A central role for amyloid fibrin microclots in long COVID/PASC: origins and therapeutic implications
Abstract
Post-acute sequelae of COVID (PASC), usually referred to as ‘Long COVID’ (a phenotype of COVID-19), is a relatively frequent consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, in which symptoms such as breathlessness, fatigue, ‘brain fog’, tissue damage, inflammation, and coagulopathies (dysfunctions of the blood coagulation system) persist long after the initial infection. It bears similarities to other post-viral syndromes, and to myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Many regulatory health bodies still do not recognize this syndrome as a separate disease entity, and refer to it under the broad terminology of ‘COVID’, although its demographics are quite different from those of acute COVID-19. A few years ago, we discovered that fibrinogen in blood can clot into an anomalous ‘amyloid’ form of fibrin that (like other β-rich amyloids and prions) is relatively resistant to proteolysis (fibrinolysis). The result, as is strongly manifested in platelet-poor plasma (PPP) of individuals with Long COVID, is extensive fibrin amyloid microclots that can persist, can entrap other proteins, and that may lead to the production of various autoantibodies. These microclots are more-or-less easily measured in PPP with the stain thioflavin T and a simple fluorescence microscope. Although the symptoms of Long COVID are multifarious, we here argue that the ability of these fibrin amyloid microclots (fibrinaloids) to block up capillaries, and thus to limit the passage of red blood cells and hence O2 exchange, can actually underpin the majority of these symptoms. Consistent with this, in a preliminary report, it has been shown that suitable and closely monitored ‘triple’ anticoagulant therapy that leads to the removal of the microclots also removes the other symptoms. Fibrin amyloid microclots represent a novel and potentially important target for both the understanding and treatment of Long COVID and related disorders.
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Unraveling the Growth Trajectory: The Fibrin Sealant Market
Introduction: In the realm of modern medicine, fibrin sealants have emerged as invaluable tools in surgical procedures and wound management. Fibrin sealants, also known as fibrin glues or fibrin tissue adhesives, are biocompatible compounds that mimic the final stage of the body's natural clotting cascade, promoting hemostasis and tissue sealing. As surgical techniques continue to advance and the demand for minimally invasive procedures rises, the fibrin sealant market is experiencing robust growth. This article delves into the multifaceted landscape of the fibrin sealant market, exploring its key drivers, applications, innovations, and future prospects.
Understanding Fibrin Sealants: Fibrin sealants are composed of two main components: fibrinogen and thrombin. When combined, these components initiate a cascade of biochemical reactions, culminating in the formation of a stable fibrin clot at the site of application. This clot acts as a sealant, adhering tissue surfaces together and promoting wound healing. Fibrin sealants are available in various formulations, including liquid, spray, and patch forms, catering to diverse surgical and clinical needs.
Market Dynamics:
Rising Surgical Volumes: The growing prevalence of chronic diseases and age-related conditions necessitates an increase in surgical interventions, driving the demand for fibrin sealants in various surgical specialties such as cardiovascular, orthopedic, and general surgery.
Shift towards Minimally Invasive Procedures: With a focus on reducing patient morbidity and healthcare costs, there is a notable shift towards minimally invasive surgical techniques, wherein fibrin sealants play a pivotal role in achieving hemostasis and tissue sealing.
Advancements in Product Development: Continuous innovation in fibrin sealant formulations, delivery systems, and adjunctive technologies is expanding the applicability and efficacy of these products, further fueling market growth.
Expanding Clinical Indications: Fibrin sealants are increasingly being utilized across a spectrum of clinical scenarios, including wound closure, tissue repair, hemostasis in vascular surgery, and augmentation of surgical procedures, broadening their market reach.
Growing Regulatory Approvals: Regulatory agencies are increasingly recognizing the safety and efficacy of fibrin sealants, leading to expedited approvals and market penetrations in both developed and emerging markets.
Applications Across Specialties:
Cardiovascular Surgery: Fibrin sealants are used to achieve hemostasis and seal vascular anastomoses, reducing the risk of postoperative bleeding and complications in cardiac and vascular surgeries.
Orthopedic Surgery: In orthopedic procedures such as total joint replacement and spinal surgery, fibrin sealants aid in tissue adherence, reducing the risk of postoperative leakage and promoting bone and soft tissue healing.
General Surgery: Fibrin sealants find extensive use in various general surgical procedures, including gastrointestinal surgery, hepatic resections, and organ transplantation, facilitating hemostasis and tissue approximation.
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: Fibrin sealants play a crucial role in plastic and reconstructive procedures, promoting tissue adherence and enhancing aesthetic outcomes in tissue flaps, grafts, and microsurgery.
Future Outlook: The future of the fibrin sealant market is promising, driven by ongoing technological advancements, expanding clinical indications, and the growing adoption of minimally invasive surgical techniques. With an aging population and increasing healthcare expenditure worldwide, the demand for fibrin sealants is expected to surge further. Additionally, advancements in biomaterials, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine are poised to unlock new opportunities for fibrin sealants in tissue repair and regeneration.
Conclusion: The fibrin sealant market is witnessing unprecedented growth, propelled by the burgeoning demand for effective hemostatic agents and tissue adhesives across diverse surgical specialties. As healthcare providers and medical device manufacturers continue to innovate and collaborate, the landscape of fibrin sealants is poised for continuous evolution, offering novel solutions for complex surgical challenges and improving patient outcomes worldwide. By leveraging cutting-edge technologies and embracing a multidisciplinary approach, stakeholders in the fibrin sealant market can capitalize on emerging opportunities and contribute to the advancement of modern surgical practice.
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Platelet Rich Fibrin Treatment Laguna Niguel, California
The Platelet Rich Fibrin procedure offers a way to harness the body’s natural regenerative abilities. Liquid PRF consists of autologous platelets, white blood cells, and fibrin derived from the patient’s own blood. It is prepared by slow centrifugation speeds of a blood sample to separate the upper plasma layer composed of liquid fibrinogen/thrombin from the other components. This concentrated mixture, rich in a multitude of growth factors and cytokines, without the addition of any natural or synthetic preparations is then injected directly into the ovaries or into the uterine cavity. Ovarian rejuvenation refers to the restoration of ovarian function and the enhancement of the ovarian reserve, which is the pool of eggs available for insemination. https://www.acaciofertility.com/services/plasma-rich-fibrin
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Fibrin Surgical Sealant And Adhesive Market Enhancements and Demand Analysis 2022 to 2029
Fibrin Surgical Sealant And Adhesive Market Overview
The Research report on Fibrin Surgical Sealant And Adhesive contains all relevant information. By providing its clients with accurate data, it provides the market outlook and aids in the making of crucial decisions. The market size, share, dynamics, and forecast for major segments and sub-segments are provided in this report, which combines primary and secondary research. This market research study keeps track of all the latest advancements and changes in the industry. It gives the data regarding the obstacles while establishing the business and guides to overcome the upcoming challenges and obstacles.
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Degradative Effect of Nattokinase on Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged as a pandemic and has inflicted enormous damage on the lives of the people and economy of many countries worldwide. However, therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2 remain unclear. SARS-CoV-2 has a spike protein (S protein), and cleavage of the S protein is essential for viral entry. Nattokinase is produced by Bacillus subtilis var. natto and is beneficial to human health. In this study, we examined the effect of nattokinase on the S protein of SARS-CoV-2. When cell lysates transfected with S protein were incubated with nattokinase, the S protein was degraded in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that S protein on the cell surface was degraded when nattokinase was added to the culture medium. Thus, our findings suggest that nattokinase exhibits potential for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection via S protein degradation.
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