#echinacea pallida

[whats-in-a-sentence]

Recently, the De Voss group has synthesised all four of the E,Z isomers possible for the C(8)-C(9) and C(10)-C(11) double bonds present in compounds (a)-(d), thus providing the pure materials required to compare with the actual isomers present in species of Echinacea (figure 16.25).

"Chemistry" 2e - Blackman, A., Bottle, S., Schmid, S., Mocerino, M., Wille, U.

#book quotes #chemistry #nonfiction #textbook #de voss #research group #synthesis #isomers #comparison #echinacea #echinacea purpurea #echinacea angustifolia #echinacea pallida #flowers

[thelordismylightandmysalvation]

Echinacea pallida in Allium sphaerocephalon

#flowers #wildflowers #allium #bokeh photography #green

[earthanthem]

Echinacea pallida in Allium sphaerocephalon

(via Pinterest)

[jillraggett]

Plant of the Day

Friday 12 August 2022

The delicate petals of Echinacea pallida (pale purple coneflower) fall from a prominent orange-brown cone. The flowers provide nectar and pollen for a range of insects and later seeds for the birds. Plants thrive in full sun with moist but well-drained soil.

Jill Raggett

#echinacea #palepurpleconeflower #pinkflowers #meadows #prairieplanting #herbaceousborder #herbaceousperennial #plants #writtledesign #gardens #horticulture #garden #essex #rhshydehall #hydehall #pollinatorfriendly #beeforage

[gardenvarietygay]

I spent the day filling online preorders. Sometimes it’s fun because you get to see all the little plants you grew and you know exactly who will take care of them. Sometimes it’s a slog because somebody ordered 70 plants and it’s all single plants.* And sometimes it’s utterly ridiculous and even though someone is ordering something annoying, you have to laugh.

Someone ordered 17 Tennessee coneflowers (Echinacea tennesseensis), 15 pale coneflowers (Echinacea pallida), and one plains coreopsis (Coreopsis tinctoria). Yes, that means there’s a single plant just wobbling around on top of the tray because they only hold 32 plants but it’s such a specific and strange little addition to their order that I found it charming. I could so clearly picture a garden bed with almost-but-not-quite-equal halves, a phalanx of slightly different purple coneflowers on each side and then one (1) annual yellow coreopsis plopped in the middle.

*Buying 70 plants of 70 different species means I have to go to 70 different trays spread across the entire greenhouse, bending 70 times to grab exactly one plant. Also our order trays hold 32 plants and can only be cut smaller to either 12 or 20 so if you order 70 plants, there’s a lot of wasted tray space.

#greenhouse content #gardening #native plants #plants #spring

[blackswallowtailbutterfly]

New species I’m getting this year!

Antennaria rosea (Rosy pussytoes)

Arisaema dracontium (Green dragon)

Asplenium scolopendrium (Hart’s tongue)

Calycanthus floridus (Sweetshrub)

Carex aurea (Golden sedge)

Claytonia virginica (Fairy spuds)

Echinacea pallida (Pale purple coneflower)

Equisetum hyemale (Scouring rush)

Iris setosa (Bristle-pointed iris)

Linnaea borealis (Twinflower)

Lonicera canadensis (Canadian fly honeysuckle)

Lonicera involucrata (Twinberry honeysuckle)

Osmunda claytoniana (Interrupted fern)

Passiflora incarnata (Maypop)

Pediomeleum esculentum/Psoralea esculenta (Breadroot)

Polystichum munitum (Western sword fern)

Triglochin maritma (Seaside arrowgrass)

Vaccinium macrocarpon (Large cranberry)

Viburnum acerifolium (Maple-leaved viburnum)

Viola pedata var. bicolor (Crowfoot violet)

Species I’m trying again this year after failed past attempt(s)!

Antennaria neglecta (Field pussytoes) Was planted in late summer and I was kept from watering it adequately.

Argentina anserina (Silverweed) No idea why they didn’t survive where I put them, but try, try again, elsewhere this time.

Artemisia frigida (Fringed sagebrush) First time ended up being white sage brush instead; second time plug was on its last legs on arrival, died soon after.

Chamaenerion angustifolium (Fireweed) Going to try this in yet another spot.

Dennstaedtia punctiloba (Hay-scented fern) Supposed to be aggressive! Mine was not. Maybe the one I get this year.

Dioscorea villosa (Wild yam) Planted the tuber but it never came up.

Glycyrrhiza lepidota (Wild licorice) Squirrels...Dug it up and broke the stem.

Lupinus polyphyllus (Big-leaf lupine) Leafed out nicely for its first and second year and then just didn’t come up again after its second winter.

Maianthemum racemosum (False Solomon’s seal) Squirrels! Dug it up and broke the stem.

Pteridium aquilinum latiusculum (Western bracken fern) I put it in a dry shady spot, as recommended, and it died.

Rudbeckia hirta (Black-eyed Susan) SQUIRRELS!!! Dug it up and while I was visiting home and it dried out. Couldn’t revive it.

Silene acaulis (Moss campion) Sunny, wet, amongst rocks. Check, check, check, but they keep dying on me.

Sisyrinchium montanum (Blue-eyed grass) Two places tried, two place died. I shall try a third place this year.

Viola pubescens (Downy yellow violet) FUCKING. SQUIRRELS. Dug it up while I was at work and left it to scorch and dry out in the sun. Couldn’t revive it.

Species I’m getting again because I’m fairly sure mine didn’t make it

Apocynum cannabinum (Hemp dogbane) It might not have gotten enough sunlight thanks to the white mulberry that grew over. I’ll try it in a different area.

Sagittaria latifolia (Duck potato) It may come up after all but I don’t want to take the chance of planting too late if it doesn’t.

Sparganium americanum (American bur-reed) Not sure why, but we’ll try again this year. And I may yet be surprised.

Symplocarpus foetidus (Skunk cabbage) It’s possible it’s just young and takes longer to come up than it would if it were more mature, but I don’t want to take chances since there’s only one place I can get them at.

[ncdweller]

Our first coneflower!

Echinacea Pallida probably, or maybe.

#slaughterhouse house #nature

[wordsforrain]

Echinacea pallida (pale purple coneflower) and Lotus corniculatus (birds-foot trefoil) at the prairie patch

#shingle creek #minneapolis #minnesota #plants #photo #m

[blog-emagrecimento]

Equinácea - a planta que reforça o sistema imunitário

A Equinácea (Echinacea) é uma planta medicinal que pertence à família botânica de espécies como o girassol (Helianthus), a margarida (Bellis perenis), o crisântemo (Chrysanthemum sp), etc. Proveninente do leste e centro da América do Norte, a Equinácea (Echinacea) pertencente a família Asteraceae, é composta por nove espécies, sendo as mais utilizadas na área medicinal a Echinacea purpurea, a Echinacea angustifolia e a Echinacea pallida. O seu nome deriva do grego echînos, que significa ouriço, em virtude do cone central da flor. A equinácea, apreciada pelos índios americanos como abençoada, é uma das plantas medicinais mais importantes e utilizadas. Os nativos do continente americano, como os Sioux e os Comanches, usavam esta planta em inúmeras situações, não só interna como externamente: febres, dores de garganta, de cabeça, de dentes, mordeduras de cobras, irritações da pele, entre outras. Atualmente, está presente na composição de vários produtos farmacêuticos, sendo que a equinácea é uma das plantas sobre a qual existe um número elevado de estudos científicos realizados.

O efeito da equinácea é, fundamentalmente preventivo, pois estimula as defesas do organismo. Por isso, esta planta pode ser relevante em muitas doenças infecciosas tais como sinusites, amigdalites, gripes, infecções respiratórias, etc., sendo essencialmente utilizada no tratamento de constipações. Para poder tirar proveito dos efeitos desta planta poderá comprar sob diversas formas. Deste modo, existem vários preparados aos quais poderá utilizar: pomadas, cremes, cápsulas, extracto líquido ou tintura e até batons para os lábios. A equinácea pode ser adquirida em farmácias, lojas de produtos naturais e ervanárias.

Benefícios da Equinácea:

– Combate Bactérias e Vírus; – Reforça o sistema imunológico; – Reduz as inflamações; – Aumenta o processo de regeneração e cicatrização da pele; – Melhora o funcionamento das vias respiratórias; – Previna o aparecimento de infecções orais; – Alivia os sintomas de ansiedade e depressão; – Combate infecções da pele; – Ação antioxidante e combate os radicais livres; – Contém zinco e vitamina c; – Combate a hipertensão; – Melhora os níveis de oxigénio no sangue; – Favorece o metabolismo e gera energia para o corpo; – Ameniza dores e desconfortos físicos; – Auxilia na eliminação de toxinas presentes no fígado; – Ajuda a melhorar a função do sistema renal e do sistema linfático; Também tem sido alvo de estudo o contributo da equinácia para o aumento da população glóbulos brancos e das defesas do organismo após tratamentos de radioterapia ou quimioterapia. Em ambos os casos, a sua utilização deve ser sempre considerada como complemento de outros tratamentos.

Como utilizar a equinácea: Rica em ácidos fenólicos e contribui nas defesas naturais do organismo. Ideal nas mudanças de estação e no Inverno, ajuda nas questões de saúde respiratória. Em cápsulas - indicado como suplemento alimentar para adultos a dose aconselhada é de 1 a 3 cápsulas por dia, idealmente às refeições ou segundo prescrição médica / técnico de saúde. Não deve exceder a toma diária indicada. Em infusão de saquetas - em forma de chá, pode tomar até 3 chávenas por dia. Utilize 1 saqueta por chávena. Deixar em infusão durante 3 a 5 minutos. Em infusão de flores, folhas ou raízes secas - deve colocar 2 colheres de chá ou um punhado de folhas frescas ou secas para cada chávena de água. Coloque equinácea na água a ferver durante cerca de quinze minutos deixando em lume brando, em seguida coe e está pronto. Pode adoçar com mel ou adoçante natural. Em creme ou pomada - usar na área afetada sempre que necessário, para ajudar no tratamento de feridas na pele ou tratar outros géneros de problemas de pele como acne, peles ásperas, borbulhas, pequenas feridas, pele esfolada e picadas de insetos. Não obstante os diversos estudos realizados sobre a equinácea não exista alusão a efeitos secundários e reacções adversas, em caso de dúvida, deverá sempre aconselhar-se junto do seu médico assistente. Nota importante - Ainda que esta planta apresente diversos benefícios, o chá de equinácea não é indicado para pessoas que sofrem com tuberculose, HIV ou esclerose múltipla. Ele também pode causar reações alérgicas a quem tem alergia às plantas da família das herbáceas e não deve ser consumido por grávidas ou crianças. Read the full article

#Equinácea

[natural-healing-micro-blog]

[nutrisentials]

ECHINACEA - Uses, Effects, and More

If you're looking for a natural way to boost your immune system, you may have come across echinacea supplements. It is a plant that has been used for centuries to treat various ailments that includes colds and flu. Echinacea supplements are made from the roots, leaves and flowers of the echinacea plant. The plant is native to North America and has been used for centuries by Native Americans to treat various ailments. Today, echinacea supplements are available in various forms, including capsules, tablets, and tinctures.

Uses of Echinacea Supplements

The plant contains compounds that are believed to stimulate the immune system which includes polysaccharides and echinacoside. In addition to its immune-boosting properties, echinacea supplements may also be used to treat other conditions such as respiratory infections, skin conditions and urinary tract infections. While they are generally considered safe, it is important to be aware of potential side effects and to consult with a healthcare provider before taking them, especially if you have an autoimmune disorder. With the proper precautions and dosages, echinacea supplements may be a safe and effective natural remedy for a range of health issues.

Available Sources

Three species of echinacea namely - Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida, and Echinacea purpurea  are commonly used for medicinal purposes. It’s preparations may contain one, two, or all three of these species depending on the product. The effectiveness of echinacea may vary from one product to another due to the use of different parts of the plant. It can also be combined with other immune-boosting herbs, vitamins, and minerals.

Precautions

To strengthen the body and treat diseases, using herbs is an ancient method. However, herbs have active ingredients that could lead to side effects or interact with other medications, supplements, or herbs. Therefore, it is important to take herbs only with the guidance of a healthcare provider who is knowledgeable about botanical medicine. Individuals with certain medical conditions like tuberculosis, leukemia, connective tissue disorders, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune diseases, HIV or AIDS, or liver disorders should avoid taking echinacea. There is a possibility that echinacea may reduce the effectiveness of medications that suppress the immune system. For this reason, people who receive organ transplants and require immunosuppressant medications should avoid this herb. Minor side effects of echinacea include stomach upset, nausea, dizziness, and dry eyes. One case has been reported where an individual developed erythema nodosum, a painful skin condition, after taking echinacea to treat the flu.

#echinacea #Healthyhey echinacea #Nutrition #supliment #supplements #Nutrition Suppliment

[jeanmagace-sante-plantes]

49 - Les 4 plantes pectorales pour un hiver sans bronchite

Il y a :

1 - l’échinacée

(faire infuser 10 minutes, en cure de deux mois)

2 - le bouillon blanc

(4 cuillières à soupe, à boire chaud)

3 - le mauve

(2 tasses par jour)

la guimauve (2 à 3 tasses par jour pendant 4-5 jours)

Vous choisissez la plante que vous préférez, elle vous fera passer l’hiver sans risquer une maladie des bronches.

En fait, c’est même mieux, vous allez libérer vos poumons, dégager vos bronches et retrouver un souffle puissant.

Plus d'infos:

1 - l’échinacée

En traitement

Diminuer légèrement la durée et la gravité des symptômes du rhume.

Prévenir les infections des voies respiratoires supérieures (rhume, sinusite, laryngite).

Réduire légèrement les infections vaginales à levures.

Atténuer le mal de gorge.

Prévenir la grippe (influenza) ou en réduire les symptômes.

Réduire les effets indésirables de la radiothérapie et de la chimiothérapie.

Diminuer les symptômes de l’anxiété.

Augmenter la performance physique.

Diminuer la gingivite.

Traiter des infections des voies respiratoires et des voies urinaires.

Traiter les ulcères chroniques et les plaies cutanées qui guérissent mal.

Complément alimentaire d'échinacées : les bienfaits

Les échinacées désignent plusieurs espèces de plantes dont trois ont un interêt médicinal (Echinacea angustifolia, E. pallida, E. purpurea). Dans les grandes plaines américaines, les Amérindiens les consommaient pour soulager les infections des voies respiratoires et les morsures de serpent. Aujourd’hui, les recherches leur reconnaissent un usage de traitement d’appoint des infections des voies respiratoires et des voies urinaires. Elles sont aussi un allié pour prévenir le rhume. A noter que leur efficacité à long terme diminue, sans doute à cause d’un phénomène de tolérance. En fonction du mal précis à soulager, la dose d’échinacée recommandée varie. Aussi, son usage n’est pas recommandé en cas de maladie systémique (sida, tuberculose, etc), ni chez les enfants sujets aux otites. Dans tous les cas, il est fortement recommandé de consulter un médecin avant de commencer une cure.

Posologie de l'échinacée

Par voie interne

Infection des voies respiratoires supérieures (nez, gorge, larynx).

Infection urinaire chronique (traitement d’appoint)

Il est important de prendre l'échinacée dès les premiers signes d'une infection des voies respiratoires supérieures (rhume, sinusite, laryngite, etc.).

Dose de charge. De plus en plus, les thérapeutes recommandent une « dose de charge » au cours de la première journée du traitement, soit l’équivalent de 1 g d’échinacée toutes les 2 heures. Diminuer le dosage dès qu’il y a amélioration et poursuivre le traitement jusqu’à ce que les symptômes disparaissent.

Infusion. Infuser, 10 minutes, 1 g de racines ou de parties aériennes séchées dans 1 tasse d'eau bouillante. Boire de 1 à 6 tasses par jour.

Décoction. Faire bouillir pendant 5 à 10 minutes, 1 g de racines d’échinacée dans 1 tasse d’eau. Prendre jusqu’à 3 tasses par jour.

Capsules. Pour les capsules ne renfermant que de la poudre de racines ou de parties aériennes, on recommande de prendre l'équivalent de 1 g, 3 fois par jour.

Extraits solides normalisés. La concentration de ces produits offerts sous forme de capsules ou de comprimés varie d'un produit à l'autre. Prendre l'équivalent de 1 g d'échinacée, 3 fois par jour.

Teinture (1:5). Prendre de 3 ml à 4 ml, 3 fois par jour. Garder en bouche quelques secondes avant d'avaler.

Jus frais ou stabilisé. (parties aériennes d’E. purpurea). Prendre de 1,5 ml à 3 ml, 3 fois par jour.

Remarques

Les dosages donnés ici se fondent sur les pratiques cliniques les plus courantes ainsi que sur ceux administrés dans la majorité des études cliniques ayant donné des résultats probants.

PasseportSanté

2 - le bouillon blanc

Quelles sont ses vertus santé et comment en profiter ?

On le trouve sur les talus et dans les près. Le bouillon est une plante réputée pour ses bienfaits thérapeutiques depuis l’Antiquité. - Dans quel cas peut-on avoir recours à cette herbe ? - Comment s’en servir pour profiter de ses vertus santé ? - Ce végétal est-il préconisé pour tout le monde ? On fait le point.

Il est surnommé "cierge de Notre Dame", "molène", "herbe de Saint-Fiacre", "bonhomme" ou encore "blanc de mai". Le bouillon blanc (Verbascum thapsus) est  une plante bisannuelle, ce qui signifie que son cycle de vie s’étend sur deux ans. Elle est appelée ainsi en raison de son usage médicinal qui se fait sous forme d’infusion depuis des siècles. 

Quels sont les bienfaits de cette plante médicinale ?

Le bouillon blanc est une mine de bienfaits. Selon selon un rapport  publié en 2018 par l’Agence européenne des médicaments (EMA), cette plante est indiquée "pour soulager les maux de gorge associés à la toux sèche et au rhume". Cette herbe est aussi réputée pour ses propriétés expectorantes.  La Commission E du ministère de la Santé allemand a reconnu son utilisation pour traiter "les catarrhes des voies respiratoires", à savoir des pathologies qui produisent du mucus, telles que les bronchites ou les pharyngites.

Ce végétal permet aussi d’apaiser les démangeaisons et les irritations de la peau ou de la bouche. Le bouillon blanc peut atténuer ces symptômes grâce ses fleurs, qui contiennent du mucilage, qui renferment une grande quantité d’eau, des flavanoïdes, des substances aux propriétés antioxydantes, des saponines, des puissants anti-inflammatoires et des iridoïdes, qui ont des effets antalgiques. Cette herbe possède aussi des propriétés cicatrisantes. Elle peut agir sur l’eczéma, les abcès et les engelures. Les composés présents dans le bouillon blanc permettent aussi de venir à bout des maux de ventre.

Comment utiliser le bouillon blanc pour profiter de ses vertus ?

Pour traiter la toux et les maux de ventre, il est conseillé de miser sur une infusion. Pour la réaliser, il convient mettre 1,5 à 2 g de fleurs séchées dans une tasse d’eau que l’on fait bouillir. On laisse infuser pendant 15 minutes puis on consomme cette boisson chaude trois à quatre fois par jour. . "Si les symptômes persistent plus d'une semaine après l’utilisation du bouillon blanc, un médecin doit être consulté", spécifie l’EMA.

Afin de soulager les démangeaisons et les irritations de la peau ou de la bouche, il est recommandé de se tourner vers une décoction. Pour ce faire, on fait bouillir pendant quelques minutes 10 g de fleurs séchées dans 300 ml d’eau. On applique cette dernière sur les zones de la peau irritée ou on l’utilise en tant que bain de bouche. Le bouillon blanc est également disponible sous forme de gélules. Dans ce cas, le patient doit respecter la posologie, qui doit toujours figurer sur l’emballage du produit.

Geneviève Andrianaly. Femme Actuelle

3 - le mauve

Indications

La mauve est utilisée dans le traitement des troubles gastro-intestinaux (gastro-entérite, dysenterie, constipation, douleurs abdominales), de l’inflammation de la peau, des douleurs menstruelles, des troubles urologiques (diurétique), des problèmes respiratoires (toux, laryngite, asthme) et des infections de la bouche (toux, maux de dents, aphte, abcès).

Posologie

Infusion : 1,5 à 2 gr (3 à 4 cuillères à café) des fleurs de mauve dans une tasse d'eau chaude.

Recherches

Les feuilles et fleurs de la mauve sont riches en vitamines C et E, acide gras insaturés (par exemple l’acide alpha-linolénique), terpènes (agents antimicrobiens) et polyphénols.

Les polyphénols semblent être en partie responsables des propriétés anti-oxydantes et anti-inflammatoires de la mauve, alors que son action antitussive semble être due à d’autres molécules aux vertus adoucissantes (c’est-à-dire les mucilages) présentes dans la plante.

D’autres études ont rapporté que la mauve possède des propriétés antibactériennes et anticancéreuses et qu’elle pourrait être bénéfique dans le traitement du diabète et de l’hyperlipidémie.

Précautions

Il n’existe à ce jour aucun effet indésirable connu.

Interactions

Aucune interaction n’a été rapportée avec un médicament

[thelostgarden-blog]

The Slope

There are a few spots around here that I want to plant up. I have started to name them and I want to have some different ideas with each area. The Slope is sunny and dry, there's a low chain fence in the back against a rocky thing and then an apartment complex.

I was thinking that I can have some soft colors here. I want to cover the fence but the soil at the top looks a little... difficult to plant but we'll see what we can do. There's some honeysuckle nearby so I could take some cuttings and maybe use that or some perennial sweet pea.

I want some early flowers and some late flowers.

2/6 There are s many people and cars passing, and I can see the police station. I'm such a scardy cat, very mush walk-by gardening here. Toss and go, look normal!

THINGS TO SOW AND PLANT Poppy "Coral Reef" papaver orientalis (sown, but blew away, maybe direct sow some?) Bronze fennel "Smokey" foeniculum vulgare (growing) Dryers chamomile "Alba" anthemis tinctoria (growing) Love-in-a-mist "Alba" nigella damascena (direct sown 2/6) Giant scabious cephalaria gigantea (growing) Foxglove "Apricot" digitalis purpurea (growing) Foxglove "Camelot Cream" digitalis purpurea (growing) Queen Anne's Lace daucus carota Pink poppies papaver somniferum (old seeds direct sown 2/6) Poppies "Flemish Antique" p. somniferum (direct sown 2/6) Butterfly mix (direct sown 2/6) Cosmos "Early Summer" (old seeds direct sown 2/6)

UNSURE IF WANT TO PLANT THEM Baby's breath gypsophila paniculata Daffodils that I found in the trash Coneflower "Magnus" "White Swan" echinacea purpurea Pale Purple Coneflower "Hula dancer" echinacea pallida Lavender lavandula angustifolia Catmint nepeta mussinii Foxglove "Camelot Rose" digitalis purpurea Foxglove "Summer King" digitalis x mertonensis Columbine "Nora Barlow" aquilegia vulgaris

#guerrilla garden #the slope

[thebashfulbotanist]

Echinacea pallida is similar to the more common E. purpurea but tends to have more droopy, thin, pale ray florets. Often called pale purple coneflower, these commonly bloom late June to July in Iowa, and are common throughout prairie areas. Although their roots have traditionally been used to treat and prevent colds, their efficacy is still up in the air, and they’re becoming rare in some areas due to overharvesting. As a general rule, it’s best to leave them in the wild unless you’re part of an indigenous group that knows how to use them sustainably. Pollinators love them, and it’s common to see butterflies visiting these plants. 

#echinacea pallida #echinacea #pale purple coneflower #plants of iowa

[siglerprescriptiondrugcards]

Echinacea

Scientific Names: Echinacea purpurea, E. angustifolia, E. pallida Other Common Names: Black sampson, rubeckia, Missouri or Kansas snakeroot, cockup hat, Indian head, cone flower, hedgehog, scurvy root Overall Safety: 😊  

Therapeutic Efficacy and Considerations:

Treatment of the Common Cold and Upper Respiratory Infections: 😊 Multiple studies have evaluated echinacea for acute treatment of colds and upper respiratory infections. Studies have used a variety of echinacea species and preparations, and therefore, conclusions about specific standardization are difficult to make. Overall, the evidence is contradictory; almost all early studies noted decreased length and severity of symptoms, while some of the more recent, larger studies did not demonstrate benefit. A recent structured review concluded that echinacea value is not determined. At this time, although evidence is not conclusive, given the generally favorable adverse event profile and the fact that there are no effective drug treatments available, a cautious recommendation can be made for treatment of cold and URI symptoms. Dose: optimum dose and standardization unknown. It is recommended to use a standardized extract and to follow the manufacturer's directions unless otherwise directed by a healthcare provider. Therapy must begin at the first sign of symptoms.

Prevention of the Common Cold and Upper Respiratory Infections: 🙁 Only one study examining prevention noted a decreased incidence of colds and URIs. All others found no benefit or had unclear results. Higher quality studies are warranted to help determine if particular standardizations are useful, but currently, long-term use for prevention is not recommended.

Chemistry/Pharmacology: Echinacea has a multitude of components: polysaccharides, chicoric acid, echinosides, and many others. It is unclear exactly which components are responsible for the many immunostimulatory activities such as increasing cytokine (TNF, interferon, interleukin) secretion and stimulating lymphocyte activity and phagocytosis of macrophages. Some anti-inflammatory activity may be the result of inhibition of 5-lipogenase and cyclooxygenase. In vitro, echinacea components or extracts also exhibit antiviral and antifungal activities, and scavenges free radicals, demonstrating possible anti-inflammatory effects.

Drug Interactions: Theoretically may interact with immunosuppressant drugs due to opposing effects. Increased potential liver toxicity if used with other drugs with known hepatotoxic drugs such as anabolic steroids, amiodarone, methotrexate, and ketoconazole. Increases levels of CYP3A4 substrates.

Contraindications/Precautions: Hypersensitivity to plants belonging to the daisy family; liver disease (due to potential hepatotoxicity). Use in patients with autoimmune diseases, HIV infection, leukemia, multiple sclerosis, or tuberculosis is contraindicated because of echinacea’s immune system stimulation. Although pregnancy is generally listed as a contraindication due to lack of information about effects, one study of 206 women who had used echinacea while pregnant did not find any differences in the rate of problems or malformations compared to women who had not used echinacea.

Adverse Effects: Diarrhea, nausea, headache, and constipation. Serious reactions reported include allergic reactions, anaphylaxis, urticaria, and angioedema; patients with asthma seem to be more at risk. One case report of leucopenia possibly associated with echinacea use exists.

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Comma butterfly on Echinacea pallida in the nursery border.

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