were made    in Rome during the second century C.E.?

 A)

Separate districts were created for different ethnic    groups in the cities.

 B)

A new domestic police force was developed in the city of    Rome.

 C)

Hundreds of miles of aqueducts and sewers were built.

 D)

Streets were made straight, and all roads and streets    were paved.

  35.

How did Rome solve the problem of feeding its growing    population?

 A)

Emperors provided free bread, olive oil, and wine to the    population.

 B)

Leaders started subsidizing the cost of basic    commodities.

 C)

Emperors combined small tenant farms into huge    agricultural operations.

 D)

The Senate forced thousands of residents out of the city    to colonize the frontiers.

  36.

Who was largely responsible for the new burst of    expansion in continental Europe in the second century C.E.?

 A)

Colonists from the capital

 B)

Greek Hellenists

 C)

Retired soldiers

 D)

Small farmers

  37.

During the pax Romana, what regions were the major grain    producers of the empire?

 A)

Gaul and Italy

 B)

Southern Spain and Italy

 C)

Egypt and Syria

 D)

Britain and Belgium

  38.

Who played the role of middlemen between the Romans and    the Chinese in the trade along the Silk Road?

 A)

Indians

 B)

Goths

 C)

Parthians

 D)

Jews

  39.

Who were the Zealots?

 A)

People who wanted to expel the Romans from Judea

 B)

A group that believed that Jesus was the Messiah

 C)

Followers of a new mystery religion

 D)

A group that felt Christ’s message applied only to Jews

  40.

Who or what did militant Jews believe would come and    destroy the Roman Empire?

 A)

The Messiah

 B)

The son of God

 C)

A plague inflicted by God

 D)

An army of angels

  41.

What did the mystery religions offer adherents in the    Roman Empire?

 A)

Access to political power

 B)

The promise of eternal life

 C)

Independence from the state

 D)

Veneration of the state

  42.

What writings provide the historical documentation of    the life of Jesus?

 A)

The sermons he wrote are the main source for his life    story.

 B)

The biographies written by his contemporaries tell his    life story.

 C)

The four Gospels of the Bible provide the principal    evidence for his life and deeds.

 D)

Accounts written by Pontius Pilate provide the most    comprehensive information.

  43.

Why did Pontius Pilate condemn Jesus to death?

 A)

He believed Jesus was the Messiah.

 B)

He was an adherent of the mystery religions.

 C)

He was told to do it by the emperor Tiberius.

 D)

He was concerned with maintaining social order.

  44.

What was one of the primary early rituals celebrated by    Christians?

 A)

Re-creating the preaching of Jesus

 B)

Visiting the site of the crucifixion

 C)

Protest marches against the Romans

 D)

A commemorative meal

  45.

What did Paul of Tarsus advocate with regard to    Christian ideals?

 A)

That Christ’s teachings should be proclaimed to all

 B)

That Christianity should be used to defeat Rome

 C)

That Christ’s message applied only to Jews

 D)

That Christians should avoid contact with pagans

  46.

Which of the following generally characterized the    relationship between Christians and Roman pagans?

 A)

There was increasing pagan toleration with sporadic    outbursts of persecution.

 B)

Unrelenting pagan persecution continued until the late    fourth century.

 C)

Christians often tried to overthrow the state and Romans    responded.

 D)

There was mutual understanding and toleration of each    other.

  47.

What significant political change did Diocletian enact?

 A)

He used the titles “Augustus” and “Caesar.”

 B)

He adopted the court ceremonies of the Persian Empire.

 C)

He converted to Christianity and made it the state    religion.

 D)

He divided the Roman Empire into two parts.

  48.

What was one of the advantages of the huge estates, or villas,    created in the fourth century?

 A)

They were a way peasants could avoid paying taxes.

 B)

They offered protection in an unsettled world.

 C)

They provided the basis for agriculture, trade, and    industry.

 D)

They facilitated a process of cultural exchange.

  49.

Which of the following was true of the emperor    Constantine?

 A)

He supported Christianity.

 B)

He abdicated his power.

 C)

He raised taxes on clergy.

 D)

He was assassinated by the army.

  50.

When was Christianity made the official religion of the    Roman Empire?

 A)

337.C.E.

 B)

380 C.E.

 C)

405 C.E.

 D)

418 C.E.

  Answer Key

 1.

B

2.

A

3.

B

4.

C

5.

B

6.

A

7.

C

8.

B

9.

D

10.

A

11.

C

12.

D

13.

A

14.

C

15.

D

16.

D

17.

B

18.

C

19.

D

20.

B

21.

A

22.

D

23.

C

24.

C

25.

B

26.

D

27.

A

28.

D

29.

D

30.

A

31.

B

32.

D

33.

D

34.

C

35.

A

36.

C

37.

D

38.

C

39.

A

40.

A

41.

B

42.

C

43.

D

44.

D

45.

A

46.

A

47.

D

48.

B

49.

A

50.

B

  c6- Short Answer

Answer each question with three or four sentences.

  1.

What developments in the Roman military during the early    republic made it so effective and for such a long time?

  2.

Explain how the Roman Senate demonstrated Roman ideals    related to shared government.

  3.

Explain why Rome and Carthage were natural rivals and    why the Roman victory in the Punic Wars led to the establishment of Roman    control of the Mediterranean world.

  4.

What was the significance of Augustus’s rule? In the    long run, did he help or hurt the Roman Empire?

  5.

What do the terms princeps    civitatis, principate,    and Roma et Augustus tell us about    Augustus’s power?

  6.

Describe the Roman family structure. What role did women    play?

  7.

How was the Roman road system used to create, expand,    and maintain the empire?

  8.

Discuss the aspects of Jesus’s teaching and life that    were Jewish in origin, and how he differed from Jewish orthodoxy.

  9.

How did the Roman Empire influence the development of    Christianity?

  10.

What were some of the economic hardships faced by the    Roman Empire in the fourth century C.E. onward?

  Answer Key

 1.

Answer would    ideally include:

 · The Romans fought many wars in their conquest of Italy and their    empire, which taught them the skills of diplomacy and determination.    Citizens made up most of the army, and the wealthy bought their own weapons    and armor. With strict organization and by quickly learning the value of    alliances, the Romans were able to conquer Italy by about 265 B.C.E.

2.

Answer would    ideally include:

 · The Romans were determined to avoid the authoritarian style of    government of the Etruscans, and they sought to find a system of government    in which power and responsibility were shared. Although the Senate did not    pass legislation, it advised consuls and other officials. The fact that    senators served life terms provided stability in a system where consuls    changed annually. In this way, multiple individuals shared responsibility    for maintaining the republic’s civic, religious, and social duties.

3.

Answer would    ideally include:

 · Shortly after establishing their republic and defeating the Etruscans,    the Romans moved into southern Italy. Expansion into the Mediterranean    brought them into direct trade competition and ultimately conflict with    Carthage, a city in North Africa. The Carthaginians engaged in a series of    wars to create a large trade empire that stretched from Sicily to    Gibraltar. They posed a threat to the ambitious Romans who defeated the    Carthaginians in the Punic Wars. As a result of Rome’s victory in the Punic    Wars, Rome established a Mediterranean trade empire and was drawn into    conflict with Greece and other Mediterranean powers.

4.

Answer would    ideally include:

 · Augustus restored many of the offices and forms of the republic and    simultaneously transformed the republic to an empire by creating a kind of    monarchy with himself in the center. The army was loyal to him on a    personal level, and he created a stable government. In the short term, his    victory over Marc Antony at Actium (in 27 B.C.E.) ended the civil wars of    the late republic, and he was able to restore peace and order. Despite his    ability to rule efficiently, however, he created precedents that led to    problems after his rule. In the government he created, all power was held    by a single ruler, and rulers could more easily use the army to manipulate    power through personal loyalty. Although he reformed the Senate, he didn’t    give it enough power to carry out its duties, which left it vulnerable to    ambitious military leaders.

5.

Answer would    ideally include:

 · In order to fit his growing position into the republican constitution,    Augustus maintained titles traditional to the republic. In this way, he    kept his power in the background and avoided the appearance of a    monarchical or authoritarian rule, even as he created the office of    emperor. Initially, Augustus was given the honorary title princeps    civitatis (“first citizen of the state”) by the Senate. This was in    keeping with the idea of Augustus as the leader of a principate or the    “first among equals.” The cult of Roma et Augustus (Rome and    Augustus) demonstrated the growth of Augustus’s power as it spread through    the empire and became a symbol of Roman unity. This cult portrayed Augustus    as the guardian of the state and firmly tied his image to that of Rome.

6.

Answer would    ideally include:

 · The Roman family structure was headed by the paterfamilias,    or oldest dominant male of the family, who held nearly absolute power over    the lives of his family members. No son could legally own property until    his father’s death, and most important matters were settled by a council of    the family’s adult males. Although Roman women had no part in these family    councils, they could inherit and own property. Women gained respect for    being virtuous and loyal to their husbands and for their role as mothers    with responsibility for raising children.

7.

Answer would    ideally include:

 · Similar to the Persians, Romans built roads throughout the areas they    conquered to facilitate communication and trade between different parts of    the state. For example, Roman soldiers built roads to connect fortified    camps and constantly improved roads such as those behind Hadrian’s Wall.    The road system allowed the Roman army to move about more easily and Romans    ideas, like Christianity, to spread. Roads also impressed the conquered    peoples and brought them benefits from being conquered. During the empire,    the roads were expanded for tens of thousands of miles, bringing people    from all parts of Europe in direct contact with each other for the first time.

8.

Answer would    ideally include:

 · Jesus believed in a single God and preached a life of morality, both    of which are concepts that came from Jewish tradition. His beliefs were    derived from the Jewish scriptures. Unlike most Jewish preachers, however,    Jesus taught in his own name, not in the name of Yahweh, and he claimed to    be the Messiah (another Jewish concept) who was promised in the Jewish    scriptures as coming to build a new Jewish kingdom; many followers    supported his claim. Jesus promised a heavenly kingdom rather than an    earthly one.

9.

Answer would    ideally include:

 · The early practice of mystery religions made Romans familiar with such    Christian concepts as eternal life. Persecutions also played a role as    Christians saw themselves as invincible—nothing could set them back. The    size of the Roman Empire gave Christians a wide territory in which to work    and live. Roman roads were important for spreading the faith. The emperor    Constantine supported the church and expected support in return. His    adoption of Christianity was part of his strategy to present himself as    God’s appointed ruler on earth, an ideology of political legitimization    that dominated the next 1,300 or 1,400 years of European history.

10.

Answer would    ideally include:

 · Emperors of the late empire needed more revenue to support the army    and their courts, but agriculture and commerce, the two main sources of    imperial revenue, were strained by wars and invasions. City markets lacked    goods for trade, and travel between cities was dangerous; thus, overall    trade was reduced. Some areas were so unstable that many families moved    out; in other instances, thousands were killed by invading armies. Coins    were devalued, which caused inflation. Furthermore, the monetary system was    abandoned in some areas, and payment in kind (payment by goods or services)    became the norm.

   C7- Essay

Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that support your thesis and conclusions.

  1.

What did the Qin emperor standardize, and how did that  standardization help him organize and rule his realm?

  2.

What were the distinctive features of the Han period, and  how did the Han Dynasty build on its predecessor, the Qin Dynasty?

  3.

What was life like for peasants during the Han Dynasty?  Include a description of the role of women and children.

  4.

What different solutions did Chinese statesmen from the  Qin era through the Tang use to address the problem of aggressive nomads to  the north and west?

  5.

Describe the impact of Chinese civilization on Vietnam and  Korea. What aspects of Vietnamese culture were most affected by China, and  how were those elements spread from Chinese civilizations? How did  non-Chinese accommodate themselves (or not) to these influences from China?

   Answer Key

 1.

Answer would ideally include:

 · The First Emperor of the Qin standardized the Chinese script, weights,  measures, coinage, and axle lengths of carts. All of these projects  facilitated the emperor’s control of the state, reduced the influence of the  nobility, and increased trade between different regions of China. Requiring  all regions of China to use the same script allowed the emperor to disperse  laws and official proclamations throughout the realm and to collect records  of populations and taxes. It also helped to ensure a single Chinese script  that would be exported to other parts of Asia. Standardized weights,  measures, and coinage helped to make trade easier, as did the standardized  axle size, which made the movement of goods and labor around China easier.

2.

Answer would ideally include:

 · The essay should begin with a discussion of the collapse of the Qin  Dynasty and the emergence of the Han. The Han reduced Qin taxes and  interference in an effort to appease the people, but continued the  centralized style of government. A good essay should describe the unique  features of the Han period: imperial expansion and increased foreign trade  and intellectual ferment (restoration of the Confucian “classics”). Next, it  should indicate those features of the Han period that were a continuation of  Qin policies or even older historical patterns: autocratic government with  educated, nonhereditary bureaucracy; a monopoly on the use of force;  philosophical continuity; agrarian, peasant-based society; cities as centers  of government and trade.

3.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Most peasants worked long hours, and all year long, to produce enough  food to sell to cover taxes and social obligations and support their  families’ basic needs. Many borrowed money to cover these expenses and had to  sell their lands to cover the debts. This forced many peasants to become  migrant workers, some of whom were settled in frontier lands. Families were  dominated by the eldest male, and children were dominated by parents.  Marriages were arranged by the parents of the bride and groom. Women were encouraged  to be loyal wives and devoted mothers and to sacrifice their needs for those  of their family.

4.

Answer would ideally include:

 · The Qin emperor mobilized large armies and built a wall to stop the  incursions of nomads from the north. The early Han tried buying off the  nomads with gifts of luxury goods and marriage alliances. The Han emperor Wu  embarked on a policy of military expansion that aimed in part to outflank the  Xiongnu nomads in Korea, Manchuria, and Central Asia. Both the Han and the  Tang attempted to fight the barbarians with barbarians, recruiting nomads as  auxiliaries.

5.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Those aspects of Chinese civilization most likely to be found outside of  China—the alphabet, Buddhism, Confucianism, and so forth—helped to create a  somewhat common cultural framework for the region. Chinese culture was spread  through conquest, as in Vietnam and Korea, and through peaceful transfer, as  in the case of Japan. The essay should attempt to describe and analyze how extensive  and deep this cultural borrowing (and imposition) was. Political resistance  to Chinese control (such as that of Trieu Da and then the Trung sisters) is  one clue to this aspect of the essay, as is the use of Chinese characters to  write indigenous languages. The building of roads and waterways facilitated  communication, whereas Chinese art, architecture, and music had an important  impact on Vietnam.

  C7- Matching

Use the following to answer questions 1-12:

 Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.

 Terms

Great     Wall

Confucian     classics

Records of the Grand Historian

Silk     Road

tributary     system

eunuchs

Age of     Division

Grand     Canal

Pure     Land

Chan

Shinto

Nara

  1.

A school of Buddhism that taught that by calling on the  Buddha Amitabha, one could achieve rebirth in Amitabha’s paradise.  _________________

  2.

A system first established during the Han Dynasty to  regulate contact with foreign powers. States and tribes beyond its borders  sent envoys bearing gifts and received gifts in return. _________________

  3.

Japan’s capital and first true city; it was established in  710 and modeled on the Tang capital of Chang’an. _________________

  4.

A rammed-earth fortification built along the northern  border of China during the reign of the First Emperor. _________________

  5.

A comprehensive history of China written by Sima Qian.  _________________

  6.

The Way of the Gods, Japan’s native religion. _________________

  7.

A canal, built during the Sui Dynasty, that connected the  Yellow and Yangzi Rivers, notable for strengthening China’s internal cohesion  and economic development. _________________

  8.

The trade routes across Central Asia linking China to  western Eurasia. _________________

  9.

The ancient texts recovered during the Han Dynasty that  Confucian scholars treated as sacred scriptures. _________________

  10.

A school of Buddhism (known in Japan as Zen) that rejected  the authority of the sutras and claimed the superiority of mind-to-mind  transmission of Buddhist truths. _________________

  11.

Castrated males who played an important role as palace  servants. _________________

  12.

The period after the fall of the Han Dynasty, when China  was politically divided. _________________

   Answer Key

 1.

i. Pure Land

2.

e. tributary system

3.

l. Nara

4.

a. Great Wall

5.

c. Records of the Grand Historian

6.

k. Shinto

7.

h. Grand Canal

8.

d. Silk Road

9.

b. Confucian classics

10.

j. Chan

11.

f. eunuchs

12.

g. Age of Division

  C7- Multiple Choice

Choose the letter of the best answer.

  1.

Which year marked the beginning of a unified China under  the Qin state?

 A)

206 C.E.

 B)

581 C.E.

 C)

221 B.C.E.

 D)

764 C.E.

  2.

How is the title Shihuangdi best translated?

 A)

First King

 B)

First Emperor

 C)

God of All

 D)

Mightiest Disciple

  3.

Which group of people did the First Emperor order to move  to the capital?

 A)

Nobility

 B)

Merchants

 C)

Military generals

 D)

Foreigners

  4.

What did the first Qin emperor standardize, enabling China  to operate more efficiently?

 A)

The prices for rice and wheat were set by the government  so that no one paid more than others.

 B)

The Chinese script, weights, measures, and coinage were  standardized to facilitate trade.

 C)

Scholars were put to work on an official volume of  Confucian theories so that religious rituals could be standardized.

 D)

Ritual celebrations were set to a calendar so that they  could be observed everywhere at the same time.

  5.

What defensive barrier was built by the Qin emperor using  conscripted labor?

 A)

The Grand Canal

 B)

The First Wall

 C)

The Silk Road

 D)

The Great Wall

  6.

What happened to the Qin Dynasty after the death of the  First Emperor?

 A)

Legalists gained power.

 B)

The Qin state collapsed.

 C)

The position of emperor became a weak figurehead.

 D)

His heir established popular reforms.

  7.

What did the Han emperor Gaozu do to reestablish stability  after the fall of the Qin Dynasty?

 A)

He resurrected Legalism as the guiding philosophy of  government.

 B)

He enacted harsh laws and high taxes in order to quell  uprisings.

 C)

He outlawed Confucian philosophy.

 D)

He retained the centralized government created by the Qin.

  8.

According to the census of 2 C.E., how many people lived  in China at that time?

 A)

3 million

 B)

16 million

 C)

58 million

 D)

116 million

  9.

The Han government shared what popular view about commerce  by merchants?

 A)

That it was the key to China’s economic prosperity

 B)

That it exploited the true producers of wealth

 C)

That it should be largely unregulated

 D)

That it should not include the silk trade

  10.

Which statement is true about the Confucian classics?

 A)

They were the texts written by Confucius in the sixth and  fifth centuries B.C.E.

 B)

They rejected the ideas of yin and yang and instead  promoted piety.

 C)

They were written by the disciples of Confucius after his  death.

 D)

They were the ancient books recovered after the book  burning of the third century B.C.E.

  11.

The Confucian scholar-official system began during the

 A)

Han Dynasty.

 B)

Qin Dynasty.

 C)

Age of Division.

 D)

Zhou period.

  12.

The Confucian classics viewed natural disasters such as  floods or earthquakes as evidence of what?

 A)

The natural world had forces of its own.

 B)

The people did not properly worship their ancestors.

 C)

The gods were dissatisfied with the sacrifices offered to  them.

 D)

The emperor failed to keep the forces of Heaven and earth  in balance.

  13.

What was significant about Sima Qian’s writings?

 A)

They told the history of the eunuchs who served the Han  emperors.

 B)

They were the first collection of Daoist ideas on  government.

 C)

They included a comprehensive history of China and set a  standard for historical writing.

 D)

They represented the first time a Han official had written  in support of Legalism.

  14.

Which of the following was invented in China around 105  C.E.?

 A)

Writing

 B)

Bronze technology

 C)

Wet-field rice cultivation

 D)

Paper

  15.

Who became China’s main military threat in the fifth to  fourth centuries B.C.E.?

 A)

Koreans from the Silla kingdom

 B)

Nomadic horsemen of the north

 C)

Internal rebels trying take control of trade

 D)

Bactrian merchants on the Silk Road

  16.

Who formed the first great confederation of nomadic  tribes, known as the Huns in the West?

 A)

The Xiongnu

 B)

The Chengdu

 C)

The Qin

 D)

The Chang’an

  17.

The early Han policy for dealing with the Xiongnu was to

 A)

invade and destroy their camps.

 B)

make peace with gifts and brides.

 C)

send them sons of the emperors.

 D)

capture as many of their horses as they could.

  18.

By taking over city-states in Central Asia, the Han under  Emperor Wu were taking control of what transregional route?

 A)

Grand Canal

 B)

Silk Road

 C)

Incense Route

 D)

Khyber Pass

  19.

What was the key to the Han tributary system?

 A)

The exchange of gifts via envoys

 B)

Sending royal children as hostages

 C)

Frequently sending armies to invade

 D)

Sending Confucian scholars as teachers

  20.

Which of the following was true of metalworking in Han  China?

 A)

It was less sophisticated than Roman metalworking.

 B)

It led to bronze replacing iron in tools.

 C)

It involved the use of liquefied iron poured into molds.

 D)

It resulted in bronze being phased out of all products.

  21.

Han coins and jewelry were usually made of what metal?

 A)

Bronze

 B)

Iron

 C)

Gold

 D)

Silver

  22.

Why did Han officials encourage peasants to be independent  and productive?

 A)

Peasants made up the bulk of the population and  contributed vital taxes and labor services to the state.

 B)

All peasants had high social ambitions and were easily  coerced into doing difficult jobs for the possibility of advancement.

 C)

China’s peasants were well known for their military skills  and were required to serve in the emperor’s army.

 D)

Most peasants also had secondary skills such as  metalworking and weaving and were vital to keeping the economy strong.

  23.

Who arranged marriages in a typical Han family?

 A)

Buddhist monks

 B)

The nearest noble

 C)

The groom

 D)

Parents

  24.

How did the inheritance system in Han China usually work?

 A)

All land and property were passed to the eldest son.

 B)

All children inherited equally.

 C)

Land was divided equally among the sons in a family.

 D)

Land and money were divided between the spouse and the  oldest child.

  25.

What was the most glorified virtue in Han times?

 A)

Filial piety

 B)

Bureaucratic honesty

 C)

Honoring the emperor

 D)

Gentlemanly conduct

  26.

Ban Zhao’s Admonitions for Women  promoted the ideal virtues for Han women, particularly the virtue of

 A)

pride.

 B)

humility.

 C)

physical strength.

 D)

piety.

  27.

Which of the following took place during the Age of  Division?

 A)

A eunuch ruled China through child emperors.

 B)

The Han Dynasty only maintained control of northern China.

 C)

Buddhism was widely suppressed by most local rulers.

 D)

Nanjing became the capital of southern China.

  28.

Under the rule of the Kushan king, artists began to depict  the Buddha in human form because of influence from what culture?

 A)

Persian

 B)

Daoist

 C)

Roman

 D)

Greek

  29.

The Mahayana Buddhism that spread to Central Asia was  influenced by Iranian religions to become more

 A)

sacrificial.

 B)

devotional.

 C)

ritualistic.

 D)

monastic.

  30.

What attracted Chinese women to Buddhism?

 A)

It encouraged women to pursue salvation and serve the  faith on terms nearly equal to men.

 B)

It guaranteed every woman status as a bodhisattva.

 C)

It taught that being born female was higher than being  born male.

 D)

It accepted the idea of female rulers and female  independence.

  31.

Buddhist monasteries quickly became popular throughout northern  and southern China and included among their patrons

 A)

court eunuchs.

 B)

men only and no women.

 C)

rulers of both regions.

 D)

nomadic pastoralists.

  32.

What was one of the objections to Buddhism in China?

 A)

Buddhists sought to build monasteries on land that was  sacred to Confucians.

 B)

Buddhists wanted to provide education for everyone, not  just sons of the nobility.

 C)

Buddhist monks established missionaries to convert all  people, including members of the imperial family.

 D)

Buddhist monasteries and temples were built on untaxed  land, and monks did not perform labor service.

  33.

Yang Jian, who established the Sui Dynasty, came from a  mixed family of Chinese and non-Chinese from what part of Asia?

 A)

Korea

 B)

The north

 C)

The southeast

 D)

Japan

  34.

What new method for choosing government officials was  introduced in 605 C.E. under the Sui Dynasty?

 A)

Written examinations

 B)

Military challenges

 C)

Monastic training

 D)

Oral examinations

  35.

How did the Sui Dynasty contribute to China’s  infrastructure?

 A)

A well-planned government complex was established in  Beijing.

 B)

Protective walls were built around cities for the first  time.

 C)

The Yellow and Yangzi Rivers were connected by a canal.

 D)

China’s first roads were built between Beijing and  Chang’an.

  36.

What title did Taizong of the Tang Dynasty gain when he  defeated the Turks in 630 C.E.?

 A)

Second Emperor

 B)

Son of Heaven

 C)

Sultan

 D)

Great Khan

  37.

How did Empress Wu of the Tang seize power for herself?

 A)

She waged a coup d’etat against her husband.

 B)

She took advantage of the illness of Emperor Gaozong.

 C)

She murdered her two sons.

 D)

She claimed she was pregnant with the dead emperor’s son.

  38.

Who led a rebellion against the Tang government in 755  C.E.?

 A)

Yang Guifei

 B)

Emperor Gaozong

 C)

Empress Wu

 D)

An Lushan

  39.

During what dynasty did the great age of Chinese poetry  occur?

 A)

Han

 B)

Qin

 C)

Sui

 D)

Tang

  40.

Which Buddhist school of thought appealed to laypeople  during the Tang era?

 A)

Therevada School

 B)

Chan School

 C)

Zen School

 D)

Pure Land School

  41.

Which area of East Asia was the least affected by Chinese  cultural influences?

 A)

Japan

 B)

Tibet

 C)

Korea

 D)

Vietnam

  42.

What written language was used by educated people  throughout East Asia by the eighth century?

 A)

Korean

 B)

Japanese

 C)

Chinese

 D)

Vietnamese

  43.

Who established the Nam Viet kingdom in the third century  B.C.E.?

 A)

A Buddhist monk

 B)

A Confucian scholar

 C)

A former Qin general

 D)

A Viet prince

  44.

Who did the Vietnamese Trung sisters lead an uprising  against in 39 C.E.?

 A)

Han rulers

 B)

Trieu Da

 C)

Nam Viet

 D)

Qin officials

  45.

Which of the three kingdoms of Korea was able to unify the  entire peninsula under its control?

 A)

Paekche

 B)

Choson

 C)

 D)

Silla

  46.

Why were the Yamato rulers of Japan able to come to power?

 A)

They had a strong military and claimed to be descended  from the sun-goddess.

 B)

They claimed they had been chosen by the Tang and the  Silla.

 C)

They claimed they possessed special powers that would  ensure an overthrow of the Han Dynasty.

 D)

They promised material wealth for all followers and to  never allow women to rule.

  47.

What was the native religion of Japan?

 A)

Zen

 B)

Shinto

 C)

Yamato

 D)

Mahayana

  48.

Prince Shôtoku’s reforms of Japan included adopting what  administrative ideas from China?

 A)

Using Legalism to organize a society

 B)

Instituting a ladder of ranks and using Confucianism as a  guiding principle

 C)

Administering the country through a Daoist hands-off  approach

 D)

Establishing an official policy of “family comes first”

  49.

Which of the following was a result of increased Japanese  contact with the Asian mainland in the eighth century C.E.?

 A)

The introduction of Buddhism

 B)

A general decline in prices due to competition

 C)

A smallpox epidemic

 D)

The disappearance of the Japanese language

  50.

Which of the following was Japan’s capital and first true  city?

 A)

 B)

Tokyo

 C)

Chang’an

 D)

Nara

   Answer Key

 1.

C

2.

B

3.

A

4.

B

5.

D

6.

B

7.

D

8.

C

9.

B

10.

D

11.

A

12.

D

13.

C

14.

D

15.

B

16.

A

17.

B

18.

B

19.

A

20.

C

21.

A

22.

A

23.

D

24.

C

25.

A

26.

B

27.

D

28.

D

29.

B

30.

A

31.

C

32.

D

33.

B

34.

A

35.

C

36.

D

37.

B

38.

D

39.

D

40.

D

41.

B

42.

C

43.

C

44.

A

45.

D

46.

A

47.

B

48.

B

49.

C

50.

D

  C7- Short Answer

Answer each question with three or four sentences.

  1.

How did the Han promote Confucianism, and did the  philosophy aid the government?

  2.

Explain what the Silk Road is and how China prospered from  it beginning with the Han Dynasty onward.

  3.

What was the extent of the expansion of Chinese territory  and trade during the Han empire? What regions were added to the empire?

  4.

How do the Han and Roman empires compare in terms of how  they handled peoples on their borders?

  5.

Why was Buddhism so appealing to the people of China?

  6.

The Tang Dynasty is said to have been one of the high  points of Chinese civilization. What were the accomplishments of this period  in Chinese history?

  7.

Describe the Tang city. Who lived in it, and what kinds of  goods were traded there?

  8.

What were the reasons for suspicion of, and sometime  persecution of, Buddhism in China?

  9.

Explain the difference between Pure Land and Chan Buddhism  under the Tang.

  10.

Describe the relationship between Korea and Japan from the  fourth and sixth centuries. What was exchanged between the two?

   Answer Key

 1.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Confucianism made a comeback, as ancient books were recovered (as the  “classics”) after the widespread book burning of the Qin. Under the Han  emperors, Confucian scholars were placed in privileged positions within the  government. By encouraging Confucian scholars to seek government positions,  the Han emperors were also promoting education. These scholars elevated the  role of the emperor who linked heaven and earth. The support of one  philosophy also created a uniform culture throughout China.

2.

Answer would ideally include:

 · The term Silk Road refers to trade routes across Central Asia,  which linked China to the West. There were city-states along these routes, in  which China could trade silk and other products. During the Han Dynasty,  China assumed control over much of the Silk Road, establishing military  garrisons that protected the city-states and made China’s trade along these  routes easier. The Chinese began to grow new foodstuffs and spices and used  the two-humped Bactrian camels used in Central Asia.

3.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent armies against the Xiongnu, but after  their limited value, he turned west in search of allies. He established  military districts in northern Korea and took over part of northern Vietnam.  The Han also established a tributary system to encourage trade with other  powers, such as Ferghana, and as an alternative to military interactions with  other states. China and foreign powers exchanged gifts, much of which could  be traded along the Silk Road, which introduced new goods into China and the  states with which it exchanged gifts.

4.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Both Han China and the Roman Empire had many diverse peoples along their  borders. Both recruited soldiers from these border areas to serve in their  armies and established colonies of soldiers in the border areas to monitor  them. Exchange of material goods with the border peoples encouraged them to  assimilate with the larger empires. While the Han drew no distinction between  the original and added territories, Rome adopted graduated citizenship, was  more culturally diverse, and spread republican ideas. China had no cultural  rivals, and the dynastic principle was stronger.

5.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Buddhist ideas about reincarnation and karma provided Chinese scholars  with a new intellectual challenge and stimulated debate. Buddhism provided  rulers with a unifying force for Chinese and non-Chinese subjects alike and  reinforced the concept of the emperor’s magical status. For the majority of  Chinese people, Buddhism promised peace and eternal bliss, a contrast to the  violence and turmoil of the age. Buddhism was also appealing to women, as it  promised salvation equal to that available to men.

6.

Answer would ideally include:

 · China under the Tang Dynasty experienced both economic growth and an  expansion of the civil government based on a system of merit-based exams.  Although despised by later historians, the Chinese accepted the only woman  ruler of China, Empress Wu, who proved to an effective ruler. There was a vibrant  urban culture during this period, and it was the great age of Chinese poetry.  This period also saw the spread and evolution of Buddhism, to the point where  Buddhism fully penetrated Chinese daily life. The Tang capital cities were  great cosmopolitan metropolises, where knowledge of the outside world was  stimulated by contact with merchants and envoys from other states.

7.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Tang cities, such as Chang’an, were very large and had people from many  different places and cultures living in them for trade purposes. The cities  were separated into rectangular grids, each walled blocks that were locked at  night. Students might discuss how this aided security for the inhabitants and  allowed the city rulers to monitor and control the population. Many different  religions were practiced within the cities, and new goods, cultures, and  customs were introduced there.

8.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Although Buddhism was generally very popular in China, it was sometimes  viewed with suspicion by the government because of its foreign origins. The  government also sometimes opposed Buddhism because Buddhist temples and  monasteries were nontaxable and Buddhist monks did not contribute to the  labor force. This reduced both the overall tax revenue from the land and the  amount of men providing labor service.

9.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Pure Land Buddhism appealed to ordinary Chinese people because of its  simplicity and because of the compassion of the bodhisattva Guanyin, who  would help them achieve rebirth in paradise. Chan Buddhism appealed more to  the educated elites, rejecting the authority of the sutras and claiming the  superiority of mind-to-mind transmission of truths. It emphasized meditation  and monastic discipline.

10.

Answer would ideally include:

 · Korea and Japan had a lot of contact during this time period, and people  from Korea moved into Japan, bringing with them silk making, their spoken  language, the written Chinese language, bronze swords, iron plows, and  crossbows. Japan also adopted a social order similar to Korea’s with a  warrior aristocracy organized into clans and who dominated serfs and slaves  captured in battle. Over time, the clans fought each other until one leader  emerged to unite the kingdom.

#A History of World Societies Combined Volume 10th Edition By John P. McKay – Test Bank