Series of posters for 2019's Fei Ren (Nonhuman) character popularity contest (includes all characters from Fei Ren Zai, All Saints Street, and You Shou Yan (There Be Beasts))
・Late Ming period woman hairstyle: 三绺头(Sān liǔ tóu )
Late Ming to Qing Dynasty woman hood/hat: 风帽( Fēngmào )
[Hanfu · 漢服]Chinese Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD) Traditional Clothing Hanfu & Lantern Festival 元宵節
【About Lantern Festival/ Shangyuan Festival (元宵節/上元節)
Today is The Lantern Festival also called Shangyuan Festival (上元節), is a Chinese traditional festival celebrated on the fifteenth day of the first month in the lunisolar Chinese calendar, during the full moon. Usually falling in February or early March on the Gregorian calendar, it marks the final day of the traditional Chinese New Year celebrations.As early as the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC–AD 25), it had become a festival with great significance.
During the Lantern Festival, children go out at night carrying paper lanterns and solve riddles on the lanterns (猜燈謎). In ancient times, the lanterns were fairly simple, and only the emperor and noblemen had large ornate ones.As below Ming Dynasty court paintings【明宪宗元宵行乐图 】:
It depicts the lively scenes of watching lanterns, watching operas and setting off firecrackers in the inner court on the Lantern Festival in the 21st year of Chenghua (1485).Among them we can see a lot of large ornate lanterns in this painting
At the same time, we can also see the children in the palace carrying lanterns of various shapes
The painting is very long, and it is a custom painting reflecting the celebration of the Lantern Festival in the court of the Ming Dynasty.
【Customs of Lantern Festival in Ming and Qing Dynasties: 走百病 】
Also known as "游百病You Baibing", "散百病San Baibing", etc., it is a traditional folk culture in the north china since the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Some of them are held on the Lantern Festival, but most of them are held on the next day of the Lantern Festival.
On this day, women dressed in formal costumes, walked out of the house in groups, crossed bridges, climbed the tower over a city gate, and touch the nails on the city gate to pray for hopes of good health and longevity until midnight before going back home. Besides, touch the nails on the city gate it also pray for having child(摸钉求子)."Nail钉" are same pronunciation as Ding丁,It can be associated with the word "人丁Ren Ding": a Chinese word that originally refers to an adult man and later refers to the population.Basically, it is to pray for to have more and more family members in the future(child).
【Customs of Lantern Festival in Ming and Qing Dynasties: 戴闹蛾 】
The so-called“ 闹蛾 Nào é ”is a kind of headgear worn by women in ancient China, with silk or black gold paper in the shape of flowers or insects.It has been popular from Song Dynasty to Qing Dynasty.From some unearthed hair accessories in Ming Dynasty, we can also see a lot of insect-themed hair accessories, such as:
1. 玉叶金蟾头饰,Ming Dynasty:
2. 金镶宝石蜘蛛簪,Ming Dynasty,Collection of Nanjing Museum
3.垒丝镶红蓝宝石蝴蝶形金步摇,Ming Dynasty,Collection of GuamfuMuseum
In addition, eating glutinous rice balls 汤圆 during the Lantern Festival is also a traditional customs in china,the practice and filling of glutinous rice balls in different regions may also be different.
We gone over Kujiru last time, so it's time to go over their sworn rival and fellow shikigami under their master Garaiya Ogata:
Three-legged Moon Seeker — Kaisen Azuma
Name
Their family name, Azuma (東), means "east", and is a common Japanese family name, specifically in western Japan and the Ryukyu Islands. In their given name, Kaisen (海仙), the characters mean "sea" (海) and "enlightened person" (仙).
The latter specifically refer to the xiān (仙) of Chinese conception, it refers to different things depending on the context, but most notably and relevant to us, are enlightened hermits that have achieved immortality and wield powerful magic, often Taoist in nature.
Title
Kaisen's title, the "Three-legged Moon Seeker" (月を仰ぐ三つの足), is technically the "Three Legs That Seek the Moon", to be direct, but this ordering is chosen to sound more poetic.
Additionally, we shout take a look at the verb ao-gu (仰ぐ), which has the following meanings:
(Physically) look up to
(Metaphorically) look up to; respect
Seek (for help, for knowledge, etc.)
Turn one's head upwards and drink in one gulp
Out of all four, 2 and 3 seem like the most likely meanings. as the moon seems to be a symbol for the "emperor" or even just "authority" in Mugenri/Len'en.
In the translation, 3 is chosen, likely because Kaisen didn't actually respect the "emperor" on their side of the war. In fact, Kaisen doesn't even agree with trusting Chouki as the new emperor, despite having personally trained them prior.
Species and Abilities
While Kaisen shares similarities with many other animal youkai, like having animal characteristics and being able to transform into an animal, they are technically a "sacred animal" (霊獣). However, what this means isn't exactly clear.
Kaisen is quite high in their overall abilities, they're a poerful fighter and have a number of abilities, including their knowledge of Taoist arts, ability to use shikigami of their own and their clairvoyance, though the accuracy can apparently be a bit lacking.
Their main ability, the one listed on their profile, is to "gather financial fortune". They are able to bless those who are lucky with fortune and happiness, upon other things, which is likely a manifestation of this ability.
As a shikigami, they are considered more powerful than Kujiru. Unfortunately, they require more spiritual energy to activate and activate their own shikigami in turn, this ends up being less efficient than Kujiru and leads to the latter being more convenient for Garaiya.
Mythological Bases
Kaisen actually a number of mythological bases, from both Chinese and Japanese sources, which make them a very interesting character, at least in my opinion. So let's take a look at them!
Jinchan, the Money Toad
Kaisen is predominantly based on a mythological Chinese creature known as Jinchan (金蟾 lit. "gold/golden/money toad"). It's a toad that has three legs, two front legs and one hind leg, which is positioned like a tadpole's tail at the back of the toad.
This is referenced in Kaisen only having three limbs, one of their legs we see in-game being a prosthetic, as well as in their title "Three-legged Moon Seeker".
Below: A Jinchan statue from the behind, used in Feng Shui to attract wealth to the household.
Jinchan is also related to the Chinese Taoist and legendary immortal Liu Haichan (劉海蟾). His first name translates to "sea toad" and is considered an embodiment of the Chinese God of Wealth.
In the folktale Liu Hai Tricks Jinchan (劉海戲金蟾), it is said Liu tamed a malevolent and greedy three-legged toad after fishing it out of the east sea with a string of coins.
It became Jinchan and was henceforth the immortal's companion, following Liu wherever he went. Kaisen's relationship with Garaiya may be a reference to this myth.
Below: Liu carrying the toad in his arm after fishing it out.
Additionally, it is said that Jinchan spewed treasure from its mouth with each step that it took after Liu, benefiting the poor wherever it went. This is likely referenced in Kaisen's ability to "gather financial fortune".
Gamma-sennin, the Toad Hermit
In Japan, Liu Haichan inspired the mythological Taoist immortal Gama-sennin (蝦蟇仙人 Lit. "Toad Taoist Immortal"), who in turn inspired parts of Kaisen's character.
Gama-sennin appears in the legends surrounding Taira no Yoshikado (平良門), the legendary hidden eldest son of Taira no Masakado who learns toad magic from the immortal and uses his powers in an attempt to avenge his father.
In the 17th century yomihon novel series "The Tale of Utou Yasutaka's Loyalty" (善知安方忠義伝) by Santō Kyōden, this teacher figure is instead a 3000-year old toad spirit named Nikushi-sen (肉芝仙) who lived on Mount Tsukuba (筑波山).
Below: Nikushi-sen (upper-centre) teaching Yoshikado (right of Nikushi-sen) toad magic.
He taught toad magic to Yoshikado's sister Nyozou-ni (如蔵尼) as well, later possessing her to transform her into Takiyasha-hime (滝夜叉姫), whom Taira no Chouki is based on.
This would explain Kaisen having a part in training Chouki, as well as their spell card that reference Mt. Tsukuba, Leaping Medicine "Tsukuba Toad Oil". I should note that it's also a reference to a local cure-all from Mt. Tsukuba.
Seia-jin, the "Chinese" frog "god"
Gamma-sennin is said to command the youkai Seia-jin or Chinwa-sen (青蛙神 lit. "(green) frog god"), also simply known as Seia (青蛙 lit. "(green) frog), which plays a role similar to that of Jinchan. Indeed, despite having "god" in its name, it is but a youkai.
Both Seia-jin and Gamma-sennin are actually said to be "Chinese", but it's fairly certain that they are actually Japanese inventions.
Particularly, Seia-jin can be traced back to a Chinese novel of the same name, which tells of several tales related to the mythical beast. However, it was never worshipped as an actual deity in China.
It is said that the house that Seia-jin appears in front of will have its family blessed with financial fortune and happiness, this is again referenced in Kaisen's ability.
Summary: Taoist Hermit/Toad Familiar Pairs
It is in reality just as possible that JynX only based Kaisen on one of these Taoist hermit/toad familiar pairs, since the Chinese pair pretty heavily inspired the Japanese pair.
However, if I had to narrow it down, I'd actually say that Kaisen's based on the Chinese Jinchan but the Japanese Gamma-sennin. Only Jinchan is is said to have three legs, while Gamma-sennin's role in mentoring Taira clansmen parallels the story of Len'en directly.
It's just as possible that these two are what JynX ultimately ended up focusing on, but given the intertwined nature of these four it would realistically be impossible to pinpoint unless we learn more about Kaisen, or even get a direct answer from JynX.
No matter what the truth really is, the idea behind Kaisen's main inspiration should be clear enough.
Bonus: The "Lunar Spirit"
Here we get into slightly shakier territory: I believe that Kaisen may also be inspired by the Chinese concept of the "lunar spirit" (月精), the spiritual essence of the moon.
There are three major candidates as to who this spirit is, the Chinese Moon Rabbit (月兔), the dark parts of the moon, the moon goddess Chang'e (嫦娥) and an unspecified toad, the light parts of the moon.
Below: A bronze mirror depicting Chang'e (left), the moon rabbit (right) and the toad (bottom-center) surrounding a sweet osmanthus on the moon.
This toad is sometimes said to be what Chang'e transformed into after flying to the moon, but modern Feng Shui instead equates the lunar toad with Jinchan. This may explain why Kaisen is called the "Moon Seeker" in their title.
The concept of the lunar essence is believed to have arisen as the counterpart to the "solar essences" (日之精), the "three-legged crows" (三足烏) that lived in the suns (multiple because Chinese mythology tells that there used to be 10 of those).
When spread to Japan, these three-legged crows fused with the divine messenger bird of the Shinto sun goddess Amaterasu, the Yatagarasu (八咫烏), who is sometimes said to be the sun itself.
If the lunar spirit is extended to be the counterpart of the Yatagarasu as well, this may explain Kaisen's status as a "sacred animal".
Minor Theory: Kaisen's Role
I have a small theory on Kaisen's role as a sacred animal based on the idea that the lunar toad could be extended to be the counterpart of the Yatagarasu.
Let's first learn more about the Yatagarasu: In Japanese mythology, it is most famously the divine messenger bird of the sun goddess Amaterasu (or, depending on the source, Takagi-no-Kami, the second god to come into existence).
It was a gigantic bird who guided Kamuyamato Iwarebiko-no-Mikoto (神倭伊波礼琵古命) through the dangerous lands of Yamato to a suitable place to set up his government as the legendary 1st emperor of Japan, Emperor Jimmu (神武天皇).
Below: The Yatagarasu guiding Iwarebiko (center).
My theory is that perhaps Kaisen is a similar being, this time of the moon rather than the sun, a divine messenger sent to guide Mugenri's "true emperor".
This may explain why they are the "moon seeker", as well as why they were against following Chouki as the new emperor, as they may have a sense for who is meant to be, or at least suitable to be, the emperor of Mugenri.
Note: Tsukuyomi in Mugenri
If Kaisen truly is a sacred animal sent by some deity on the moon to guide Mugenri's "true emperor", it may be that they are in fact sent by the Shinto god of the moon, Tsukuyomi-no-Mikoto (月読命).
This ties quite neatly into this theory I had about the origins of Mugenri, particularly the bit near the end where I suggest that Tsukuyomi may be the god of Mugenri as a whole.
Tsukuyomi being the "supreme" god of Mugenri may also explain Mugenri's association between the moon and rulership, in opposition to the outside's sun as the symbol of authority, in Japan at least.
Additionally, the Japanese royal family, the one in reality I mean, trace their own ancestry back to the Shinto sun goddess Amaterasu.
Maybe a similar thing once happened or is meant to happen with Mugenri? Perhaps Kaisen's role is to look for a descendant of Tsukuyomi and guide them to become the emperor of Mugenri?
We obviously have no way of knowing right now, but it's a fun possibility to consider nevertheless.
Ending
And that's all I have on Kaisen! A lot of mythology and quite a bit of theory this time, but with such a mysterious character it is indeed quite fun to speculate a slight tad.
No gushiwensday this week but I’ve translated some Li Shangyin to cheer on Laurence. Here’s another of his untitled poems.
The east wind shushes, ushers in a light rain;
outside, over the lotus pond, soft thunder rolls.
The golden toad gnaws the lock of the incense burner while its fragrance suffuses the room.
The jade tiger descends into the well on its silk rope and returns with water.
Jia Shi lifts the curtain to peer at young Han Shou,
but Fu Fei leaves only a pillow to the King of Wei.
Self-absorbed lovesickness drowns out the flowers of spring
and an inch of yearning becomes an inch of ash.
Li Shangyin is being a woman again. I’ve noticed he likes to do this. Why? Who can say! This poem outright states its thesis in the last line, yet it’s also very opaque and Li’s intentions are largely left as an exercise for the reader. I’ll talk about my interpretation line by line, because I get very definite Vibes and I’ve tried to infuse them into my translation.
The east wind... thunder rolls --- the poem starts strong with an onomatopoeia for the soughing or whistling of wind (sà sà!). I’ve pulled it together with the last character of the line (来 arrive) for shushes/ushers. Broadly, this is a peaceful pleasant image, but it also keeps the point of view character stuck inside.
The golden toad gnaws the lock --- according to Gushiwen a toad was a popular decoration for the lock of an incense burner, yet Li has added 啮 gnaw or bite---or even erode, which kind of gives the impression that it’s uselessly trying to destroy the lock.
The jade tiger... water --- a decoration for a well rope that also incorporates the image of a tiger, something powerful and wild, leashed by civilized silk that shouldn’t be able to hold it back, to meekly make repetitive trips down and up the well.
Jia Shi... Han Shou --- Jia Shi of Western Jin fell in love with one of her father’s vassals, Han Shou. I didn’t completely understand Gushiwen’s notes on this but their romance involved a gift of fragrance and they were allowed to marry. I’ve added that she’s lifting the curtain to imply a lack of barriers between her and her sweetheart.
Fu Fei... King of Wei --- in contrast, Fu Fei (aka Empress Zhen) was married to her beloved’s (the King of Wei’s) younger brother, and only after death was she able to express her love, leaving him a jade belt and a pillow embroidered in gold. In the same way the Jia Shi allusion faintly echoes the incense burner, I wonder if Fu Fei holds a faint echo of the jade tiger. Anyway, I think these lines are meant to span the gamut of how well being in love can work out for noble ladies. Not clear if this is the same person or what, but Gushiwen says she drowned herself in the Luo River and became a patron god of it?
Self-absorbed... flowers of spring --- this was quite a difficult line to translate! The original reads literally something like “if lovesickness doesn't share, flowers strive to make themselves heard.” The description for the flowers, 争发, seems to be sort of like “striving/debating to issue/send a message.” The phrase “flowers of spring” just kinda sounds nice, and references the idiom 春心 “spring thoughts” for being in love.
an inch... of ash --- I wanted to preserve the striking original wording rather than trying to interpret it.