2020 AAAS Fellows approved by the AAAS Council
In October 2020, the Council of the American Affiliation for the Development of Science elected 489 members as Fellows of AAAS. These people can be acknowledged for his or her contributions to science and know-how in the course of the 2021 AAAS Annual Assembly. Introduced by part affiliation, they’re:
Part on Agriculture, Meals, and Renewable Sources
Ann M. Bartuska, Sources for the Future
Carl Bernacchi, U.S. Division of Agriculture – Agricultural Analysis Service
Amy O. Charkowski, Colorado State Univ.
Clarice J. Coyne, U.S. Division of Agriculture – Agricultural Analysis Service
Geoffrey E. Dahl, Univ. of Florida
Roch E. Gaussoin, Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln
Patrick M. Hayes, Oregon State Univ.
Thomas J. (TJ) Higgins, CSIRO Agriculture and Meals (Australia)
Nancy Collins Johnson, Northern Arizona Univ.
Shibu Jose, Univ. of Missouri
Daniel Kliebenstein, Univ. of California, Davis
Rosemary Loria, Univ. of Florida
Shailaja Okay. Mani, Baylor Faculty of Drugs
Rafael Muñoz-Carpena, Univ. of Florida
David D. Myrold, Oregon State Univ.
Okay. Raja Reddy, Mississippi State Univ.
Jean Ristaino, North Carolina State Univ.
Jeanne Romero-Severson, Univ. of Notre Dame
Pablo Juan Ross, Univ. of California, Davis
Jennifer L. Tank, Univ. of Notre Dame
William F. Tracy, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison
Part on Anthropology
Margaret W. Conkey, Univ. of California, Berkeley
Anne Grauer, Loyola Univ. Chicago
Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg, The Ohio State Univ.
Edward B. Liebow, American Anthropological Affiliation
J. Terrence McCabe, Univ. of Colorado Boulder
Denise Fay-Shen Su, Cleveland Museum of Pure Historical past
Part on Astronomy
Nancy Susan Brickhouse, Harvard-Smithsonian Middle for Astrophysics
John E. Carlstrom, Univ. of Chicago
Sean Carroll, California Institute of Expertise
Timothy Heckman, Johns Hopkins Univ.
Paul Martini, The Ohio State Univ.
Norman Murray, Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics
Joan R. Najita, Nationwide Science Basis’s NOIRLab
Liese van Zee, Indiana Univ.
Risa Wechsler, Stanford Univ.
Ellen G. Zweibel, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison
Part on Atmospheric and Hydrospheric Science
Ghassem R. Asrar, Universities House Analysis Affiliation
Elizabeth Boyer, Pennsylvania State
Deborah Bronk, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences
Rong Fu, Univ. of California, Los Angeles
Isaac Held, Princeton Univ. Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program
Forrest M. Hoffman, Oak Ridge Nationwide Laboratory
William Okay. M. Lau, Univ. of Maryland
Zhengyu Liu, The Ohio State Univ.
Natalie Mahowald, Cornell Univ.
Sally McFarlane, U.S. Division of Power
Jerry Schubel, Aquarium of the Pacific (Retired)
Patricia L. Wiberg, Univ. of Virginia
Part on Organic Sciences
Mary Catherine Aime, Purdue Univ.
Suresh Okay. Alahari, Louisiana State Univ. Well being Sciences Middle Faculty of Drugs
Gladys Alexandre, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville
Craig Reece Allen, Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln
Sonia M. Altizer, Univ. of Georgia
Swathi Arur, The Univ. of Texas MD Anderson Most cancers Middle
Alison M. Bell, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Elizabeth T. Borer, Univ. of Minnesota
Lisa Brooks, Nationwide Human Genome Analysis Institute
John Michael Burke, Univ. of Georgia
George A. Calin, The Univ. of Texas MD Anderson Most cancers Middle
Andrew G. Campbell, Brown Univ.
Alice Y. Cheung, Univ. of Massachusetts Amherst
Anita S. Chong, Univ. of Chicago
Gregory P. Copenhaver, Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Leah E. Cowen, Univ. of Toronto (Canada)
Dana Crawford, Case Western Reserve Univ.
Charles F. Delwiche, Univ. of Maryland, Faculty Park
Diana M. Downs, Univ. of Georgia
Jeffrey Dukes, Purdue Univ.
Peter Dunn, Univ. of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Jonathan Eisen, Univ. of California, Davis
Eva Engvall, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
Valerie Eviner, Univ. of California, Davis
Philip Martin Fearnside, INPA – Nationwide Institute of Amazonian Analysis (Brazil)
Gloria Cruz Ferreira, Univ. of South Florida
J. Patrick Fitch, Los Alamos Nationwide Laboratory
John W. Fitzpatrick, Cornell Univ.
Christopher Francklyn, Univ. of Vermont
Serita Frey, Univ. of New Hampshire
Andrea L. Graham, Princeton Univ.
Michael William Grey, Dalhousie Univ. (Canada)
Karen Jeanne Guillemin, Univ. of Oregon
Paul Hardin, Texas A&M Univ.
Stacey Lynn Harmer, Univ. of California, Davis
Jessica Hellmann, Univ. of Minnesota
Nancy Marie Hollingsworth, Stony Brook Univ.
Charles Hong, Univ. of Maryland Faculty of Drugs
Laura Foster Huenneke, Northern Arizona Univ.
Mark O. Huising, Univ. of California, Davis
Travis Huxman, Univ. of California, Irvine
Kenneth D. Irvine, Rutgers, The State Univ. of New Jersey
Ursula Jakob, Univ. of Michigan
Janet Okay. Jansson, Pacific Northwest Nationwide Laboratory
Susan Kaech, Salk Institute for Organic Research
Patricia Kiley, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison
Joan Kobori, Agouron Institute
Barbara N. Kunkel, Washington Univ. in St. Louis
Armand Michael Kuris, Univ. of California, Santa Barbara
Pui-Yan Kwok, Univ. of California, San Francisco
Douglas Landis, Michigan State Univ.
Samuel J. Landry, Tulane Univ. Faculty of Drugs
Eaton Edwards Lattman, Univ. at Buffalo, the State Univ. of New York (Retired)
Rodney L. Levine, Nationwide Coronary heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/NIH
Han Liang, The Univ. of Texas MD Anderson Most cancers Middle
Senjie Lin, Univ. of Connecticut
Hiten D. Madhani, Univ. of California, San Francisco
Jennifer B. H. Martiny, Univ. of California, Irvine
John McCutcheon, Arizona State Univ.
Rima McLeod, Univ. of Chicago
Paula McSteen, Univ. of Missouri-Columbia
Matthew Meyerson, Dana-Farber Most cancers Institute/Harvard Medical Faculty
Constance Millar, U.S. Forest Service
Lisa A. Miller, Univ. of California, Davis
Beronda L. Montgomery, Michigan State Univ.
Tuli Mukhopadhyay, Indiana Univ.
Katsuhiko (Katsu) Murakami. Pennsylvania State Univ.
William J. Murphy, Texas A&M Univ.
Rama Natarajan, Metropolis of Hope Nationwide Medical Middle
Nicholas E. Navin, The Univ. of Texas MD Anderson Most cancers Middle
Anthony V. Nicola, Washington State Univ.
Basil Nikolau, Iowa State Univ.
E. Michael Ostap, Univ. of Pennsylvania Perelman Faculty of Drugs
Franklin Wayne Outten, Univ. of South Carolina
Abraham Palmer, Univ. of California, San Diego
Maria C. Pellegrini, W. M. Keck Basis
Len Pennacchio, Lawrence Berkeley Nationwide Laboratory
Philip S. Perlman, Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
James Pinckney, Univ. of South Carolina
Judith A. Potashkin, Rosalind Franklin Univ. of Drugs and Science
P. Hemachandra Reddy, Texas Tech Univ. Well being Sciences Middle
William S. Reznikoff, Marine Organic Laboratory
Joan T. Richtsmeier, Pennsylvania State Univ.
Isidore Rigoutsos, Thomas Jefferson Univ.
Charles Rock, St. Jude Kids’s Analysis Hospital
Antonis Rokas, Vanderbilt Univ.
Jeffrey Ross-Ibarra, Univ. of California, Davis
James A. Roth, Iowa State Univ.
Daniel Schaid, Mayo Clinic
G. Eric Schaller, Dartmouth Univ.
Jeremiah Scharf, Massachusetts Basic Hospital
Karen Sears, Univ. of California, Los Angeles
Mark Seielstad, Univ. of California, San Francisco
Peter Setlow, UConn Well being
Sally Shaywitz, Yale Univ.
Alan Shuldiner, Univ. of Maryland Faculty of Drugs
Nathan Michael Springer, Univ. of Minnesota
Jason E. Stajich, Univ. of California, Riverside
James V. Staros, Univ. of Massachusetts Amherst
David Johnston Stewart, Chilly Spring Harbor Laboratory
Joel A. Swanson, Univ. of Michigan Medical Faculty
Rick L. Tarleton, Univ. of Georgia
Nektarios Tavernarakis, Basis for Analysis and Expertise-Hellas/Univ. of Crete Medical (Greece)
Eric W. Triplett, Univ. of Florida
Geoffrey C. Trussell, Northeastern Univ.
Walter Reinhart Tschinkel, Florida State Univ.
Kan Wang, Iowa State Univ.
Pleasure Ward, Univ. of Kansas
Vassie Ware, Lehigh Univ.
Stephen T. Warren, Emory Univ. Faculty of Drugs
Wyeth W. Wasserman, BC Kids’s Hospital/Univ. of British Columbia (Canada)
Daniel J. Wozniak, The Ohio State Univ.
Jin-Rong Xu, Purdue Univ.
Soojin Yi, Georgia Institute of Expertise
Havva Fitnat Yildiz, Univ. of California, Santa Cruz
Fanxiu Zhu, Florida State Univ.
Lee Zou, Massachusetts Basic Hospital Most cancers Middle/Harvard Medical Faculty
Part on Chemistry
José R. Almirall, Florida Worldwide Univ.
Rohit Bhargava, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Paul V. Braun, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Joan Blanchette Broderick, Montana State Univ.
Felix (Phil) N. Castellano, North Carolina State Univ.
David E. Chavez, Los Alamos Nationwide Laboratory
Kelsey D. Prepare dinner, Nationwide Science Basis
Yi Cui, Stanford Univ.
Wibe A. de Jong, Lawrence Berkeley Nationwide Laboratory
William Dichtel, Northwestern Univ.
Vishva Dixit, Genentech, Inc.
Paul J. Dyson, Swiss Federal Institute of Expertise Lausanne
Laura Gagliardi, Univ. of Chicago
Jiaxing Huang, Northwestern Univ.
Prashant Okay. Jain, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Phillip E. Klebba, Kansas State Univ.
Kenneth L. Knappenberger, Pennsylvania State Univ.
Yamuna Krishnan, Univ. of Chicago
Jason S. Lewis, Memorial Sloan Kettering Most cancers Middle
Hongbin Li, Univ. of British Columbia (Canada)
David R. Liu, Harvard Univ.
Tianbo Liu, Univ. of Akron
Tadeusz (Ted) Franciszek Molinski, Univ. of California, San Diego
Janet R. Morrow, Univ. at Buffalo, the State Univ. of New York
John W. Olesik, The Ohio State Univ.
Nicola Pohl, Indiana Univ.
Daniel Raftery, Univ. of Washington
Michael D. Sevilla, Oakland Univ.
David S. Sholl, Georgia Institute of Expertise
Sara E. Skrabalak, Indiana Univ.
Brian House, North Carolina State Univ.
Raymond C. Stevens, Univ. of Southern California
James M. Takacs, Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln
Chuanbing Tang, Univ. of South Carolina
H. Holden Thorp, Science household of journals
Gregory Tschumper, Univ. of Mississippi
Christopher D. Vanderwal, Univ. of California, Irvine
Nathalie A. Wall, Univ. of Florida
Rory Waterman, Univ. of Vermont
Charles Weschler, Rutgers, The State Univ. of New Jersey
Robert F. Williams, Los Alamos Nationwide Laboratory
Frankie Wooden-Black, Northern Oklahoma Faculty
Karen Wooley, Texas A&M Univ.
Peidong Yang, Univ. of California, Berkeley
Part on Dentistry and Oral Well being Sciences
Renny Theodore Franceschi, Univ. of Michigan
Dennis F. Mangan, Chalk Discuss Science Challenge
Frank C. Nichols, Univ. of Connecticut Faculty of Dental Drugs
Stefan Hans-Klaus Ruhl, Univ. at Buffalo, the State Univ. of New York
Part on Training
James Bell, Middle for Advancing of Casual Science Training.
Michael J. Dougherty, GenomEducation Consulting/Univ. of Colorado Faculty of Drugs
John Kermit Haynes, Morehouse Faculty
Henry Vincent Jakubowski, Faculty of St. Benedict/St. John’s Univ.
Stacey Kiser, Lane Group Faculty
Richard L. Kopec, St. Edward’s Univ.
Xiufeng Liu, Univ. at Buffalo, the State Univ. of New York
David J. Marcey, California Lutheran Univ.
Marsha Lakes Matyas, Analysis for Excellence
Linda Nicholas-Figueroa, Iḷisaġvik Faculty
Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, The Univ. of Texas at Austin Dell Medical Faculty
Edward J. Smith, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ.
David W. Szymanski, Bentley Univ.
Edna Tan, Univ. of North Carolina at Greensboro
Stephen Younger, TriCore Reference Laboratories
Hinda Zlotnik, Retired
Part on Engineering
Mohammad S. Alam, Texas A&M Univ.
Laura Albert, College of Wisconsin-Madison
William R. Bickford, L’Oréal, Inc.
L. Catherine Brinson, Duke Univ.
Ruben G. Carbonell, North Carolina State Univ.
Michael L. Chabinyc, Univ. of California, Santa Barbara
Manish Chhowalla, Univ. of Cambridge (U.Okay.)
Edwin Okay. P. Chong, Colorado State Univ.
Kristen P. Fixed, Iowa State Univ.
Susan Daniel, Cornell Univ.
Angela Phillips Diaz, Univ. of California, San Diego
Elizabeth C. Dickey, North Carolina State Univ.
Peter S. Fedkiw, North Carolina State Univ.
Eric M. Furst, Univ. of Delaware
Sharon Gerecht, Johns Hopkins Univ.
Richard D. Gitlin, Univ. of South Florida
Michael C. Jewett, Northwestern Univ.
Vistasp M. Karbhari, The Univ. of Texas at Arlington
Michael R. Kessler, North Dakota State Univ.
Behrokh Khoshnevis, Univ. of Southern California
Kristi L. Kiick, Univ. of Delaware
Catherine Klapperich, Boston Univ.
Gerhard Klimeck, Purdue Univ.
Sanjay Kumar, Univ. of California, Berkeley
Ju Li, Massachusetts Institute of Expertise
JoAnn Slama Lighty, Boise State Univ.
Ivan M. Lorković, Raytheon Imaginative and prescient Techniques
Laura Marcu, Univ. of California, Davis
Sudip Okay. Mazumder, Univ. of Illinois at Chicago
Triantafillos (Lakis) Mountziaris, Univ. of Massachusetts Amherst
Uday B. Pal, Boston Univ.
Ah-Hyung (Alissa) Park, Columbia Univ.
Hridesh Rajan, Iowa State Univ.
Gintaras Reklaitis, Purdue Univ.
Robert Oliver Ritchie, Univ. of California, Berkeley
J. Paul Robinson, Purdue Univ.
Nancy R. Sottos, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Georgia (Gina) D. Tourassi, Oak Ridge Nationwide Laboratory
Paul J. Turinsky, North Carolina State Univ.
John L. Volakis, Florida Worldwide Univ.
Qing Wang, Pennsylvania State Univ.
Lan Yang, Washington Univ. in St. Louis
Part on Basic Curiosity in Science and Engineering
Nan Broadbent, Seismological Society of America
Tinsley Davis, Nationwide Affiliation of Science Writers
Linda D. Harrar, WGBH Instructional Basis
James H. Lambert, Univ. of Virginia
Andrew D. Maynard, Arizona State Univ.
Jeremy B. Searle, Cornell Univ.
Ronald M. Thom, Pacific Northwest Nationwide Laboratory (Emeritus)
Cliff Wang, U.S. Military Analysis Workplace/North Carolina State Univ.
Nan Yao, Princeton Univ.
Part on Geology and Geography
Li An, San Diego State Univ.
David Cairns, Texas A&M Univ.
Richard Walter Carlson, Carnegie Establishment for Science
Charles B. (Chuck) Connor, Univ. of South Florida
Peter B. de Menocal, Woods Gap Oceanographic Establishment
Andrea Donnellan, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Joshua S. Fu, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville
George Helz, Univ. of Maryland, Faculty Park
Tessa M. Hill, Univ. of California, Davis
David A. Hodell, Univ. of Cambridge (U.Okay.)
(Max) Qinhong Hu, The Univ. of Texas at Arlington
Hitoshi Kawakatsu, The Univ. of Tokyo (Japan)
Sheryl Luzzadder-Seashore, The Univ. of Texas at Austin
Vicki McConnell, Geological Society of America
Carolyn Olson, U.S. Geological Survey
Lewis A. Owen, North Carolina State Univ.
David Sandwell, Scripps Establishment of Oceanography
Nathan Dale Sheldon, Univ. of Michigan
Could Yuan, The Univ. of Texas at Dallas
Part on Historical past and Philosophy of Science
Colin Allen, Univ. of Pittsburgh
Rachel Ankeny, Univ. of Adelaide (Australia)
David Cassidy, Hofstra Univ.
Marsha L. Richmond, Wayne State Univ.
Part on Industrial Science and Expertise
Suresh Okay. Bhargava, RMIT Univ. (Australia)
Aaron Dominguez, Catholic Univ. of America
Johney B. Inexperienced, Nationwide Renewable Power Laboratory
James D. Kindscher, Univ. of Kansas Medical Middle
Daniela Rus, Massachusetts Institute of Expertise
Steven Suib, Univ. of Connecticut
Erik B. Svedberg, Nationwide Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Drugs
Part on Data, Computing, and Communication
James Allen, Univ. of Rochester/Institute for Human and Machine Cognition
James Hampton Anderson, Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Carla Brodley, Northeastern Univ.
Lorrie Cranor, Carnegie Mellon Univ.
Pedro Domingos, Univ. of Washington
Kenneth D. Forbus, Northwestern Univ.
Yolanda Gil, Univ. of Southern California
Leana Golubchik, Univ. of Southern California
Yuri Gurevich, Univ. of Michigan
Murat Kantarcioglu, The Univ. of Texas at Dallas
Maria Klawe, Harvey Mudd Faculty
Peter M. Kogge, Univ. of Notre Dame
Patrick Drew McDaniel, Pennsylvania State Univ.
Debasis Mitra, Columbia Univ.
John Douglas Owens, Univ. of California, Davis
Timothy Mark Pinkston, Univ. of Southern California
William C. Regli, Univ. of Maryland, Faculty Park
Munindar P. Singh, North Carolina State Univ.
Anuj Srivastava, Florida State Univ.
David Touretzky, Carnegie Mellon Univ.
Jeffrey S. Vetter, Oak Ridge Nationwide Laboratory
Toby Walsh, Univ. of New South Wales – Sydney and CSIRO Data61 (Australia)
Daniel S. Weld, Univ. of Washington/Allen Institute for Synthetic Intelligence
Hui Xiong, Rutgers, The State Univ. of New Jersey
Part on Linguistics and Language Sciences
John Baugh, Washington Univ. in St. Louis
Bryan Gick, Univ. of British Columbia (Canada)
Colin Phillips, Univ. of Maryland
Joan A. Sereno, Univ. of Kansas
Matthew W. Wagers, Univ. of California, Santa Cruz
Part on Arithmetic
Harold P. Boas, Texas A&M Univ.
Leslie Hogben, Iowa State Univ./American Institute of Arithmetic
Kristin Lauter, Microsoft Analysis
Paul Okay. Newton, Univ. of Southern California
Esmond G. Ng, Lawrence Berkeley Nationwide Laboratory
Karen Starvation Parshall, Univ. of Virginia
Malgorzata Peszynska, Oregon State Univ.
Jack Xin, Univ. of California, Irvine
Part on Medical Sciences
Stephen B. Baylin, Johns Hopkins Univ. Faculty of Drugs
Barbara D. Beck, Gradient
Yasmine Belkaid, Nationwide Institute of Allergy and Infectious Ailments/NIH
Barry B. Bercu, Univ. of South Florida
Keith C. Cheng, Pennsylvania State Univ. Faculty of Drugs
Shi-Yuan Cheng, Northwestern Univ. Feinberg Faculty of Drugs
Ronald W. Davis, Stanford Univ.
Catherine Drennan, Massachusetts Institute of Expertise
Dongsheng Duan, Univ. of Missouri
Carol Fuzeti Elias, Univ. of Michigan
Hudson Freeze, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
Marcia B. Goldberg, Massachusetts Basic Hospital/Harvard T. H. Chan Faculty of Public Well being
David H. Gutmann, Washington Univ. Faculty of Drugs in St. Louis
Thomas H. Haines, Metropolis Faculty of New York (Retired)
Raymond C. Harris, Vanderbilt Univ. Faculty of Drugs
Jeffrey P. Krischer, Univ. of South Florida
Thomas E. Lane, Univ. of California, Irvine
W. Jonathan Lederer, Univ. of Maryland Faculty of Drugs
Bruce T. Liang, Univ. of Connecticut Faculty of Drugs
Jeffrey D. Lifson, Frederick Nationwide Laboratory for Most cancers Analysis
Faina Linkov, Duquesne Univ.
Shan-Lu Liu, The Ohio State Univ.
Karl L. Magleby, Univ. of Miami, Faculty of Drugs
Sendurai Mani, The Univ. of Texas MD Anderson Most cancers Middle
Douglas L. Mann, Washington Univ. Faculty of Drugs in St. Louis
Rodger P. McEver, Oklahoma Medical Analysis Basis
Ross Erwin McKinney Jr., Affiliation of American Medical Schools
Hiroyoshi Nishikawa, Nationwide Most cancers Middle/Nagoya Univ. (Japan)
Richard M. Peek, Vanderbilt Univ. Medical Middle
Sallie R. Permar, Duke Univ.
W. Kimryn Rathmell, Vanderbilt Univ. Medical Middle
D. Nageshwar Reddy, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology (India)
John Jeffrey Reese, Vanderbilt Univ. Medical Middle
Alan Saghatelian, Salk Institute for Organic Research
Suzanne Scarlata, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Brian Leslie Strom, Rutgers, The State Univ. of New Jersey
Jie Tian, Chinese language Academy of Sciences (China)
Jerrold Ross Turner, Brigham and Ladies’s Hospital/Harvard Medical Faculty
Matthew Bret Weinger, Vanderbilt Univ. Medical Middle
Part on Neuroscience
Patrick Aebischer, Swiss Federal Institute of Expertise Lausanne
Michel Baudry, Western Univ. of Well being Sciences
Nicole Calakos, Duke Univ.
Gabriel Corfas, Univ. of Michigan
Aaron DiAntonio, Washington Univ. Faculty of Drugs in St. Louis
Nita A. Farahany, Duke Univ.
Eva Lucille Feldman, Univ. of Michigan
Eberhard Erich Fetz, Univ. of Washington
Alan L. Goldin, Univ. of California, Irvine
Steve A. N. Goldstein, Univ. of California, Irvine Faculty of Drugs
John Krystal, Yale Univ.
Debomoy (Deb) Okay. Lahiri, Indiana Univ.
Stephen G. Lisberger, Duke Univ.
Wendy Blair Macklin, Univ. of Colorado Denver
Stefan M. Pulst, Univ. of Utah
Nirao M. Shah, Stanford Univ.
Steven L. Small, The Univ. of Texas at Dallas
Paul Taghert, Washington Univ. Faculty of Drugs in St. Louis
Rachel Tyndale, Univ. of Toronto (Canada)/Centre for Dependancy and Psychological Well being
Linda Jo Van Eldik, Univ. of Kentucky Faculty of Drugs
Part on Pharmaceutical Sciences
Patricia Babbitt, Univ. of California, San Francisco
Joseph R. Haywood, Michigan State Univ.
Julie A. Johnson, Univ. of Florida
Lyn H. Jones, Dana-Farber Most cancers Institute
M. N. V. Ravi Kumar, Texas A&M Univ.
Susan L. Mooberry, Univ. of Texas Well being Science Middle at San Antonio
Walter H. Moos, Univ. of California, San Francisco
Raymond Felix Schinazi, Emory Univ. Faculty of Drugs
Thomas D. Schmittgen, Univ. of Florida
Part on Physics
Charles H. Bennett, IBM Thomas J. Watson Analysis Middle
Eberhard Bodenschatz, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self Group (Germany)
Steven E. Boggs, Univ. of California, San Diego
Jesse Brewer, Univ. of British Columbia (Canada)
Bulbul Chakraborty, Brandeis Univ.
Andre De Gouvea, Northwestern Univ.
Peter Fisher, Massachusetts Institute of Expertise
Chris L. Fryer, Los Alamos Nationwide Laboratory
Alexandra Gade, Michigan State Univ.
Graciela Gelmini, Univ. of California, Los Angeles
Neil Gershenfeld, Massachusetts Institute of Expertise
Tony Gherghetta, Univ. of Minnesota
Marcelo Jaime, Los Alamos Nationwide Laboratory
Spencer R. Klein, Lawrence Berkeley Nationwide Laboratory/Univ. of California, Berkeley Nationwide Laboratory/Univ. of California, Berkeley
Yuri V. Kovchegov, The Ohio State Univ.
Ying-Cheng Lai, Arizona State Univ.
Konrad W. Lehnert, Nationwide Institute of Requirements and Expertise/Univ. of Colorado Boulder
Manfred Lindner, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics (Germany)
Eric Mazur, Harvard Univ.
Michael A. McGuire, Oak Ridge Nationwide Laboratory
Roberto Morandotti, INRS – Nationwide Institute of Scientif c Analysis (Canada)
Jason Petta, Princeton Univ.
Thomas Proffen, Oak Ridge Nationwide Laboratory
Laura J. Pyrak-Nolte, Purdue Univ.
Talat Shahnaz Rahman, Univ. of Central Florida
Susan Seestrom, Sandia Nationwide Laboratories
Jonathan V. Selinger, Kent State Univ.
Arthur John Stewart Smith, Princeton Univ.
Christopher Stubbs, Harvard Univ.
Nandini Trivedi, The Ohio State Univ.
Yuhai Tu, IBM Thomas J. Watson Analysis Middle
Clare Yu, Univ. of California, Irvine
Anvar A. Zakhidov, The Univ. of Texas at Dallas
Part on Psychology
Tammy D. Allen, Univ. of South Florida
Peter R. Finn, Indiana Univ.
Howard Goldstein, Univ. of South Florida
William (Invoice) P. Hetrick, Indiana Univ.
Stefan Hofmann, Boston Univ.
Elaine Hull, Florida State Univ.
Blair T. Johnson, Univ. of Connecticut
Angeline S. Lillard, Univ. of Virginia
Raymond G. Miltenberger, Univ. of South Florida
Jay Myung, The Ohio State Univ.
Steven L. Neuberg, Arizona State Univ.
Barbara A. Wanchisen, Nationwide Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Drugs
Cathy Spatz Widom, John Jay Faculty of Legal Justice
Part on Social, Financial, and Political Sciences
John Maron Abowd, U.S. Census Bureau/Cornell Univ.
Melissa S. Anderson, Univ. of Minnesota
Janet Field-Steffensmeier, The Ohio State Univ.
R. Alta Charo, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison
Nazli Choucri, Massachusetts Institute of Expertise
Elizabeth Cooksey, The Ohio State Univ.
Paul Allen David, Stanford Univ.
Joane P. Nagel, Univ. of Kansas
Kristen Olson, Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln
Susan E. Quick, Brown Univ.
Part on Societal Impacts of Science and Engineering
Gregg M. Garfin, Univ. of Arizona
Leah Gerber, Arizona State Univ.
Ramanan Laxminarayan, Middle for Illness Dynamics, Economics & Coverage/Princeton Univ.
Mary E. Maxon, Lawrence Berkeley Nationwide Laboratory
James Bradley Miller, Smithsonian Nationwide Museum of Pure Historical past
Oladele (Dele) A. Ogunseitan, Univ. of California, Irvine
Lawrence J. Satkowiak, Oak Ridge Nationwide Laboratory
Vaughan Charles Turekian, Nationwide Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Drugs
Part on Statistics
Sudipto Banerjee, Univ. of California, Los Angeles
David L. Banks, Duke Univ.
Deborah J. Donnell, Fred Hutchinson Most cancers Analysis Middle
Timothy C. Hesterberg, Google, Inc.
Qi Lengthy, Univ. of Pennsylvania
Ying Lu, Stanford Univ. Faculty of Drugs
Richard L. Smith, Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Elizabeth A. Stuart, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Faculty of Public Well being
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Why Do Coffee Productivity Levels Vary Between Countries?
Coffee crop productivity can be influenced by a number of factors, including farm practices, access to resources, and quality of infrastructure.
Issues with coffee pricing mean that many producers struggle to maintain financially viable farms. This makes high crop productivity a priority, particularly for commercial coffees.
In places like Brazil and Vietnam, farm productivity tends to be higher, partly thanks to mechanisation and partly as a result of other outside factors.
Productivity levels are measured in terms of raw yield, generally calculated as metric tons per hectare, or t/Ha. Levels in Vietnam and Brazil are around 2.5 t/Ha and 1.5 t/Ha respectively, but for most other producing countries, this measure is considerably lower.
The average productivity level in Central American countries is somewhere between 0.5 to 0.75 t/Ha, while in Africa, yield levels range from 0.1 to 0.8 t/Ha. In Asia, average yield figures are hard to calculate thanks to a lack of information, but beyond Vietnam, rates appear to be increasing – Indonesia and India yield 0.76 t/Ha and 0.8 t/Ha respectively.
Read on to understand why productivity levels vary so much from country to country.
How Do Farm Practices Influence Yield Levels?
Prof. Jeffrey Sachs is a University Professor and Director of the Center for Sustainable Development at Columbia University. In this study, he says: “Yield rates have increased by over 100% in Vietnam and 30% in Brazil [between 1990 and 2019]. Those increases contrast starkly with the relatively stable yields for most other coffee-producing countries.”
However, even in countries with higher production levels, low coffee prices mean that many farmers struggle to support themselves or their families, let alone invest in their farms.
Farm practices are just one reason that productivity levels are higher in places like Brazil and Vietnam than they are in other countries. To explore this, I spoke with Carlos Brando, Director of P&A Marketing and Chair of the Global Coffee Platform.
Choose Your Crop Wisely
It is very important to choose the best variety to plant. According to Carlos, there are three main traits to consider: “Think of coffee varieties that are more productive, those that are pest or disease-resistant, and look into quality as well.”
One thing to consider: there is no perfect variety for all environments, and the right one to choose will depend entirely on the producer’s objective.
“A variety that works very well in one country may not suit another,” Carlos says. “For most growers, productivity will come first. But in Central America, where there was this huge leaf rust problem, you’ll have to look for rust-resistant varieties.”
Plan Before You Plant
It’s important that farmers plan well before they plant. They have to ask a lot of questions – how much space does there need to be between each plant in a given row? What’s the ideal distance between rows? How high should each plant be allowed to grow?
“The first thing you should look at is leaf area,” Carlos says. “The more leaves you have, the more efficient photosynthesis becomes, and therefore, the more branches and cherries you can produce.”
In most countries, however, the planning leaves something to be desired. “Sometimes, you have a lot of plants, but they’re close together and they don’t grow very tall. A lot of growers keep the plants short, but in Brazil or Vietnam, you see much taller trees.”
Taller trees benefit growers who have access to mechanised picking methods. As Carlos says, “this means pickers have to use ladders or use machines like handheld harvesters, but if you have this equipment available, your trees can grow higher and you end up producing more.
“What we learn to do in Brazil is to plant along a line. You have a greater distance between the lines, let’s say two and a half meters, and little space between the trees on the same line – maybe one metre at most.”
He says that’s enough to allow mechanisation, but, “more importantly, you get a lot of light in the whole tree – the base and the top – so you get a bigger leaf area, more branches, and ultimately more productivity.”
To Shade Or Not To Shade?
It’s commonly believed that shade-grown plants are less productive, but produce higher quality coffee.
Carlos says that heavier shade tends to decrease productivity. However, this doesn’t mean that producers should be removing shade entirely; light levels should be managed to ensure a balance between productivity and quality. Producers can modify the levels of sunlight that plants receive by pruning where necessary.
“That’s what they’re doing in Ethiopia,” Carlos says. “They’re not removing all the shade, but just some of it, to increase productivity.” And this is reflected in the 2020 forecast for Ethiopian coffee productivity levels, which are set to increase from 0.74 t/Ha to 0.82t/Ha over the past four years.
Shade-grown coffee, however, does have other advantages, according to Carlos. “When leaves fall, they are incorporated into the soil as organic matter, and, as a result, we use less fertiliser, or don’t use it at all.”
This is not a catch-all solution, however; Carlos warns that for those coffee growers who want to maximise productivity, less shade and more fertiliser is likely the best option.
Understand Your Soil
Maintaining soil nutrient levels is incredibly important for farmers. “Even with good soil, if the plantation is old, the nutrients tend to dry out,” Carlos says. As a result, farmers have to add fertiliser.
But how do you know which nutrients are needed, and how much to add? Carlos says it usually comes down to analysing a soil sample: “Soil analysis will tell you which nutrients you are missing. This isn’t just limited to the three main ones (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) but also micronutrients like borum, magnesium, and so on. Both Vietnamese and Brazilian coffee growers fertilise, and they fertilise in a heavily technical way.”
In other countries, Carlos says that some producers don’t fertilise enough. For example, according to this report from the International Coffee Organization, ”African agriculture is characterised by low productivity due to under-fertilisation of soil and the lack of regular husbandry. In Rwanda for example, only 25% of farms are treated with fertiliser.“
Carlos also says that some producers think that because they plant in rich, volcanic soil, they don’t have to use fertiliser. In this case, he says that the plants will still produce, but that the results might not be optimal: “If you don’t fertilise, sometimes you’ll reach a ceiling in terms of productivity and yield.”
Another important point to consider alongside nutrient levels is the soil’s pH – its acidity level. The coffee plant performs optimally in slightly acidic soil – a pH level between 5.5 and 6.5 – but acidity also increases slowly over time. Carlos explains that sometimes even when the producer fertilises the soil, the pH is too acidic. “In order for it to be corrected,” Carlos says, “you have to add lime.”
Unwanted Guests
No matter what farmers do to prevent it, sometimes the unthinkable happens, and coffee crops are struck by pests or disease
In 2011/2012, an epidemic of coffee leaf rust, a disease caused by a fungus that drastically reduces productivity, struck many producing countries in Central America. Estimates show that over the five years that followed, as many as 70% of farms were affected.
And it doesn’t stop there; beyond leaf rust, coffee plants are also affected by the berry borer, the leaf miner, and other lesser-known pests. “In some countries, there are other diseases too, like white stem borer in India,” Carlos says. This pest, which arrived in 1838, is devastating for arabica plants, and has cost producers in India millions of dollars.
Since the first Brazilian leaf rust outbreak in 1970, producers have had to cope with the disease, but their efforts have been supported through public investment in research, training and extension services, and credit availability for farms.
In this article, José Braz Matiello, a researcher at Brazilian government-supported research foundation Fundação Procafé, says: “The research developed the control methods, the assistance took the technologies to the producers, and the credit supported the execution of the control practices.”
Farmers mainly protect their crops through the use of pesticides. But even this isn’t as simple as it sounds.
Carlos says that in remote areas, people pay a premium for their food when compared to “the middle-class people who live in better areas.”
“The same thing happens with the small growers in many of these countries, because the market is inefficient. They pay more for fertiliser and pesticides. When they have to buy equipment or even fertiliser, they don’t have the capital. So they turn to finance, which requires collateral – often the land. But many growers don’t have the title, which means that they can’t secure credit.”
If the producer grows organic coffee, there are other environmentally-friendly options to avoid chemicals, such as biological control.
The Importance of Investment
André da Silva is the Senior Managing Director at Tropysync, a green coffee importer headquartered in Maryland, USA. He thinks that investment in science and technology is highly important for improving productivity, and, according to him: “This does not happen in [other] countries [beyond Brazil and Vietnam]. That part of science and technology is still in its infancy.”
It’s difficult for some producers, however, to make long-term investments into their farms. Carlos says: “The money the coffee grower is being paid is worth less and less each day, thanks to inflation. So even though the money is the same, in real terms, growers have less money to invest and improve. That’s not a technical problem. That’s a socioeconomic problem, a developmental problem.” For many growers, this creates a vicious cycle.
But how have Brazil and Vietnam kept increasing their productivity levels despite these issues? Well, according to Carlos, the answer is simple: state intervention and competitive markets. In these countries, he says, “you have to have government support with research, training and extension services, infrastructure, logistics, and credit. This is especially helpful for smaller growers who don’t have the option of working on their own.” Competition, Carlos adds, also makes the market more efficient.
Coffee productivity varies a lot from country to country, and there’s no one deciding factor influencing yield levels. Growers have cited everything from farm practices and credit supply to access to resources and infrastructure.
But one thing is for sure: consumption keeps rising, and as it does, growers will need to keep pace. Increased productivity levels will be fundamentally important in securing a sustainable long-term future for growers, particularly for those who farm commercial coffee.
Article written by Ivan Petrich. Feature photo: Hands holding coffee cherries. Credit: Meklit Mersha. Quotes from José Braz Matiello were translated from Portuguese. Photo credits: Ivan Petrich, Julio Guevara, Ana Valencia, Mayorga Organics and Eduardo Ferreira.
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