#mae bor

[protagonistpolling]

PROTAGONIST POLLING

Why should you vote for any of these characters?

Why should you vote for Mae Borowski? (2)

"She's a little cat who likes to jump on powerlines, make bad jokes to random people on the street and howl with her friend because of a restaurant called "Donut Wolf". At one point she makes a drunken speech at a party, where she declares she's a "TOTAL TRASH MAMMAL" before throwing up everywhere. Depending on the routes you can take, she can get electrocuted by a car and see God, whack a broken boiler with a baseball bat because she gets impatient trying to fix it, have a knife fight with her best friend in the woods, build a robot, and more. She is VERY silly :)"

Why should you vote for Niko? (1)

"They are just a little baby who's like 8 years old with the weight of the world on their shoulders (and literally in their arms!). They ask you, the player, to help guide them, and you can have cute conversations about how your world is different from theirs. They love their Mama and they love pancakes. They like riding around on a roomba. They're offended whenever someone calls them a cat but they still make cute cat noises. They are a precious baby and everyone who has played OneShot has already signed the adoption papers <3"

Why should you vote for Coco? (1)

"shes so little. she just wants to learn how to do magic to save her mom, bring wonder in to the world and make it a better place. shes so eager to learn. she has survivors guilt but is being so brave about it. i love her. daughter."

"They are just a little baby who's like 8 years old with the weight of the world on their shoulders (and literally in their arms!). They ask you, the player, to help guide them, and you can have cute conversations about how your world is different from theirs. They love their Mama and they love pancakes. They like riding around on a roomba. They're offended whenever someone calls them a cat but they still make cute cat noises. They are a precious baby and everyone who has played OneShot has already signed the adoption papers <3"

Why should you vote for Coco? (1)

"shes so little. she just wants to learn how to do magic to save her mom, bring wonder in to the world and make it a better place. shes so eager to learn. she has survivors guilt but is being so brave about it. i love her. daughter."

#poll2023 #tournament poll #nitw #mae bor #night in the woods #niko #oneshot game #coco #coco wha #witch hat atelier #tongar #tongari booshi no atorie #tbna

[montys-mortuary]

Blasphemy (Thomas Hewitt x F!Reader Pt. 2)

A/N: heh heh heh we back. I got bored and decided to start writing a part 2. I figure I'm just gonna continue on with this when I have free time. Hope y'all like it!

TW: cursing, blood, restraints, suggested non-con(?)

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The seering pain in your head was overhelming as your eyes fluttered open, your vision blurry. You were sat in the police cars passenger seat, hands resting at your sides on the grimy, worn leather seat. You groaned to yourself, peering up through the dusty, cracked windshield, to see thw very same officer that has assulted you earlier speaking to someone. They stood in front of a rather tall, decrepit farm house. The sheer size of it was incomprehensible, towering menacingly over you and the car.

The Sherrif had looked as though he was arguing with whoever it was standing with him. As your vision cleared, you instantly reconized her as the old lady from the gas station. What was she doing here? You didnt have the energy to think, let alone move yourself. You watched helplessly as she shuffled over to the window, leaning in with a soft smile plastered on her aging face.

"Whats your name, honey?" She smiled.

"(Y/n)..." you managed to groan, unsure of why she was asking. Perhaps there was a mixup. Perhaps they were looking for someone else. But then why did he...

Your thoughts were cut off as the hoarse voice of the Sherrif rose.

"Thomas, you get your ass out here and you help me with this!" He yelled, making you cringe back into your seat.

You weakly raised a hand up to look at it. Your fingers and palm coated in a thick coat of now partially dried blood. You slowly reached to the back of your head, touching lightly where it hurt the most, wincing and sucking in sharp air through your teeth as your nose scrunched and your eyes clamped shut. You couldnt remember exactly what had happened, though you were trying to piece it together.

The old woman next to you introduced herself as Luda Mae, and smiled softly again before lightly tapping the window sill of the door and shuffling back towards the home. You glanced up weakly, watching as a large shadow emerged from the front door. A hulking mass of a man stood there, sleeves rolled to his elbows, worn slacks and adorned a filthy apron. His hair was a mess of brown curls that hung to his shoulders, a few stray ones clung to his face.

His face...

As he lumbered closer, you noticed he had a sort of mask on his face, obscuring some of his features. You were much too weak to show any protest, as he opened the car door with ease, reaching inside to grab you. As he moved you, the seering pain in your head and your calf returned, and you let out a shrill cry. You could feel his muscles tensen at the sound, but soon relaxed. As he lifted you, your eyes met with his. A jarring, piercing brown that looked like they were borring into your very being. You felt your heart skip a beat, and gasped as he threw you over his shoulder like you weighed nothing. He had one hand a firm grip on your inner thigh, the other placed lower down your leg to keep you on his shoulder. Your arms dangled behind him, with no energy to try to prop yourself up, or even scream for help. Your body felt week, your head felt fuzzy, and you tried your hardest to fight off the impending darkness once again.

The large man walked you into the home, through the massive arched doorways, and towards a set of stairs, leading down into what you assumed to be the basement. Were they taking you prisoner? What did they want with you? Were they going to kill you? Was that sherrif going to let this massive man...

The thought of your fate made you shudder, tears pricking at your eyes, threatening to spill over and you tried to beg and plead with your captor. He said nothing as he lumbered down the stairs, heavy breaths escaping him as he walked. Once he reached the floor, you could hear the splashing of water. Stagnent, ripe smelling water. The entire darkened basement smelled of mold and rotting meat. It was cold, sending a piercing shiver through your entire being.

The large man set you down, rather roughly, onto a table, which was dirty, old, and stained with god knows what. You sharply inhaled through your teeth as your head connected with the table, the pain feeling like hot knives on your scalp.

"Please...please let me go..." you weakly pleaded, your throat hoarse and dry from the texas heat.

He didnt even look at you. He didnt say a word. He turned, grabbing a hammer, some nails, and what sounded like metal shackles before turning back to you, proceeding to hook your wrist and pin it to the table, hammering in old, rusted nails where the holes in the shackles alighned. You winced at every strike, praying the next hit wouldnt be anywhere on your actual body.

After you were safely secured to the table by your wrists, ankles and neck, he turned away from you again, fiddling with something where he had retrieved his previous tools.

"Please...I didn't do anything!" You yelp, tears finally spilling as your voice cracks. You could feel the adrenaline coursing through your veins as you pulled at your restraints, a faint part of yourself hoping to break them free.

He turned back to you, his eyes once again meeting yours. You swallowed hard and looked down at his hulking hands, to spot a dirty Fillet knife being held in one.

"No, no! No! Please! Don't!" You cried, arching your back and attempting to kick your feet.

You struggled against the shackles some more, sobbing loudly, and gritting your teeth. He approached you once again, leaning over you. You hadnt realized his sheer size until that moment. He looked you over, running his rough, calloused fingers against your face, causing you to recoil in fear. He brushed stray strands of hair away, watching as your (e/c) eyes dart back and forth from each of his, to the knife, and back again. He cocked his head to the side, watching you. He suddenly gripped your jaw, holding it tightly as he grazed his thumb against your lips. You shivered, mentally slapping youself for feeling a rather uncontrollable feeling, realizing it was turning you on. His hand strayed from your face, down to your collarbone, tracing every part. Your breathing picked up, and hitched when he brushed past your sternum, and then stopped. He recoiled slightly, and froze. He looked as though he was contemplating something. A moment of silence passed before he turned away from you, and headed back up the stairs.

You laid there, breathing erratically, tears still streaming down your face, when you heard a muffled arguement from upstairs.

"Are you fucking kiddin' me?!" You could hear the sherrif yell.

"You leave him alone, Hoyt!" A female voice chimed in.

There was another moment of arguing before the basement door swung open, causing you to recoil. The large man trudged down the steps, and over to you once again.

"No, no more! Please!" You begged, once again pulling at your restraints. But he didnt have any weapon in hand. In fact, the only thing he did was pull up your restraints, freeing you from the table. You laid there a moment, confused and weak. To him, you must have looked like a small animal, cornered by a large predator who was hungry for his next meal. But all he did was pick you up. You didnt struggle, you didnt protest. He held you in a bridal carry, and lumbered back upstairs to where Hoyt and Luda Mae sat.

"There you go, honey. Enjoy!" She smiled. But you knew she wasnt talking to you. She was talking to him.

"I really hope you're fucken' happy, Tommy. Now whats gonna be for supper? Huh?" Hoyt spat before storming out of the home. Thomas just huffed, carrying you with him upstairs.

Your mind raced with what he was going to do with you now. He walked you up to his room, laying you on a worn out, filthy bed. You tried to claw your way free, but it was no use. He brushed your hair from your eyes, and glanced down at the wounds you had. Surely, those would have to be fixed up proper.

#thomas hewitt x reader #fuck yall im writing it anyways LMAO #tommy hewitt #the texas chainsaw massacre the beginning

[pronounsmegamix]

Hi! Can I request some cute food or nature themed pronouns? Also, if it's not too much trouble, masc and fem pronouns that aren't the usual she/he/they? Thank you in advance, you're amazing!

- mattie

HI! Of course!!

food:

ber / berry / berrys / berryself

app / apple / apples / apples / appleself

cand / candied / candys / candiedself

egg / eggs / eggself

ci / cin / cinns / cinnaself

choc / choco / chocs / chocos / chocoself

cake / roll / rolls / cakerollself

bak / lav / baklavas / baklavself

mint / mints / mintself

nature:

bo / bor / eals / ealis / borealiself

mi / mist / mists / mistself

fe / fer / ferns / fernself

cat / cattail / cats / cattails / cattailself

au / autumn / autumns / autumnself

or / orchid / orchids / orchidself

brook / brooks / brookself

fau / faun / faunas / faunaself

bi / bio / bios / bioself

masc:

hie / hiem / hies / hiemself

hy / hym / hys / hymself

cie / cim / cies / cimself

vy / vym / vys / vymself

ne / nim / nis / nimself

ze / zim / zis / zimself

de / diz / dizs / dizself

fem:

shy / hyr / hyrs / hyrself

the / ther / thers / therself

mae / maer / maers / maerself

hy / hyr / hyrs / hyrself

gra / graer / graers / graerself

vie / ver / vers / verself

se / ser / sers / serself

xie / xier / xiers / xierself

You can also find more masc pronouns here and fem pronouns here! I hope you enjoy these! Have a great day! :D

#🕯️⋯│ pronouns #🕯️⋯│ cute #🕯️⋯│ food #🕯️⋯│ nature #🕯️⋯│ unthemed #pronouns list #pronouns help #🕯️⋯│ mattie anon

[hadeschan]

We’re sorry, this item has sold out

item # K17F04

RARE Pra Pong Roop Muan Luang Phor Jamnian, Roon Raek Gan Peun, Nua Din Jet Pa Cha Pasom Wan Mongkon Roi Padd, Ploy Gin-bor-siang, and Pet-na-tang. An amulet with figure of Luang Phor Jamnian, and an imprint of a Yant Gam-nert (the Hypnotic Spiral Cabalistic Writings) in the back. Made from earth taken from 7 most haunted cemeteries, holy powder, powder and fragments of mystical plants, fragments of Ploy Gin-bor-siang (Natural Burmese Red Spinal Gemstone), Pet-na-tang (pyrite), human ashes & bone fragments, and hair of the head of the dead. Made by Luang Phor Jamnian of Wat Tam Sua, Krabi Province in BE 2522 (CE 1979) as the first Batch of his amulets.

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This amulet is known as “Roon Raek Gan Peun” which means “the first Batch that stops gun from shooting at the amulet wearer or the shooter misses the amulet wearer”.

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BEST FOR: Maha-ut (it helps stop gun from shooting at you or the shooter misses his target), and warning of danger. Klawklad Plodpai (it pushes you away from all danger). This amulet has a magic power of hypnosis, it turns you to a convincer, you could put any people around you under hypnosis, and take over their minds to do whatever you want. And it signifies continuous growth and multiplication in wealth, money luck, and good fortune. Wealth Fetching, Maha Larp (it brings lucky wealth), Metta Maha Niyom (it makes people around you love you, be nice to you, and willing to support you for anything), Maha Sanay (it turns you to Prince Charming in the eyes of women), Kaa Kaai Dee (it helps tempt your customers to buy whatever you are selling, and it helps attract new customers and then keep them coming back, Ponggan Poot-pee Pee-saat Kunsai Mondam Sa-niiat Jan-rai Sat Meepit (it helps ward off evil spirit, demon, bad ghost, bad omen, bad spell, curse & black magic, doom & misfortune and poisonous animals). And this amulet helps protect you from manipulators, backstabbers, and toxic people.

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DIN JET PA CHA

Din Jet Pa Cha refers to earth taken from 7 most haunted cemeteries. It is believed that the earth from cemetery contains the spirits of the dead, and accumulates mystical power.

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THE AMULET MADE FROM SOIL OR EARTH

The soil or earth is the oldest minerals on Earth, it accumulates all power of good deeds of all Arhats (or Luohan), Bodhisattva and Buddha as long as you and your enemies are standing/living on the earth, the Pra Mae Thoranee (the Earth Goddess) will witness good deeds and bad deeds, if you have made good deeds, then your good deeds have already witnessed by Pra Mae Thoranee, Pra Mae Thoranee will help you, and your enemies could not do any harm to you. And the difficulties of your life, Pra Mae Thoranee also witnesses, and Pra Mae Thoranee will ease all of your difficulties.

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PET-NA-TANG

Pet-na-tang = Pyrite, believed to have power of protection of all danger and warding off poisonous animals, bad omens, spells.

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PLOY GIN-BOR-SIANG

The Natural Burmese Red Spinal Gemstone believed having magical power of wealth fetching, bringing endless wealth to its owner, and attracting good fortune.

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YANT GAM-NERT

The Hypnotic Spiral Cabalistic Writings or Yant Gam-nert in Thai, it is believed that this magical Yant Gam-nert has a power of hypnosis those persons who are around the amulet with Yant Gam-nert would be hypnotized they would be put in trance states, and do whatever you direct them to.

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*This amulet contains human remains. Not suitable for people who have Spectrophobia (the fear of ghosts). People who have Spectrophobia cannot control themselves while experiencing ghosts, they might have sudden cardiac death or cause harm to themselves from temporary loss of consciousness.

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DIMENSION: 2.90 cm high / 2.20 cm wide / 0.70 cm thick

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item # K17F04

Price: price upon request, pls PM and/or email us [email protected]

100% GENUINE WITH 365 DAYS FULL REFUND WARRANTY

Item location: Hong Kong, SAR

Ships to: Worldwide

Delivery: Estimated 7 days handling time after receipt of cleared payment. Please allow additional time if international delivery is subject to customs processing.

Shipping: FREE Thailandpost International registered mail. International items may be subject to customs processing and additional charges.

Payments: PayPal / Western Union / MoneyGram /maybank2u.com / DBS iBanking / Wechat Pay / Alipay / INSTAREM / PromptPay International / Remitly

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[videgme]

🇿🇦🇳🇦 5️⃣1️⃣ 51 Afrιkᥲ́ᥲᥒs - ᥲfrιkᥲᥲᥒs - Afrιkᥲᥲᥒos Die #bors van 'n #vrou hou altyd 'n #raaisel 🇰🇷 5️⃣2️⃣ 52 Corᥱᥲᥒo - hᥲᥒgᥙgᥱo - Korᥱᥲᥒ #여자의 #가슴은 언제나 #미스테리 🇦🇱 🇽🇰 5️⃣3️⃣ 53 Aᥣbᥲᥒᥱ́s - Shqιρᥱ̈ - Aᥣbᥲᥒιᥲᥒ #gjoksi i një #gruaje ruan gjithmonë një #mister 🇸🇪 5️⃣4️⃣ 54 Sᥙᥱᥴo - svᥱᥒskᥲ - Sᥕᥱdιsh #kvinnans #kista har alltid ett #mysterium 🇹🇭 5️⃣5️⃣ 55 Tᥲιᥣᥲᥒdᥱ́s - ภาษาไทย - Thᥲι #หน้าอก ของ #ผู้หญิง มี #อาถรรพ์ อยู่เสมอ 🇹🇷 5️⃣6️⃣ 56 Tᥙrᥴo - tᥙ̈rkᥴ̧ᥱ - Tᥙrkιsh Bir #kadının #sandığı her zaman bir #sır saklar 🇺🇦 5️⃣7⃣ 57 Uᥴrᥲᥒιᥲᥒo - украї́нська - Uᥴrᥲιᥒιᥲᥒ #груди #жінки завжди зберігають #таємницю 🇻🇳 5️⃣8️⃣ 58 Vιᥱtᥒᥲmιtᥲ - Vιệt - Vιᥱtᥒᥲmᥱsᥱ #ngực của #phụ nữ luôn ẩn chứa một #bí ẩn 🇲🇰 5️⃣9️⃣ 59 Cᥲtᥲᥣᥲ́ᥒ - ᥴᥲtᥲᥣᥲ̀ - Cᥲtᥲᥣᥲᥒ El #pit d'una #dona sempre guarda un #misteri 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿 6️⃣0️⃣ 60 Gᥲᥣᥱs - Cყmrᥙ - Wᥲᥣᥱs mae #cist #menyw bob amser yn cadw #dirgelwch (en Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir) https://www.instagram.com/p/CoBGCcFvGwx/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

#bors #vrou #raaisel #여자의 #가슴은 #미스테리 #gjoksi #gruaje #mister #kvinnans #kista #mysterium #หน้าอก #ผู้หญิง #อาถรรพ์ #kadının #sandığı #sır #груди #жінки #таємницю #ngực #phụ #bí #pit #dona #misteri #cist #menyw #dirgelwch

[alexcsofrp]

Nieuwe tijden

Opening theme

#nieuwe tijden #vajen van den bosch #tim douwsma #ferry doedens #lisa bor #Olaf Ait Tami #wouter zweers #Cecilia Adoree #Holly Mae Brood #Soy Kroon #myedit

[lastofmars]

im not a woman, but like, sometimes i kin female characters real hard, but always the sloppy bitch ones like mae bor*wski from into the woods or nadia from russian doll

#ooc #how 2 explain. its the trauma associated w being percieved as female and the messy depressed who gives a shit attitude

[magikus-miccentyu]

en mae oreg vagyok az alkohplhoz. egy uveg bor es be is vagyok csipve.

[fireemblemtcg]

fecipher twitter, 21-3-2019:

The card list for Series 16, "O Courage! O Soul Aflame!", has been published on the official website. #FEcipher https://fecipher.jp/cards_category/bt0016/

More Fire Emblem Cipher Series 16 translations!

[Click "Keep reading" for a translated list of the booster pack cards]

B16-001SR(+) Roy: Forger of a Future for Humans and Dragons (Great Lord) B16-002N Roy: Hope of Lycia (Great Lord) B16-003HN Roy: Heir to House Pherae (Lord) B16-004SR(+) Lilina: Wielder of Infernal and Shining Flames (Sage) B16-005N Lilina: Childhood Friend Ladyling (Mage) B16-006HN Bors: Striving to be an Impregnable Shield (General) B16-007SR Deke: Thunder-Wielding Earthpiercer (Hero) B16-008N Deke: Trustworthy Mercenary Captain (Mercenary) B16-009HN Shanna: Exuberant Young Wing (Falcoknight) B16-010N Shanna: Pegasus Knight of the Mercenaries (Pegasus Knight) B16-011R(+) Clarine: Patrilineal Magic Prodigy (Valkyrie) B16-012N Clarine: Ladyling of House Reglay (Troubadour) B16-013HN Saul: Amorous Saint (Bishop) B16-014N Saul: Messenger of Divine Love (Priestess) B16-015HN Dorothy: Pure Archer (Sniper) B16-016N Dorothy: Gods-Serving Archer (Archer) B16-017HN Barth: Striving to be the Mightiest Lance (General) B16-018HN Ogier: Little Hero (Hero) B16-019N Ogier: New Ostian Recruit (Mercenary) B16-020HN Gwendolyn: Striving Toward Her Admired Brother (General) B16-021N Gwendolyn: Adorable Knight (Knight) B16-022HN Gonzales: Kindhearted Berserker (Berserker) B16-023R Lalum: Cheery Dancer (Dancer) B16-024R(+) Klein: Matrilineal Bow Prodigy (Sniper) B16-025N Klein: Lordling of House Reglay (Archer) B16-026HN Cath: Mystery Thief Girl (Thief) B16-027SR Milady: Freeze-Wielding Skypiercer (Wyvern Lord) B16-028N Milady: Crimson Wyvern Knight (Wyvern Rider) B16-029SR Sophia: Revelation-Wielding Darkwalker (Druid) B16-030N Sophia: Arcadian Shaman (Shaman) B16-031R(+X) Fae: Eternal Smile (Manakete) B16-032N Fae: Dragon Girl from the Hidden Village (Manakete) B16-033N Hugh: Worldly Mage (Mage) B16-034HN Celdia: Pegasus Princess of Ragna (Falcoknight) B16-035N Celdia: Tomboyish Princess (Pegasus Knight) B16-036R Gale: Patriotic Black Wyvern Knight (Wyvern Lord) B16-037N Gale: Elite Knight of Bern (Wyvern Rider) B16-038R(+) Idunn: Dark Priestess (Demon Dragon) B16-039HN Yuzu: Ogresque Violet Swordswoman (Swordmaster) B16-040HN Yuzu: Master of Plains Warfare (Nomadic Trooper)

B16-041SR(+) Celica: Maiden Sacrificed to the Fell God (Witch) B16-042R(+X) Celica: Maiden Possessed of a Blessed Soul (Princess) B16-043N Celica: Moment of Embarkation (Priestess) B16-044SR(+) Mae: Sweet Sovereign of the Dark (Enchantress) B16-045N Mae: I'll Do It For Lady Celica! (Mage) B16-046R Boey: Adherent to the Path of Wisdom (Guru) B16-047N Boey: Villager From Novis (Villager) B16-048HN Genny: Sky-Wheeling Holy Maiden (Falcon Knight) B16-049SR Saber: Dread Ogre (Yasha) B16-050N Saber: Seafaring Guardsman (Mercenary) B16-051N Palla: Foreign Elder Pegasus (Pegasus Knight) B16-052N Catria: Foreign Pegasus Knight (Pegasus Knight) B16-053HN Atlas: Indebted Baron (Baron) B16-054N Atlas: Ex-Military Villager (Villager) B16-055HN Jesse: Lady-Loving Mercenary (Mercenary) B16-056HN Sonia: Unfond of the Ugly (Priestess) B16-057N Sonia: Mage of the Thieves (Mage) B16-058N Est: Foreign Little Pegasus (Pegasus Knight) B16-059HN Nomah: Bishop of Novis Island (Sage) B16-060R(+) Conrad: Two-Faced Prince (Gold Knight) B16-061N Conrad: Memories of Childhood (Cavalier) B16-062HN Witch: Sacrifice Fated for Puppetdom (Witch) B16-063HN Jedah: High Priest of the Duma Faithful (Cantor) B16-064R(+) Mila: Goddess Who Dreamt of Paradise (Goddess) B16-065N Shade: Soulless Sorceress (Witch)

B16-066SR(+) Sanaki: Hailed as the Holy Empress (Empress) B16-067HN Sanaki: Goddess-Defying Empress (Empress) B16-068N Sanaki: 37th Sovereign of the Begnion Empire (Apostle) B16-069SR Sigrun: Empire-Guarding Holy Wings (Seraph Knight) B16-070N Sigrun: Kind White Pegasus (Pegasus Knight) B16-071HN Tanith: Empress-Serving Loyal Wings (Falcon Knight) B16-072N Tanith: Strict Black Pegasus (Pegasus Knight) B16-073R(+) Tormod: Maturing Flame (Arch Sage) B16-074N Tormod: Laguz-Dressed Youth (Mage) B16-075HN Muarim: Deputy of the Laguz Emancipation Army (Beast Tribe) B16-076N Muarim: Rising Up for Freedom (Beast Tribe) B16-077N Vika: Black-Winged Flier (Bird Tribe) B16-078HN Brom: Rural Juggernaut (Axe General) B16-079R(+) Nephenee: Patriotic Battle-Lance (Halberdier) B16-080N Nephenee: Helm-Masked Wrath (Soldier) B16-081SR Kurthnaga: The Coming Era's King of Dragons (Dragon Prince) B16-082N Kurthnaga: Prince of the Land of Dragons (Dragon Tribe) B16-083HN Gareth: Crimson Bodyguard (Dragon Tribe) B16-084R Zelgius: The Empire's Greatest General (Marshall) B16-085N Zelgius: Hero of Begnion (Sword Knight) B16-086HN Disciple of Order: Golden Warrior (Halberdier) B16-087N Sephiran: Chancellor of the Begnion Empire (Chancecllor) B16-088R Ashera: World-Judging Goddess (Order Incarnate) B16-089HN Altina: The Mightiest Beorc Swordswoman (Trueblade) B16-090N Emma: Surprise! A Seraph! (Seraph Knight)

B16-091SR(+) Eir: Merciful Death (Dark Princess) B16-092N Eir: Winged Princess of the Hereafter (Dark Princess) B16-093N Eir: Princess of Hel (Dark Princess) B16-094R Thrasir: Omnicidal Witch (Dark Mage) B16-095N Thrasir: Magic General of the Realm of the Dead (Dark Mage) B16-096HN Líf: Lethal Swordsman (Sword Fighter) B16-097N Líf: Sword General of the Realm of the Dead (Sword Fighter) B16-098HN Alfonse: Spring Prince (Knight Lord) B16-099HN Sharena: Spring Princess (Princess) B16-100R(+) Veronica: Brave Princess (Dark Knight)

#fire emblem #series: 16 #card list

[hadeschan]

item # K22C17

RARE Pra Phanat-sa-bor-dee, Nua Din. An over 1200 years old baked clay Buddha amulet with figure of Buddha in “Pang Ham Samut” with his both hands raised in the characteristic "ocean-calming-gesture" (Skt. abhaja-mudra). And an art of Dvaravati style halo surrounding the head of Buddha or Prapa monthon or Rassami in Thai which refers to halo of Buddha has auras of the seven known rainbow colors around him. Buddha is standing on top of a winged mystical beast. Made in the period of Dvaravati, an ancient Mon Kingdom, a Buddhist kingdom named To-lo-po-ti situated to the west of Isanapura (Cambodia) and to the east of Sri Ksetra (Burma). This Batch of Pra Phanat-sa-bor-dee amulets said to be from an antique collector bought them from villagers in Chonburi, Phetchaburi, and Chai Nat Province who found the amulets while cultivating their lands for crops, and that antique collector offer all of his Pra Phanat-sa-bor-dee amulets to Luang Phu Suk of Wat Pak Khlong Makham Thao, Chai Nat to bless on. And later in BE 2462 (CE 1919), this Batch of Pra Phanat-sa-bor-dee amulets was offered to Pra Ratchamangglachan, the ex-abbot of Wat Saranat Thammaram, Rayong Province. And Wat Saranat Thammaram held 2 Consecration / Blessing Ceremonies in BE 2499 (CE 1956), attended by Pra Archan Fund Archaro of Wat Pa Udom Somphon, Luang Phor Lee of Wat Asokaram, Luang Phu Toh of Wat Pradu Chimphli, Luang Phor Sod of  Wat Paknam Phasi Charoen, Luang Phu Tim of Wat Lahan Rai, the Holy Mother (Khun Mae) Boonreuan Tohngboonterm of Wat Awutvikasitaram, and other guru monks of the period (READ MORE)…

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BEST FOR: Pra Phanat-sa-bor-dee stops all disasters continuing to exact a heavy toll on your live and livelihood, physically, mentally, and financially. The Prapa monthon or Rassami in Thai of Pra Phanat-sa-bor-dee, a halo of Buddha creates a strong energy shield, Levitation and produce destructive heat beams to melt or burn your enemies. Halo provides a measure of defense against dark energies, and blinds people with bad intentions. This amulet has a tendency to draw positive energy, Kongkraphan Chatrie (it makes you invulnerable to all weapon attack), Klawklad Plodpai (it brings safety, and pushes you away from all danger), Maha-ut (it stops gun from shooting at you), Metta Maha Niyom (it helps bring loving, caring, and kindness, and compassion from people all around you to you), Maha Larp (it brings Lucky Wealth / wealth fetching, prosperity), and Kaa Kaai Dee (it helps tempt your customers to buy whatever you are selling, and it helps attract new customers and then keep them coming back. Ponggan Poot-pee pee-saat Kunsai Mondam Sa-niat jan-rai Sat Meepit (it helps ward off evil spirit, demon, bad ghost, bad omen, bad spell, curse, accursedness, black magic, misfortune, doom, and poisonous animals). And this amulet helps protect you from manipulators, backstabbers, and toxic people.

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Pra Phanat-sa-bodi, a baked clay amulet dated to the dawn of Dvaravati Culture, 1200 years ago

In BE 2560 (CE 2017), a Batch of Pra Phanat-sa-bodi was found hidden in a Mondop, a specific square based building or shrine with a pyramidal roof (seemingly) carried by columns within a temple building of Wat Saranat Thammaram, Rayong Province. The story has it that a group of ancient amulet collectors collected Pra Phanat-sa-bodi amulets from the villagers who accidently found them in the fields that they cultivated for crops in the area of Chonburi, Phetchaburi, and Chai Nat Province. In BE 2460 (CE 1917), the antique collector took Pra Phanat-sa-bodi to Luang Phu Suk of Wat Pak Khlong Makham Thao, Chai Nat to bless on. And later in BE 2462 (CE 1919), Luang Phu Suk gave a Batch of Pra Phanat-sa-bodi to his looksit (disciples / followers /adherents/ worshippers / devotees) from Phetchaburi Province, and that looksit gave this Batch of Pra Phanat-sa-bodi to Pra Ratchamangglachan, the ex-abbot of Wat Saranat Thammaram, Rayong Province while and the Holy Mother (Khun Mae) Boonreuan Tohngboonterm of Wat Awut was staying at Wat Saranat Thammaram.

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The amulet made from soil or earth

The soil or earth is the oldest minerals on Earth, it accumulates all power of good deeds of all Arhats (or Luohan), Bodhisattva and Buddha as long as you and your enemies are standing/living on the earth, the Pra Mae Thoranee (the Earth Goddess) will witness good deeds and bad deeds, if you have made good deeds, then your good deeds have already witnessed by Pra Mae Thoranee, Pra Mae Thoranee will help you, and your enemies could not do any harm to you. And the difficulties of your life, Pra Mae Thoranee also witnesses, and Pra Mae Thoranee will ease all of your difficulties.

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Pang Ham Samut

A “Pang Ham Samut” with his both hands raised in the characteristic "ocean-calming-gesture" (Skt. abhaja-mudra). The gesture, also known as a hand-holding to calm the sea or waves, is traditionally associated with one of the Buddha's famous deeds, the stemming of the flood of the Neranyjara River.

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Dvaravati

Dvaravati was an ancient Mon political principality from the 6th century to the 11th century that was located in the region now known as central Thailand. It was described by Chinese pilgrims in the middle of the 7th century as a Buddhist kingdom named To-lo-po-ti situated to the west of Isanapura (Cambodia) and to the east of Sri Ksetra (Burma). Dvaravati also refers to a culture, an art style, and a disparate conglomeration of principalities of Mon people. Archaeological research over the past two decades or so has revealed the presence of a "Proto-Dvaravati" period which spans the 4th to 5th centuries, and perhaps earlier.

Dvaravati lost its importance after the rise of the Angkor in the lower Mekong basin around the 11th–13th centuries. In the 14th century, one of its main principalities, Si Thep, was almost left abandoned, while the remaining was split into the city-state confederation of Suphannabhumi in the west and the Lavo Kingdom in the east. However, a new kingdom, Ayutthaya, was subsequently founded southward on the bank of the Chao Phraya River in 1351, as the succeeded state,[1] as its capital's full name referred to the Kingdom of Dvaravati; Krung Thep Dvaravati Si Ayutthaya (Thai: กรุงเทพทวารวดีศรีอยุธยา). All former Dvaravati principalities, Lavo, the northern cities of the Sukhothai Kingdom, and Suphannabhumi, was later incorporated to the Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1388, 1438, and the mid-15 century, respectively.

According to an inscription on a bronze gun acquired by the Burmese in 1767, when Ayuthia, Siam's capital at the time, fell to an invading Burmese force, the Burmese still referred to Ayutthaya as Dvaravati. Several genetic studies published in the 2020s also founded the relations between the Mon people and Siamese people (Central Thai people) who were the descendants of the Ayutthaya.

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The BE 2499 (CE 1956) Batch of amulets of Wat Saranat Thammaram, Rayong Province

This Batch of amulets was made to commemorate the completion of the casting process of Pra Buddha Sopat Chinnaraj Jom Munee, the principle Buddha statue of Wat Saranat Thammaram, Rayong Province. The casting process was done at Wat Samphanthawong, Bangkok, then the statue was moved to Wat Saranat Thammaram to have the rituals.

The Holy Mother (Khun Mae) Boonreuan Tohngboonterm of Wat Awutvikasitaram (Wat Awut) was Master of all Ceremonies and Rituals. It was the first time in the history of Thailand that woman was allowed to make Batch of amulets and performed the rituals, and attended Consecration / Blessing Ceremonies together with guru monks.

The First Consecration / Blessing Ceremony was started on March 3, BE 2499 with non-stop 18 days and nights Consecration / Blessing Ceremony at the temple of Wat Samphanthawong attended by Pra Pa Sai Pra Archan Mun, the guru monks of the School of Pra Archan Mun Bhuridatta Thera,  the founder of the Thai Forest Tradition (the Kammaṭṭhāna Tradition).

1)Pra Archan Fund Archaro of Wat Pa Udom Somphon

2)Luang Phu Kaao Analyo of Wat Tham Klong Ple (Luang Pu Khao)

3)Luang Phu Dune Atulo of Wat Buraparam

4)Pra Archan One Uttamo of Wat Tham Apai Damrongtham

5)Luang Phor Lee of Wat Asokaram

And guru monks from the Mahā Nikāya, and the Dhammayuttika Nikaya, the 2 principal monastic orders of Thai Theravada Buddhism.

6)Luang Phu Toh of Wat Pradu Chimphli

7)Luang Phor Sod of  Wat Paknam Phasi Charoen

8)Luang Phor Ngern of Wat Don Yai Hom

9)Luang Phor Nor of Wat Klang Tha Ruea

10)Luang Phor Sod of Wat Pho Daeng Tai

11)Luang Phor Chang of Wat Ban Phang

12)Luang Phor Feuang of Wat Samphanthawong

13)Luang Phor Sa-aat of Wat Samphanthawong

14)Luang Phu Sing of Wat Pa Salwan

15)The Holy Mother (Khun Mae) Boonreuan Tohngboonterm of Wat Awutvikasitaram

And other guru monks

The Second Consecration / Blessing Ceremony was held at the temple of Saranat Thammaram, Rayong Province attended by

1)Luang Phor Toh of Wat Khao Bo Thong

2)Luang Phu Tim of Wat Lahan Rai

3)Luang Phu Hiang of Wat Aranyikawas (Wat Pa)

And other guru monks…

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The Holy Mother (Khun Mae) Boonreuan Tohngboonterm of Wat Awutvikasitaram, living between BE 2437 to BE 2507

The Holy Mother Boonreuan Tohngboonterm, born Boonreuan Glinphaka on March 4, BE 2437 at Khlong Sam Wa, Min Buri, Bangkok. Then the family moved to Bang Pakok, Rat Burana, Bangkok. At the age of 15, Boonreuan practiced Traditional Thai Massage Therapy from her grandfather, Archan Klin, the famous Traditional Thai Massage Therapist. At teen age, Boonreuan met her uncle, Luang Phor Príng of Wat Bang Pakok. Boonreuan visited Luang Phor Pring frequently, and learned Buddhism, Dharma, and Kammaṭṭhāna (Buddhist meditation) from Luang Phor Pring. At the late teen, Boonreuan married Pol.Cpl. Joi Tohngboonterm, an officer stationed at Samphanthawong Police Station, Bangkok. After few years of marriage, Joi ordained as Buddhist monk at Wat Samphanthawong for a year. Boonreuan visited her husband and practiced Kammaṭṭhāna at Wat Samphanthawong, and in BE 2470, Boonreuan became a nun there for 90 days. Before being a nun Boonreuan was a dress maker, and Traditional Thai Massage Therapist, Boonreuan did the therapy for free to people who suffered from musculoskeletal pain. Boonreuan quitted being a nun, left Wat Samphanthawong  and started work as Traditional Thai Massage Therapist, and Kammaṭṭhāna teacher. In BE 2479, at the age of 42, Boonreuan lost her husband, Joi while Joi was on duty to distinguish the fire at Talat Noi Market. Boonreuan then moved to Wat Awutvikasitaram (Wat Awut), Bang Phlat, Bangkok, and provided Traditional Thai Massage Therapist, Traditional Thai Medicine, and Kammaṭṭhāna training for free. It is believed that the Holy Mother Boonreuan Tohngboonterm was very active in her ministry of healing. She cured many people who suffered from chronic deceases, and musculoskeletal pain at no cost.

The Holy Mother Boonreuan Tohngboonterm practiced Kammaṭṭhāna (Buddhist meditation) ultimately through a succession of stages to the final goal of spiritual freedom, the pursuit of nirvana. The mind power of the Holy Mother Boonreuan Tohngboonterm was powerful, clean and clear. And the Holy Mother Boonreuan Tohngboonterm was the one and the only woman in the history of Thailand who was allowed/invited to attend Buddha amulets consecration/blessing Ceremonies to bless on the Batches of amulets. And the Holy Mother Boonreuan Tohngboonterm also made amulets for few temples for their fundraising. The Holy Mother Boonreuan Tohngboonterm passed away on September 7, BE 2507 at the age of 70 at Wat Awutvikasitaram.

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DIMENSION: 4.50 cm high / 1.50 cm wide / 0.50 cm thick

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item # K22C17

Price: price upon request, pls PM and/or email us [email protected]

100% GENUINE WITH 365 DAYS FULL REFUND WARRANTY

Item location: Hong Kong, SAR

Ships to: Worldwide

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[ercdouken]

Did the FE sorter thingy again. Link: http://fesorter.tumblr.com/

Full List:

1 Catria 2 Cherche 3 Silque 4 Mia 5 Oboro 6 Marcia 7 Setsuna 8 Volke 9 Lucina 10 Jill 11 Nephenee 12 Rebecca 13 Tate 14 Miledy 15 Palla 16 Erinys 17 Ayra 18 Tailtiu 19 Minerva 20 Linde 21 Saber 22 Mae 23 Haar 24 Ogma 25 Marth 26 Flora 27 Felicia 28 Kaze 29 Clair 30 Stefan 31 Beruka 32 Noire 33 Cordelia 34 Lute 35 Ishtar 36 Caeda 37 Tibarn 38 Farina 39 Nino 40 Lyn 41 Titania 42 Barst 43 Camus 44 Cain 45 Tana 46 Gerik 47 Brigid 48 Joshua 49 Karin 50 Lon'qu 51 Sonya 52 Fir 53 Dieck 54 Lewyn 55 Finn 56 Sigurd 57 Kamui 58 Elincia 59 Sumia 60 Anna 61 Miriel 62 Cynthia 63 Fee 64 Larcei 65 Altena 66 Orsin 67 Merric 68 Tiki 69 Owain 70 Celica 71 Mathilda 72 Ilyana 73 Sain 74 Nanna 75 Athena 76 Nolan 77 Fiora 78 Priscilla 79 Canas 80 Oswin 81 Gray 82 Cecille 83 Hardin 84 Zihark 85 Ced 86 Leila 87 Laura 88 Ethlyn 89 Legion 90 Lena 91 Julian 92 Azura 93 Lissa 94 Robin 95 Marisa 96 Pent 97 Vanessa 98 Ninian 99 Florina 100 Calill 101 Astrid 102 Gatrie 103 Kieran 104 Marisha 105 Shanna 106 Navarre 107 Frey 108 Phina 109 Norne 110 Delthea 111 Lukas 112 Keaton 113 Lucia 114 Kagero 115 Tanith 116 Gregor 117 Heather 118 Tatiana 119 Genny 120 Lilina 121 Sue 122 Echidna 123 Lex 124 Luthier 125 Jeorge 126 Sheena 127 Julia 128 Shanan 129 Tinny 130 Arthur 131 Naesala 132 Perceval 133 Hector 134 Matthew 135 L'Arachel 136 Shinon 137 Oscar 138 Micaiah 139 Katarina 140 Hinoka 141 Takumi 142 Saizo 143 Scarlet 144 Leo 145 Ryoma 146 Ike 147 Boyd 148 Mist 149 Reyson 150 Clarine 151 Abel 152 Est 153 Klein 154 Geese 155 Ellen 156 Rutger 157 Allen 158 Lance 159 Ares 160 Seliph 161 Alvis 162 Mordecai 163 Zelgius 164 Eliwood 165 Kaden 166 Wendell 167 Xane 168 Rinea 169 Clarisse 170 Quan 171 Olwen 172 Mareeta 173 Sara 174 Bastian 175 Chrom 176 Isadora 177 Louise 178 Natasha 179 Cecilia 180 Leif 181 Eldigan 182 Tanya 183 Safy 184 Lara 185 Machyua 186 Linoan 187 Shiva 188 Lachesis 189 Corrin 190 Tharja 191 Olivia 192 Frederick 193 Edain 194 Deirdre 195 Chulainn 196 Valbar 197 Jagen 198 Alm 199 Mycen 200 Geoffrey 201 Kent 202 Draug 203 Guy 204 Mozu 205 Sedgar 206 Wolf 207 Forsyth 208 Boey 209 Conrad 210 Ophelia 211 Midori 212 Velouria 213 Sakura 214 Arthur 215 Effie 216 Benny 217 Lloyd 218 Stahl 219 Maribelle 220 Myrrh 221 Cormag 222 Henry 223 Muarim 224 Aran 225 Volug 226 Seth 227 Neimi 228 Eirika 229 Amelia 230 Charlotte 231 Astram 232 Samson 233 Colm 234 Moulder 235 Tormod 236 Lyon 237 Saleh 238 Roshea 239 Sylvia 240 Jamke 241 Leon 242 Kliff 243 Castor 244 Sophie 245 Gunter 246 Reina 247 Brom 248 Nailah 249 Ephraim 250 Duessel 251 Innes 252 Laurent 253 Hana 254 Camilla 255 Elise 256 Xander 257 Forde 258 Ursula 259 Carrion 260 Tina 261 Halvan 262 Bartre 263 Raigh 264 Fae 265 Karel 266 Oifey 267 Igrene 268 Patty 269 Reinhardt 270 Marcus 271 Orochi 272 Caineghis 273 Say'ri 274 Lucius 275 Basilio 276 Ulki 277 Janaff 278 Greil 279 Largo 280 Vaike 281 Virion 282 Nasir 283 Brady 284 Lugh 285 Roy 286 Ulster 287 Lana 288 Asbel 289 Fergus 290 Lifis 291 Brunya 292 Sigrun 293 Leanne 294 Serra 295 Idoun 296 Syrene 297 Morgan 298 Zephiel 299 Valter 300 Inigo 301 Selena 302 Brighton 303 Lalum 304 Elphin 305 Wrys 306 Malice 307 Nagi 308 Jake 309 Lorenz 310 Ranulf 311 Tauroneo 312 Kyle 313 Karla 314 Chad 315 Noah 316 Gonzales 317 Severa 318 Izana 319 Shura 320 Rinkah 321 Raven 322 Harken 323 Jaffar 324 Legault 325 Hinata 326 Jakob 327 Dorcas 328 Rath 329 Erk 330 Pelleas 331 Libra 332 Gaius 333 Danved 334 Gilliam 335 Geitz 336 Heath 337 Walhart 338 Aversa 339 Ashnard 340 Sanaki 341 Skrimir 342 Rhys 343 Lethe 344 Rennac 345 Garcia 346 Hawkeye 347 Dart 348 Dozla 349 Tethys 350 Gangrel 351 Silas 352 Flavia 353 Panne 354 Giffca 355 Renning 356 Dheginsea 357 Sephiran 358 Kurthnaga 359 Ena 360 Petrine 361 Kellam 362 Sully 363 Ismaire 364 Wil 365 Lowen 366 Knoll 367 Hayato 368 Subaki 369 Selkie 370 Caeldori 371 Soleil 372 Nina 373 Nah 374 Shiro 375 Siegbert 376 Forrest 377 Fuga 378 Niles 379 Nyx 380 Perne 381 Diarmuid 382 Michalis 383 Roger 384 Arlen 385 Gotoh 386 Febail 387 Lester 388 Faye 389 Etzel 390 Horace 391 Shin 392 Galzus 393 Miranda 394 Shigure 395 Misha 396 Homer 397 Eda 398 Dean 399 Selfina 400 Dagdar 401 Darros 402 Beck 403 Ymir 404 Midayle 405 Azel 406 Deen 407 Julius 408 Areone 409 Guinevere 410 Hugh 411 Dayan 412 Python 413 Tobin 414 Mila 415 Juno 416 Atlas 417 Jesse 418 Berkut 419 Midia 420 Radd 421 Caesar 422 Gordin 423 Luke 424 Roderick 425 Lene 426 Vika 427 Ross 428 Athos 429 Franz 430 Nils 431 Gwendolyn 432 Ogier 433 Cath 434 Sophia 435 Hicks 436 Dalsin 437 Beowolf 438 Dew 439 Rudolf 440 Wallace 441 Artur 442 Linus 443 Fargus 444 Renault 445 Nergal 446 Limstella 447 Sonia 448 Nowi 449 Priam 450 Gareth 451 Percy 452 Dwyer 453 Kana 454 Ignatius 455 Dice 456 Frost 457 Dolph 458 Bantu 459 Warren 460 Cord 461 Samto 462 Niime 463 Douglas 464 Zeiss 465 Gale 466 Narcian 467 Eyrios 468 Salem 469 Bors 470 Astore 471 Saul 472 Hannibal 473 Merlinus 474 Travant 475 Asugi 476 Mitama 477 Rhajat 478 Sothe 479 Edward 480 Leonardo 481 Bord 482 Nomah 483 Yodel 484 Saias 485 Amalda 486 Xavier 487 Alec 488 Noish 489 Gharnef 490 Medeus 491 Maria 492 Nyna 493 Ryan 494 Arran 495 Shanam 496 Wolt 497 Murdock 498 Vaida 499 Jahn 500 Lyre 501 Rafiel 502 Nealuchi 503 Zelot 504 Wade 505 Lott 506 Garret 507 Manfroy 508 Johan 509 Johalva 510 Clive 511 Elice 512 Ralph 513 Arden 514 Rolf 515 Fiona 516 Almedha 517 Claud 518 Fred 519 Robert 520 Kein 521 Alva 522 Treck 523 Kris 524 Yumina 525 Reiden 526 Belf 527 Roberto 528 Macellan 529 Vyland 530 Tomas 531 Jedah 532 Barthe 533 Marty 534 Ronan 535 Sleuf 536 Glade 537 Dorothy 538 Coirpre 539 Soren 540 Ricken 541 Donnel 542 Emmeryn 543 Gerome 544 Kjelle 545 Glen 546 Caellach 547 Hisame 548 Kiragi 549 Yarne 550 Kyza 551 Ashera 552 Yen'fay 553 Validar 554 Peri 555 Riev 556 Ewan 557 Raydrik 558 Blume 559 Troude 560 Meg 561 Rickard 562 Oliver 563 Yubello 564 Boah 565 Makalov 566 Matthis 567 Azama 568 Garon 569 Mikoto 570 Yukimura 571 Orson 572 Conomore 573 Dorias 574 August 575 Veld 576 Brendan 577 Hilda 578 Izuka

#fire emblem #character sorter

[superdecade]

Levidromes

A levidrome is a word that when spelled backwards makes another word. Well, at least not yet. It is not in the Oxford English Dictionary. Levi Budd is a six-year-old boy from British Columbia in Canada who has coined the term 'levidrome' after spotting that the word 'STOP' spells 'POTS' backwards. After realising that there is no such word in English for this phenomena, a social media campaign has started to get this word in popular usage (hence this post). I wrote a short Python script this morning that will pull all of the levidromes from a dictionary file. The full list is copied below.

aa ab aba abac abba abo abos abut acca ad ado ados ae aga agar agas agenes ah aha ahs aia aider air airts ajar aka al ala alan alif alma alula am ama amahs amas amen amene amir amis amla amman an ana anal anan anana anes anew anger animal animes anna annat anon ante apod araara arak arb arbas are ares arf aril arret arris arum arval aryl assam asses at ataata ate ates aua auks ava aval avel avid avo awa ay ayahs ba bac bacs bad bag bal bals ban bans bard barf bark bas bat bats bed beef ben bens bib bid big bin bins bird bis blub bo bob bobac bobak bod bog boh bok bon bonk boob boord bor bos bots bows boy bra braced brad brag braw bro brod bros bru bub bud bug bulb bun bunk buns bur burd burg bus but buts cab caba cabob cam camus cap card cares cep ceps cire cires cis cit cite cito civic clat cod cor cos cot cram cran crem cur da dab dace dad dag dah dahs dal dam dap daraf darb darg dart darts das daud daw daws day de deb debut decaf decal decarb dedal deed deem deen deens deep deeps deer dees deet deets def defer deffer deffo deg degami degged deid deified deifier deil deke deked del deled delf delis deliver delos dels deman demit demits den denier denies denim denis denned dennets dens depart deport depot depots derat derats dere dered deres deros derris dessert desserts deus devas devil devils devots dew dewans dewed dexes deys di dial dialer dials diaper dib did died dif dig dim din dinar diol diols diram dit div diva do dob doc dod dog doh dohs dol dom don dons doom door dop dopa dops dor dorb dormin dorp dorps dort dorter dos doser dot doy drab drac drail dram drap draps draw drawer draws dray drey drib drier droob drool drow drows drub duad dual dub dud duel duo dup dups ea ean eas eat ecad ecce ed edile edit ee eel eels een ef eh ehs eke eked elide elides elutes em eme emes emir emit emits emmets emong emos en ene enema enes enol enows er era ere ered eres ergo eric eros ervil eses esnes espial esse et eta etas etat etats eten etic etna euk eve even evil eviler evils ewe exul eye faced farad fe fed feeb feer fen fer fet fid fier fig fila fir fires fled flog flor flow fool fra frab fret fro gab gad gag gal gals gam gan gans gaps gar garb gas gat gateman gater gats gay ged gel gelder gem gen get gib gid gif gig gins gip girt girts git gnar gnat gnats gnaw gnaws gnome gnus gob god golf gon gons goog gorp gorps gos got grad gram grub gu gub gul gulp guls gum gums guns gup gups gur gut guv guy ha habus had hadedah hah hahs hajjah halalah hales hallah hallan halos han hap haram hay he heh henry hep her hey ho hob hod hoh hon hoo hoop hop hos huh hup id ikat imaged io iris iron is it itas iwi jar kabob kaiak kak kam kara kat kay kayak keek keel keels keep keet keets ken keps kier kips kirks kis kiths knaps knar knit knits knob knop knot knots know knub knuts kob kook kor korat kow krab krans kue la lab laced lacer lad laded laer lag lager laid laipse lair lam lamina lana langer lap lares larum las laud lava lavra leat leben led lee leek leep leeps leer lees leet leets leg leir lemel leper les let leud leva level lever levins levo lez liar liard liart lias lied lies lin lion lira lit live lived livre lobo lod loges loid lone loof looks loom loons loop loops loord loos loot looter loots lop los lotos lug luxe lyra ma mac macs mad madam maes mag mak mal malam mallam mals mam man map maps mar marah marc marcs mard marg marid marram marrum mart mas massa mat maws may me meed mees meet meets meg mem merc meter mets mew mho mid milks mils mim mined minim mips mir mis mm mo mod mom mon moo mood mool mools moops moor moos moot mop mor mos mot moy mu mug mum mura mural mures murram mus mut muton muts na naan nab nae nag nah nala nallah nam named namer nametag namma nan nana nap napas nappas naps naras narc narcs narks nas nat naw ne neb nebel ned nee need neep nef neg nek neks nelis nema nemas nep net nete nets neve neves new nib nid nil nimrod nip nips nis nit no nob nod nog noh noil nolos nom non nona nonet noo noon noop noops nori nos not notes notum now noy nu nub nun nur nus nut nuts nys oat ob oba obey obo obol od oda odas offed offer ogre oh ohm oho ohos oi oiks om on ono oo ooh oohs oom oon oop oor oot op oppo orb orf os otic otto oud ova ovel ow owt oxo oy pac pacer pad pah pal palp pals pam pan pans pap par pard part parts pas pat pats paw paws pay pec peed peek peel peels peen peep pees peh pelas pen peons pep per perp perts pets pig pin pins pip pir pis pit plap plug po pod poh pol pols pom ponk poo pooh pool pools poon poons poop poor poort poos poots pop port ports pos pot pots pow pows prat prep prod prog pud pug puh pullup pup pupils puris pus put puy radar rag raga rager rages raggas rail rait raj raja ram ramis rang ranid rank rap raps ras rast rat rats raw ray re real reaps rebus rebut recal recap recaps reccos redder redes redia redips redleg redraw redrawer reed reef reeks reel reels reens rees ref refed refer reffed reffo reflet reflow regal regar regna regnal regos reh reif reified reifier reik reiks reined reird reknit reknits reknot reknots relaid relit relive reliver reman remeet remit renies rennet rep repaid repaper repel repins repot repots res resat resod retag retem retool retrod retros revel reviled reviler reviver reward rewarder rewets rexes ria rial rias ribas riel rif rim rima rime rims rip rits rob roc rod rok rolf rom rones roo rood room rooms roop roops roots rosies rot rotator rotavator rotor rub ruc rucs rug rums run sab sabir sabra sad sadis sado sados sae sag saga sagas sagenes saggar sail sair sakis sal salep salles sallets sam sama samas samen san sanes sap sapan sappan saps sar saran saros sarus sat sate sati sav saved saw saz scab scam scares scot scram scran scur seals seam seat secret seder sedes sedile seed seeks seel seem seems seep seer sees segar segol seil seined seiner seis seisor seities sekos sel selah selahs seles sellas selles seme sememes semes semina sena senas sene senega senegas sennet senor sense ser sera serac seracs seral sere sered seres seric serif serons serres serum sese sesey sessa sesses set seta seton setule seven sexed sexer sexes sey seys sha shad shah shahs shakos shales shama shay shaya she shod shoo shtik si sib sic sidas sies sik sikas siled silen sim sima simar simis sin sined sinnet sip siri siris sirra sirred sirs sirup sis sit six skat skeer skees skeets sken skeps skier skio skips sklim skool skran skrans skrik skua slab slaes slag slaid slam slap sled slee sleek sleep sleeps sleer sleet sleets slim slipup slit slive slived sloid sloom sloop sloops sloot sloots slop slug smart smees smew smir smits smoor smoot smug smur smut smuts snab snag snap snaps snark snarks snaw snawed snaws sneb sned sneed sneer snib snig snip sniper snips snirt snit snivel snod snoep snog snool snoop snoops snoot snores snort snot snow snub snug so sob soba soc soccer sod soda sodas sog soger soh soho sokahs sokes sol solah soled solon solos som some son sonnet sool soom soop sop soras sorb sore sored sorter sos sotol sow soy spacer spaer spag spam span spank spans spar spard spart sparts spas spat spats spaw spaws spay spaz spec speed speel speels spek speks spets spider spik spiks spim spin spins spirt spirts spit spod spool spools spoom spoon spoons spoor spoots sports spot spots sprat sprits sprod sprog spud spug sris stab stag stang stap staps star stared start stat state stats staw staws steed steek steeks steel steels steem stellas stem stemme sten stenned step steps stet stets stew stewer stime stimed stims stink stinker stir stirps stob stonk stonker stool stools stoop stoops stoor stop stoped stoper stops stot stots stoved stow stows strad strap straps straw strep stressed stria strig strips strop strops strow struts stub stum stums stun stunk sturts sub subah suber succus sued sulu sulus sum sumac sun sung sup suras sus susus swad swam swang swans swap swaps sward swat swats sway swey swob swone swop sword swot swots syed syes syn ta tab tae tael taes tag tak taki taks talc tallat tam tan tang tanna tao tap taps tar tared tarok tarp tarps tart tas taser tat tate tats tav taw taws te teed teek teel teels teem teemer tef teg tel telfer ten tenet tenner tennes tennis tennos tenon terces terf terra terret tes tet tets tew ti tiar tic tid tide tig til tiler tils time timed timer tin tink tinker tins tip tips tirrit tis tit toc tocs tod tog tom ton tonk tonker tons too tool tools toom tooms toons toot top toped toper tops tor torot tort tot tots tow tows trad trail tram trams trap traped traps trat trats tressed trew trig trins trips trod trons troop trop troped trot trow tsar tub tuba tubed tuber tug tum tums tun tup tut two ug ulu ulus um umu un urb utu vas vat vav vid vug wad wan wang wans wap waps war warb ward warder warts was wat wats waw way wed wem wems wen wena wert wet wets wey wo wok wolf wolfer won wonk wons wop word wort worts wos wot wots wow xis ya yad yag yah yahs yak yam yap yaps yar yard yaw yaws yay yebo yeh yerd yes yeses yew yews yo yob yod yom yon yos yrneh yug yup zaps zas zel ziz zuz zzz

It is interesting to note that some levidromes are also palindromes. I wonder whether we need a new word to describe this phenomenon also?  Furthermore, there is no word in English for "a word that you make up in order to make another word make sense". I suggest: "emordivel" ?

via Blogger http://ift.tt/2nbSsPu http://ift.tt/eA8V8J

[alexcsofrp]

Nieuwe tijden

The cast 

#vajen van den bosch #Olaf Ait Tami #tim douwsma #Cecilia Adoree #underused fc #wouter zweers #nieuwe tijden #Holly Mae Brood #Soy Kroon #lisa bor #ferry doedens #mygifs

[rocklandhistoryblog]

Van Houten Fields and Ralph Borsodi by John Scott

In 1937, a group of people from Nyack and vicinity entered into discussions with Ralph Borsodi of Suffern, nationally known author, economist and philoso­pher, regarding his back-to-the-land de­centralization experiments in providing self-sufficient homesteads within com­muting distances of cities. The 106-acre Van Houten farm had become available at West Nyack, and they wished to secure support of Borsodi’s Independence Foun­dation and the School of Living, which had earlier financed a small association of homeowners at Bayard Lane, Suffern.

The old Dutch farm was part of the original Oblenis 800-acre tract estab­lished in 1732 on lots 11 and 12 of the Kakiat Patent in the area of present West Nyack. John Van Houten pur­chased the land in 1837 and built the three-story brick building at present 73 Sickeltown Road on the site of the origi­nal Oblenis farmhouse.

An organizational meeting with prin­cipals of the Independence Foundation was held on November 30, 1937 at the Borsodi homestead, “Dogwoods,” on DeBaun Avenue, Suffern for the purpose of organizing the Van Houten Fields Asso­ciation as a self-administering body of homeowners. Ralph Borsodi, Sr. called the meeting to order and on motion was elected chairman of the committee. Ralph Borsodi, Jr. was appointed secretary. Five trustees were duly elected: Ralph Borsodi, Jr., Homer T. Bogle, Wharton Clay, W. S. Fitz Randolph and Chauncey D. Stillman, a philanthropic financier. Mrs. Wharton Clay was elected as com­munity manager. Homer T. Bogle, field manager, submitted the preliminary plan of the proposed development prepared by C. Earl Morrow. It was generally ap­proved, subject to any corrections that a definite survey would show to be ne­cessary.

One- and two-acre sites were to be made available for homesteads in a coopera­tive community. Each homeowner would lease the acquired land from the Founda­tion and receive an indenture of a 99- year lease. One large tract was set aside as a forest playground and another, with a spring-fed pond, for water sports, tennis courts, nature gardens and playgrounds. The old Van Houten brick farmhouse was intended as a community meeting place to develop the cultural and social life of the settlement. For years it served as temporary apartments for families during construction of their new homes.

Flight from the City

Ralph Borsodi began his new style of country living, later labeled as “agrari­anism for commuters,” in 1919, he, his wife Myrtle Mae Simpson and two small sons moved from New York City and rented a small unimproved farmhouse on seven acres near Suffern. While Bor-sodi commuted to work in the City, they began their initial family experiments.

With little capital and a small income, they remodeled their first tiny building, learning the use of necessary tools, and began raising fruits and vegetables. Ac­quiring a goat, cow and chickens, they tested their theories and dreams of self­subsistence and economic freedom while enjoying the beauty of nature.

In 1924, they selected a larger 18-acre site off present DeBaun Avenue in Suf­fern to design and build the homestead they really wanted. Combining their own amateur labor with the skilled labor of local workmen, they cleared the land, gathered native fieldstone and built the west wing of the house to live in while completing the rest. Construction was based on Ernest Flagg’s experiments in building attractive, economical, sturdy houses made with a concrete slab and available fieldstones for walls.

In a period of 10 years, they con­structed an enclave of five buildings, including a barn and their own home­stead, “Dogwoods,” which contained a workshop for weaving, a laundry, billiard room, printing plant and an outdoor swimming pool. Here they first experi­mented with a theory called the School of Living that would later lead to classes in self-sufficiency. Borsodi had written several books on economics, but This Ugly Civilization, published in 1929, brought him national attention.

To read the rest of the article, visit our archived issue of South of the Mountains : Vol. 31, No. 4 (1987) https://www.hrvh.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/hsrc/id/2817/show/2795/rec/9

#van houten fields #suffern ny #rockland #rockland history #agrarian #cooperative community

[bluewatsons]

Marjin A. Distel et al., Familial Resemblance of Borderline Personality Disorder Features: Genetic or Cultural Transmission?, 4 PLoS One e5534 (2009)

Abstract

Borderline personality disorder is a severe personality disorder for which genetic research has been limited to family studies and classical twin studies. These studies indicate that genetic effects explain 35 to 45% of the variance in borderline personality disorder and borderline personality features. However, effects of non-additive (dominance) genetic factors, non-random mating and cultural transmission have generally not been explored. In the present study an extended twin-family design was applied to self-report data of twins (N = 5,017) and their siblings (N = 1,266), parents (N = 3,064) and spouses (N = 939) from 4,015 families, to estimate the effects of additive and non-additive genetic and environmental factors, cultural transmission and non-random mating on individual differences in borderline personality features. Results showed that resemblance among biological relatives could completely be attributed to genetic effects. Variation in borderline personality features was explained by additive genetic (21%; 95% CI 17–26%) and dominant genetic (24%; 95% CI 17–31%) factors. Environmental influences (55%; 95% CI 51–60%) explained the remaining variance. Significant resemblance between spouses was observed, which was best explained by phenotypic assortative mating, but it had only a small effect on the genetic variance (1% of the total variance). There was no effect of cultural transmission from parents to offspring.

Introduction

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by emotional lability, impulsivity, interpersonal difficulties, identity disturbances, and cognitive impairments [1]. BPD is associated with a number of negative outcomes, including suicidal behavior, frequent emergency room admissions, substance abuse, impaired occupational functioning, and poor quality of interpersonal relationships. Individuals with BPD are well-represented in treatment settings, accounting for 10% of all outpatients and 15–20% of all inpatients [2]. Recent estimates from general population of the United States suggest that approximately 1% of adults meet diagnostic criteria for this disorder. BPD is equally prevalent among men and women and more likely to be diagnosed in early adulthood [3].

To date, genetic research on individual differences in BPD has been limited to non-twin family studies and classical twin studies. Family studies have consistently shown increased rates of BPD in family members of BPD patients [4]–[6], and twin studies of BPD reported heritability estimates around 40% [7]–[9]. Classical twin studies are important to detect whether there are genetic influences on BPD features. By including siblings, spouses and parents of twins in the study several additional research questions can be answered.

Firstly, adding data from siblings to the classical twin model results in a considerable increase in power to detect non-additive genetic effects [10]. Non-additive genetic effects can consist of interactions between alleles within a locus (dominance) or across different loci (epistasis). In this study, non-additive genetic effects are modelled as dominance. Using extended twin family designs, dominant genetic effects have been detected for many personality traits [11]–[15]. Lake et al. [16], for example, examined individual differences for neuroticism in 45,850 members of extended families from Australia and the United States, and found that additive genetic effects explained 28 to 36% of the variation and dominant genetic effects explained 13 to 17% of the variation. Neuroticism is suggested to be at the core of many features of BPD (e.g. negative emotionality, sensitivity to stress)[17] and empirical studies have found strong associations between BPD and neuroticism [18], [19]. We therefore hypothesize that dominant genetic effects may also influence BPD features.

Secondly, the effect of assortative mating, meaning that spouses are more similar for a trait or disorder than expected under random mating [20], [21], can be detected and accounted for by including data from parents and spouses of twins. Some degree of assortative mating is often found for psychiatric disorders and related phenotypic traits. For depressive disorders, a meta-analysis reported marital resemblance for depression in twelve of seventeen studies [22]. Studies on the etiology of spousal similarity for psychiatric disorders were carried out by Maes et al. [23] and van Grootheest et al. [24] in population-based samples. Several psychiatric diagnoses were examined, including generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic disorder and phobias. Moderate spousal correlations were seen for most psychiatric diagnoses. Social homogamy, marital interaction and phenotypic assortment are possible explanations for spousal similarity. Social homogamy refers to the tendency of spouses to have similar social backgrounds. Marital interaction means that spouses living together experience mutual influences which make them resemble each other, or that there are active influences of one spouse's phenotype on the other spouse's phenotype. Phenotypic assortment refers to the tendency of individuals to select their partner based on the partner's phenotype. The three mechanisms for spousal similarity have different implications for genetic analysis. Data of spouses of monozygotic and dizygotic twins provide information on which mechanism of assortment is most likely and should be included in the genetic analyses [23]–[26].

Although the classical twin design offers information about the influence of shared environment, it is not informative about how much of the shared environment is transmitted from parents to offspring. By adding phenotypic data from parents to the classical twin design vertical cultural transmission, reflecting the non-genetic influence of the parents' BPD features on their offspring, can be tested. Because BPD features have a heritable component [7] vertical cultural transmission will lead to genotype-environment correlation [27], [28].

In this study, we examine the genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in BPD features using an extended twin-family design. We collected data on BPD in twins, their spouses, siblings and parents. Analyzing the data from family members simultaneously in one model allows for testing of additive and dominant genetic effects, individual specific environmental influence, assortment and cultural transmission [29], [30].

Methods

Participants

Twins and their parents, siblings and spouses registered with the Netherlands Twin Register [31] and the East Flanders Prospective Twin Survey [32] were approached by mail and invited to participate in the study by completing a questionnaire. The total sample for analysis consisted of 5,017 twins and 1,266 siblings, 3,064 parents and 939 spouses of twins from 4,015 families. An overview of the sample characteristics is given in Table 1. Zygosity of 3,282 same sex twins was determined either from DNA typing (N = 1,907) or from self-report answers to eight survey questions on physical twin resemblance and confusion of the twins by family members and strangers. Based on the answers to these items from all longitudinal surveys, zygosity was assigned. A total of 1,045 twins were of opposite sex and therefore classified as dizygotic. Agreement between zygosity based on survey questions and zygosity based on DNA typing was 97% [33]. Details on response rates, demographic characteristics and zygosity procedures can be found elsewhere [7], [34], [35]. The study was approved by the Central Ethics Committee on Research involving human subjects of the VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, an Institutional Review Board certified by the US Office of Human Research Protections (IRB number IRB-2991 under Federal wide Assurance-3703; IRB/institute codes, NTR 03-180). All subjects provided written informed consent.

Table 1. Number of twins, siblings, parents and spouses and their mean age (standard deviation) and age range. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005334.t001

Measures

BPD features were measured by a Dutch translation of the 24-item Personality Assessment Inventory-Borderline Features scale (PAI-BOR) [36], [37]. The PAI-BOR consists of 24 items that are rated on a four-point scale (0 to 3; false, slightly true, mainly true, very true). The items consist of statements concerning, for example, stability of mood and affects, emotionally responsiveness, anger control, self image, feelings of emptiness, intense and unstable relationships, loneliness, impulsivity, self harm and recklessness. Several studies have supported the reliability and the validity of PAI-BOR scores in indexing the degree to which BPD features are present [36], [38]–[41]. Receiver operating characteristic analyses showed that the PAI-BOR discriminates well between BPD patients and patients with major depression disorder or dysthimia (area under the curve = 0.78). When interpreting the continuous PAI-BOR score as a categorical measure of BPD, at the best cut-off point of a score of 42, the sensitivity (proportion of individuals correctly classified as BPD) was 71% and the specificity 69% (1-specificity reflects the proportion of individuals falsely classified as BPD) [42]. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis showed that the PAI-BOR is measurement invariant across sex and age [43]. The test-retest reliability and internal consistency (Cronbach's α) of the Dutch version of the PAI-BOR are 0.78 and 0.84, respectively [7]. The PAI-BOR was scored according to the manual, which states that at least 80% of the items must be answered to calculate a sum score and that missing and ambiguous answers should be substituted by a zero score [36].

Genetic modelling

The classical twin design makes use of the different genetic relatedness of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins to disentangle genetic and environmental influences on the variance in a trait. MZ twins are genetically (nearly) identical while DZ twins share on average 50% of their segregating genes, like non-twin siblings. The more similar MZ twins are relative to DZ twins, the more variability in a trait is caused by genetic effects. When there is no difference in resemblance between MZ and DZ twins, shared environmental influences are most likely the cause of the resemblance between twins. Genetic effects can act in an additive (A) or non-additive, or dominant (D; dominance) manner. Environmental effects can be common to members of the same family (C) or unique to an individual (E).

Adding data from siblings, spouses and parents of twins to the classical twin study has several advantages. Firstly, it provides the information and statistical power to distinguish between A and D, which is poorly achieved with the classic twin design [44], [45].

Secondly, the effects of assortative mating can be examined. In the classical twin design these may be confounded with the effects of the shared environment [46]. Information on the process of assortment (phenotypic assortment, marital interaction or social homogamy) can be deduced from the MZ and DZ co-twin spouse correlations. By comparing these correlations, a distinction can be made between phenotypic assortment and social homogamy. If assortment is primarily based on phenotypic assortment, the correlation between an MZ twin and their co-twins' spouse must be higher than the correlation between a DZ twin and their co-twins' spouse [25], [47]. If the trait is heritable, assortative mating increases genetic variance in the offspring generation because genetic effects in the parental generation are correlated. The correlation between the genotypes of parents will also increase the resemblance between parents and their offspring and among siblings [48]. When assortative mating for a heritable trait is not explicitly modelled, heritability estimates may become biased. For example, in the classical twin study, heritability estimates will be biased downwards and spurious evidence for shared environment may be found [23]. If assortment results from marital interaction, the spouse correlation increases as a function of duration of marriage and in general the correlation between parents of twins will be higher than between twins and their spouses [24].

Thirdly, including parents of twins into a study can provide information about cultural transmission from parents to offspring. Cultural transmission increases the parent-offspring correlation as well as the correlation among their offspring. In the classical twin design, cultural transmission will be accounted for as C. In an extended twin design cultural transmission can be distinguished from other forms of C, assuming that vertical cultural transmission from parents to offspring is based on the measured phenotype of the parents [46]. Factors that contribute to cultural transmission may be ‘taught’ from parents to their offspring in the form of imitation, customs or preferences, and have direct effects on behavioural phenotypes through processes of social learning or modelling. In contrast, non-transmittable shared-environment comprises environmental conditions shared by relatives reared together within a generation [49]. Importantly, if parents transmit both genes and environment, this induces a gene-environment correlation, as a consequence of the contribution of the parental phenotype, which is partly genetic in origin, to the offspring's environment [46].

Resemblance among relatives

In a first step, the resemblances between pairs of family members with different degrees of genetic relatedness were summarized by correlations. Correlations were estimated conditional on sex, for MZ and DZ twins, parent and offspring, sibling pairs, and for spouses (parents of twins and twins with their spouse). Simultaneously, means, variances and regression of BPD scores on age and sex were estimated. We tested for differences in correlations between DZ twins and siblings, for sex effects on twin and parent-offspring correlations and for regression effects of sex and age on the PAI-BOR scores. Next, the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the variation in BPD features was estimated. Genetic modelling of the data was based on a re-parameterization of the model proposed by Fulker [30], of mixed genetic and cultural transmission described by Neale and colleagues [50]. The analysis of a univariate phenotype does not provide sufficient information to estimate the contribution of dominance, cultural transmission and shared environment. Based on the correlation structure of the data and prior analyses [7] we assumed that C beyond cultural transmission did not contribute to the variance in BPD features. Figure 1 presents the path diagram of a model in which the phenotypic variance is explained by additive (A) and dominant (D) genetic variation, unique environmental variation (E), vertical cultural transmission (F) and genotype- environment covariance (s). The use of parental data entails the assumption that assortative mating, genetic and cultural transmission and gene-environment correlation remain constant from generation to generation [25]. Therefore, the parameters g (genetic variance), r (variance due to vertical cultural transmission) and s (gene-environment covariance) in the parental generation are constrained in the model fitting as a function of the parameters in the offspring generation.

Figure 1. Family resemblance model for twins (BPDT1 and BPDT2), siblings (BPDsib) and parents (father, BPDF; mother, BPDM). A additive genetic variance, a factor loading of A, D dominant genetic variance, d factor loading of D, E unique environmental variance, e factor loading of E, F vertical cultural transmission, f factor loading of F, g additive genetic variance, r, variance due to cultural transmission, s genotype environment correlation (g, r and s are constrained as a function of offspring generation parameters), i assortment. For clarity reasons only one non-twin sibling is drawn, although more are used in the analyses. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005334.g001

The additive genetic variance is perfectly correlated in MZ twins. For DZ twins and siblings the correlation between the latent A factors is 0.5. These coefficients are based on the assumption of random mating in the population [48]. They imply that, if h2 is the heritability of a trait, the correlation (due to A) between parents and offspring and between siblings equals ½h2. Under assortative mating, there is an increase in the genetic variance, which will increase the resemblance between parents and offspring as well as between siblings, i.e. rg>0.5 [51]. The effect of phenotypic assortment is included in the model as represented by the co-path i. The copath represents an extrinsic correlation that influences the covariance structure of the spouses' latent variables but does not contribute to their variance [52]. Dominant genetic variation results from the interaction or combination of alleles at a particular locus. Offspring receive only one allele from each parent and not a combination of two alleles, thus assuming outbred mating the chance that two siblings receive the same allele is 0.5×0.5 resulting in a correlation of 0.25 between the latent D factor for DZ twins and a correlation of zero between parents and offspring. Variance due to D is not expected to change as a product of assortative mating, since BPD characteristics are assumed to be influenced by a large number of genes [48], [51].

Model fitting

Several models of familial resemblance were fitted to the data. We first estimated correlations between relatives and then fitted a series of genetic models to the data. In the first model (model I), A, D, E, cultural transmission and resulting genotype environment correlation are specified. Model II tests the significance of cultural transmission and genotype environment correlation, model III the significance of D and model V the significance of assortment. Finally, model IV tests the significance of A. Because the data showed a somewhat skewed distribution with a tail to the right, a square root transformation was applied. All analyses were performed in the software package Mx [53], using the raw-data full-information maximum-likelihood approach. The fit of the different models was evaluated by means of hierarchical log-likelihood ratio test (LRT) to select the simplest model that best explains the data among a set of possible models. The difference between the negative log likelihood (-2LL) of the two models has a χ2distribution and the degrees of freedom (df) for this test equals the difference in the number of estimated parameters in the two models. A non-significant p-value means that the constrained model is not significantly worse than the model and is kept as the most parsimonious and best fitting model. Because of the large sample size a p-value of 0.01 was chosen.

Results

Table 2 gives the estimates for the intercept and regression coefficients for sex and age and estimates of the PAI-BOR score for 18 year old men. The sex and age regression coefficients represent the deviation per increasing age year and the deviation for women. The upper part of Table 3 shows the results of the tests on the regression coefficients and the variances. Both the age and sex regression coefficients on the mean PAI-BOR score were significant, with younger women showing most BPD features (both p<.001). The effects of sex and age on the PAI-BOR scores were therefore included in all genetic models as a regression coefficient. Variances were equal for men and women.

Table 2. Estimates for borderline personality intercept (estimated for men at age 18), regression coefficients for sex (deviation in women) and age (per year) from the regression equation and standard deviations for untransformed data and square root transformed data (estimates plus 95% confidence intervals). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005334.t002

Table 3. Tests of variances, means and correlations. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005334.t003

The bottom part of Table 3 shows the results of the tests on the correlations. There were no sex differences in twin and sibling correlations (all p>.01), indicating that there were no sex differences in the heritability of BPD features, the same genes influence BPD features in men and women (test not shown in Table 3) and there is no specific twin environment (all p>.01). The MZ twin correlation was .45 and the DZ/sib correlation was .19 suggesting that around 50% of the variance in BPD features can be attributed to genetic factors and that part of the genetic variance might be dominant. Resemblance between mothers and their offspring was equal to the resemblance between fathers and their offspring (p = .014). The parent-offspring correlation (r = .13) was somewhat lower than the DZ/sibling correlation which is consistent with the presence of dominance. There was a significant association between the PAI-BOR scores of twins and the score of their spouses (r = .19). The correlation between MZ twins and their co-twins spouse (r = .18) was higher than the correlation between DZ twins and their co-twins' spouse (r = .08) which suggests that non random mating is primarily based on phenotypic assortment. The spouse correlation in the parental generation was .24 indicating that in addition to phenotypic assortment, there may be some influence of marital interaction. The estimates for the familial correlations for pairs of family members with different degrees of genetic relatedness are summarized in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Correlations for BPD features between family members of different degrees of relatedness (number of pairs) and 95% confidence intervals. The bottom 4 bars collapse across categories above. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005334.g002

Genetic modelling

Table 4 shows the result of genetic model fitting. Model I specifies effects of A, D and E, assortment and cultural transmission. The model is just identified, meaning that the number of free parameters in the model equals the number of peaces of information, and provides the same fit to the data as the correlation model (model 8) in Table 3. From the estimates for the path coefficients, the influence of A on individual differences in BPD features can be obtained by the product of the additive genetic path coefficient squared and the additive genetic variance divided by the total variance (A = a2 * g/total variance). The influence of assortment on A can be calculated by A - a2 showing that in this model 3.0% of the additive genetic variance (38.5%) is explained by assortment. Non additive genetic effects (d2/total variance) explained 11.4% of the variance. Unique environmental effects (e2/total variance) explained 55.3% and negative cultural transmission (r) explained 1.3% of the variance. Genotype-environment covariance (as*sa/total variance) was estimated to be negative, resulting in a negative contribution of 6.4% of the variance in BPD features. In model II (dominance model without cultural transmission), additive genetic effects explained 21.3% (1.1% due to assortment) and dominant genetic effects explained 23.9% of the variance in BPD features. The remaining variance was accounted for by unique environmental influences. The fit of model II is not significantly worse than the fit of model I (χ2(1) = .50, p = .480) which indicates that there is no significant effect of cultural transmission and resulting genotype environment correlation. Comparing the fit of model II with the fit of model III shows that removing D from the model results in a significant deterioration in the fit of the model (χ2(1) = 47.0,p<.001). Model IV (versus model III), shows that the influence of A is highly significant since removing it from the model results in a considerable worsening of fit (χ2(1) = 293.2, p<.001). Finally, comparing model V with model II shows that there is a significant effect of assortment (χ2(1) = 62.0, p<.001). Comparing the fit of the different models showed that the ADE model best explained the data.

Table 4. Maximum likelihood parameter estimates and goodness of fit indices from the extended twin design for borderline personality (95% confidence intervals in parentheses for the best fitting model). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005334.t004

Discussion

This is the first study that analyzes borderline personality data from twins and their family members simultaneously providing a powerful design to distinguish between additive and dominant genetic effects and to detect non-random mating, cultural transmission and genotype-environment correlation. A genetic model in which additive genetic effects (21.3%; 95% CI 16%–26%), dominant genetic effects (23.9%; 95% CI 17%–31%) and unique environmental influences (54.9%; 95% CI 51%–60%) explained the variance in BPD features best explained the data. There was no evidence for shared environmental influences, which is a common finding for a range of personality traits and personality disorders. The effect of phenotypic assortment was included in the genetic model, but it had only a small effect on the genetic variance.

The presence of significant dominant genetic effects is in line with what is often suspected for personality traits, but not detected due to a lack of statistical power in relatively small twin studies. Our results showed that BPD features are genetic in origin but only partly transmitted from parents to offspring because dominant genetic effects influence borderline personality only in combination with other genes. These combinations are not shared by parents and offspring. Keller et al. [11] used a twin-sibling design to estimate genetic and environmental effects on Eysenck's and Cloninger's personality dimensions using data from over 12,000 twins and siblings. They found that 0 to 34% of the variance in these personality dimensions was explained by additive genetic effects and 11 to 35% was explained by dominant genetic effects.

The finding of dominance for personality traits is not uncommon, but there may be alternative explanations for these data. The parent-offspring correlation for BPD features was lower than the DZ/sibling correlation which is indicative of the presence of dominance but might also suggest genotype by age interaction, i.e. the expression of different genes at different ages or a change in genetic variance as a function of age. Gene by age interaction can inflate estimates of dominance because it will decrease the correlation between parents and offspring as a result of their differences in age. To investigate this alternative we first divided the twin sample into a group with roughly the same age as the parents in the total sample (N = 968, mean age 52.7 years) and a group with roughly the same age as the offspring in the sample (N = 4,047, mean age 29.1 years). The total variance did not differ between the two groups (χ2(1) = .011, p = .916). The MZ and DZ twin correlations of the younger and older age groups were .472 versus .247, and .459 versus .095, suggesting that broad-sense heritability might be larger in the older generation. However, constraining the MZ and DZ twin correlations to be equal across age groups did not lead to a significant worsening of model fit (χ2(1) = .051, p = .821 and χ2(1) = 2.618,p = .106). Thus, heritability may not change as a function of age. Secondly, to investigate whether different genes are expressed at different ages, we selected a group of siblings less then 4 years (190 pairs) and a group of siblings 4 years or more apart in age (212 pairs). The PAI-BOR correlations for siblings in these groups were .208 and .327 and the resemblance between siblings thus does not decrease as the age difference between them increases. The correlations in the two sibling groups could be constrained to be equal (χ2(1) = 1.69, p = .194). This suggests that the same genes influence BPD features at different ages.

The largest part of the variance in borderline personality was explained by unique environmental influences (54.9%). Several studies demonstrated that traumatic life events such as sexual and physical abuse, parental divorce or illness or parental psychopathology are important risk factors for the development of BPD [54]–[57]. The interaction, however, between the influences of genes and environment on the development of BPD has not been studied. Gene by environment interaction implies that genes determine the degree to which an individual is sensitive to an environment. In the presence of gene-environment interaction, individuals with a ‘sensitive’ genotype will be at greater risk of developing BPD if an undesirable environment is present, than individuals with an ‘insensitive’ genotype. In the present study, gene-environment interaction would be included as part the unique environmental variance. Future research should focus on possible sources of unique environmental effects and gene-environment interaction to develop a comprehensive model of the development of BPD.

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