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romegreeceart · 3 years

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Famous people

Tag list of famous people from Ancient Rome and Greece. A few hellenistic rulers and some Etruscans are also included.

And for some reason the page is not working properly. The HTML code is there, but it only works on my dashboard. On this page links are inactive. I figure that page only understands “/tagged/Agrippina-the-Elder” - versions, but I’m too lazy / busy to rewrite the code. So if you want to check a tag, you’ll have to copy and paste it after the word “ .../tagged/”. And same goes for all the lists below.

URLs + copy&paste:

https://romegreeceart.tumblr.com/tagged/

https://romegreeceart.tumblr.com/archive/tagged/

Aelia Flaccilla- Pillar of the Church

Agrippina the Elder

Agrippina the Younger

Aemilia Lepida and her descendants v emperor Nero

Aeschylus

Aetius

Alaric

Alcibiades

Alexander the Great

Ancus Marcius

Antinous

Antiochus I Soter

Antiochus III the Great

Antisthenes (philosopher, cynic school)

Antonia Minor - mother of Claudius and Germanicus

Antoninus Pius

Apicius

Apollodorus of Damascus

Apollonius of Tralles (Greek sculptor)

Aristotle

Arsinoe II

Arsinoe III

Artemisia II of Caria

Aspasia

Atticus (Cicero’s friend)

Attila

Augustus

Aulus Rustius Verus (Pompeian politician)

Aurelianus

Baltimore painter (Apulia, 4th century BCE)

Berenike II

Britannicus

Brygos Painter

Brutus (liberator, founder of the republic)

Brutus (assassin)

Caesarion

Caligula

Callimachus

Caracalla

Carausius (Roman Britain, emperor)

Carinus

Cassius Dio

Catiline

Cato the Elder

Cato the Younger

Cicero

Claudia Antonia (emperor’s daughter)

Claudius

Claudius Gothicus

Cleopatra

Cleopatra Selene

Cleopatra III

Clodius Albinus

Commodus

Constantine the Great

Constantius II

Constantius Chlorus

Corbulo

Cornelia Africana

Cornelia Minor (Caesar’s wife)

Crispina

Crispus (Constantine’s eldest son)

Croesus

Cynisca (Spartan princess, olympic winner)

Darius III

Decius

Demosthenes

Didia Clara (daughter of Didius Julianus)

Didius Julianus

Diocletianus

Dioscorides Pedanius (physician, botanist)

Diva Claudia (daughter of Nero)

Domitianus

Drusus Caesar (son of Germanicus)

Drusus the Younger (son of Tiberius)

Drusus the Elder (son of Livia)

Elagabalus

Eumachia (Pompeian priestess and patroness)

Euripides

Fabius Maximus Cunctator (”The Shield of Rome”)

Faustina Maior

Faustina Minor

Female painters

Flavian dynasty

Gaius Caesar

Galerius

Galba

Galen

Galla Placidia

Gallic emperors

Gallienus

Germanicus

Gelon

Gens Aemilia

Gens Cornelia

Gens Calpurnia

Geta

Gordian I

Gordian II

Gordian III

Gracchi Brothers

Gratian

Greek tyrants

Hadrianus

Hannibal

Hegias (Greek sculptor, 5th century BCE

Hellenistic kings

Herennius Etruscus (co-emperor)

Hermione Grammatike

Herodes Atticus

Herodotus

Hippocrates

Historians

Homeros

Honorius

Hostilianus

Iaia of Cyzicus (female painter)

Jovianus

Juba II

Julia (Augustus’ daughter)

Julia Aquilia Severa (Vestal virgin and empress)

Julia Domna

Julia Drusilla

Julia Felix (Pompeian business woman)

Julia Flavia (Titus’ daughter)

Julia Maesa

Julia Soaemias

Julian the Apostate

Julio-Claudian family (julioclaudian)

Julio-Claudian dynasty

Julio-Claudian

Julio-Claudian dynasty

Julius Caesar 1

Julius Caesar (2)

Julius Vindex

Kings

Kresilas (Athenian sculptor)

Kritios (Athenian sculptor)

Lady of Aigai

Lady of Vix (Celtic woman, late 6th century BCE)

Lassia (priestess of Ceres, Pompeii)

Lepidus

Leonidas

Livia

Livilla

Livius

Lucilla (daughter of Marcus Aurelius)

Lucius Appuleius Saturninus

Lucius Caecilius Jucundus (Pompeian banker)

Lucius Caesar

Lucius Herennius Flores (Boscoreale Villa, real owner ?)

Lucius Verus

Lysippos

Lysippos 2

Maecenas

Macrinus

Magnus Maximus

Mamia (Pompeian priestess and patroness)

Marcellus (Augustus’ heir)

Marcus Agrippa

Marcus Antonius

Marcus Aurelius

Marcus Claudius Tacitus (emperor)

Marcus Licinius Crassus

Marcus Terentius Varro

Marius

Martialis

Masinissa

Maussollos of Halicarnassos

Maxentius

Maximianus

Maximinus Daia

Maximinus Thrax

Members of imperial families

Menander

Miami painter

Milonia Caesonia

Miltiades (Greek general)

Mona Lisa of Galilee

Myron

Nero

Nero Julius Caesar (son of Germanicus)

Nerva

Nerva-Antonine family

Numa Pompilius

Octavia the Younger (Augustus’ sister)

Octavia (Claudius’ daughter)

Optimates

Otho

Ovidius

Paionios (Greek sculptor)

Patronesses

Penthesilea painter

Pericles

Pertinax

Pescennius Niger

Pheidias

Philip the Arab

Philosophers

Philip II of Macedonia

Phryne (Greek courtesan)

Plancia Magna

Plato

Pliny the Elder

Pliny the Younger

Poets

Polykleitos

Pompeius

Poppaea Sabina

Populares

Postumus Agrippa

Postumus (Gallic emperor)

Probus

Ptolemy of Mauretania

Praxiteles

Ptolemy I

Publius Clodius Pulcher

Publius Fannius Synistor

Publius Licinius Crassus (triumvir’s younger son)

Publius Sittius

Publius Quinctilius Varus

Pythagoras

Pyrrhus

Pytheas (a greek explorer)

Queens

Roman Caesars (= princes, heirs to the throne)

Roman Civil War Commanders

Roman client kings

Roman consuls

Roman dictators

Roman emperors

Roman empresses

Roman generals

Roman gentes

Romans who declined the throne

Romulus Augustulus

Romulus and Remus

Sabina

Sallustius

Sappho

Scipio Africanus

Scopas

Sejanus

Septimius Severus

Seven sages

Severan dynasty

Severus Alexander

Sextus Pompeius

Shuvalov painter

Silanion ( Greek sculptor)

Socrates

Solon

Sophocles

Stilicho

Strabo

Sulla

Sulpicia (Roman female poet)

Tacitus

Tarpeia

Tarquinius Superbus

Themistocles

Theodosius

Theophrastus

Thucydides

Tiberius

Tiberius Claudius Verus (Pompeian politician)

Tigranes the Great

Titus

Titus Labienus

Titus Tatius

Titus Quinctius Flaminius

Trajanus

Trebonianus Gallus

Tribunes of the plebs

Ulpia Severina (interim sovereign in 275 CE)

Urban prefects

Usurpers

Vaballathus (Palmyran king)

Valens

Valentinianus I

Valentinianus III (murderer of Aetius)

Valerianus

Valeria Messalina

Vel Saties

Velia Velcha (“Mona Lisa of antiquity”)

Velimna family (Hypogeum, Brescia)

Vercingetorix

Vergilius

Vespasianus

Vibia Sabina

Vipsania Agrippina

Viriathus (Lusitanian freedom fighter)

Vitellius

Volusianus

Xenophon

Zenobia

#my tags #famous people #ancient Rome #ancient Greece #Etruscans #ancient art #ancient world

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instituteofgeorgianhistory · 3 years

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Rome, Byzantium and NATO. Grand Strategy of the West and Georgia (Colchis/Lazica and Iberia)

Tedo Dundua, Emil Avdaliani

Introduction

There are two ways to prove Georgia’s place within the NATO Alliance. First is the current argument urging for total Euro-Atlantic unity, next – historical one. Previous pan-European (Roman and Early Byzantine) military presence in Georgia can be applied to the present discussion. The article covers this issue.

Roman Period. Frankish Limitanei in Lazica

Before being totally destroyed, Roman Imperial security system actually had shown three gradual phases of development.

Large number of the Italian colonists with the best technologies, swift and comfortable communications, the most prominent industrial output, Roman citizenship, municipal freedom – that was the Roman gift for the Western provinces in the 1st-2nd cc. A.D. Sincere intimacy with the metropolis had been founded as a direct result of complete satisfaction. It paved the way to the Romanization. As for the Greeks, the Romans reserved a quiet life and economic stability. Still beyond the Roman Rhine, Danube and Pontus there were others favouring this concept of pan-European integration. The happy client kings used to be awarded with the Roman citizenship. And for the Julio-Claudians these client kingdoms formed the first defense-line of the Imperial territories. A little behind, the whole perimeter was dotted by solid legionary concentrations, proving the system to be impregnable. No cardinal changes took place in the era of the Antonines, except for annexation of the client kingdoms and breaking the big army concentrations in favour of scattering the legions along the whole frontier. In both cases, after defeating comparatively weak enemy at the border, the Romans usually attacked their territory. This system of security is called forward defense.

Greeks and the Romans were sending more and more working hands towards industry, but not to manufacture the means of production. As a result, population was growing, but not amount of industrial goods per capita. Prices rushed high for the Italian produce, demanding damping for provincial food and raw materials, thus weakening the sympathies between the European subjects of the Roman Empire. Some even started to search for a relief beyond the Rhine and Danube rivers. Many things happened that completely changed the defensive strategy, namely: 1. economic crisis; 2. weakening of the integratory links; 3. socio-economic animation of “Barbaricum”; 4. financial chaos and some professional regiments converted into limitanei. From now on they are to stand the first strike and evacuate the whole frontier folk into citadels, thus wearing down the enemy. And there were large and mobile field armies deployed far behind those self-contained strongholds to cut down any invasion into the depth. This system shaped in the times of Diocletian is called defense-in-depth.

But before this new system was finally established, the Romans had been fighting those already easily passing the border wherever they could manage to concentrate large army-units. In the early days of the Empire praetorians formed the only Imperial reserve. And now Gallienus recruited special mobile reserve-regiments. Name for this defensive system is elastic defense.

Security system had to be changed at least because of emergence of the Germanic seaborne attacks from the 3rd c. everywhere at the seas that prolonged the line of the frontier (Ed. N. Luttwak. The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire. From the First Century A.D. to the Third. Baltimore. 1981, pp. 192-193; T. Dundua, N. Silagadze. European Industrial Complexes of I Cycle of Capitalism and the Georgian Western Affiliations. Historical and Numismatic Tale. Tbilisi. 2005, pp. 5-7; T. Dundua. North and South. Tbilisi. 2001, pp. 8-15).

Full-time units, legions, alae of cavalry, cohortes of infantry and mixed cohortes equitatae served the forward defense-system. Part-time border force of limitanei had appeared and auxiliary alae and cohorts had disappeared; and regular mobile reserve – comitatenses – substituted legions, fixed at the border. All they served new security system – defense-in-depth. The whole 3rd c. saw these changes, finally shaped in the times of Constantine I. Septimius Severus was the first to form a certain kind of reserve. He stationed II Parthica in Albanum, increased praetorian and urban cohorts in number. And Gallienus created special cavalry units to serve as a reserve (Ed. N. Luttwak. The Grand Strategy, pp. 173, 184).

In the 3rd c. large federations of Franki and Alemanni began to threaten the Rhine-frontier. And the Goths had already reached Dniester by 238 (Ed. N. Luttwak. The Grand Strategy, pp. 128, 146). Franks attacked Gaul, Alemanns – Italy. From the great deeds of Emperor M. Aurelius Probus (276-282) the most important is the deliverance of seventy Gaulic cities. He drove back Franks and Alemanns, four hundred thousand of them being killed. Probus passed the Rhine, and returned back with considerable tribute of corn, cattle, and horses. Sixteen thousand Germanic recruits were dispersed among the Roman units. Other captive or fugitive barbarians gained a new status, that of part-time peasant-soldiers (limitanei). Emperor transported a considerable body of Vandals into Cambridgeshire, great number of Franks and Gepidae were settled on the banks of the Danube and the Rhine, Bastarnae – in Thrace. Pontic (The Black Sea) coast was reserved for some more Franks (Ed. Gibbon. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Vol. 1. London. 1993 (first published in 1776), pp. 362-368). But which one exactly? This is to be discussed.

According to Ed. Gibbon, Franks settled at the sea-coast of Pontus had to check the Alani inroads. A fleet stationed in one of the harbors of the Euxine fell into their hands, and they resolved, through unknown seas, to explore their way from the mouth of Phasis (river Rioni in West Georgia) to that of the Rhine. They easily escaped through the Bosphorus and the Hellespont, and cruising along the Mediterranean, indulged their appetite for revenge and plunder by frequent descents on the shores of Asia, Greece and Africa. City of Syracuse was sacked by the barbarians. Franks proceeded to the columns of Hercules, coasted round Spain and Gaul, and steering their course through the British channel, at length finished their voyage by landing in safety on the Batavian or Frisian shores (Ed. Gibbon. The Decline and Fall . . ., pp. 367-368).

What is this whole story based on? Zosimus and one panegyric to Constantius Chlorus contributed to it.

Narrating about the events in the past, in the times of divine Probus, author of this panegyric mentions undeserved success of the small Frankish band, who, sailing from Pontus on the captured fleet, ravished Greece and Asia, damaged Africa, stormed Syracuse, and passing through the columns of the Hercules, reached the ocean (Recursabat quippe in animos illa sub diuo Probo paucorum ex Francis captiuorum incredibilis audacia et indigna felicitas, qui a Ponto usque correptis nauibus Graeciam Asiamque populati nec impune plerisque Libyae litoribus appulsi ipsas postremo naualibus quondam uictoriis nobiles ceperant Syracusas et immenso itinere peruecti oceanum, qua terras irrumpit, intrauerant atque ita euentu temeritatis ostenderant nihil esse clausum piraticae desperationi, quo nauigiis pateret accessus.) (Panegyricus Constantio Dictus, IV, XVIII. Panégyriques Latins. T. I (I-V). Texte Établi et Traduit par Édourd Galletier. Paris. 1949, pp. 96-97).

Zosimus tells us about the Franks having appealed to the Emperor, and having a country given to them. A part of them afterwards revolted, and having collected a great number of ships, disturbed all Greece; from whence they proceeded into Sicily, to Syracuse, which they attacked, and killed many people there. At length they arrived in Africa, whence though they were repulsed by a body of men from Carthage, yet they returned home without any great loss (Zosimus. New History. Book 1. London. 1814).

There is no mention of mouth of the river of Phasis as a spring-board for the expedition in the sources. Then, what was in Gibbon’s mind? Perhaps, logic, excluding the possibilities.

Indeed, the Northern Black Sea coast is beyond the Roman rule. The Western shores, and the Balkans are already packed with the barbarians. Southern littoral was less used for receptio, while Lazica (West Georgia) and Pontic Limes cannot be argued. And something strange had happened to this limes in the 3rd c. Now threat comes not from the front, the Romans have Lazi client king dwelling there, but – from behind, because of the Goths living at the Northern shores.

We can only guess that the Franks were in Lazica as limitanei. But we really know nothing about how they were coordinating with the full-time units, their number before and after the revolt, what was the life like for those who stayed loyal.

Still, it seems quite reasonable that the bargain of receptio-system should have been distributed among all Roman provinces to keep the centre undisturbed from the barbaric influx. In the 3rd c. the Empire is able to do this, not after.

Byzantines in Georgia

With the death of Theodosius, last Emperor of the united Roman world, in 395 A.D. the Empire was divided into two almost same-sized halves. The Western part, while defending itself throughout the 5th c. from various barbarian hordes (at the time, the Western part was defended by regiments consisting mainly of barbarians) coming from beyond the Rhine river, had an almost destroyed tax-paying system. This very factor did not allow the Imperial administration based in Ravenna to muster enough economic and military resources for effective defense of the Northern borders. Last Western Roman Emperors were mere puppets in the hands of barbarian warlords – the process which culminated in deposing the last Emperor Romulus Augustulus in 476.

The Eastern part (Byzantium) with the capital in Constantinople, on the other hand, showed greater resilience in managing internal problems and external threats. Byzantium managed simultaneously to hold off the barbarians coming from the North and the Sassanians from the East. This was made possible by an efficient tax-paying system the Byzantines inherited from the Romans, which, in turn, made it possible to field large armies to defend the Imperial borders on several fronts and at the same time wage offensive wars (Ed. N. Luttwak. The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire. Harvard. 2009, pp. 1-16. The most apparent case is the reign of Justinian when, while waging war on Vandals in North Africa and the Ostrogoths in Italy, Constantinople still had to defend its Eastern border from the Sassanians and the Danube river from the Slavs).

The Byzantines did not have such abundant resources as the Romans had during the first three centuries A.D. Moreover, the Eastern half was spread on three continents – Europe, Asia and Africa – making the Imperial borders highly vulnerable to foreign powers. In other words, the geography put the Byzantine Empire at a huge disadvantage as the Danube river was a barrier easy to cross for the Goths, or in later centuries Huns, Slavs and Avars. In Africa, the desert frontier stretching for more than a thousand kilometers had no geographic barrier to rely on making rich Tripolitania and Byzacena and the South of Egypt exposed to attacks from the Berbers and other nomadic groups. The Eastern frontier too was highly vulnerable as the Arab groupings could easily reach Palestine and Syrian cities from the Syro-Mesopotamian desert. In the North Mesopotamia Byzantium faced its greatest rival, Sassanian Iran, and this portion too needed to be defended with the assemblage of large military power, whether through the field armies or military fortifications. Moreover, the Byzantines had little geographic depth along its entire Eastern frontier to fully employ the defense-in-depth strategy (e.g., in the Balkans Constantinople did enjoy large geographic depth necessary for the defense. This was apparent when the Huns under Attila and then the Avars in early 7th c. broke through the Danubian defenses and reached Constantinople. However, military regiments placed in various fortresses and the distance of several hundreds of kilometers (from the Danube to the capital) enabled the Emperor, whether it was Theodosius II or Heraclius, to thwart the barbarian onslaughts). The similar situation was in Africa. Since Asia Minor, Balkans, Egypt and Syria were the most prosperous lands in terms of population number and the level of urbanization, the functioning of the Empire was contingent upon the defense of these provinces. Overall, the Byzantines were at much worse geographic situation than their Western counterparts.

Thus, in order to survive in this difficult geopolitical situation and preserve the Empire from early 5th c. to the 7th c., the Byzantines had to develop a whole set of military strategies. In other words, the Byzantines were no less successful than the Flavians, Antonines and late 3rd c. Emperors. However, the Byzantines made numerous changes by adapting to new circumstances. Since Constantinople had less economic and human resources than the united Roman Empire, the Byzantines always tried to use less military power and employ more diplomacy and the propagation of the Christian religion (G. Fowden. Consequences of the Monotheism in Late Antiquity. Princeton. 1993, pp. 80-100) to safeguard Imperial borders.

The Byzantines inherited from the Romans military presence in Lazica and alliance with Kartli/Iberia (East and South Georgia). This military tradition goes back to the first two centuries A.D. and represents a forward-defense strategy. Byzantine garrisons, which existed in Lazica from the 5th c. till the Arab invasion of the Middle East in the 30s of the 7th c. (T. Dundua. Influx of Roman Coins in Georgia. Roman Coins Outside the Empire. Ways and Phases, Contexts and Functions. Proceedings of ESF/SCH Exploratory Workshop. Nieborow (Poland). 2005. Moneta. Wetteren. 2008, p. 313), did not change their location. However, the role of Lazica considerably increased as in late 4th c. the so-called “Völkerwanderung” or Migration period began. Since the new peoples such as Huns, Avars etc. lived in the Eurasian steppes, which bordered the Caucasian range and the Danube river, Constantinople had to face a two-front war from the North (from the Eastern and Western parts of the Black Sea). Therefore, the Byzantine garrisons in Lazica were transformed into forward posts for collecting information about new peoples coming from the steppes and, in case of need, establishing first diplomatic contacts too.

For example, when approximately in 557 the Avars reached the Volga river, in modern-day Southern Russia, in a year or two through the Alans they sent an embassy to Constantinople. But, before the letter was received in the capital, first it had been passed through the hands of Byzantine generals stationed in Lazica (Ed. N. Luttwak. The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire, p. 59). The role of Lazica increased also because of the mountain passes through which the newly-coming nomads from the North could potentially penetrate into the South and cause havoc even in the Eastern provinces of the Byzantine Empire as it happened in 395 when the Huns reached as far as Antioch (P. Heather. The Fall of the Roman Empire. A New History of Rome and the Barbarians. Oxford. 2007, pp. 145-154). The Byzantine officials also used the passes to distract nomad leaders by making them to take much longer roads to reach the Imperial capital. Menander Protector preserves the bitter complaint of a Turkic chief from the steppes, North to the Caucasian range, dated by 577: “As for you Romans, why do you take my envoys through the Caucasus to Byzantium, alleging that there is no other route for them to travel? You do this so that I might be deterred from attacking the Roman Empire by the difficult terrain (i.e. high mountains which for horses are very hard to cross). But I know very well where the river Danapris (Dniepr) flows, and the Istros (Danube) and the Hebrus (Maritsa, Meric)” (Excerpta de Legationibus Romanorum ad Gentes, 14, in The History of Menander the Guardsman. Translated by R. C. Blockley. London. 1985, p. 175).

Lazica’s military importance increased even more following the stand-off between Justinian and the Sassanian Shahanshah Khusro I Anushirvan in mid-6th c. By the time Iran had already been increasing its political and military pressure towards North and West, which culminated in the abolition of the Albanian and Armenian kingdoms during the 5th-early-6th cc. As was said, mid-6th c. saw renewed warfare between the empires and the focus of the conflict, traditionally along with the North Mesopotamia, also fell on Lazica. Iran was interested in occupying the Eastern Black Sea coast to pressure Constantinople (which by the time was already embroiled in a war with the Ostrogoths in Italy) into signing a more winning peace treaty for Ctesiphon. The Byzantines knew well that if the Sassanians managed to occupy the Lazica shore, Iranian military vessels in the near future would make their way through the Bosphorus directly to Constantinople. This is well reflected in one of the passages from Procopius – Lazi sent an embassy to Khusro to explain the geopolitical advantages which the Iranians would gain through controlling Lazica and the Byzantine fortresses there: “To the realm of Persia you will add a most ancient kingdom, and as a result of this you will have the power of your sway extended, and it will come about that you will have a part in the sea of the Romans through our land, and after thou hast built ships in this sea (i.e. Black Sea), O King, it be possible for thee with no trouble to set foot in the palace in Byzantium. For there is no obstacle between. And one might add that the plundering of the land of the Romans every year by the barbarians along the boundary will be under your control. For surely you also are acquainted with the fact that up till now the land of the Lazi has been a bulwark against the Caucasus Mountains” (De Bello Persico. II. 15; Procopius of Caesarea. History of the Wars. Translated by H. B. Dewing. Cambridge. Massachusetts. 1914, pp. 225-226).

The above analysis of the Roman and Early Byzantine military strategies towards their neighbors quite clearly shows that Georgia always had its own place within the pan-European military alliances. Why not bring it back?

NATO and Georgia

NATO alliance’s strategy could be likened to the best military traditions of Rome and Byzantium discussed above. As was the case with these two Empires, NATO too regards the Black Sea and its Eastern shore – Georgia – as fundamental for the alliance’s strategy in the Eastern Europe and the Black Sea region overall.

As for the Romans and Byzantines before, for NATO too Georgia’s Black Sea shore would allow the alliance to expand militarily in the region and control crucial land and maritime military routes from the North to the Black Sea basin. There is also an economic dimension since Georgia serves as a vital transit route for oil/gas pipelines, important railroads connecting the Caspian and Black Seas. Indeed, as Roman and Byzantine army units before, NATO’s presence in Georgia would serve as a defensive shield for trade in the region which in Antiquity was often referred to as a part of the famous Silk Road and nowadays is called as the South Caucasus energy and transport corridor because of oil/gas transport infrastructure.

This strategic vision is well reflected in one of the recent NATO-Georgia Commission statement: “Georgia is one of the Alliance’s closest operational partners, and an Enhanced Opportunities Partner. Allies highly appreciate Georgia’s steadfast support for NATO’s operations and missions…” (NATO-Georgia Commission Statement. Oct. 2019.

https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_169323.htm?selectedLocale=en).

Direct allusion to the alliance’s Black Sea strategy is also seen in another passage from the same Commission statement: “NATO values Georgia’s engagement in, and contributions to, strategic discussion and mutual awareness, on security in the Black Sea region” (NATO-Georgia Commission Statement. Oct. 2019. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_169323.htm?selectedLocale=en).

Thus NATO alliance’s strategic vision for Georgia and the wider Black Sea region is similar to how the Romans and Byzantines saw this part of the world.

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gameirofernandes-blog · 4 years

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50ª Publicação da minha Colecção do ciclo Dinheiro e Economia Peça da minha colecção de Moedas Romanas do ano I ao ano IV DC Hoje publico uma moeda romana do Imperador Probo, cunhada entre o ano 276 até 282 DC Probo – Periodo entre 276 até 282 DC Probo – Marcus Aurelius Probus Augustus foi imperador romano desde 276 até 282, nascido em 19 de agosto de 232 em Sirmio (atual Sremska Mitrovica, na província sérvia da Voivodina), que como vários imperadores do século III, chegou ao poder através de carreira militar. Inscrição Probus, AE antoninianus, Lyons, IMP C M AVR PROBVS AVG, SECVRITAS ORBIS, Laetitia Peso: - 4,2 Gr. Diâmetro: - 20/21 mm https://www.instagram.com/p/B6iGXfFnz2y/?igshid=24ktqw5n87u8

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nathanropler · 7 years

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Ancient Greek and Roman MILITARY on COINS The Weapons, Battles & Symbols

This guide explores the various types of ancient military symbolism depicted on various coins of ancient Greece and Rome

youtube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=avVTjwmegYY

Feel the ancient military come alive on the coins of the Greeks and the Romans explored in this video. It goes from the personification of valor as Virtus to the Roman god of war, Mars the counterpart of the Greek Ares. However fighting battles takes wisdom so coins with Greek Athena and the Roman counterpart Minerva with spear and shield is depicted.

The Roman emperor would go into battle to vanquish his enemies on horseback. He did have the backing of military foot soldiers, or legions behind him carrying the legionary standards and eagles in the Roman military. One symbol the labarum actually was used in the Roman military after Constantine with the name of Jesus Christ as a monogram symbol . Constantine the Great saw this symbol in the sky before a great battle at the Milvian bridge against Maxentius, which he had painted on the shields of his army and wound up winning a great victory.

The Roman military camps were depicted with the symbolism of the camp gates on their coins. These camp gates were also used as a quick way of communication on the frontiers where they would use them as fire signal beacons to muster their military forces to defend their frontiers.

A coin with the Roman soldiers vanquishing their foes in battle driving spears through them as they lay prostrate on the floor, even the Roman emperor not being above such a military endeavor. Some ways to get around the battle field was to use chariots, including the four horse military chariot called the quadriga or the two horse type as the biga. There is also a rarely seen type of chariot which is the triga, a more widely used Greek type of war chariot.

Elephants with their huge size, magnificence and sheer strength were the ancient equivalent of the tank in ancient times. A rare large silver Greek coin of Seleukos I Nikator of the Seleukid kingdom is show here also, with a chariot drawn by elephants. This made his military a formidable force to deal with. Then a silver coin with an elephant of Julius Caesar, the most famous ancient Roman is shown. It also brings back the story of the Romans facing elephant for the first time when Hannibal Barca, the general from Carthage who crossed the Alps with these elephants. The Romans just like many others who had to face them showed a respect for these formidable foes. Even Alexander the Great had to face elephants in his campaign that went into India.

Galleys were used in ancient Greek and Roman times to get around and to move military forces along with supplies to their destinations. Several coins are shown here, one with a full sail and the other one of Mark Antony from the battle of Actium, which had a great naval battle that shaped history to what it is today. This coin of Mark Antony shows what could be described as trireme military row ships which were used in this battle. The other side had the legionary eagle (aquila) between two standards and named the legion the coin was minted for by it’s number.

Weapons were important for any battle. A coin of the kingdom of Bosporus is shown which shown all the important militaristic symbols such as the shield, the spear, the helmet, a sword in a scabbard and even a military axe. The weapons used in the legendary tales of Hercules were the bow and the club. On a coin of Alexander the Great he is even depicted as Hercules. Hercules used the skin of the Nemean lion as a helmet and armor which was impermeable to weapons according to legend. A shield of Macedonia is shown along with the helmet they used. An important mention of the Aegis, which is the severed head of Medusa used on shields and the breast plate of armor to scare or almost turn your enemies to stone. This was used on the armor of the ancient Greeks, such as in a depiction of Alexander the Great and even the Roman emperors including Augustus.

Celebrating their victories, the Romans employed the goddess Victory whose Greek counterpart was Nike. Nike was originally a goddess of athletic Olympic style contests and she, along with her Roman counterpart is shown holding a wreath and a palm branch. The wreath would be placed on the head of the victories general, emperor or athletic contest winner and the palm branch was a symbol of victory. The Romans depicted their vanquished enemies as either bound captives or seated in a mourning position, sad over the great defeat they suffered by the Romans. The weapons, including the armor of the vanquished was used to build a trophy or a tropaion, consisting of the shields, swords, helmets spears and other military objects to be displayed in honor of a victory. The fronts of defeated ships were displayed in the Roman forum as Rostra and used also a speaker’s platform along with being a great show of power to foreign dignitaries visiting Rome. There were also occasions that great architectural works that would be commissioned. A large Sestertius Roman coin of Nero is shown which has the arch. Arches are still standing in Rome to this day, one being by the Colosseum, known as the Arch of Titus which celebrated the victory over Judaea, the looting of the Great temple and the victory procession from there. The loot being used to build the Flavian Amphitheatre, known to this day as the Colosseum.

See the coins depicted in this guide for yourself and so much more!

The goal of this guide is to familiarize those new to the collecting of ancient coins to the wonderful types of coins available, all of which featured here and more being available in my eBay store.

See all the different types accessible in my store by clicking the link, which does a search for the term in all capital letters in my store. The types to be seen are:

Click here to see all coins of VIRTUS personification of valor, and manliness.

Click here to see all coins of ARES the Greek god of war.

Click here to see all coins of MARS the Roman god of war.

Click here to see all coins of ATHENA the goddess of military wisdom and more.

Click here to see all coins of MINERVA the Roman counterpart of Athena.

Click here to see all coins of EMPERORS on HORSES.

Click here to see all coins with HORSES.

Click here to see all coins of EAGLES which were used by Romans and Greeks.

Click here to see all coins of ROMAN LEGIONARY STANDARDS on coins.

Click here to see all coins of GLORY of ARMY featuring Legionary Soldiers.

Click here to see all coins with LABARUM the Christian symbol standard.

Click here to see all coins with CHI-RHO the Jesus Christ monogram, also known as Christogram used on the labarum.

Click here to see all coins with CAMP GATE the Roman legionary camp with fire signal beacons.

Click here to see all coins of BATTLE scenes.

Click here to see all coins with CHARIOTS. Also see QUADRIGA and TRIGA and BIGA.

Click here to see all coins with ELEPHANTS.

Click here to see all coins with GALLEYS. Also see SHIPS.

Click here to see all coins with SPEAR and SHIELD and HELMET and BOW and CLUB and AXE and SWORD and AEGIS and GORGONEION and TRIDENT.

Click here to see all coins with NIKE the Greek goddess of Victory

Click here to see all coins with VICTORY the Roman counterpart of Nike.

Click here to see all coins of VICTORY OVER a Roman enemy.

Click here to see all coins with TROPAION which is the Greek version of trophy.

Click here to see all coins with TROPHY.

Click here to see all coins with ARCH. See also COLUMN.

Ancient Coins of the Military

Enjoy the collection below of the various types of ancient Greek and Roman coins presented in this article.

GORDIAN III 240AD Authent Authentic Genuine Silver Roman Coin VIRTUS i21683

Gordian III – Roman Emperor: 238-244 A.D. – Silver Antoninianus 21mm (2.56 grams) Rome mint: March – May 240 A.D. Reference: RIC 6, C 381 IMPCAESMANTGORDIANVSAVG – Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right. VIRTVSAVG – Virtus standing left, holding spear and resting on shield.

ANTONINUS PIUS Marcus Aurelius Father Ancient RomanCoin ARES Mars Cult i14350

Antoninus Pius – Roman Emperor: 138-161 A.D. Bronze 18mm (4.68 grams) of Philippopolis in Thrace AVT K ANTΩNEINOC CEB, bare bust right. ΦIΛIIΠΠOΠOΛEIT, Nude Ares standing left, holding patera and spear.

Severus Alexander – Roman Emperor: 222-235 A.D. Silver Denarius 20mm (3.01 grams) Rome mint: 222 A.D. Reference: RIC 160; RSC 173a; SR-7884 IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXAND AVG, Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right. MARTI PACIFERO, Mars standing facing, head left, holding spear and branch.

VELIA in LUCANIA 300BC Philistion group Silver Greek Coin Athena Lion i53521

Greek city of Velia in Lucania Silver Stater 21mm (6.89 grams) Struck circa 300-280 B.C. Philistion group. Reference: Williams 506 (O254/R355); HN Italy 1312; SNG ANS 1387; Weber 938 Head of Athena left, wearing crested Attic helmet decorated with a dolphin, Φ on neck guard. Lion standing right; above, Φ-I flanking ornate trident head right; YEΛHTΩN in exergue.

DOMITIAN 92AD Ancient Silver Roman Coin Athena MINERVA Cult i21934

Domitian – Roman Caesar: 69-81 A.D. Emperor: 81-96 A.D. – Silver Denarius 19mm (3.06 grams) Rome mint: 92 A.D. Reference: RIC 728; RSC 273 IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM P M TR P XI, laureate head right. IMP XXI COS XVI CENS P P P, Minerva advancing right, brandishing javelin & holding shield.

NERO on HORSE with SOLDIER 67AD Rome Sestertius LARGE Ancient Roman Coin i53830

Nero – Roman Emperor: 54-68 A.D. – Bronze Sestertius 34mm (24.93 grams) Rome mint: 67 A.D. Reference: RIC-170 NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG GER P M TR P IMP P P, Laureate head of Nero wearing aegis facing right. Nero and soldier papanthesis on horseback right; DECVRSIO in exergue; S C across fields.

PROBUS on horse spearing barbarian 278AD Authentic Ancient Roman Coin i53272

Probus – Roman Emperor: 276-282 A.D. – Silvered Bronze Antoninianus 23mm (3.25 grams) Serdica mint 278-282 A.D. Reference: RIC 877g(var.), C 912 IMPCMAVRPROBVSPAVG – Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield. VIRTVSPROBIAVG Exe: KAΓ – Probus riding horse right, spearing barbarian; shield under horse.

MAXIMINUS II DAIA 312AD Rome Rare Aquila Standards Ancient Roman Coin i52865

Maximinus II ‘Daia’ – Roman Emperor: 308-313 A.D. – Bronze Follis 18mm (3.00 grams) Rome mint, circa 312-313 A.D. Reference: RIC 350b (VI, Roma) IMP MAXIMINVS P F AVG, Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right. SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI Exe: RT, Aquila (legionary eagle) flanked by two standards.

CONSTANTINE I the GREAT 335AD Ancient Roman Coin Glory of Army Legions i27304

Constantine I ‘The Great’– Roman Emperor: 307-337 A.D. – Bronze AE3 16mm (2.59 grams) Antioch mint: 335-337 A.D. CONSTANTINVSMAXAVG – Rosette-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right. GLORIAEXERCITVS Exe: SMANΓ – Two soldiers standing either side of two standards.Numismatic Note* The reverse legend dedicates this coin to ” the glory of the Army.”

Theodosius I the Great with labarum 379AD Authentic Ancient Roman Coin i52710

Theodosius I – Roman Emperor: 379-395 A.D. – Bronze AE3 16mm (3.03 grams) Aquileia mint 379-395 A.D. Reference: RIC 45b D N THEODOSIVS P F AVG, pearl diademed, draped & cuirassed bust right GLORIA ROMANORVM, emperor advancing right, holding labarum & dragging captive, SMAQP in ex.

CONSTANTIUS II son of Constantine the Great w labarum Ancient Roman Coin i51167

Constantius II – Roman Emperor: 337-361 A.D. – Son of Constantine I the Great Bronze AE2 20mm (3.98 grams) Cyzicus mint 348-351 A.D. Reference: RIC 70 (Cyzicus), LRBC 2474 DNCONSTANTIVSPFAVG – Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding globe. FELTEMPREPARATIO Exe: */SMKΔ – Constantius II standing left, holding labarum topped with the Chi-Rho and resting hand on shield; two captives to left. Star in left field.

CONSTANTIUS II 324AD Arelate Mint OPEN DOOR CAMP GATE Rare Roman Coin i51101

Constantius II – Roman Emperor: 337-361 A.D. – Bronze AE3 20mm (2.67 grams) Arelate mint: 324-325 A.D. Reference: RIC 297 FL IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB C, Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left. VIRTVS CAESS Exe: QA(crescent)RL, Camp gate with open doors and four turrets; star above.* Numismatic Note: Rare type with the open doors.

CONSTANTIUS II Constantine the Great son Ancient Roman Coin Battle Horse i46699

Constantius II – Roman Emperor: 337-361 A.D. – BATTLE SCENE COIN Bronze AE2 23mm (4.98 grams) Struck in the mint of Aquileia circa 337-361 A.D. Reference: RIC VIII Aquileia 95. DN CONSTAN-TIVS PF AVG, pearl diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right FEL TEMP RE-PARATIO, soldier standing left, knee raised, spearing fallen horseman who is wearing a Phrygian helmet, falling forwards on the ground on his hands and knees. Star in right field. Mintmark AQT. (The dot at far right is not part of the mintmark).

PROBUS 276AD Authentic Ancient Roman Coin Sol Sun God on horse quadriga i44286

Probus – Roman Emperor: 276-282 A.D. – Bronze Antoninianus 23mm (4.27 grams) Struck circa 276-282 A.D. Reference: RIC 861. IMP C M AVR PROBVS P F AVG – Radiate and mantled bust left, holding eagle-tipped sceptre. SOLI INVICTO Ex: KAΔ – Sol driving facing quadriga chariot, head left, holding whip.

Roman Republic 104BC Roma Victory Chariot Authentic Ancient Silver Coin i49087

Roman Republic C. Coelius Caldus moneyer Silver Denarius 19mm (3.82 grams) Rome mint, circa 104 B.C. Reference: Coelia 3; B.M.C. 1463-92; Syd. 582a; Craw. 318/1b Head of Roma left. Victory in biga ( chariot) left, CALD below horses, letter below.

SELEUKOS I Nikator Tetradrachm Athena ELEPHANT Silver Greek Coin Seleukid i46301

Greek Coin of Seleucid Kingdom Seleukos I, Nikator – King: 312-280 B.C. Silver Tetradrachm 26mm (17.27 grams) Struck circa 312-280 B.C. Reference: Sear 6831 var.; HGC 9, 18 Laureate head of Zeus right. Athena, brandishing spear and holding shield, standing in chariot drawn right by four horned elephants; on left, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ; in exergue, ΣEΛΕYKOY.

JULIUS CAESAR Elephant Serpent 49BC Authentic Ancient Silver Roman Coin i47254

Julius Caesar – Roman Dictator Silver Denarius 19mm (3.66 grams) Struck 49-48 B.C. Reference: RSC 49j B.9; B.M.C., Gaul, 27; Syd. 1006; Craw. 443/1 Elephant walking right, trampling on serpent, CAESAR in exergue. Sacrificial implements: Simpulum, sprinkler, axe and priest’s hat.The obverse type may symbolize victory over evil, whereas the reverse refers to Caesar’s office of Pontifex Maximus.

GORDIAN III 238AD Deultum Thrace GALLEY SHIP Ancient Roman Coin BEAUTY i52771

Gordian III – Roman Emperor: 238-244 A.D. – Bronze 23mm (5.66 grams) of Deultum in Thrace Reference: Jurokova 274 IMP C GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG, Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right. COL F L PAC DEVLT, Galley under full sail, sailing right.

MARK ANTONY Cleopatra Lover 32BCActium Ancient Silver Roman Coin LEG XIX i53492

Mark Antony Silver Denarius 18mm (3.09 grams) Struck at Actium 32-31 B.C. for Mark Antony’s XIX Legion Reference: RSC 55; B.M.C. 214; Syd. 1242; Craw. 544/35 ANT AVG III VIR R P C, Praetorian galley right. LEG XIX, Legionary eagle between two standards.

RHOEMETALKES 136AD Bosporus King Shield Sword Axe Horse Helmet Greek Coin i53539

Kingdom of Bosporus Rhoemetalkes – King, circa 131-154 A.D. Bronze ’48 Units’ 22mm (5.48 grams) Struck circa 136 A.D. Reference: Anohin 495; Sear GIC 5467; MacDonald 456 ΒΑCΙΛЄѠC POIMHTAΛKOY, His diademed and draped bust right; trident before. Circular shield between battle axe (on left) and sword in scabbard; spear in background; above, horse‘s head and helmet; beneath, denomination mark M H.

Alexander III the Great as Hercules 336BC Ancient Greek Coin Bow Club i44200

Alexander III the Great – King of Macedonia 336-323 B.C. Bronze 19mm (6.18 grams) Struck under Alexander the Great 336-323 B.C. Reference: Sear 6739 var. Head of Alexander the Great as Hercules right, wearing the lion-skin headdress. Hercules’ weapons, bow in bow-case and club, ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ in between.

DEMETRIUS I Poliorcetes 294BC Ancient Greek Coin HELMET SHIELD i27042

Greek – Macedonian Kingdom – King Demetrius I Poliorcetes – 294-288 B.C. Bronze 17mm (4.54 grams) Struck 294-288 B.C. Reference: Sear 6774; Newell 131 – Macedonian shield, with monogram of Demetrios at center. BA ΣΙ either side of crested Macedonian helmet, in field to left, anchor.

AMISOS in PONTUS MITHRADATES VI the GREAT Gorgon Aegis Nike Greek Coin i30066

Greek city of Amisos in Pontus Bronze 21mm (7.67 grams) Struck under Mithradates VI the Great circa 105-90 B.C. or circa 90-85 B.C. Reference: HGC 7, 242; Sear 3642; SNG Black Sea 1177-1191; B.M.C. 13. 20,74 Aegis, with Gorgon’s head at center. Nike advancing right, carrying palm-branch; ΑΜΙ – ΣΟΥ across field; monograms to left and to right.

AUGUSTUS Victory Over Brutus Cassius Assasins of Julius Caesar Roman Coin i53144

Augustus – Roman Emperor: 27 B.C. – 14 A.D. Bronze 18mm (4.47 grams) from the city of Philippi in Northern Greece, Macedonia circa 27 B.C. -10 B.C. Reference: BMC 23; Sear 32 VIC AVG, Victory standing left. 3 legionary Standards, ‘COHOR PRAEPHIL’

TRAJAN victory over DACIA 103AD Ancient Silver Roman Denarius Coin Rome i53511

Trajan – Roman Emperor : 98-117 A.D. – VICTORY OVER DACIA Silver Denarius 17mm (3.36 grams) Rome mint: 103-111 A.D. Reference: RIC 219 IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC P M TR P COS V P P, laureate head right. S P Q R OPTIMO PRINCIPI, Dacia seated right in mournful attitude on shield; below, curved sword.Trajan celebrates his victory over Dacia on this coin.

CONSTANTINE I the GREAT RARE Ancient Roman Coin Victory Over SARMATIANS i39763

Constantine I ‘The Great’ – Roman Emperor: 307-337 A.D. – Victory Over SARMATIANS Bronze 19mm (3.24 grams) Sirmium mint 324-325 A.D. Reference: RIC 48 (VII, Sirmium) CONSTANTINVSAVG – Laureate head right. SARMATIADEVICTA Exe: SIRM – Victory advancing right, stepping on captive, holding Trophy and palm.

SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS 194AD Emesa Trophy Quality Ancient Silver Roman Coin i12586

Septimius Severus – Roman Emperor: 193-211 A.D. – Silver Denarius 17mm (3.21 grams) Emesa mint: 194-195 A.D. Reference: RIC 389, BMC 365, S 6288, C 232 IMPCAELSEPSEVPERTAVGCOSII – Laureate head right. INVICTOIMP – Trophy with weapons at base.

NERO Arch Chariot & Mars 65AD Lugdunum Ancient Roman Coin Architecture i36665

Nero – Roman Emperor: 54-68 A.D. – Bronze Sestertius 36mm (25.42 grams) Lugdunum mint: 65 A.D. Reference: RIC 393; Cohen 306; BMCRE 330; BN 69; WCN 414; F.S. Kleiner, The Arch of Nero in Rome. A study of the Roman honorary arch before and under Nero, Archaeologica 52 (Rome, 1985), 51aNERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER P M TR P IMP P P, laureate head left, globe at point of bust. S C across field, Triumphal arch, hung with wreath across front and left side; above, Nero in facing quadriga escorted on right by Victory holding wreath and palm and on left by Pax holding caduceus and cornucopiae; just below the quadriga on extreme left and right, two small figures of soldiers; on left side of arch in niche, figure of Mars standing facing, holding spear and round shield; ornamental reliefs on the faces and plinths of the arch.

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Get It Here: Ancient Greek and Roman MILITARY on COINS The Weapons, Battles & Symbols An interesting video about ancient coins. An expert numismatist posted this to educate people.

from Authentic Ancient Greek Roman Biblical World Coins for Sale You Can Buy on eBay https://authenticancientgreekromancoinsforsaleyoubuyonline.wordpress.com/2017/10/19/ancient-greek-and-roman-military-on-coins-the-weapons-battles-symbols/ via https://authenticancientgreekromancoinsforsaleyoubuyonline.wordpress.com http://belladearcy.blogspot.com/2017/10/ancient-greek-and-roman-military-on.html from Blogger http://nathanropler.blogspot.com/2017/10/ancient-greek-and-roman-military-on.html

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